法律翻译中的条,款,项,目 译法
法律翻译笔记
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法律翻译笔记〔一〕房屋租赁property tenancy预租pre-leasing法定代表人legal representative股权equity interestpurpose and business scope 宗旨及经营范围contribution 认缴〔资本〕non-compete(non-competition) 不竞争〔协议/条款〕deadlock/impasse 僵局〔条款〕interim meeting 临时会议early termination 提前终止〔协议等〕fair market value 公平市价without regard to its conflict of laws provisions(OR without reference to conflicts of law principles)〔但〕排除冲突法的适用waiver 弃权headings 标题subject to PRC laws 受中国法律约束〔二〕Agreement for Acquiring Increased Registered Capital 认购增资协议Conditions Precedent 〔交易等的〕先决条件without cause 无理由to the best knowledge of 就……所知encumber (property, etc.) 对〔财产等〕设定他方权利time is of the essence 时间是关键要素意向书letter of intent多功能〔地产〕multi-purpose综合性〔物业等〕complex土地使用权land use right合作经营公司Contractual/Cooperative Joint Venture 〔CJV〕合资经营公司Equity Joint Venture (EJV)尽力use its best efforts促使cause...to...预租pre-completion (NOT pre-leasing)许可证permit (NOT approval)可以对抗第三人be good against any claims made by any third party商品房commercial/condominium (NOT commodity house)尾款final payment业主owner法律翻译Tips# 法律文件中列举项目的最后一项前的"or"或"and"表示充分或必要的逻辑关系,不可略译。
法律翻译
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(2) 合营企业工会是职工自愿结合的群众性组织。 The trade union in a joint venture is a mass organization formed by the staff and workers. (3) 预售合同签定生效后,房屋购买人应向上海市房地 产登记处办理登记手续。 The vendee shall, after the contract of forward sale has been concluded and come into effect, effect registration with the Shanghai Real Estate Registration Office. registry
1.1用词精当 用词精当(3) 用词精当
Latinate words Anglo-Saxon words accomplish—do additional—extra acquire—get alteration—change assistance—help application—use
1.1用词精当 用词精当(4) 用词精当
2.1 “定义”条文的英译 定义” 定义 条文的英译(4)
9) 在本办法中,下列词语的含义是:…… [原译] The meanings of the terms appearing in the procedures are expounded as follows: … [改译] The terms hereinunder are defined as follows: … 10) 本条例所称的新兴技术企业是指:…… “New tech enterprise” referred to in these regulations means: …
法律翻译中的条,款,项,目 译法
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法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等。
(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. (斜体字为作者所加)。
再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36),Article: subdivision of a written instrument; particularly a. a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections. b. one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。
法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”
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法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时,常常会碰到诸如“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”等词的翻译,参阅国内一些法律翻译(英汉、汉英)工具书,我们发现,各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及,或者十分混乱。
这些翻译之中,不乏十分正确的翻译,但是有些翻译则值得商榷。
本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法,为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。
本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。
一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等。
(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚(seven 合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. (斜体字为作者所加)。
中英双语解析合同的主要构成部分
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The Main Components of a Contract 合同翻译基础合知望达汇编整理2020.9目录一、合同的结构 (3)二、引言和“鉴于”条款(Preamble & recitals) (5)2.1 合同主体条款Contracting parties (5)2.2 “引言”部分Recitals (6)2.3 有效对价Good and valuable consideration (6)2.4 公平交易Arm's Length terms (7)三、责任与义务(Obligations of the parties)条款 (8)3.1 各方义务(Obligations of the parties)条款 (8)四、价格(Price)条款与支付(Payment terms)条款 (9)4.1 价格条款(Price) (9)4.2支付条件条款(Payment terms) (10)五、合同有效期条款(Terms of contract) (10)5.1 生效Effectiveness (10)5.2 合同期的延长Extension of availability (11)5.3 合同中止/暂停Suspension of contract (11)5.4 合同终止Termination of contract (12)六、损害赔偿条款(Indemnification) (13)七、陈述与保证条款(Representations and warranties) (14)八、保险要求INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS (15)九、不可抗力条款Force Majeure (16)十、合同争议解决(Disputes)条款 (18)十一、司法管辖Jurisdiction (23)十二、证明WITNESS与签署Signatures (24)12.1证明WITNESS (24)12.2 签署Signatures (25)十三、附件附录Schedule, Exhibit, Annex, Appendix, Attachment (25)13.1 附件Schedule (25)13.2 附件Exhibit (26)13.3 附录Appendix (27)13.4 附件/附录Annex (27)13.5 附件attachment (28)一、合同的结构1. 必备条款essential clauses / provisions2. 一般条款/通用条款general provisions3. 特殊条款/专用条款special provisions4. 章.条.款.项.目5. 首部non-operative part (当事人部分parties 陈述部分recital)经营地址,存续情况等6. 正文operative part7. 陈述部分recitals (包括:鉴于条款whereas clause和约因consideration)8. 尾部closing part (证明部分attestation 签字signature 附件appendix)9. 合同主体的名称.姓名和住所name and domicile of the parties10. 适格主体competent parties11. 标的contract object , subject matter12. 数量quantity 质量quality13. 价款或者报酬price or remuneration14. 对价consideration15. 履行时效.地点和方式time limit, place and method ofperformance16. 违约责任default / liability for breach of contract17. 除外规定exception18. 解决争议的方法methods to settle disputes19. 变更modification 终止termination 撤销cancellation 解除rescission20. 主体的变更或权利义务的整体转让novation21. 通知notice22. 违约责任default / breach of contract23. 救济remedies24. 责任的免除exception25. 不可抗力force majeure26. 争议的解决settlement of disputes27. 合同的生效effectiveness / validity28. 合同份数counterpart29. 合同的整体性entirety 合同的可分割性severability 合同的完整性entirety30. 文字效力language31. 法律适用applicable law / governing law32. 保密规定confidentiality33. 副本copies / counterparts34. 性别与单复数gender and singular / plural35. 合同尾部closing clauses / final clause(包括:证明条款attestation 签字部分testimonium / signature 附件部分addendum)二、引言和“鉴于”条款(Preamble & recitals)英语合同,在主体条款之后,往往会有一段“引言”。
关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!
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关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!1 .关于“国家有关规定”的译法:进行法律文件的中译英时,我们常常遇到这样的词语:“应当符合国家有关规定”、“依照国家有关税收的规定”、“依照国家外汇管理规定”等等中“国家有关规定”,如按字面“形”的含义译出,译成“the relevant state provisions ”或“the relevant provisions of the state ”显然不正确,没有把深层含义译出。
按照牛津高阶英汉双解词典的定义,provision 〔 C 〕意为condition or stipulation in a legal document ,比如:“根据协议的规定”可译成:“under the provisions of the agreement ”。
上面“国家有关规定”译成“the relevant state provisions ”,把国家与法律文件(a legal document )等同起来显然不妥。
那么,“国家有关规定”应怎么理解才能使译文符合原文的含义?首先,我们应清楚,“国家法规”应包括两大部分,即由全国人民代表大会发布的法律(laws) 和由国务院及国务院有关部门发布的行政法规(regulations) 。
故“国家有关规定”一般应理解为“国家颁发的有关法律、法规的规定”,译成: “the provisions of the relevant laws and regulations issued by the state ”。
然而,“国家有关规定”已成了“国家有关部门的规定”的习惯用语,因此,应译成:“the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the state ”。
这样就把“国家有关规定”的“神似”的含义译出来了。
例1:原文:公司名称应符合国家有关规定。
原译文:A company’s name shall be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the State.Notes:按上面的“重神似”的原则,原文“国家有关规定”应译成:the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State。
法律英语的翻译
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2. 法律英语典型句型的翻译 2.1 otherwise
1.
2. 3.
Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法: 跟unless引导的句子(让步状语从句)连 用; 置放在连词or之后使用; 与than一起,通常用来否定句子的主语。
例1 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, "state" means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家” 指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方,使行文准确,从而 提高法律文书的正式性。
法律英语典型句型的翻译
1. 引言
改革开放以后,尤其是中国加入世贸组织 后,法律翻译成为热点。 一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度 和具体法律法规,需要将大量的中国的法 律文本译成外文。 另一方面,为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制 建设成果,需要将大量的国外的法律法规 法学著作等译成外文。
例 10 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched.
凡被告人被判处罚款﹐但没有随即缴付 罚款﹐裁判官可命令搜查被告人。
谈谈法律法规翻译的工作标准
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《中国翻译词典》对翻译标准的解释是:“翻译标准是翻译活动必须遵循的准绳,是衡量译⽂质量的尺度,也是翻译⼯作者应努⼒达到的⽬标。
翻译标准是翻译理论的核⼼问题,但是翻译界对此还没有完全⼀致的结论。
” 从古⾄今,中外翻译界提出过众多的翻译标准,使翻译标准呈现出多元化的特征。
这些标准各有长短利弊,但没有哪⼀个标准为世所公认。
其中影响的,是由严复先⽣在1898年提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。
这⼀三元标准多年来在中国翻译界⼀直被奉为圭皋。
作为不同于⽂学、科技等⽂体的法律法规来说,其翻译除了要达到翻译的通常标准之外(如通顺流畅),还因法律法规⾃⾝在词汇、句法、语义表达等⽅⾯的特殊性,其译⽂还应当符合⼀些特殊的标准。
⼀、译⽂应当符合⽴法原意 准确是法律语⾔的灵魂和⽣命,也是法律法规翻译的⾸要标准。
“信、达、雅” 这⼀三字标准体现在法律法规的翻译当中,“信”应当总是在第⼀位的。
“信”, 就是要忠实于原⽂,这是译⽂存在的基础。
在法律法规翻译中,可以从三个层⾯来理解译⽂应当忠实于原⽂,符合⽴法本义: 第⼀, 忠实于原⽂⾸先是指译⽂要在形式上符合法律法规的⾏⽂⽅式, 任何对章、节、条、款、项、句的遗漏或摘译都是与“信”这⼀标准不相容的。
漏译或许是因为⼀时疏忽⼤意所致,⽽摘译却是因为译者没有理解法律法规翻译的本质特征造成的(明确表明属于法律法规摘译的除外)。
请看在翻译《医疗事故处理条例》中的⼀个实例: “第⼗条患者有权复印或者复制其门诊病历、住院志、体温单、医嘱单、化验单(检验报告)、医学影像检查资料、特殊检查同意书、⼿术同意书、⼿术及⿇醉记录单、病理资料、护理记录以及国务院卫⽣⾏政部门规定的其他病历资料。
患者依照前款规定要求复印或者复制病历资料的,医疗机构应当提供复印或者复制服务并在复印或者复制的病历资料上加盖证明印记。
复印或者复制病历资料时,应当有患者在场。
医疗机构应患者的要求,为其复印或者复制病历资料,可以按照规定收取⼯本费。
法律翻译中的条款项目
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法律翻译中的条款项目(摘抄整理)2008-12-04 11:14:32New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. 再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36),Article: Subdivision of a written instrument; particularly①a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections.②one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。
法律英语第一课翻译。
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法律英语第一课翻译引言法律英语是指在法律领域使用的英语专业术语和表达方式。
随着全球化的推进,法律界对于英语专业人士的需求逐渐增加。
本文将介绍法律英语的基本概念和常用词汇,帮助读者理解和翻译法律文件。
法律英语的基本概念法律英语是法律体系中的一项重要内容,包括法律文件的起草、翻译和解释等。
在法律英语中,准确性和专业性是非常重要的原则。
法律文件的翻译需要注意保持原文意思的准确性,并确保译文符合法律的规定。
常见法律英语词汇下面列举了一些常见的法律英语词汇及其翻译:w - 法律2.Legal - 法律的3.Contract - 合同4.Agreement - 协议5.Plaintiff - 原告6.Defendant - 被告7.Judgment - 判决8.Court - 法院9.Evidence - 证据10.Witness - 证人这些词汇是法律文件中经常出现的,熟悉这些词汇对于正确理解和翻译法律文件至关重要。
法律英语的翻译技巧在翻译法律文件时,以下几点技巧可以帮助提高翻译质量:1.精确无误的翻译法律文件非常重要。
一些术语的错误翻译可能导致法律文件的失效,因此需要对法律术语进行深入理解并保持准确性。
2.翻译法律文件时要注重上下文的理解。
有时直译法律术语可能不合适,需要根据文件的整体内容进行适当的调整和解释。
3.参考专业的法律词典和资料是翻译法律文件的重要工具。
法律词典能够提供准确的翻译和解释,确保翻译的准确性。
4.在翻译过程中,要注意语言的简明扼要。
法律文件通常需要清晰、简洁的表达,避免使用过于复杂或晦涩的词汇。
结论法律英语作为一门专业领域,对于法律文件的翻译具有重要意义。
准确、专业的翻译能够保证法律文件的有效性,并为法律实践提供帮助。
本文介绍了法律英语的基本概念、常见词汇和翻译技巧,希望对读者理解和翻译法律文件有所帮助。
参考文献 - Smith, J. (2010). Legal English: How to Understand and Master the Language of Law. Routledge.。
法条中“条、款、项、目”的翻译方法
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法条中“条、款、项、目”的翻译方法法律翻译同时涉足三个领域,即法律学界、语言学界和翻译界。
因此,法律翻译对译者要求十分苛刻。
例如,在英汉、汉英翻译中,译者除了要掌握一定程度的中国法律以及普通法知识之外,还要擅长法律英语这一特殊用途英语(ESP)。
与所有的翻译一样,法律翻译的译文要忠实原文的实质内容,还要尽量流畅通顺。
法律翻译通常包括的内容很多,如立法性文件的翻译,合同翻译,诉讼类文书翻译,法庭口译,法学论文翻译,涉外公证文书翻译,判例翻译等等。
法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时,常常会碰到诸如“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”等词的翻译,参阅国内一些法律翻译(英汉、汉英)工具书,我们发现,各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及,或者十分混乱。
这些翻译之中,不乏十分正确的翻译,但是有些翻译则值得商榷。
本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法,为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。
本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。
一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等。
(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People's Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
英文合同常见词汇及句型
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英文合同常用词汇和句型1、开场白(合同的当事人背景介绍)2、过渡条款Now therefore,in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after,Party A and Party B agree as follows:参考译文:因此,双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同,并做如下约定:注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”.读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。
在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所,但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”.3、结尾条款:IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above.参考译文:本合同由被正当授权之人,于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立,特此证明.注释和说明:(1)“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭,立此为证”.(2)“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”,而非“执行”。
4、favor,“in favor of somebody"= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种:以某人为受益人、有利于某人5、subject to sth。
1)遵从、遵守:This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication No。
法律英语翻译(一)
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法律英语翻译:法律翻译常用词汇注释(D-K)翻译法律文件时,有些专用词不知道怎么翻,或者不确定最准确、最专业的译法是什么,确实让人苦恼。
这里有法律翻译中常见词的中文注释,按字母排序,方便查找。
DDamagesdamages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金,要注意用的是复数形式,如果用单数,则表示损害。
如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract.因违约要损害赔偿金等。
Debenturedebenture的意思是债券,通常指的是无担保债券。
如bank debenture 金融债券bearer debenture 不记名债券coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。
Declarationdeclaration在法律英语中常用作申报,如customs declaration报关,export declaration出口申报,income tax declaration个税申报等。
Decree法庭判令。
法庭聆讯后所作出的判令,可以分成暂时性判令“decree nisi” 和永久性判令“decree absolute”,常见于离婚呈请的程序。
一般而言,法庭颁出decree nisi后,在指定的期限过后,除非收到反对,否则都会颁出永久判令。
Deed契约。
是一种特别的合约,须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效,契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因。
Defamation诽谤。
非法破坏他人名誉的行为,口头的毁谤和以书面的永久形式诽谤都可以构成民事索偿的理据或者刑事罪行。
Defence抗辩。
刑事或民事案件中的被告,否认有关的指控或申索,同时提出反对的支持事实。
Delegatedelegate在法律英语中的意思是转让,通常指义务的转让,如:In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国(以下称“中国”)法律,义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。
汉译英格式规范
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汉译英翻译格式规范I 格式规范1. 正文标题、机构名称、图表格名称和表头中所有单词(除虚词外)的首字母均大写;但标题为句子的情况除外;2. 译文中出现的标准、规范名称,单独出现时每个单词首字母均应大写并斜体,不加引号;在表格中出现时不用斜体;3. 摄氏度符号统一从“符号”“Times new roman”中找到“°”(位于最右一列)插入,然后在后面加上大写“C”,即“°C”;4. 排比和并列的内容,标点应统一。
一般做法是中间采用“;”,最后一个采用“.”,最后一个与倒数第二个之间用“; and”;5. 数值范围的表示形式应是:110-220 kV,而不是110 kV~220 kV;注意:数字和连字符之间没有空格,数字和单位之间有空格数字与单位之间要加一个空格,但“°C”、“°F”和“%”除外;6. 在英文中,百分号应采用英文半角“%”,而不可采用中文全角“%”;7. 公式中的符号从“插入公式”中选择;8. 文本框中第一个单词首字母大写;9. 1号机组和2号机组、一期和二期的表示方法:Unit 1 & 2;Phase I & II;10. 第x条(款、项)和第y条(款、项)的表示方法:Article x and Article y,即表示条(款、项)的词不能省略;11. 文件中出现公式时,公式后说明性文字的“其中”、“式中”统一译为“Where:”,注意其后加冒号;对公式中的字母和符号进行解释时,采用“-”,其前后均不空格,“-”后的首字母为小写;公式后的说明要用分号,最后采用句号。
例如:Where:F sc-short circuit current force (lb/ft);V-velocity;P-gas density.12. 冒号后首字母小写;13. 大于号、小于号、等号两边均有空格;14. 表格的标题和标题栏字体加粗;15. 注意上下标与原文一致;16. 直径符号φ的输入方法:插入,符号,字体选择Symbol,然后选择输入φ,并采用斜体;17. 日期按译文语言,应采用公历,按月、日、年顺序排列,例如,December 1, 2006;18. 译文的章节与条款编号,应与原文一致,有问题提出;19. 翻译中,数字应重点关注,均应与原文核对;20. 标点符号按英文惯例,英文中应全部采用英文半角符号,不得出现全角的顿号(、)逗号(,)句号(。
常见法律法规名称的英文翻译
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常见法律法规名称的英文翻译(1)中华人民共和国宪法修正案 AMENDMENT FOURTH TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF C HINA)中国银行业监督管理委员会关于中国银行、中国建设银行公司治理改革与监管指引 (Guidelines on Corporate Governance Reforms And Supervision of Bank of China and Constru ction Bank of China)外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions )商业银行资本充足率管理办法(Regulation Governing Capital Adequacy of Commercial Banks)金融机构衍生产品交易业务管理暂行办法(Provisional Administrative Rules Governing Derivatives Activities of Financial Institutions)中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法(Law of the People’s Republic of China on Banking Regulation and Supervision)境外金融机构投资入股中资金融机构管理办法(Administrative Rules Governing the Equity Investment in Chinese Financial Institutions by Over seas Financial Institutions )汽车金融公司管理办法实施细则(Implementing Rules for the Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financ ing Company)汽车金融公司管理办法(Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company )新化学物质环境管理办法 (Provisions on the Environmental Administration of New Chemical substances )人民币银行结算账户管理办法(Administrative Rules for RMB Bank Settlement Accounts)中国人民银行假币收缴、鉴定管理办法(Administrative Rules of the People’s Bank of China for the Seizure and V erification of Counterfei t Currency)中华人民共和国中外合作办学条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Scho ols )上海市营业性危险货物道路运输管理办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Road Transportation of DangerousGoods of a Business Nature)人民币大额和可疑支付交易报告管理办法(Administrative Rules for the Reporting of Large-value and Suspicious RMB Payment Transactio ns)上海市新建住宅配套建设与交付使用管理办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on The Administration of All Necessary Accessory Constru ctions of Newly Built Residences and Making Newly Built Residences A vailable to Users )上海市公共信息图形标志标准化管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of the Standardization of the Grap hic Signs of Public Information )上海市民防工程建设和使用管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Administration of Construction and Use of Civil Defe nse Projects )外汇指定银行办理结汇、售汇业务管理暂行办法(Provisional Procedures for Designated Bank’s Purchase and Sale of Foreign Exchange)金融统计管理规定(Administrative Rules for Financial Statistics )上海市促进行业协会发展规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on Promoting the Development of Trade Association ) 金融机构反洗钱规定(Rules for Anti-money Laundering by Financial Institutions )中华人民共和国商标法实施条例(2002)(Implementing Regulations of the Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China)危险化学品安全管理条例(Regulations on the Control over Safety of Dangerous Chemicals)上市公司治理准则(Code of Corporate Governance for Listed Companies in China)金融机构撤销条例(Regulations on Closure of Financial Institutions)关于中华人民共和国加入的决定(ACCESSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA) 中华人民共和国加入议定书(Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China)中国在过渡性审议机制中提供的信息2(Annex 1A: Information to be Provided by China in the Context of the Transitional Review Mec hanism)根据《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第25条作出的通知(Annex 5A: Notification Pursuant to Article XXV of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervaili ng Measures)总理事会依照《中国加入议定书》第18条第2款处理的问题(Annex 1B: Issues to be Addressed by the General Council in Accordance with Section 18.2 of Ch ina's Protocol of Accession)需逐步取消的补贴(Annex 5B: Subsidies to be Phased Out)中国加入工作组报告书(Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China )中华人民共和国著作权法 (2001)(Copyright Law of the People''s Republic of China(2001) )中华人民共和国职业病防治(Code of Occupational Disease Prevention of PRC)中华人民共和国商标法(2001) (Trademark Law of the People''s Republic of China(2001) )中华人民共和国防沙治沙法 (Law of the People's Republic of China on Desert Prevention and Transformation)专利法实施细则(2001)(Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law (2001))中华人民共和国婚姻法(2001)(Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China )集成电路布图设计保护条例(Regulations on the Protection of Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits)互联网站从事登载新闻业务管理暂行规定(Interim Provisions for Administration of Internet Websites’ Publishing News)互联网信息服务管理办法(Measures for Administration of Information Service via Internet)中华人民共和国境内外国人宗教活动管理规定实施细则(Rules on Administration of Religious Activities of Aliens in China)中华人民共和国专利法(2000年修订版)(Patent Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised on 8/25/2000))中华人民共和国飞行基本规则(The Basic Regulations of A viation of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国产品质量法 (Product Quality Law of the People's Republic of China (Amended on 7/8/2000))中华人民共和国大气污染防治法(2000)(Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Poll ution(2000))中华人民共和国水污染防治法实施细则 (Rules for Implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (Amen ded on 3/20/2000))个人存款账户实名制规定 (Provisions on the Real Name of Individual Deposit Account)中华人民共和国立法法 (Legislation Law)保险公司管理规定 (Regulations on the Administration of Insurance Companies )中华人民共和国森林法实施条例(Regulations for the Implementation of Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China)银行条例(BANKING ORDINANCE)中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法(2000) (Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China(2000))统一域名争议解决办法补充规则(Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy )关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释(一)(The Supreme People's Court's Interpretations of Certain Issues Concerning the Application of Th e Contract Law)国务院关于国家行政机关和企业事业单位社会团体印章管理的规定(The Rules on the Administration of the Seals of the State Administrative Departments, Enterprise s and Institutions and the Social Organizations of the State Council)中华人民共和国会计法(The Law on Accountancy of the People's Republic of China)中华人民共和国气象法(Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China)统一域名争议解决办法程序规则(Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy) 商用密码管理条例(Regulations on the Commercial Passwords)中华人民共和国个人独资企业法(Sole Proprietorship Enterprise Law of the People's Republic of China )中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则(林业部分)(RULES FOR THE REGULA TIONS OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON PROT ECTION OF NEW V ARIETIES OF PLANTS)价格违法行为行政处罚规定(Rules of Administrative Sanctions on Price Offense)关于价格违法行为行政处罚规定(Administrative Rules on the Penalties for Price Offense)中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例实施细则(农业部分)(Implementing Rules for the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of N ew V arieties of Plants (Agriculture Part) )计算机软件保护条例(REGULA TIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE)上海市拆除违法建筑若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Demolition of Illegal Building )上海市村民委员会选举办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Election of the Villagers' Committee)饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例(Administrative Regulations on Feed and Feed Additive)中华人民共和国行政复议法(Law of the People's Republic of China on Administrative Reconsideration)上海市体育竞赛管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Administration of Sports Contests )中华人民共和国合同法(CONTRACT LA W OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA )中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区第九届全国人民代表大会代表的产生办法 (Procedures for the Election of delegates of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the Pe ople’s Repubilc of China to the Ninth National People’s Congress)金融违法行为处罚办法(Methods of Punishment against Financial Malfeasance)上海市空中飞行器广告管理若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Control of Aerial Advertising by Measures of Airc raft )上海市失业保险办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Unemployment Insurance )上海市户外广告设置规划和管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Installation, Planning and Administration of Outd oor Advertisements )上海市燃气管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Fuel Gas ) 失业保险条例 (Regulations on Unemployment Insurance )社会保险费征缴暂行条例 (Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums)国家外汇管理局、海关总署关于使用进出口报关单联网核查系统有关问题的通知(NOTIFICA TION ON HOW TO USE THE 'VERIFICA TION SYSTEM FOR IMPORT AND EX PORT CUSTOMS DECLARA TION FORM NETWORK' )上海市公有住房差价交换试行办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Public Housing Exchange With Price Differences (For T rial Implementation) )中华人民共和国政府和厄立特里亚国政府文化协定一九九九、二○○○、二○○一年执行计划(EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME OF THE CULTURAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVER N- MENT OF THE STA TE OF ERITREA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REP UBLIC OF CHINA FOR 1999,2000,2001 EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME OF THE CULTURAL A GREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STA TE OF ERITREA AND THE GO VERN- MENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR 1999, 2000, 2001)全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于《中华人民共和国国籍法》在澳门特别行政区实施的几个问题的解释 (Interpretations of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning Ques tions on the Impelmentation of the Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China in the Maca o Special Administrative Region)中华人民共和国证券法 (Securities Law of the People’s Republic of China)全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治骗购外汇、逃汇和非法买卖外汇犯罪的决定(Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on the Punishment of Cri mes of Purchase of Foreign Currencies by Deceitful Means, Foreign Exchange Evasion and Illegal Buying and Selling of Foreign Currencies)中华人民共和国土地管理法实施条例(Regulations on the Implementation of the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (1998))基本农田保护条例(Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland (1998))上海市政府采购管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Government Purchasing )上海市产权交易管理办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Transactions in Property Rights ) 国务院关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定 (The Decision of the State Council on Setting up Basic Medical Insurance System for Staff Me mbers and Workers in Cities and Towns)上海市海塘管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Seawalls )上海市门弄号管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of House and Lane Numbers )国务院关于1993年12月31日前批准设立的外商投资企业有关税收政策问题的批复 (Official Written Reply of the State Council to Subordinates on Problems of Tax Collection Pol icy on Enterprises with Foreign Investment the Establishment of which was Approved before Dec ember )(Interim Procedures for the Experiment of Travel Services with Chinese and Foreign Investments)建设项目环境保护管理条例(Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection)国内交通卫生检疫条例 (Regulations on Domestic Communications Health Quarantine)上海市产品准产证管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Production Permit )上海市居民同外国人、华侨、香港特别行政区居民、澳门地区居民、台湾地区居民婚姻登记和婚姻咨询管理若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Matrimonial Registration and C onsultation for Its Residents with Foreigners, Overseas Chinese, the Residents in Hongkong Speci al Administrative Area, and the Residents in Macao and Taiwan )全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于补选出缺的香港特别行政区第九届全国人民代表大会代表的决定 (Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on by-Election to Fill t he V acancies of Delegates to the 9th National People’s Congress from the Hong Kong Special Ad ministrative Region)民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例(Provisional Regulations for the Registration Administration of People-Run non-Enterprise Units)中华人民共和国文化部和爱沙尼亚共和国文化部1998-2000年文化交流计划 (CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF TH E PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF THE REPUBLI C OF ESTONIA FOR THE YEARS 1998-2000)国务院办公厅关于加强对外商投资企业升挂和使用国旗管理的通知 (the Management of the Hoisting and Use of National Flag by Enterprises with Foreign Invest ment)上海市城镇企业退休人员门诊急诊医疗保险暂行办法 (Interim Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Medical Insurance on Outpatient and Emerge ncy Treatment for Retired Persons in Town Enterprises )关于赋予私营生产企业和科研院所自营进出口权的暂行规定 (Interim Provisions for the Granting of Rights of Self-Managed Import and Export to Privately-Owned Production Enterprises and Scientific Research Academies and Institutes)上海市地名管理条例 (Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Place-name Administration )中华人民共和国文化部和立陶宛共和国文化部1998、1999、2000年文化交流计划(CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMME FOR 1998, 1999, 2000 BETWEEN THE MINISTR Y OF CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE MINISTRY OF CULT URE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA)中华人民共和国政府和秘鲁共和国政府海运协定(AGREEMENT ON MARITIME TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THEPEO PLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU)中华人民共和国高等教育法 (Higher Education Law of the People’s Republic of China)国务院关于进一步整顿和规范期货市场的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Further Consolidation and Standardization of Fut ures Markets)上海市房地产登记资料查阅暂行规定 (Interim Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on Inquiry of Real Estate Registration Materials )城市房地产开发经营管理条例(Regulations on Urban Real Estate Development and Management Control)中华人民共和国政府和圭亚那合作共和国政府关于互免公务旅行签证协定(AGREEMENT ON THE MUTUAL EXEMPTION OF VISAS FOR OFFICIAL TOUR BETWE EN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERN- M ENT OF THE COOPERA TIVE REPUBLIC OF GUY ANA)非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法 (Measures for the Banning of Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Business Opera tions)上海市文化教育事业建设费征收办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Collecting the Construction Dues for Cultural and Ed ucational Undertakings )上海市陆家嘴金融贸易中心区综合管理暂行规定(Interim Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Comprehensive Administration of Lujiazui Fi nance and Trade Center Zone )国务院办公厅关于清理整顿非试点外商投资商业企业情况的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning the State of Sorting out and Conso lidation of Non-experimental Foreign Business Invested Commercial Enterprises)中华人民共和国政府与美利坚合众国政府关于在中国实施美国志愿者项目的协议(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STA TES OF AMERICA A ND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE U NITED STA TES VOLUNTEER PROGRAM IN CHINA)中华人民共和国执业医师法(Law of the People’s Republic of China on Medical Practitioners)中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法 (Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental S helf)中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法(1998) (Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of the People's Republic of China)中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于转发《财政部、国家发展计划委员会、监察部、公安部、最高人民检察院、最高人民法院、国家工商行政管理局关于加强公安、检察院、法院和工商行政管理部门行政性收费和罚没收入收支两条线管理工作的规定》的通知(Circular of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and the Gener al Office of the State Council Concerning Transmitting Provisions of the Ministry of Finance, the Development Planning Commission, the Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry of Public Security, the Supreme Peo ple’s Procuratorate, the Supreme People’s Court and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on Strengthening the Administration of Administrative Charges and Inco mes From Fines and Confi)关于安巴在香港设立总领事馆协议备案函 (EMBASSY OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA)中华人民共和国核两用品及相关技术出口管制条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China for Export Control on Nuclear Dual-purpose Good s and Related Technologies)国务院办公厅转发科学技术部卫生部《人类遗传资源管理暂行办法》的通知 (Interim Procedures for Human Genetic Resources Management)中华人民共和国政府和意大利共和国政府科学技术合作协定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOL O- GICAL CO-OPERA TION)上海市养老机构管理办法 (Procedures Of Shanghai Municipality On Managing Old-Age Care Institutions )上海市印章刻制业治安管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Chop and Seal Engraving Busi ness for Public Security Purpose )国务院关于在国有中小企业和集体企业改制过程中加强金融债权管理的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Financial Credit or’s Rights in the Structural Reform of Medium- and Small-sized State-owned Enterprises and Col lective Enterprises)国务院办公厅转发民政部关于进一步加强公墓管理意见的通知 (Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning Transmitting Suggestions Sub mitted by the Ministry of Civil Affairs on Further Strengthening the Management of Cemeteries)中华人民共和国政府和苏里南共和国政府贸易协定 (TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME)中华人民共和国政府和国际清算银行关于国际清算银行在中华人民共和国香港特别行政区设立代表处和代表处地位的东道国协定(HOST COUNTRY AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE BANK FOR INTERNA TIONAL SETTLE- MENTS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA RELA TING T O THE ESTABLISHMENT AND STA TUS OF A REPRESENTA TIVE OFFICE OF THE BANK FOR INTERNA TIONAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRA TIV E REGION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA)中华人民共和国消防法 (Fire Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国森林法 (1998)(Forest Law of the People's Republic of China(1998))中华人民共和国消防法(1998)(Control Law of the People's Republic of China (another version))上海市教学成果奖励办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Incentives for Teaching Achievements )中华人民共和国政府和葡萄牙共和国政府关于对所得避免双重征税和防止偷漏税的协定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC FOR THE A VOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXA TION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EV ASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME)国务院关于禁止传销经营活动的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Banning of Operational Activities of Pyramid Sal es)中华人民共和国政府和坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府关于坦桑尼亚联合共和国在中华人民共和国香港特别行政区设立名誉领事馆的协定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA ON THE ESTABLI SH- MENT OF AN HONORARY CONSULA TE BY THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA IN THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRA TIVE REGION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLI C OF CHINA)企业法人法定代表人登记管理规定 (Rules for the Registration Administration of Legal Representatives of Legal Entities)国务院关于机构设置的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Organizational Structure)国务院关于部委管理的国家局设置的通知(Circular of the State Council Concerning the Organizational Structure of State Bureaux (Administ rations) under the Management of Ministries and Commissions)国务院关于议事协调机构和临时机构设置的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Organizational Structure of Advisory and Coordi nating Organs and Provisional Organs)国务院办公厅关于部委联系公司的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning Maintaining Contact With Compa nies by Ministries and Commissions)国务院关于加强依法治税严格税收管理权限的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Strengthening Tax Administration by Law and Reaffi rming Taxation Powers)国务院关于进一步加强麻黄素管理的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning Further Strengthening Ephedrine Control)第九届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于国务院机构改革方案的决定附:国务院机构改革方案 (Decision of the First Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress Regarding the State Cou ncil’s Institutional Restructuring Plan)矿产资源勘查区块登记管理办法 (Measures for the Area Registration Administration of Mineral Resources Exploration and Surv ey )矿产资源开采登记管理办法(Measures for the Registration Administration of Mineral Resources Exploitation)探矿权采矿权转让管理办法 (Measures for the Administration of Transfer of Mineral Exploration Right and Mining Right)中华人民共和国政府和缅甸联邦政府关于互免持外交和公务(官员)护照者签证协定(AGREEMENT ON MUTUAL EXEMPTION ON VISAS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF MY ANMAR FOR HOLDERS OF DIPLOMA TIC OR SERVICE (OFFICIAL) PASSPORTS)国务院关于酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区有关问题的批复通知 (Official Reply of the State Council Concerning Acid Rain Control Areas and Sulphur Dioxide Pollution Control Areas)当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录 (Current Catalogue of Key Industries, Products and Technologies the Development of Which Is Encouraged by the State (Provisional))外商投资产业指导目录 (Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries)上海市宗教印制品管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Religious Presswork )中华人民共和国防震减灾法 (THE Law of the People’s Republic of China on Precautions Against Earthquake and Relief of Disaster)国务院关于调整进口设备税收政策的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Adjustment in the Taxation Policy of Import Equi pment)中华人民共和国价格法 (Price Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国献血法 (Blood Donation Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国防震减灾法(1997)(Law of the People's Republic of China on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake D isasters)证券、期货投资咨询管理暂行办法 (Interim Measures for the Administration of Securities and Futures Investment Consultancy)计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法 (Measures for Security Protection Administration of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks)国务院关于香港特别行政区简称及在全国行政区划中排列顺序的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Abbreviation of the Hong Kong Special Administ rative Region and Its Place in the Order of Precedence in the National Administrative Division)上海市地下铁道管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Underground Railway Administration )上海市特种行业和公共场所治安管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Peace and Order in Special Trade s and Public Places )证券交易所管理办法(Measures for the Administration of Stock Exchanges)国务院关于发布芦芽山等国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Promulgation of the List of Luyashan Mountain National Nature Reserve and Other National Nature Reserves)上海市危棚简屋改造地块居住房屋拆迁补偿安置试行办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Compensation and Resettlement for Demolition and Relocation of Residential Houses on Land-Plots Clustered With Shaky Sheds and Crude Shacks D esignated to be Reconstructed (for Trial Implementation) )关于下发不征收营业税的收费(基金)项目名单(第二批)的通知 (Circular on Issuing the Second List of Items for the Collection of Fees(funds) Exempt From B usiness Tax)上海市商业连锁企业若干规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on Commercial Chain Enterprises )中华人民共和国合伙企业登记管理办法 (Measures of the People’s Republic of China for the Administration of Partnership Enterprise R egistration)罚款决定与罚款收缴分离实施办法(Measures for the Implementation of Separation of Penalty Decisions From Collection of Penalty Payments )罚款决定与罚款收缴分离实施办法 (Implementing Measures on Separation of Fine Decisions from Fine Collections)上海市机动车维修和检测管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Motor V ehicle )上海市人民广场地区综合管理暂行规定 (Interim Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Comprehensive Administration of the Peo ple's Square Area)证券投资基金管理暂行办法(Interim Measures for the Administration of Securities Investment Funds)国有独资商业银行监事会暂行规定 (Interim Provisions on Boards of Supervisors in Solely State-owned Commercial Banks) (Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Waters )中华人民共和国建筑法(Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国节约能源法 (Energy Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国节约能源法(1997)(Law of the People's Republic of China on Conserving Energy (another version))中华人民共和国建筑法(1997)(Construction Law of the People's Republic of China)水利产业政策(Water Conservancy Industrial Policy)国务院办公厅关于尽快落实《刑事诉讼法》有关条款规定的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning the Implementation at an Early Da te of the Provisions of Relevant Clauses of the Criminal Procedure Law)中华人民共和国军品出口管理条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China Governing Export Control of Military Goods)中华人民共和国审计法实施条例 (Regulations for the Implementation of the Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China)国务院关于地方税务机构管理体制问题的通知 (Circular of the State Council Concerning the Question of Local Tax Authorities Management System)中华人民共和国民用航空器国籍登记条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Nationality Registration of Civil Aircraft)中华人民共和国民用航空器权利登记条例 (Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Civil Aircraft Rights Registration)中华人民共和国民用航空器权利登记条例(1997)(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Registration of Rights in Civil Aircraft(a nother version))上海市酒类商品产销管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipalityon the Administration of Production and Marketing of Win e Commodities )上海市实施《中华人民共和国教师法》办法(Procedures of Shanghai Municipality for the Implementation of Teachers Law of the Poeple's Re public of China)上海市建筑市场管理条例 (Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Construction Market )上海市水路运输管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Administration of Waterway Transportation )《中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定》的补充规定 (Supplementary Provisions to Several Provisions Concerning the Investment Made by the V ari ous Parties to Chinese-foreign Equity Joint V entures)上海市公共文化馆管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipalityon the Administration of Public Cultural Centers )中华人民共和国核出口管制条例(Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nuclear Export Control)中华人民共和国防洪法 (Flood Control Law of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国防洪法(1998)(Flood Control of The People's Republic of China (another version))票据管理实施办法(Measures for the Implementation of Administration of Negotiable Instruments)上海市劳动保护监察条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Supervision of Labor Protection )上海市殡葬管理条例(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Funeral and Interment )广播电视管理条例(Regulations on Broadcasting and Television Administration)营业性演出管理条例 (Regulations Governing Performances for Business)上海市电影发行放映管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Release and Showing of Film )国务院行政机构设置和编制管理条例 (Regulations on Administration of the Establishment and Staffing of the Administrative Agenci es of the State Council)保税区海关监管办法 (Measures for Customs Supervision and Control of the Bonded Areas)上海市旧机动车交易管理规定 (Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Used Motor V ehicle Trading )社会力量办学条例 (Regulations on the Running of Educational Institutions With Social Resources)国务院办公厅关于对在我国境内举办对外经济技术展览会加强管理的通知(Circular of the General Office of the State Council Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Holding of Foreign Economic and Technological Exhibitions Within the Territory of China)殡葬管理条例(Regulations on Funeral and Interment Control)国务院批转国家计委等部门关于进一步加强汽车工业项目管理意见的通知 (Circular of the State Council on the Approval and Transmission of the Suggestions Concernin g Further Strengthening Project Management of the Automotive Industry of the State Planning Co mmission and Other Departments)文化事业建设费征收管理暂行办法 (Interim Measures for the Administration of the Levying of Construction Fee for Cultural Unde rtakings)中华人民共和国契税暂行条例 (Provisional Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Deed Tax)上海市升挂使用国旗管理办法 (Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Displaying and Using the National Flag )上海市技术市场条例(修正)(Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Technology Market )全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准全国人民代表大会香港特别行政区筹备委员会结束工作的建议的决定 (Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning Approval of the Suggestion on the Conclusion of the Work of the Preparatory Committee of the Hongkong S pecial Administrative Region of the National People’s Congress)中华人民共和国公路法 (Highway Law of the People’s Republic of China )中华人民共和国烟草专卖法实施条例 (Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Tobacco Monopoly)中华人民共和国动物防疫法(Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China)全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》附件三所列全国性法律增减的决定 (Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning Addition a nd Deletion of National Laws in Annex Iii to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administra tive Region of the People’s Republic of China)中华人民共和国香港特别行政区行政区域图(THE Maps of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China)中国公民自费出国旅游管理暂行办法(Interim Measures for the Administration of Chinese Citizens Going Abroad on Tours at Own Exp enses。
法律文书翻译
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法律文书翻译一、定义(Definition of legal instrument)Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document.二、分类(Categories)Examples include a certificate, deed, bond, contract, will, legislative act, notarial act, court writ or process, or any law passed by a competent legislative body in municipal (domestic) or international law.三、基本原则(Basic principles)对于法律翻译,译者不宜片面追求形式上的对等,要求译文的词类、语序和句子结构与原文基本保持一致。
法律文件的翻译质量必须用译员对译文的反映程度来衡量。
法律文体的翻译应该遵循奈达提出的“功能对等”翻译原则,即“译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。
1. 公正性(impartiality)是法律专业人员要遵守的最为基本的原则。
2. 准确性( veracity):要求语言使用者对法律概念及所涉及的行为进行严格表达。
3. 合适性(appropriateness):合适性反映翻译的度,主要是对文本原意传达的充分程度。
4. 简洁,精练(conciseness):The simplest, most concise English is the best for legislation:四、用词的基本特点(Features of words )1. 措词精确、避免歧义(precise words)原文:自9月20日起,甲方无权接受任何订单或收据。
法律英语的词语英语翻译
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about大概absolutely unique单独abuse of discretion滥用财量权acknowledge and confess供认有罪Action 诉讼action(诉讼)action诉讼,起诉权;Actus Reus犯罪行为affidavit宣誓书;aforesaid如上所述的;after or change改变agency代理(权),机构;agree and declare同意agreement合约;agrees and consents同意aid and abet同谋aid and comfort安慰alias summons(第一次发出的传票无效后)再次发出的传票; alias别名;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在场证据;alibi不在犯罪现场的证据alien(转让,让渡(所有权))alien让渡,转让财产;all and singular一律alleged有嫌疑的,指控的,宣称的,主张的alter and change变更alter ego至交,知己;第二个我amount due or owing到期应付的金额and/o及;或rany matter, fact or things事件any matter, fact or thing事件apparently显然Appeal 上诉appeal上诉;appeal上诉;approach the bench 过来approximately近似argumentative来自推论的;可争议的arrest warrant 逮捕证arrested in flagrante delicto当场被捕,arrest逮捕;arson纵火罪;as soon as possible尽快ascend up上升assault殴打,侵犯他人身体罪;at issue在审议中的,讨论的;待解决的,待裁决的attorney general检察长/首席检察官/司法部长; attorneys律师,检察官;authorise and empower授权available可获得的average平均数;中等水平;海损avoid (撤销)Award 裁决,判决bail exonerated 保证人责任的免除bail保释(金);battery殴打;be cumulative and in addition另外be declared or adjudged判决bill, note票据bill议案,起诉书;Blackacr黑亩(与whiteacre 白亩相对)blend together混合bona fide真正的;breaking and entering破门窗闯入burden of proof)举证责任(bureau of public security公安局();by this act and deed有约束力契约by virtue of or in connection with由于came on for hearing聆讯came on for hearing听讼cancel, annul and set aside取消,废止care注意;监护case案件,诉讼;判例Causation 因果关系cause of action诉因;诉权cease and desist终止cease and desist终止chose in action诉讼上的财产(权);claim债权,民事诉讼请求;clean and neat condition清洁情况clear and convincing清楚且令人确信coming into your possession or control占有common counts(请求偿还欠款的)多种诉讼形式,起诉书; comparable参照物;对比compromise, arrangement or settlement协议Concurrence两者并存condense down 压缩condition条款,要件;confessed and acknowledged承认congress/senate)议会consideration(对价)constables巡警,警官;constitution or partners合伙continue on继续contract合同;convenient合宜的convey, transfer and set over 移交cooperate together合作counsel律师,法律顾问;count(控告的一条)罪状;counterpart(副件)court法庭;covenant(契约)covenants and agrees立约covenant合同,盟约;credit or facilities信贷crime犯罪;criminal detention刑事拘留damages损害赔偿金damage赔偿金;debt债务;declaration原告的申诉,供诉;decree法令;裁决deed or covenant, guarantee, indemnity, assurance, pledge保证物Deed 契约deem and consider视为defect, or insufficiency or want缺陷或不足或短缺defendant被告;defendant被告;delinquency—失职行为;demand要求,召唤;demise(出租)demur(抗辩)demurrer抗辩书;demurrer抗诉; estoppel禁止翻供;descent依法转交;desire希望;请求;要求;授权detain/ take into custody实施拘留Deterrence 威慑目的devise遗赠;do and perform 履行Dock 被告席DOJ=Department of Justice律政司(doubtless无争议的dry trust被动/消极信托;due care应有的注意each and all每人都each and every每个each and every所有easement地役权;esquire用于写信时称呼律师、治安法官等;estoppel in pais(衡平法上的)不容推翻的事实;evidence证词,证据;ex parte单方的;ex post facto事后的,追溯的;excessive过分的;过度的executed(已签字的,已生效的)execution(经签名盖章等)法律文件的生效;executive detention行政拘留(existing现行的expenses花费;费用;代价extreme cruelty极度虐待fair and equitable公正的fair division合理分割false and untrue虚假的fectitious defendant虚拟被告;fee simple and fee tail无条件继承的不动产和指定继承人继承的保有土地; fee simple继承者有全权的地产;fee tail有限制的继承地产;felony—重刑罪felony—重刑罪/重罪;felony重罪;few极少的final and conclusive最后的,决定性的fit and proper合适的fixtures or fittings固定设备fixture不动产的附着物force and effect生效forgive and pardon赦免forthwith立即;forward planning打算four corners of the instrument文件的完整内容fraud and deceit欺诈free and clear没有债务牵累的,(不动产)无任何负担的free and complete完全full and complete完全full and complete完全的,完整的full, true and correct完全正确的give, devise and bequeath 遗产give, devise and bequeath赠与goals(jails)监狱;good and effectual有效good and sufficient充足good and valid有效goods and chattels动产goods and chattels全部动产grant准予,授与;gross (如gross profit),reasonable (如reasonable care/ man/ speed/ time等等),serious (如serious illness/ misconduct, crime, circumstances等等) ,undue (如undue influence/ interference/ restraint 等等),due (如due care/ process)guarantee保证书,保单;guarantee担保品,保单;guarantor(统)保证人;guardian ad litem(为某一特殊诉讼)指定的监护人;guardian监护人;habeas corpus人身保护令;habeas corpus人身保护令;habitual惯常的had and received收到had and received收到hand(签字)Hand签字have and hold持有heir继承人,后嗣;here words:hereafter从此以后,随后;hereby有鉴于此;hereinafter下文;hereinbefore上述;herein在此,据此看来;hereof对此;heretofore此前;hereto至此为止;hereunder(书、文件等中)在下面;herewith据此;hold and keep拥有,依法占有hue and cry追捕时的叫喊illegal, invalid or unenforceable无效illegality, invalidity or unenforceability无效Immunity 豁免权important essentialsimproper不良;不正当in connection with与有联系in flagrante delicto在犯罪现场;in full force and effect有完全效力的in locum parentis替代父母;in regard to关于in rem对物诉讼;in the funds and currency资金in your sole and absolute discretion您有绝对处置权inadequate不充分;不恰当Incapacitation 剥夺犯罪能力的目的incurred or arising out or in connection therewith incurred, created, assumed招致indictment控告,起诉;indulgence or concession让步infant幼儿,未成年人;inferior court初级法院;低级法院instrument(法律文据)intensive supervision probation 加强监督型缓刑intention目的;蓄意inter alia在其他事之间;inter partes在当事人之间;intoxicated喝醉的;陶醉的invalid or unenforceable无效或不可执行的irregular or improper不适当issue of fact事实上的争点issue of law法律上的争点judges审判员;judgment, award and/ or order判决judgment审判,裁决;judicial detention) 民事司法拘留(judicial notice法院公告;judicial proceeding司法[程序] [审判程序];jurors陪审员;justices高等法院的法官;justice正义;keep and maintain保有laches(对行使权利的)疏忽、懈怠;laches(对行使权利的)疏忽、懈怠;landlord/lessor出租方;larceny偷盗;large大的last will and testament遗嘱lately不久前law enforcement department) 执法部门(Leave 休庭legislator/lawmaker立法机构():let (如在"without let or hindrance"这个短语中)妨碍; let or hindrance阻碍letters patent专利特权许可证;letters(证书)Letters授权令lien留置权,扣押权;loans or advances made or to be made借款与预付made and entered into订立合同make payment, performance履行malice恶意;蓄意marriage婚姻,商业合并;master and servant雇主和雇员;master(雇主)means and includes手段Mens Rea主观过错/犯罪意图mere仅仅metes and bounds地界(土地转让中的用语); mind and memory心意与记忆Minor 未成年人misdemeanor轻罪;misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misdemeanour—非重刑罪/轻罪; misfeasance—失当行为;moneys, obligations and liabilities债务、责任与义务money货币;month-to-month tenancy按月付租金;more or less或多或少mortgage, charge按揭,押记motion(动议,法院令)mutually agree相互同意near近似negotiable instrument可转让的票据/可流通票据;net profit净利new and novel新的nominate, constitute and appoint任命nota bene留心,注意;note笔录;null and void无效nulla poena sine lege法无明文者不罚(罪刑法定主义原则); obligation义务;obvious明显的order and direct命令oyez(法庭用语)肃静,静听;paid, discharged and satisfied支付、解除或清偿pardon and executive clemency 赦免和减刑pardon赦免;parliament/国会()/parties当事人;partner合伙人,股东;party(当事人)past history历史payment付款;perform and discharge履行义务physical evidence;物证pierce the corporate veil揭穿公司面纱plaintiff原告;plaintiff原告;plead guilty);承认遭检控的罪名(plead(递诉状)pleadings(原告的)诉状,(被告的)答辩状;pledge抵押(权);police n.警察(当局),v.管理,整顿;police station) 派出所(possession所有权,所有物;possible可能的prayer(诉讼请求)presents(本文件)presumption of innocence); 无罪推定(prima facie evidence 表面证据prima facie表面的;principal and surety主债务人和保证人;prior to先前的prisons监狱,拘留所;probation缓刑procuratorate organ)/检察院()procuratorial personnel)/检察人员(promptly即期的property财产(指一切合法的不动产和动产);proper准确的;体面的Prosecutions Division)/刑事检控科(prosecution检控(provided that 只要,但;provisions or enactment成文法proviso但书;public prosecutor(检控官);purchase(置得(不动产))purchase购置;purported声称,宣称pursuant to stipulation遵照条款pursuant to根据,与……相符;quash撤销(一项传唤令或控告状),宣布(判决等)无效; quorum法定人数;record记录,档案;法院的卷宗,诉讼记录regular依法的;有规律的Rehabilitation 改造目的release, discharge or settlement免除、解除或和解remain in full force, validity and effect有充分效力remain silent in court) 保持缄默(remise, release and quitclaim放弃权利repair and make good补偿reprieve缓刑;request and require要求res ipsa loquitur事情不言自明;rest, residue and remainder 遗产rest, residue and remainder遗产Retribution 报应目的reversed and remanded撤销原判并发回重审right, interest and title权益right, power or remedy权利、权力和补偿robbery抢劫;roll案卷,档案;said (作形容词使用时)上述的;said(上文所说的)sat down for hearing聆讯satisfaction义务的履行;债务的清偿satisfy清偿债务;履行义务save and except除save and except除……以外save(除了)save除了;search warrant 搜查证sentence宣判,判决(专指刑事判决); seriously and gravely严重servant受雇人;serve(送达)settle and compromise处理signed, sealed and delivered签署生效similar类似slander言词诽谤;sole and exclusive唯一的sound mind心智健全specialty(盖印合同)specialty盖印合同或契据;strangers to the blood无血缘关系的人style样式;subject to依据,以……为条件,受……规限; subsequent继之后such如此;suffer or permit容许sufficient足够的;充足suitable恰当的suit诉讼,控告;superior court高级法院surrender归还(土地权),自首;taking or raising any point提出temporarily临时tenant/lessee承租方;tenement(不动产)terms and conditions条款terms or conditions条款the deceased / the decedent 已故者the People’s Congress各级人大()thenceforth从那时开始,此后thence由此,从那种情况或缘由,从此;thenwords:there words:thereabout大约,左右;thereafter以后,据此;thereat因此;thereby因此,从而;therefore因此;therefor为此;therein在那里,在那时;thereon 在其上,随即;theretofore直到那时,在那时之前; thereto到那里,此外;thereunder遵照,在其下;thereunto到那里;thereupon因此;therewith与此,与之;things所有物to do or cause to be done履行toll the statute中止诉讼时效tort侵权;tort侵权;totally null and void无效totally unanimous一致同意的,全体一致的transaction交易treason叛国罪;treason—叛国罪;trespass非法侵入(他人土地或住宅);tried and tested可靠的true and correct正确的try审判;解决争端under or pursuant to依照under the influence of 受的影响understand理解;认识unless and until直到unless and until直到unreasonable无理性的;过度的unsafe危险的unsound不卫生的;不健全的unusual不寻常的usual寻常的valid or effective有效的valid or enforceable有效或可执行的valuable有价值的;贵重的verdict(由陪审团一致通过而为法院所接受的)裁决; versus对;violation—犯规/违反行为;voir dire(挑选陪审团成员过程中的)预先审核. voire dire(挑选陪审团成员过程中的)预先审核; voluntary法律上未要求的而自愿作的Warrant 拘捕令well and sufficiently充分well settled合理解决where words:whereas (相当于"given the fact that"), 鉴于; whereas有鉴于此whereat对那个,由于;whereby因此;whereof关于那事(人);will and testament 遗嘱withholding, deduction扣除without prejudice不影响实体权利的without prejudice不影响实体权利的witness / human evidence人证witnesseth 意为提供某事的正式证据witness作证,表明; worthless空头writ of fieri facias强制执行令;。
法律文书中subject,to,用法汇总
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法律文书中subject,to,用法汇总篇一:subjectto的用法Subjectto在法律英语中一般都与agreement,contract,section等法律文件名和文件中特定条款名配合使用,一般翻译为“以??为条件”、“根据??规定”、“在符合??的情况下”、“除??另有规定外”以及“在不抵触??下”等。
这些译法其实有两个极端,及“在符合??情况下”和“在不违反??的情况下”。
“符合”的情况条件的范围相对小些,需要符合;“不违反”的情况条件范围相对大些,只要不违反就好。
当然我说大小是相对的。
而选择用哪个意思其实要看译者所处的立场,即他所代表的利益是希望这个范围小还是大。
如果出现不能判断的时候一般以小的为准,即“符合”。
Subjectto的基本意思就像上面说的,但是在不同环境下,因为词性的不同又需要做不同的翻译技巧的处理。
下面根据它不同的词性分别说明:adj.受限于/服从于/易受??(be+subjectto)adv.在??条件下,依照??Verb服从于??,隶属于??,使经受??一、作形容词用作表语的,是“受限于”、“服从于”、“易受”的意思,当然具体翻译要根据上下文做变通处理。
例如:detentionservicesandtheirdeliveryaresubjecttoanexternalscrutinyandaccountabilityframework.拘留措施及其执行,须接受外部考核权责机构之督导。
这里显然是表语,是“受限于”的意思,但考虑到汉语习惯不能直接这样写,意译成“必须接受??的监督指导(之类的东西)”二、作副词的,也是最常见的意思,就是上面说的“以??为条件”、“根据??规定”、“在符合??的情况下”、“除??另有规定外”“在不违反??的情况下”以及“在不抵触??下”。
例如:detaineeshaveasmuchfreedomofmovement,association,andindividualexpr essionaspossiblewithinanadministrativedetentionenvironment,subjectto: ?thesecurityandgoodorderofthedetentionfacilityandthesafetyofallthosewit hinit?theintegrityofthevisaassessmentprocesses.这里根据不同情况就可以译成:“(但)须遵守”或“(但)不得违反”。
法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”
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法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”法律英语翻译同时涉足三个领域,即法律学界、语言学界和翻译界。
因此,法律翻译对译者要求十分苛刻。
例如,在英汉、汉英翻译中,译者除了要掌握一定程度的中国法律以及普通法知识之外,还要擅长法律英语这一特殊用途英语(ESP)。
与所有的翻译一样,法律翻译的译文要忠实原文的实质内容,还要尽量流畅通顺。
法律翻译通常包括的内容很多,如立法性文件的翻译,合同翻译,诉讼类文书翻译,法庭口译,法学论文翻译,涉外公证文书翻译,判例翻译等等。
法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时,常常会碰到诸如“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”等词的翻译,参阅国内一些法律翻译(英汉、汉英)工具书,我们发现,各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及,或者十分混乱。
这些翻译之中,不乏十分正确的翻译,但是有些翻译则值得商榷。
本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法,为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。
本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。
一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection;paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule;regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等。
(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People's Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
法律英语常用词汇以及表达方式翻译
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三、“subject to”的翻译
“subject to” used in Legal English in the way as follows: 1. 与法律文件名称或法条连用,通常译作“按照---、根据---、受---限制
/约束、见---”等。 示例11:Subject to this section ,an repossession of the Pledged
译文1: 为第三款目的,许可必须提前30个营业日以书面通知的形式做出。 译文2: 就第3款而言,必须提前30营业日以书面通知的形式做出许可。 示例2: 借款人未偿还本协议项下任何一笔贷款的,贷款人有权向借款
人收取约定年利率150%的罚息 。 译文1:If the Borrower does not repay any loan under this Agreement,
译文:除非另有约定,作为乙方为甲方指派的法律顾问,律师无义务为甲方职 员提供法律服务。
示例9: Unless otherwise agreed in writing by and between Parties hereto, Party A shall pay Party B the above charges for attorney’s legal service in a lump sum within thirty days commencing from the date on which this Contract comes into effect.
示例12:合营企业各方的权利义务见本合同第8条规定。 译文: Rights and obligations of Parties to this Equity Joint Venture
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法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等。
(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. (斜体字为作者所加)。
再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36),Article: subdivision of a written instrument; particularly a. a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections. b. one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。
所以,将之译为我国法律条文中的“条”是合适的。
纵然有字典将“Article”译为“节”(李宗锷、潘慧仪,1999:23),或是其它不同翻译,笔者认为,“Article”一词在法律条文翻译中一般应该译为“条”。
读者不能混淆“Article”与“Articles”的意义、用法。
“Articles”应译为“条例”。
例如,在《美国宪法》之前颁布的《邦联和永久联合条例》(Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union),这一宪法性文件直接称自己为“Articles”,不过,这不妨碍我们仍将该“条例”中的具体的13个“Article”译为“条”。
(2)关于section一词的翻译,分歧比较大,主要有两种声音。
第一种观点:“section”应译为“条”或者“节”,而绝不可以译为“款”。
如陈忠诚先生在其力作《汉英-英汉法律用语辩证词典》中讲“以个人有限的认识而论,在英美有以‘article’称‘条’的,也有以‘section’称‘条’的。
以‘article’译‘条’为常,以‘section’译‘节’为常。
……而未见有以‘section’译‘款’的”(陈忠诚,2000:604)。
第二种观点:“section”可译为“款”(薛波,2003:1234),此外,注释所言,余叔通主编《新汉英法学词典》中也认为“款”可以译为“section”。
依笔者看,section一词在英汉法律英语翻译中,通常译为“节”,也可以译为“条”,极少数情形下可译为“款”。
把Section译为“节”,是因为“section”这一概念有时很大,它比“article”(条)还大,若译为“款”、“项”、“目”过小,译为“章”、“编”则又过大。
例如,在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,简称Trips协议)中,第二部分《关于知识产权效力、范围和使用的标准》(Standards Concerning the Availability,Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights)包括8个section,第三部分《知识产权的实施》(Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights)包括5个section,每个section又包括若干条article。
此时,译为“节”最好。
事实也如此,例如,第二部分中的“SECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS”,中文翻译便将之译为了“第一节:版权和相关权利”。
关于这点,读者可参看北大法律信息网,Trips 协议相关中、英文内容。
把section译为“条”,这点很好理解。
当section译为“条”时,subsection则译为“款”。
根据A Dictionary of theLaw (Clapp, 2000: 389),Section: a subdivision of a statute or document, represented by the symbol§(or§§for “section”). Most statutes and codes are divided into sections.另外,subsection: A part within a section of an act .Each section in a Statute may be further divided into subsections…A subsection is denoted as a number with brackets. For example, s.78(1)of the Trade Practices Act would read as section 78 subsection 1.(陈忠诚,2000:605),上述解释说明,section可译为“条,”subsection则可译为“款”。
此外,经笔者检索,加拿大法《北美法案》(British North America Act)、《英国货物买卖法》(SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979)等法律条文中均使用Section来表示“条”,subsection表示“款”。
由于人们常将上述《美国宪法》中第1-4条(article)中数目不等的“section”译为“款”,而很少有人将这里的“section”译为“节”,所以,将“section”译为“款”,已经是人们约定俗成的一种情形。
翻开今天的“外国法制史”类教材,我们可以发现这一事实(何勤华,1998:55;由嵘,2000:355)。
总之,英汉法律翻译中的“section”是个相对的词,翻译的时候,译者需发挥主观能动性,选择合适的对应词为好。
但是,同一篇法律条文中,必须遵循“译名同一律”,不可毫无规矩。
(3)关于paragraph, subparagraph的翻译。
笔者认为,应将paragraph, subparagraph分别译为“条”、“款”。
以往的翻译中,人们也大都将paragraph,译为了“条”。
这点问题不大。
Trips 协议中,第3条、第64条中有这样的例子。
1. Any Member availing itself of the possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention (1971) or paragraph 1(b) of Article 16 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for TRIPS.任何利用《伯尔尼公约》第6条或《罗马公约》第16条第1款(b)项规定的可能性的成员,均应按这些条款中所预想的那样,向TRIPS理事会做出通知。
2. Subparagraph 1 (b) and 1 (c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputes under this Agreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.自《WTO协定》生效之日起5年内,GATT 1994第23条第1款(b)项和(c)项不得适用于本协定项下的争端解决。
(4)其他词的翻译。
“Item”一词译做“目”非常合适。
因为“Item”常常是subparagraph(项)下的一个部分。
让我们来参考Black’s Law Dictionary (Garner 1999: 837)中对此的解释,Item: In drafting, a subpart of a text that is next smaller than a subparagraph. In federal drafting, for example, “(4)”is the item in following citation: Rule 19 (a) (1) (B) (4). Also termed clause in this sense.这个解释最后提到了“clause”这个词。
关于clause一词的翻译,笔者认为,除了可以将其译为“目”之外,更多的情形下应将其译为泛指意义上的“条款”。
例如,《新英汉词典》(1985:208)中对“clause”这个词的解释就是“条款”、“款项”。
此外,不少工具书也均认可“条款”这一译法(费曼,2004:245;薛波,2003:233)。
比如,“clause of devolution”译为“义务承担条款”。
限于本文讨论的范围,不再展开论述。
还有rule以及regulation的翻译。
依笔者看来,虽然它们与“条款”有一定关系,但不应该有某些工具书中“条”的译法。
rule应该译为“规则”,例如,美国刑法中精神病(insanity)抗辩事由中的“The M’Naghten Rule”(麦那顿规则)、“The Durham Rule”(德赫姆规则),都可以译为“规则”。