新托福阅读讲义
托福阅读技巧完整版ppt课件
According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?
According to the paragraph, X occurred because…
According to the paragraph, X did Y because…
高分技巧 2
Negative factual information questions （非事实信息题 / 否定事实信息题）
问题形式：又称EXCEPT 列举题，即排除列举题。要求判断 哪些信息的是对的（true），哪些信息是错的（false），哪 些是未提及的（not given）。
题目中常会见大写的“NOT”或“EXCEPT”
真题演练 经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
直接对比推理
段2：Some nations, especially those who colors and emblems date back several hundred years, have different flags for different official uses. For example, the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half. The …
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
推荐：新托福阅读基础课讲义 精
Part I. Introduction and Vocabulary
runningvincent@
Introduction and Material Reference Features of TOEFL Reading text Material Reference Vocabulary How many? What kind? How to? Features of TOEFL iBT Reading Text 1. 2. 3. Major topics 1） psychology, political science, sociology, history, autobiography, etc. 2） painting, dancing, music, architecture, etc. 3） geology, geography, biology, science and technology, etc. Recommended books Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT（North Star） TOEFL 词汇 王玉梅编著 老托真题汇编 On the Road/The Kite Runner/The Black Swan… Online Resources: 科学美国人 英文维基百科 / Dictionary The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary Longman Advanced American Dictionary Collins Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Lingoes!!! Vocabulary—How many? Middle School Students in China: CET-4: CET-6: Requirements by the ETS:
【托福】新东方托福阅读讲义
【关键字】托福托福强化班阅读讲义范琛Samuel100VSPStrategy /skills反衬凡塵Mortaldust10028 26 23 23Input vs outputOutputinput30考试报名：送一套OG 3Delta-Blue 4Delta-Red 6TPO 13InputOutput一、词汇题：1.题型概括:近义2.解题思路i.“生僻”词汇ii.熟词僻义iii.上下文理解5%Context3.备考提示数量词源词性i.背诵词汇的优先顺序a)通用的V & Adj,特别是已经学过的简单词汇的升级版(书面语b)常用的名词c)专有名词jargonii.背单词的方法:词根词缀iii. B. Delta p63-p66Vocabulary Builder4.例题OG 43-11,B.Delta 72-8, 73-9, 73-1, 74-3*, 75-8/9, 76-2, 79-,Dis-banded band dismissSophisticatedUniqueBan brandSophisticatedDis-band-edUniqueThis custom is unique to the southwestern aboriginal tribes.=only found inXXXXX (风俗) is unique to XXX Tribe.二、指代题1.题型概述i.基本原则:a)代词指名词b)代词通常指前（相邻句子）没有歧义：同一句相邻句子：两句话c)单复数一致代词指后When he returned to homeland, the ambassador embarked on anew course.主从句/主句+状语从句/状语在前，主句在后，则名词完整形式放主句中，代词放从句/状语中2.解题思路代入检查i.主语同指主1 xxxxxxxx. 主2（代词）xxxxx ii.上下文理解112-43.例题OG 42-5 62-9 71-5 92-2Delta 48-1/2 49-4 51-1 52-6三、插入题：1.题型概述2.解题思路i.代词（指代）黑体句句首：代词+名词→原文（重复/同义替换）黑体句首有This→段落最开头的方格必错ii.总分/隐含先后关系a)明显标记词(之后的名词) Both, also, again, another; a third, finalb)先抽象后具体●在抽象句子开头有结论性词语，则颠倒顺序Thus, in conclusion, consequently…c)A of B = B’s Ad)要比较先介绍A: xxx, B: xxx A>B三转折13ChaosSalonUltimate clue: Cohesion between ‘Repeated’ nouns3.例题OG: 43-12 52-12 63-12 84-11 107-11 114-12 指代73-11 95-11 121-11*Delta:143-7/9(先抽象后具体)144-10 (both) 145-3(AofB) 146-6(要比较先描述) 147-8(先整体后个体)486-39* ,514-38*,538-24,红Delta:36-2444-49 210-24四、句子改写（简化）1.题型概述Essential Infoi.主谓宾ii.逻辑关系条件/因果/转折/对比/比较级2.解题思路i.简单句筛选主’谓’提示：竖读选项排除具有相同错误的选项看上文：◆句首代词◆主语内涵不明◆呼应结构(also)ii.并列句筛选主谓宾小心：并列句原句前短后长，答案将对原句进行缩减，要把握句子重心And ;➢原句隐含关系在选项表面化分词→结果/原因/目的/伴随iii.复杂句抓住原句逻辑关系词筛选选项3.例题Delta:一124例题131-7 135-7；128-2* 129-4*（看上文）二126-7 128-1 130-6* （错项）130-5*（分词/隐含关系）三127例题131-8 133-3 135-10OG:一93-7二81-2*（句子重心的把握）三43-10 51-10 60-3 72-8*（whereas）106-10 112-6* 120-9 Respectively五、细节题纯粹细节Infer否定(先看选项，观察共性) EXCEPT NOT细节题重大出题点：i.相似性/差异性描述As …as比较级The same, similar, different, like/unlike关系/内容ii.否定信息/强调信息否定/最高级、绝对化表达、each /every,强调语气、强调句iii.逻辑关系改变转折iv.从结构看细节2.错项特征i.新概念ii.新逻辑（小心隐含）iii.绝对化表达only all 最高级never always（原文没有）3.例题OG 41-1*/2* 61-6* 81-1* 51-11 105-9**（逻辑关系转变）OG 43-9* 92-5* 42-7/8红Delta 213-26*蓝Delta449-10*六、修辞目的Why/in order to1.答案特征功能&对象（同义替换）2.解题思路i.例证关系：a)标记词such as, for example,e.g. –PrevailPrevailb)对称/相似结构描述同类现象，往前找答案ii.相似性/差异性：判断关系确定内容A VS B:为啥提到A: 为了B (互为目的)为啥提到A：为了告诉你B是XXX(= / 不= A)Delta:108-1 112-2 OG 92-3 60-3 iii.逻辑关系的另外一半A 细节与B细节用逻辑关系词相联，两者互为目的。
新托福阅读强化阶段大纲
新托福阅读强化阶段课程大纲（7次课）一．强化阶段（总共7次课）（一）第一次课（1）新托福阅读的介绍性内容●IBT介绍●阅读部分考试介绍●阅读课程安排介绍（2）面临的挑战●挑战——词汇；长从句；文章结构●解决方法（3）阅读部分考查的能力●细节理解和推断●主旨把握●作者写作意图（4）阅读考中的十类题型介绍●事实信息题●否定事实信息●推断题●修辞题●词汇题●指代题●句子简化题●句子插入题●摘要题●表格题（5）基本阅读技能训练——Skimming跳读●Skimming: read fast to get the main idea of the paragraph and passage获取段落或者文章的主旨●判断段落的中心句——首句；特殊连接词句子等●长从句划记主干●辅以题型介绍之——Prose summary questions摘要题●考查能力——识别文章的主要观点和次要观点●解法——1. 阅读文章每段TS，比对选项进行选择。
2. 排除明显的细节信息选项，然后剩下的就是正确选项。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的主旨专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的prose summary题型（6）基本阅读技能训练——scanning扫读●Scanning:locate information quicky快速定位细节信息●确定关键词——显性和隐性关键词●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的专项训练题（二）第二次课（1）题型介绍之——事实信息题●题型介绍——考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。
读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。
●解法：提取题干中关键词(key words)定位原文段落中所在关键词的所有句子。
然后阅读定位句理解。
对照四个选项，正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的细节专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的细节题型（2）题型介绍之——否定事实信息题●题型介绍——考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息，判断题中的短语哪些是正确的，哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。
托福TOEFL新东方阅读讲义3
TOEFL新东方阅读讲义3主讲：张洪伟6. 细节题Lake Baikal1Crescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in length and 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds one-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more than the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in spite of its less-than-impressive area because it is by far the world's deepest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point, is more than 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) deep.2Lake Baikal, which today is located near the center of the Asian peninsula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the deepest of the world's lakes.1. What is stated in paragraph 1 about the shape of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider than it is long.(B) It is circular in shape.(C) Its width is one-half of its length.(D) It is shaped like a new moon.2. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less than the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater than the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great Lakes3. According to paragraph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds one-fifth of the world's water(B) holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C) holds one-ninth of the world's water(D) holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water4. According to paragraph 1, the Olkhon Crevice is(A) outside of Lake Baikal(B) 400 meters below sea level(C) the deepest part of Lake Baikal(D) 5,000 meters deep5. It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that Lake Baikal(A) is not as old as some other lakes(B) formed when sections of the Earth were moving away from each other(C) was fully formed 25 million years ago(D) is today located on the edge of the Asian peninsula参考答案：1-5：D、A、D、C、BParagraph The Postage Stamp1The postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage was first proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that postal rates should not be based on the distance that a letter or package travels but should instead be based on the weight of the letter or package and that fees for postal services should be collected in advance of the delivery, rather than after, through the use of postage stamps.2The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be separated with scissors and provided enough postage for a letter weighing 14 grams or less to any destination. In 1843, Brazil was the next nation to produce national postage stamps, and various areas in what is today Switzerland also produced postage stamps later in the same year. Postage stamps in five-and ten-cent denominations were first approved by the U.S. Congress in 1847, and by 1860 postage stamps were being issued in more than 90 governmental jurisdictions worldwide.6. According to paragraph 1, postage stamps were first suggested(A) in the first half of the eighteenth century(B) in the second half of the eighteenth century(C) in the first half of the nineteenth century(D) in the second half of the nineteenth century7. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that Sir Rowland Hill believed that postage fees(A) should be paid by the sender(B) should be related to distance(C) should have nothing to do with how heavy a package is(D) should be collected after the package is delivered8. What is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A) It was designed by Queen Victoria.(B) It contained a drawing of a black penny.(C) It was produced in sheets of 14 stamps.(D) It could be used to send a lightweight letter.9. According to paragraph 2, Brazil introduced postage stamps(A) before England(B) before Switzerland(C) after the United States(D) after Switzerland10. It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that in 1847(A) postage stamps were in use in 90 different countries(B) it cost fifteen cents to mail a letter in the United States(C) two different denominations of postage stamps were introduced in the United States(D) the U.S. Congress introduced the "penny black" stamp参考答案：6-10：A、A、D、B、Cparagraph The Clovis Culture1 Archeologists have found sites all over North America that contain similar tools dating froma period about 12,000 years ago. The culture that developed these tools has been named Clovis after the site near Clovis, New Mexico, where the first tools of this sort were discovered in 1932. The tools are quite sophisticated and are unlike any tools that have been found in the Old World. 2In the years since the first tools of this sort were discovered in New Mexico, archeologists have discovered Clovis tools in areas ranging from Mexico to Montana in the United States and Nova Scotia in Canada. All of the Clovis finds date from approximately the same period, a fact which suggests that the Clovis spread rapidly throughout the North American continent.3From the evidence that has been discovered, archeologists have concluded that the Clovis were a mobile culture. They traveled in groups of 40 to 50 individuals, migrating seasonally and returning to the same hunting camps each year. Their population increased rapidly as they spread out over the continent, and they were quite possibly motivated to develop their sophisticated hunting tools to feed their rapidly expanding populace.11. What is stated in paragraph 1 about Clovis tools?(A) They date from around 10,000 B.C.(B) They have been in use for 12,000 years.(C) They have been found at only one location.(D) They were discovered by archeologists hundreds of years ago.12.According to paragraph 1, the town of Clovis(A) is in Mexico(B) was founded in 1932(C) is where all members of the Clovis culture lived(D) is where the first remnants of an ancient culture were found13. It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the tools found near Clovis, New Mexico, were(A) very rudimentary(B) similar to others found prior to 1932(C) rather advanced(D) similar to some found in Africa and Europe14.According to paragraph 2, what conclusion have archeologists drawn from the Clovis finds?(A) That the Clovis tended to remain in one place(B) That the Clovis expanded relatively quickly(C) That the Clovis lived throughout the world(D) That the Clovis were a seafaring culture15. It is mentioned in paragraph 3 that it is believed that the Clovis(A) lived in familial groups of four or five people(B) had a relatively stable population(C) lived only in New Mexico(D) spent summers and winters in different places参考答案：11-15：A、D、C、B、D7. 推理题Tiger MothsOne of the most beautiful of the more than 100,000 known species in the order Lepidoptera are the tiger moths, moths known for the striking appeal of their distinctive coloration. This type of moth is covered with highly conspicuous orange-and-black or yellow-and-black patterns of spots and stripes. Such boldly patterned color combinations are commonplace in the animal world, serving the function of forewarning potential predators of unpleasant tastes and smells. This is unquestionably the function served by the striking coloration of the garden tiger moth, which is quite visually attractive but is also poisonous to predators. Certain glands in the garden tiger moth produce strong toxins that circulate throughout the insect's bloodstream, while other glands secrete bubbles that produce a noxious warning smell. The tiger moth, indeed, is a clear example of a concept that many predators intuitively understand, that creatures with the brightest coloration are often the least suitable to eat.1.It is implied in the passage about the order Lepidoptera that(A) all members of the order are moths(B) there may be more than 100,000 species in this order(C) all members of the order are brightly colored(D) there are most likely fewer than 100,000 species in this order2. It can be inferred from the passage that the tiger moth was so named because(A) its coloration resembles that of a tiger(B) it is ferocious predator, like the tiger(C) its habitat is the same as the tiger's(D) it is a member of the same scientific classification as the tiger3. What would most likely happen to a predator that wanted to eat a tiger moth?(A) The predator would be unable to catch it(B) The predator would capture it by poisoning it.(C) The predator would be unable to find it.(D) The predator would back away from it.4. Which of the following would a predator be most likely to attack successfully?(A) A purple and orange moth(B) A green and blue moth(C) A brown and grey moth(D) A red and yellow moth参考答案：1-4：B、A、D、CThe Filibuster1 The term filibuster has been in use since the mid-nineteenth century to describe the tactic of delaying legislative action in order to prevent the passage of a bill. The word comes from the Dutch freebooter, or pirate, and most likely developed from the idea that someone conducting a filibuster is trying to steal away the opportunity that proponents of a bill have to make it successful.2 In the earlier history of the U.S. Congress, filibusters were used in both the House of Representatives and in the Senate, but they are now much more a part of the culture of the Senate than of the House. Because the House is a much larger body than is the Senate, the House now has rules which greatly limit the amount of time that each member may speak, which effectively serves to eliminate the filibuster as a mechanism for delaying legislation in the House.3 In the Senate, the smaller of the two bodies, there are now rules that can constrain but not totally eliminate filibusters. The Senate adopted its first cloture rule in 1917, a rule which requires a vote of two-thirds of the Senate to limit debate to one hour on each side. The rule was changed in 1975 and now requires a vote of three-fifths of the members to invoke cloture in most situations.4 The longest filibuster on record occurred in 1957, when Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina wanted to delay voting on civil rights legislation. The filibuster was conducted for twenty-four hours and 18 minutes on August 28 and 29, when Thurmond held the floor of the Senate by lecturing on the law and reading from court decisions and newspaper columns. It was his hope that this filibuster would rally opponents of civil rights legislation; however, two weeks after the filibuster, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed.14. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that around 1800(A) the first filibuster took place(B) legislative action was never delayed(C) the term filibuster was not in use in the U.S. Congress(D) the Dutch introduced the term freebooter15. It can be determined from paragraph 1 that a freebooter was most likely someone who(A) served in the Senate(B) robbed passing ships(C) enacted legislation(D) served in the Dutch government16. It is implied in paragraph 2 that, in its early years, the House(A) had no rules against filibusters(B) had few filibusters(C) had fewer filibusters than the Senate(D) had the longest filibuster on record17. Based on the information in paragraph 3, a vote of cloture would most likely be used to(A) initiate filibusters(B) break filibusters(C) extend filibusters(D) encourage filibusters18. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 3 that the 1975 rule change(A) increased the number of people needed to vote for cloture(B) made it easier to limit a filibuster(C) covered all types of Senate votes(D) decreased the number of people in the Senate19. It is implied in paragraph 4 that Senator Thurmond was opposed to(A) filibusters(B) lecturing on the law(C) speaking in the Senate(D) the Civil Rights Act of 1957参考答案：14-19：A、B、A、B、D8. 修辞目的性题Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a less effective type of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_CParagraph Demographic Change1 By the end of the 1920s, American society had undergone a long and historic demographic change. Since the 1870s, the country had been moving from a more rural mode that was based on high birthrates-as high as 50 births annually per thousand people in the early nineteenth century-to a more metropolitan mode. Prior to the 1870s, the population of the country was increasing by about a third every decade; however, by the end of the 1920s, a radical about-face had taken place.2 One major factor to affect the demographics of the country during this period was a dramatic decrease in birthrates. The trend during this era was more pronounced in urban areas but also had an effect in rural areas. As a result of the trend toward smaller families, particularly in cities, the birthrate was down to 27.7 births annually per thousand women by 1920 and had dropped even further-to 21.3 births annually per thousand women-by 1930.3 At the same time, the deathrate, too, was falling. Urban living led to better sanitation, refrigeration, and water purification; it also resulted in better medical care as doctors and hospitals were more readily available. Most likely as a result of these factors, there were only eleven deaths per thousand annually by the early 1920s, which was half the rate of the 1880s.5. Why does the author include the phrase as high as 50 births annually per thousand people in the early nineteenth century in paragraph 1?(A) To show that metropolitan areas of the country had higher birthrates than rural areas(B) To provide statistical evidence of the elevated birthrate in the 1870s(C) To quantify what had happened with the American population in the previous century(D) To argue against the belief that the demographics of the country had changed6. The author uses the word however in paragraph 1 in order to(A) to make it clear that an extreme change had taken place(B) to emphasize how tremendously the population was increasing(C) to point out an alternate explanation for the change(D) to indicate a difference of opinion with other demographers7. The author includes the word too in paragraph 3(A) to indicate that both the birthrate and the deathrate were holding steady(B) to show that the rural mode was similar to the metropolitan mode(C) to clarify the explanation that population trends before and after 1870 were similar(D) to emphasize that paragraph 3 discusses a second factor in the demographic change8. Why does the author mention better medical care in paragraph 3?(A) It helps to explain why the birthrate is increasing.(B) It is an example of a factor that contributed to the improved birthrate.(C) It helps to explain why the deathrate is increasing.(D) It is an example of a factor that contributed to the improved deathrate.9. The author includes the expression Most likely in paragraph 3 to show(A) that the data about the average number of deaths was not verified(B) that doctors and hospitals may not have actually been more available(C) that other factors may have contributed to the decreasing deathrate(D) that the deathrate may not have decreased as much as stated正确答案：B_A_D_D_CParagraph Territoriality1 In many species, members of the species exhibit aggressive behavior toward one another, often with a focus on territoriality, the fight for exclusive control of a particular area. The level of violence in territorial aggression varies widely from species to species, though few species fight other members of the species to death and instead rely on non-lethal contests for control of territory that involves noise-making maneuvers such as roaring or hissing or aggressive posturing or gestures.2 Most bird species are known to be territorial to some degree, though the territorial behaviors exhibited by most species are limited to singing contests, which can go on for days, or threatening postures with wings lifted or extended. The swan, on the other hand, is quite unlike other birds in this respect. The swan may seem particularly elegant and serene as it glides across the surface of a lake; however, male swans are, in reality, quite territorial and will fight other male swans for the exclusive use of a lake no matter how large the lake is. Males will engage in ferocious contests,with their necks entwined as they attempt to cause mortal injury to each other.15. Why does the author include the fight for exclusive control of a particular area in paragraph 1?(A) It presents an argument against a previously stated point.(B) It provides a definition of a previously stated term.(C) It presents a second area of focus of aggressive behavior.(D) It introduces a new idea to be further developed in the paragraph.16. The author uses the word instead in paragraph 2 to show that the information that follows(A) contradicts what precedes it(B) expands upon what precedes it(C) provides an example of what precedes it(D) explains an effect of what precedes it17. Why does the author mention singing contests in paragraph 2?(A) To demonstrate that birds create beautiful sounds(B) To provide an example of unusual behavior by birds(C) To show how violently aggressive some bird behavior is(D) To demonstrate that some types of territorial behaviors are not very aggressive18. The author discusses the swan in paragraph 2 to provide an example of(A) a bird that makes threatening postures with its wings(B) a bird whose territorial behavior is extremely aggressive(C) non-lethal contests for control of territory(D) the limited aggressive behavior generally exhibited by birds19. The author mentions their necks entwined in paragraph 2 in order(A) to indicate that swans are really rather affectionate(B) to emphasize how long swans' necks are(C) to make the point that the swans are only pretending to hurt one another(D) to create a mental image for the reader of fighting swans正确答案：B_A_D_B_D9. 文章内容小节题Island Plant LifeIslands are geographical formations that are completely surrounded by water, yet many islands are covered with a rich assortment of plant life. It may seem surprising that so much plant life exists on many islands, yet there are surprisingly simple explanations as to how the vegetation has been able to establish itself there. Some islands were formerly attached to larger bodies of land, while others were created on their own. Islands that were created when flooding or rising waterlevels cut them off from their neighbors often still have the plant life that they had before they were cut off. In cases where islands formed out of the ocean, they may have plant life from neighboring lands even though they were never actually attached to the neighboring lands. Winds carry many seeds to islands; some plants produce extremely light seeds that can float thousands of feet above the Earth and then drift down to islands where they can sprout and develop. Birds also carry seeds to islands; as birds move over open stretches of water, they can serve as the transportation system to spread seeds from place to place.Answer Choices (choose 3 to complete the chart):(1) Some seeds are able to float great distances in the air.(2) Some plant life existed before islands were cut off from larger bodies of land.(3) Some islands have many different varieties of plants.(4) Birds sometimes carry seeds to islands.(5) Some islands were created when rising water cut them off from larger bodies of land.(6) Some plant seeds are carried to islands by the wind.参考答案：（2）、（4）、（6）PASSAGE TWO (Question 2)Paragraph Ben and Jerry1All successful businesses are not established and run in the same way, with formal business plans, traditional organizational structures, and a strong focus on profits. Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, the entrepreneurs responsible for the highly successful ice cream business that bears their names, were businessmen with a rather unconventional approach.2They were rather unconventional from the start, not choosing to begin their careers by attending one of the elite business schools but instead choosing to take a five-dollar correspondence course from Pennsylvania State University. They had little financial backing to start their business, so they had to cut corners wherever they could; the only location they could afford for the startup of their business was a gas station that they converted to ice cream production. Though this start-up was rather unconventional, they were strongly committed to creating the best ice cream possible, and this commitment to the quality of their product eventually led to considerable success.3Even though they became extremely successful, they did not convert to a more conventional style of doing business. In an era where companies were measured on every penny of profit that they managed to squeeze out, Ben and Jerry had a strong belief that business should give back to the community; thus, they donated 7.5 percent of their pretax profit to social causes that they believed in. They also lacked the emphasis on executive salary and benefits packages that so preoccupy other corporations, opting instead for a five-to-one policy in which the salary of the employee receiving the highest pay could never be more than five times the salary of theemployee receiving the lowest pay.Answer Choices (choose 3 to complete the chart):(1) They each had a personal commitment to social causes.(2) They began their business with little background and investment.(3) They believed strongly in producing a very high-quality product.(4) They had a salary structure that limits the salaries of high-level executives.(5) They set aside a noteworthy portion of their profits for social causes.(6) They borrowed several thousand dollars from friends to start their business.参考答案：（2）、（4）、（5）PASSAGE THREE (Question 3)paragraph The Bald Eagle1When the bald eagle became the national symbol of the United States in 1782, soon after the country was born, it is estimated that there were as many as 75,000 nesting pairs in North America. By the early 1960s, however, the number of nesting pairs had been reduced to only around 450.2 The demise of the bald eagle is generally attributed to the effects of the pesticide DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane). This pesticide was used to kill insects harmful to agriculture, thereby increasing agricultural production. One unintended negative result of the use of DDT was that, while it did get rid of the undesirable insects, it also made its way along the food chain into fish, a favorite food source of the bald eagle.3 The bald eagle is now protected by federal laws. It was originally protected by the Bald Eagle Act of 1940 and later by the Endangered Species Act of 1973. However, it is not just the laws directly related to endangered species that aided in the resurgence of the bald eagle; its resurgence has also been widely attributed to the banning of DDT in 1972. Today there are more than 5,000 pairs of bald eagles, a tenfold increase over the low point of 450, and the bird was removed from the list of endangered species in july, 1999.Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) the numbers of bald eagles were greatly reduced, at least in part due to the effects of a pesticide.(2) The legislation has had a positive effect on the number of bald eagles.(3) The bald eagle was named as the national symbol of the United States in the late eighteenth century.(4) Early in the history of the United States, there were huge numbers of bald eagles.(5) Two different pieces of legislation that affected the bald eagle were enacted 33 years apart.(6) The federal government enacted legislation specifically designed to protect the bald eagle as well as to outlaw the pesticide DDT.参考答案：（1）、（2）、（4）、（6）10. 图表题Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：（5）、（7）。
托福阅读强化讲义【原创】【word可编辑】
托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章？每篇有几道题目？每篇文章大约多少字？考试时间多久？✓托福阅读有哪些题型？哪种题最简单？哪种题最难？我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤？✓托福阅读满分多少分？我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分？答案十大题型Basic Information（提取信息）①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing（分析推理）⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn （学以致用）⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准（2019年8月之后）2. 托福阅读文章特点（Characteristics of TOEFL reading text）“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试，托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。
《托福基础阅读讲义》课件
议论文
总结词
阐述观点、论证立场
详细描述
议论文主要通过提出观点、进行论证和反驳论点等手段，说服读者接受作者的观 点。在托福阅读中，议论文可能涉及政治、经济、社会、文化等领域，要求考生讲述故事、事件或经历
详细描述
记叙文主要通过叙述故事、事件或经历的方式，向读者传达某种情感或意义。在托福阅读中，记叙文可能涉及文 学、历史、传记等领域，要求考生理解故事情节并进行推理分析。
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提高英语阅读能力
通过托福阅读考试的训练 ，考生可以提高英语阅读 能力，增强对英文文献的 理解。
托福阅读考试评分标准
评分标准
托福阅读考试的评分标准主要根 据考生对文章的理解程度和答题 的准确性来评定，具体评分标准 可参考官方指南。
分数计算
托福阅读考试的成绩计算是根据 考生的答题数量和答题质量来综 合评定的，具体的计算方法可参 考官方指南。
段落主题句定位
关注段落的主题句，通常位于段 落的开头或结尾，以获取关键信
息。
逻辑关系定位
利用句子之间的逻辑关系，如因 果、转折、并列等，找到关键信
息。
推理判断技巧
推断作者意图
推断事实细节
通过分析文章中的信息和语气，推断 作者的意图和态度。
根据文章中的信息和逻辑关系，推断 事实的细节和具体内容。
推断文章主题
05
托福阅读备考策略
提高词汇量
总结词
积累词汇是提高阅读理解能力的关键 。
详细描述
建议考生制定一个详细的词汇计划， 每天记忆一定数量的新单词，并复习 已学过的词汇。可以通过阅读英文文 章、听力材料、英文电影和电视剧等 途径来增加词汇量。
《新托福阅读》课件
本课件旨在帮助学生更好地应对新托福阅读考试。通过全面介绍考试内容、 解题技巧和备考建议，让学生更加了解并掌握托福阅读。托福阅读概述来自什么是TOEFL阅读？
介绍TOEFL阅读的定义和基本要求。
TOEFL阅读的考试形式
解释托福阅读考试的时间、题目数量和结构。
TOEFL阅读的考试内容
提供解决托福阅读考试中的技巧 和注意事项。
总结
TOEFL阅读考试的重要性
强调TOEFL阅读考试在整体成绩中的重要性。
个人总结及备考建议
结合个人经验，总结备考托福阅读的建议和心得。
结束语
鼓励学生勇敢面对考试，保持积极心态。
2
如何提高阅读速度和理解能力？
分享有效的阅读速度训练和提升理解能力的方法。
3
如何选择适合自己的备考资料？
推荐学生选择适合自己的参考书籍和在线资源。
TOEFL阅读真题分析
明确托福阅读真题的特点
介绍托福阅读真题的难度和题目 风格。
解析真题中的常见问题
分析托福阅读真题中常见的陷阱 和易错点。
分享解题技巧和注意事项
介绍托福阅读涵盖的主题和文章类型。
TOEFL阅读解题技巧
读题技巧
分享解题前如何仔细阅读题目， 提取关键信息。
理解文章结构的技巧
教授读者根据段落关系和转折 词，理解文章的逻辑结构。
掌握各种题型的解题 技巧
指导学生在面对各种题型时如 何高效解答。
TOEFL阅读备考建议
1
如何制定复习计划？
建议学生制定有针对性的复习计划，并合理安排时间。
环球北美考试院Mark（朱斌）新托福阅读讲义
iBT-TOEFL 新托福阅读讲义（ Mark ）一、新托福阅读简介1、每篇文章700词；2、40道题左右；3、原始分45分左右、标准分30分；4、如果阅读部分是3篇文章，则时间为60分钟（时间限定为：第一篇必须在20分钟完成；第二、第三篇在剩下的40分钟完成；在限定的时间段内考生可返回检查、更改）；如果阅读部分是5篇文章，则时间为100分钟（其中的3篇为计分考题，时间限定60分钟，另外两篇为加试题，时间为40分钟。
）加试题一般为：第四篇"Mesopotamia & Egypt culture"；第五篇"Natural Selection of Darwin"5、阅读考试题型共分10种（另表详示）；6、文章选材一般为研究类、学术人文类以及科普类；一般文中会出现大量的专有名词。
7、每篇最后一题的评分：81）答案为3项，总分为2分：答对2项给1分，答对3项给2分；2）答案为5项，总分为3分：答对3项给1分，答对4项给2分，答对5项给3分。
三、新托福阅读方法论：1、狂背单词2、狂练题型3、狂做题目4、狂看机经四、考场经验：1. 关于考场:!建议考试之前一定要去踩下点, 不要怕耽误那几个小时的时间,如果因为当天找不到考场而影响自己正常发挥,那实在是一件得不偿失的事情! l* j+ ~9 `4 Q) f2.关于到场时间:. I0 v$ j* Y: o; G4 v: z建议提前一小时到场早去以防万一53.关于证件:& I9 W% J$ }4 _; h; y记住带上护照和身份证即可缺一不可，检查证件比想象的要严格g) T) ^* j4 x* q, R* ^- Y4.关于进场:*不要太早进否则写作会受做口语的人干扰，' E% i# o3 q# P& {' r. a也不要太晚进，否则听力会受做口语的人干扰，所以最好排中间进场因为对于抗干扰能利较弱的托友第一种干扰可能不可避免，但是第二种干扰却是可以避免的只要在听力时把声音调大些即可) C% @, N* L p L i2 f5. 关于阅读:没有看整篇文章的时间建议不要看全文直接看题&，还有要给每篇的最后一题流出充分时间思考不要在前面的小分题上浪费太多时间，对于词汇好的同学词汇题完全可以不看原文+ F; C" Q3 L7 z% j, |' ^3 v: K& V$ I4 ^9 g5篇阅读看完后有点精疲力竭所以平时要多锻炼身体阅读部分是最容易出现机器传输问题的如果你的机器出现卡机现象，* g8 f4 V# @! e# K# @1 Z; _( X一定要确认秒表是否还继续在走，如果在走一定要找老师，% @$ c# D. ~9 \如果没在走那你就没事偷着了吧，因为卡机的时间无形中增加了你的考试时间所以不要发慌好好利用卡机的时间继续阅读机器一会就好% L' c+ T4 Y) h3 b$ s6. 关于听力：比想象得要难许多，学术性很强所以不像旧托听不懂是没法蒙的，建议大家在平时注意名词的积累尤其是学科类的名词，) k) [- ^# \. w1 S平日一定要多锻炼记笔记的能力，(当然为了记笔记而去记笔记结果会很惨)& q, y$ B: L e+ c+ @5 y4 [7. 关于口语：告诉大家一大招: 3 z. u6 l4 C c _* K/ G* s! f利用好休息的时间上个洗手间喝点水吃点东西就马上回座位上乖乖地坐着吧，当然不是回去傻坐着而是要"窃"题7，因为在你之前的托友可能正在说口语你可以从他们的回答中知道考题，4 h3 R( M6 Q( @/ G& y所以你的准备时间不再是15/20秒了而是5分钟甚至更多，& e9 \4 ~& F9 N# a v( K. U当然平日多加练习口语才是提高口语的唯一途径。
托福阅读讲义1
Their relationship is based on themutualbenefits which they provideeach other.
举例部分
It is a legal requirement that royalties be paid whenever a replica is made of Egyptianantiquitiessuch as the pyramids or the Sphinx.
D. have to reflect
1.典型的托福用词汇
e.g. sporadic intermittent occasional
cardinal principal chief
dwindle diminish decrease
2t on; clarify
符合逻辑的线索
并列Many animals possess surprising intelligenceandsome of them can communicate with other organisms insophisticatedways.
让步Old remnants of Greek pottery are still very helpful,even whennot entirelyintact.
Simple,linear patterns, and they were often adullred or brown color---A:unsophisticateddesign
Largelyfunctional---C: reputation for beingpractical同义词转述
The earliest known pottery was largely functional.Hand-made, as opposed to later works that were created with the help of a pottery wheel, these pieces were fashioned into rough jar and cup shapes.They tended to have simple, linear patterns, and they were often a dull red or brown color.
《TOEFLiBT阅读》课件
课堂互动环节
1
提问与讨论
鼓励学生提出问题并与其他学生一起讨论，加深对阅读技巧的理解。
2
学生发言与分享
为学生提供展示和分享自己学习成果的机会，激发学习兴趣。
3
课程总结
总结所学的阅读技巧，强化知识点，为后续学习做准备。
克服常见问题Leabharlann 解答学生在阅读过程中遇到的困惑和难题。
阅读技巧
1
阅读前的准备
了解文章结构，预测主题内容，并进行必要的背景知识准备。
2
扫描和速读技巧
掌握快速扫描和速读方法，准确获取关键信息，节约时间。
3
确定答案的技巧
掌握推理和推断技巧，准确选择正确答案。
阅读部分解析
阅读部分介绍
了解TOEFL iBT阅读部分的格式、 题型以及答题要求。
《TOEFLiBT阅读》PPT课 件
通过本课件，我们将带您探索并掌握TOEFL iBT阅读技巧，帮助您在考试中取 得优异成绩。
课程目标
提高阅读理解能力
学习有效的阅读技巧，提升对文章的理解与分 析能力。
答题技巧指导
掌握解答各种阅读题型的有效方法和技巧。
快速解题方法
学习扫描与速读技巧，迅速定位信息并解答问 题。
阅读题型解析
详细分析各种阅读题型，提供 解题技巧和注意事项。
阅读理解技巧
掌握阅读理解技巧，提高对文 章细节和主旨的理解能力。
样例练习
练习题目讲解
解析多个TOEFL iBT阅读题目，让 您熟悉题目类型和解题思路。
练习题目答案解析
详细解析练习题目的正确答案， 帮助您理解解题过程。
答题技巧指导
提供有效的答题技巧和备考建议， 让您在考试中有所依据。
《新托福阅读》课件
词汇积累
通过记忆单词、词组和固 定搭配，增加词汇量，提 高阅读理解能力。
同义词替换
学习并掌握同义词替换技 巧，丰富表达方式，提高 阅读流畅度。
语境中学习词汇
在具体语境中理解词汇含 义和用法，加深记忆。
熟悉题型和解题技巧
题型分析
了解托福阅读考试中不同题型的 出题方式和解题要求，做到心中
有数。
解题技巧
05
新托福阅读备考策略
提高阅读速度和效率
01
02
03
快速阅读训练
通过速读练习，提高阅读 速度和理解能力，减少阅 读过程中的回视和重读现 象。
限时阅读
在规定时间内完成阅读任 务，培养时间意识和紧迫 感，提高阅读效率。
精读与泛读结合
在精读基础上，增加泛读 练习，提高阅读广度和理 解深度。
扩大词汇量
掌握不同题型的解题技巧和方法， 如定位、筛选、推断等，提高答题 正确率。
模拟题练习
通过模拟题练习，熟悉题型和解题 技巧，提高应试能力。
多做模拟题和真题
模拟题选择
选择质量较高、难度适中的模拟 题进行练习，提高解题能力和应
试水平。
真题回顾
回顾历年托福阅读真题，了解考 试趋势和出题规律，针对性地进
行备考。
定位关键信息
找到问题中提到的关键信息和 细节，并回到原文关系，如因果关系、比较关 系等。
推断结论
根据分析出的逻辑关系，推断 出问题的答案。
排除干扰选项
排除与文章信息不符或逻辑关 系不成立的选项。
长难句理解技巧
分析句子结构
注意句子的主谓宾结构，以及从句、短语等 修饰成分。
推理题分析
总结词
推理题是一种要求考生根据文章内容进行推理判断的题型， 主要测试考生的逻辑推理能力。
新托福考试阅读讲义
阅读部分1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in thetreeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protectivecoloration for Arctic animals.B.The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails toprotect the Arctic tundra.C.In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treelessArctic.D.For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protectsthem during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B.The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summerand white in the winter.C.It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtimeand gray in the fall.D.The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change duringdifferent seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. Onesuggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not aparticularly strong adhesive.B.Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C.Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongestadhesive of all.D.Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylatecopolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a reportprepared by a colleague.B.One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending andreceiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’sproducts.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions byother workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities tointroduce innovative products.B.Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar tomost customers.C.The new product did not sell well because potential customers did notunderstand it.D.After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the productwas not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The company immediately understood the potential of the product and beganto develop it further.B.The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creatingnumerous varieties to make it successful.C.The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watchedfor decades as sales improved.D.It took some time for the company to understand how important its newproduct was and how many variation were possible.答案：D2. 排除列举题The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. Itdissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantlyLine modifying the face of the Earth.(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transportedby wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles downto formbrooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. Thisimmense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize itspotential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sealevel.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is ameasure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the(15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A watermolecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on acontinent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance ofthe ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water(20) transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over thecontinents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium aredissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay wherethey are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes(25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of thecontinents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemicalerosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend ondifferent factors.8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium答案：BThe canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbingmammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, andporcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are notLine as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulentenvironment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area perunit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions mayfluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy forinsects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition forfood, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminalleaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or(15) leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping offand retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail andplucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than forlarge climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: itcan achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as aspringboard,even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a smallanimal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may beproblematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?(A) Monkeys(B) Cats(C) Porcupines(D) Mice答案：DDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about thecontributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newlyformed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some(5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the bestcontemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned importantletters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the secondPresident of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the effortsof female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, andthey were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keensense of(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personalcorrespondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sourcesform the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; oneat the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the(20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuablematerials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great(25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to Americanlife, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else importantwomen produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in publiclife as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were notrepresentative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians答案：DPotash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the otherbeing soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making ofglass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being theLine product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America needhardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was(10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of theeconomy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It wasrequired for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced insufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of(15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England includedpassengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned inthe open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in thebottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was(20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass intowhat was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing ofland for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing landcould be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New(25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despitethe beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a seriesencourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoodsin the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America答案：C2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.答案：B7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(C) sand(D) water答案：CPennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had bothindustrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right tothe profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of theLine colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the(5) colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 toprohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneurMark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making hadbecome the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issuesthat fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the(10) time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, wasmanufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued toform the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rurallandscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke,(15) charcola-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation'sgrowth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods duringwar and peace—ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-ironstoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of(20) iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron,hardwoodforests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows thatpumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves,for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its (25) transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts madeby Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they ware assembled intostoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time thelast fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some80,000 cast-iron stoves.5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood答案：BUnder the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there aredeposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also revealLine clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock thatgradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots oftrees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust intosmaller andsmaller pieces that eventually become clay.(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is themost abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxidessilica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impuritiessuch as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is thebasis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered withimpermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanicaction, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rockcalled obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire(20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay canstand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account forthe differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenwareflowerpot.2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?(A) in desert sand dunes(B) in forests(C) on hillsides(D) near rivers答案：AIn July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiouslywatched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere ofJupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out(5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been firstglimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quicklyscientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giantplanet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming firethat quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed(10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy wastransformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through thetunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out tofrom dark ribbons.(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piquedpublic curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening televisionnewscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientificendeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed beforeour very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the(20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by randomassaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should nothave been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least ingeologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet答案：DBy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning andLine weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cottongin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separatingthe fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton wasrelatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were (10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, availableonly along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shortergrowing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that aworker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The laterdevelopment of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivityfurther.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total Americanexports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to anunprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased。
托福阅读课件(最新)教学内容
750w 6-10paragraphs
20m 12-14Qs源自110w/m阅读十大题型
1. Factual information questions（3 to 6 questions per set ） 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set） 3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set ) 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set ) 5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set ) 7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set ) 8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set ) 9. Prose Summary (1 question per set ) 10. Fill in a Table (1 question per set )
Negative factual infromation question
出题方式
1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of___? 2.All of the following are mentioned in the paragraph X as ___EXCEPT: 3.The author's description of ___ mentions all of the following EXCEPT: 4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?