南邮材料化学答案 第八章 高分子材料

第八章高分子材料

Chapter 8 Polymer

1.名词解释Explain the following concepts.

1)高聚物: 一般是指分子量在1500以上，分子长度超过 5 nm的有机大分子材料。

Polymer: generally refers to organic macromolecules with molecular weight more than 1500, and the length of molecule is more than 5 nm.

2)低聚物: 又叫寡聚物或齐聚物。一般是指分子量在1500以下，分子长度不超过5纳米，

重复单元数只有几个到十几个的聚合物。oligomer: generally refers to the molecules consists of a few monomer units, with molecular weight below 1500, and the molecular length is not more than 5 nm.

3)聚合度: 指聚合物大分子中重复结构单元的数目，亦称链节数，用n表示。) degree of

polymerization: the number of repeating structural units in the macromolecules, also known as the number of links, denoted as n.

4)热固性:指高分子材料在加热时不能软化和反复塑制，也不在溶剂中溶解的性能。

Thermosetting property: refers to the performance of polymer materials that can not soften when heated, be treated repeatedly, and dissolve in solvents.

5)热塑性: 指高分子材料加工固化冷却以后，再次加热仍可反复加工成型的性质。

Thermoplasticity: property of polymers that can be processed repeatedly when heated after they were curing and cooling.

6)等规立构：指高分子侧链上取代基全部处在主链平面一侧或高分子全部由一种旋光异构

单元键接而成的高分子结构。Isotactic: refers to the structure that side chain substituents lie in one side of the main chain of polymer, or the polymer consists of one optical isomers units.

7)间规立构: 是指取代基交替地处于平面两侧或者由两种旋光异构单元交替键接而成的

高分子结构。Syndiotactic: substituents lie alternately on both sides of the main chain, or the polymer consists of two optical isomers units alternately.

8)光刻胶: 又叫光致刻蚀剂，指当受到光照后即发生交联或分解反应，溶解性发生改变的

一种聚合物光子材料。photoresist: also known as light-induced etching agent, refers to a kind of photonic materials that occur cross-linking or decomposition reaction which results in a change of solubility when they were illuminated by light.

9)光引发剂: 是指在紫外光区间（250～450nm）或可见光区间（400~800nm）有一定吸光能力，吸收光能后，分子从基态跃迁到活泼的激发态，经历单分子或双分子化学作用后，产生能够引发单体聚合的活性碎片，可以是自由基、阳离子、阴离子或离子自由基。photoinitiator: refers to agents that can absorb UV light (250 ~ 450 nm) or visible light (400 ~ 800 nm), and molecules transfer form ground state to the excited states, experience a single molecule or bimolecular chemical reaction and produce free radical, cationic, anionic or ionic radical that can induce monomer to polymerize..

2.聚合物的分子量概念如何理解?一般有多少种平均分子量?它们的大小关系如何? How

to understand the concept of molecular weight of polymer? How many average molecular weights are included ? How is the relationship of them?

答：聚合物的分子量大，具有多分散性的特点。大多数聚合物的分子量都有一定的分布，是分子量不等的同系物的混合物，其分子量只是一个平均值，只有统计意义。

一般有四种平均分子量，数均分子量、重均分子量、粘均分子量和z均分子

量。其大小关系为。The molecular weight of polymer has characteristics of large and polydispersity. Most of polymers’ molecular weight have a certain distribution, they are mixture of homologues with different molecule weights, so the molecular weight is only an average results, it is only of statistical significance.

Generally, there are four average molecular weights, number-average molecular weight ,

weight-average molecular weight , viscosity-average molecular weight and z-average

molecular weight . Their relationship is shown as .

3.聚合物分子量的多分散性含义是什么?通常如何表达分子量多分散性?, What is the

meaning of polydispersity of polymer’s molecular weight? Generally, how to express the molecular weight polydispersity?

答：聚合物分子量的多分散性的含义是指聚合物的分子量都有一定的分布，其中最大和最小的分子占少数，中间大小的分子占多数。聚合物中高分子大小的多分散性是用分子量分布的宽窄来表示，分子量分布宽表示分子大小很不均一。采用凝胶色谱分析，可以同时获得

和，以及分子量的分布DP＝/, DP 为多分散系数或分散度，一般为1.5~3。