哥白尼,开普勒,伽利略,牛顿简介【英文】PPT精选文档
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• Ideal motion thought to be perfectly circular in heavens, rectilinear on earth.
14
Immediate Setting
• Printing invented 1457. • Michelangelo, 1475-1564. • Luther, 1483-1546. • Protestant Reformation begins ca. 1520. • Shakespeare 1564-1616. • Age of Exploration, Colonization. • Supernovae, 1572, 1604 shook idea of
16
Ptolemaic System
• Epicycle deferent ratios were very close to modern values of planet/earth orbit ratios. System worked very well.
• Contrary to popular myths, Ptolemy's system was not overly cumbersome, and it accounted for subtleties like the uneven motion of the Sun
• Alfonso the Wise of Castile published tables based on Ptolemy, 1200’s
• Tables were out of date by 1500 • System began to seem cumbersome and
inelegant • Need for calendar reform • Gregorian Calendar, 1582 • System was beginning to seem clumsy
3
Constellations and Culture
4
A Myth in the Autumn Sky
5
A Portion of the Northern Sky
6
The Northern Cross
7
The Traditional Constellation
Why Didn’t the Ancients Picture this as a Cross?
• Problem: ancient ships were so tiny they would be mere specks on the horizon.
• More likely: someone on a ship saw the land come into view
2
How did we Discover the Earth is Round?
8
Theห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Southern Cross
9
A Star Map
10
Western Constellations
11
Chinese Constellations
12
The Inca “Dark Constellations”
13
Copernicus: Precursory events
• Thomas Aquinas reconciles Aristotelian Philosophy with Christianity.
19
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543
• First known modern person to propose the Earth circles the Sun
• Not known how he arrived at the idea • Died just as theory was published • Not much story to tell • Luther; “this fool wants to overturn the
• It is not Ptolemy's fault he did such a good job that it took 1500 years to improve on him!
17
How Ptolemy Dealt With Unequal Speeds
18
Why this was a hot topic
heavens as unchanging.
15
Ptolemaic System
• Planets appear to reverse motions at times. • Ptolemy explained motions in terms of orbits
(epicycles) carried on a larger orbit (deferent).
• Other possibilities: storm clouds with bases below the horizon
• Why is there a horizon at all? Why can’t we just see forever?
• Contrary to myth, the knowledge of a round earth was never, NEVER forgotten during the Middle Ages
• King Alfonso the Wise of Castile publishes Alfonsine tables, based on Ptolemaic System, late 1200's.
• Concept of "Law of Nature" arises from medieval theology and philosophy.
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
1
How did we Discover the Earth is Round?
• Traditional: as a ship sails away, the hull diasppears below the horizon before the sails
14
Immediate Setting
• Printing invented 1457. • Michelangelo, 1475-1564. • Luther, 1483-1546. • Protestant Reformation begins ca. 1520. • Shakespeare 1564-1616. • Age of Exploration, Colonization. • Supernovae, 1572, 1604 shook idea of
16
Ptolemaic System
• Epicycle deferent ratios were very close to modern values of planet/earth orbit ratios. System worked very well.
• Contrary to popular myths, Ptolemy's system was not overly cumbersome, and it accounted for subtleties like the uneven motion of the Sun
• Alfonso the Wise of Castile published tables based on Ptolemy, 1200’s
• Tables were out of date by 1500 • System began to seem cumbersome and
inelegant • Need for calendar reform • Gregorian Calendar, 1582 • System was beginning to seem clumsy
3
Constellations and Culture
4
A Myth in the Autumn Sky
5
A Portion of the Northern Sky
6
The Northern Cross
7
The Traditional Constellation
Why Didn’t the Ancients Picture this as a Cross?
• Problem: ancient ships were so tiny they would be mere specks on the horizon.
• More likely: someone on a ship saw the land come into view
2
How did we Discover the Earth is Round?
8
Theห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Southern Cross
9
A Star Map
10
Western Constellations
11
Chinese Constellations
12
The Inca “Dark Constellations”
13
Copernicus: Precursory events
• Thomas Aquinas reconciles Aristotelian Philosophy with Christianity.
19
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543
• First known modern person to propose the Earth circles the Sun
• Not known how he arrived at the idea • Died just as theory was published • Not much story to tell • Luther; “this fool wants to overturn the
• It is not Ptolemy's fault he did such a good job that it took 1500 years to improve on him!
17
How Ptolemy Dealt With Unequal Speeds
18
Why this was a hot topic
heavens as unchanging.
15
Ptolemaic System
• Planets appear to reverse motions at times. • Ptolemy explained motions in terms of orbits
(epicycles) carried on a larger orbit (deferent).
• Other possibilities: storm clouds with bases below the horizon
• Why is there a horizon at all? Why can’t we just see forever?
• Contrary to myth, the knowledge of a round earth was never, NEVER forgotten during the Middle Ages
• King Alfonso the Wise of Castile publishes Alfonsine tables, based on Ptolemaic System, late 1200's.
• Concept of "Law of Nature" arises from medieval theology and philosophy.
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
1
How did we Discover the Earth is Round?
• Traditional: as a ship sails away, the hull diasppears below the horizon before the sails