医学英语疾病介绍——Breast Cancer(乳腺癌)
医学英语疾病介绍——Breast-Cancer(乳腺癌)
Invasive lobular carcinoma (浸润性小叶 癌)(隶属浸润 性癌)
➢ Breast Cancer Today 概述 ➢ Causes And Risk Factors 病因学 ➢ Breast Anatomy 解剖学结构 ➢ Pathological Changes 病理改变 ➢ Metastasis 转移 ➢ Symptoms 症状 ➢ Signs And Tests 诊断 ➢ Staging 分期 ➢ Treatment 治疗 ➢ Expectations 预后 ➢ Prevention 预防 ➢ Summary 综述
—
Breast Cancer: Why Me?
The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a
woman. Men get the disease, too, but it is about 100 times
more common in women. Other top risk factors include being
illness
(80%的乳腺癌患者
并无家族病史).
Causes And Risk Factors
—
Breast Cancer Genes
The genes most commonly involved in breast cancer are known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with mutations(突变)
• Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)(小叶原位癌), is a marker for an increased risk of invasive cancer in the same or both breasts(它是一个向一 侧或双侧乳房呈侵袭性癌发展的危险标志).
Breast Cancer乳腺癌的简介(医学英语)
乳房组织Breast CancerCancer cells are abnormal cells. Cancer cells grow and divide more quickly than healthy cells. Some cancer cells may form growths called tumors. All tumors increase in size, but some tumors grow quickly, others slowly. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. This is called metastasis. Breast cancer is when cancer starts in the breast. Breast cancer can be found bymammogram, by a woman feeling a lump or by a doctor’s exam. To find breast cancer, it is important to:• Do monthly self breast exams.• Have a yearly exam by your doctor if youare over 40. These are done less often for younger women. • Have a mammogram each year after age40.Breast TissueA woman’s breasts may feel more firm and lumpy before menopause. A woman has less estrogen after menopause, so the breasts feel much softer and less lumpy.The firm, lumpy tissue can hide a small lump making it hard to feel. By checking your breasts each month, you become familiar with your breast tissue and notice changes. Small lumps can also be found by a mammogram or by a doctor during your exam. Some lumps are so small that only a mammogram can find them.癌细胞是异常的细胞。
医学英语疾病介绍——Breast Cancer(乳腺癌)ppt课件
—
Breast Cancer: Why Me?
The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a
woman. Men get the disease, too, but it is about 100
times more common in women. Other top risk factors include being over age 55 or having a close relative(有亲 缘关系) who has had the disease. But keep in mind that up to 80% of women
-
3
Breast Cancer Today — In America
Breast cancer today is not what it was 20 years ago. Survival rates are climbing, thanks to greater awareness, more early detection, and advances in treatment. (归功于更多的关注，更早的监测和更先进的 治疗技术)
with breast cancer
have no family
history of the illness (80%的乳腺癌患者 并无家族病史).
-
7
Causes And Risk Factors
—
Breast Cancer Genes
The genes most commonly involved in breast cancer are
-
2
乳腺癌单词
乳腺癌单词单词：breast cancer1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：乳腺癌，发生在乳腺上皮组织的恶性肿瘤。
1.3 英文释义：A malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue of the breast.1.4 同义词：mammary cancer---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：“breast”意为胸部、乳房，“cancer”意为癌症。
2.2 趣闻：乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一，近年来其发病率呈上升趋势。
对乳腺癌的研究和防治一直是医学领域的重要课题。
---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：breast cancer screening（乳腺癌筛查）例句：Regular breast cancer screening is very important for women.翻译：定期的乳腺癌筛查对女性非常重要。
3.2 短语：breast cancer treatment（乳腺癌治疗）例句：She is undergoing breast cancer treatment.翻译：她正在接受乳腺癌治疗。
3.3 短语：breast cancer prevention（乳腺癌预防）例句：We should pay attention to breast cancer prevention.翻译：我们应该注重乳腺癌预防。
---4 实用片段（1） "My aunt was diagnosed with breast cancer last year. It was a shock to our whole family." The doctor said, "We need to start the breast cancer treatment as soon as possible."翻译：“我姑姑去年被诊断出患有乳腺癌。
乳腺癌介绍英文作文
乳腺癌介绍英文作文Breast cancer is a common type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the breast. It usually starts in the cells of the milk ducts (ductal carcinoma) or the glands thatproduce milk (lobular carcinoma). Breast cancer can also develop in other areas of the breast, such as theconnective tissue and skin.Breast cancer is a global health issue, affecting both men and women, although it is more common in women. It is the most common cancer among women in many countries, including the United States and Europe. While the majorityof cases occur in women, men can also develop breast cancer, although it is much less common.The symptoms of breast cancer can vary depending on the stage and type of the cancer. Common symptoms include alump or mass in the breast, changes in the shape or size of the breast, nipple discharge (other than breast milk), changes in the skin of the breast (such as dimpling orredness), and pain or discomfort in the breast or nipple area. These symptoms may be present in both men and women.The risk factors for breast cancer are numerous and complex. Some factors, such as age, gender, and family history, cannot be changed. Others, such as diet, exercise, and alcohol consumption, can be modified to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.Age is a significant risk factor for breast cancer. The majority of cases occur in women over the age of 50, although it can occur at any age. Family history is also a risk factor, as having a close relative (such as a mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer increases the risk of developing the disease.Certain genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, also increase the risk of developing breast cancer. These mutations are inherited and can be passed down through families. Women who carry these mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer than women without them.In addition to these uncontrollable risk factors, there are several modifiable factors that can affect the risk of developing breast cancer. A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help reduce therisk of breast cancer. Obesity, which is linked to poordiet and lack of exercise, is associated with a higher risk of developing the disease.Alcohol consumption is also a modifiable risk factorfor breast cancer. Drinking alcohol increases the risk of developing breast cancer, especially in women who consume large amounts of alcohol. Smoking cigarettes is also associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, although the link is less strong than with alcohol.Early detection and treatment are key to surviving breast cancer. Regular screenings, such as mammograms and clinical breast exams, can help detect breast cancer early, when it is most treatable. If breast cancer is detected early, it can often be treated successfully with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of thesetreatments.In conclusion, breast cancer is a complex disease that affects both men and women. Understanding the risk factors and symptoms of breast cancer is important for early detection and treatment. By modifying modifiable risk factors and seeking regular screenings, people can reduce their risk of developing this deadly disease.。
英语作文-乳腺癌
英语作文-乳腺癌Breast cancer is a serious health issue that affects many women around the world. It is important for women to be aware of the symptoms and risk factors associated with breast cancer.Regular self-examinations are crucial for early detection of breast cancer. Women should familiarize themselves with the look and feel of their breasts in order to notice any changes that may indicate a problem.Mammograms are also an important tool for detecting breast cancer. Women over the age of 40 should have regular mammograms to screen for any abnormalities in the breast tissue.Risk factors for breast cancer include family history, age, and certain lifestyle choices. Women with a family history of breast cancer are at a higher risk and should be especially vigilant about screening and early detection.It is important for women to maintain a healthy lifestyle in order to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. This includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and limited alcohol consumption.If a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer, it is important for her to seek treatment as soon as possible. There are many treatment options available, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.Support from family and friends is crucial for women dealing with breast cancer. It is important for women to feel supported and loved as they navigate the challenges of diagnosis and treatment.In conclusion, breast cancer is a serious health issue that requires awareness, early detection, and support. By staying informed and proactive, women can take steps to reduce their risk and seek treatment if necessary.。
乳腺癌的英语作文
乳腺癌的英语作文Breast Cancer: A Call for Awareness and ActionBreast cancer is a formidable adversary that has claimed the lives of countless individuals across the globe. It is a disease that primarily affects women, yet it also impacts men, albeit at a lower frequency. The battle against breast cancer is not just a medical one; it is a societal and personal challenge that requires collective action and a deep understanding of the disease.The first step in combating breast cancer is awareness. Many people are unaware of the signs and symptoms, which can leadto late detection and reduced chances of successful treatment. Common indicators include lumps in the breast, changes in the skin of the breast such as dimpling, redness, or swelling, nipple discharge, and changes in the size or shape of the breast. It is crucial for individuals to perform regularself-examinations and to consult with a healthcareprofessional if they notice any changes.Early detection is key in the fight against breast cancer. Mammograms are a vital tool for identifying the disease inits early stages. Women over the age of 40 are often advisedto have annual mammograms, while younger women should discuss with their doctors when to start this screening.Prevention is another critical aspect of the battle againstbreast cancer. While some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, there are lifestyle choices that can reduce the risk. These include maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding tobacco.Treatment for breast cancer varies depending on the stage at which it is detected and the individual's overall health. Options range from surgery to remove the cancer, radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells, chemotherapy to use drugs to kill cancer cells, and hormone therapy to block the hormone's effects that promote cancer growth.Moreover, the emotional and psychological toll of breast cancer should not be underestimated. Support groups and counseling services can provide invaluable aid to patients and their families, helping them navigate the emotional challenges that accompany a cancer diagnosis.In conclusion, breast cancer is a serious health concern that requires a multifaceted approach. By raising awareness, encouraging early detection, promoting preventive measures, and providing comprehensive support, we can make significant strides in reducing the impact of this disease. It is abattle that we must all join, for the sake of our mothers, daughters, sisters, and friends, and for the future of public health.。
英语介绍你最想治愈的一种疾病作文
英语介绍你最想治愈的一种疾病作文I want to talk about a disease that has affected me deeply, both personally and emotionally. It is cancer, specifically breast cancer. Breast cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. It is a disease that has affected so many people around the world, including my own family members.我想谈谈一种深深影响我个人和情感的疾病，那就是癌症，具体来说是乳腺癌。
乳腺癌是一种在乳房细胞中形成的癌症，它是一种影响全世界许多人的疾病，包括我自己的家人。
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women, and it can also affect men. It can have a devastating impact on not only the physical health of the patient, but also their emotional and mental well-being. The diagnosis of breast cancer can be a terrifying and overwhelming experience for anyone, as it can feel like a death sentence.乳腺癌是女性中最常见的癌症类型之一，也会影响男性。
它不仅会对患者的身体健康造成毁灭性的影响，还会影响他们的情感和心理健康。
乳腺癌 英语作文
乳腺癌英语作文Title: Breast Cancer: Understanding, Prevention, and Treatment。
Breast cancer, a prevalent form of cancer among women globally, poses significant challenges to public health and individual well-being. In this essay, we delve into the complexities surrounding breast cancer, discussing its epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment options.Firstly, understanding the epidemiology of breast cancer is crucial. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. In 2020 alone, there were an estimated 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer, making up about 11.7% of all cancer cases diagnosed globally.Various risk factors contribute to the development ofbreast cancer. While some risk factors, such as gender and age, are beyond individual control, others are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors include genetics, familyhistory of breast cancer, and early onset of menstruation or late menopause. Modifiable risk factors encompass lifestyle choices such as alcohol consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, and hormone replacement therapy. Understanding these risk factors empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and take preventive measures.Prevention strategies play a pivotal role in reducing the incidence of breast cancer. Regular screening,including mammography and clinical breast exams,facilitates early detection, enabling prompt intervention and improved outcomes. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding tobacco use contribute to lowering the risk of breast cancer. Furthermore, genetic counseling and testing can identify individuals with a high genetic predisposition to breast cancer, allowing for personalizedrisk management strategies.When it comes to treatment, advancements in medical science have led to a multidisciplinary approach tailored to each patient's specific needs. Treatment modalities for breast cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors such as the stage of cancer, tumor characteristics, and the patient's overall health. In recent years, there has been a shift towards precision medicine, utilizing genomic profiling to identify molecular alterations driving cancer growth and selecting targeted therapies accordingly. This approach not only improves treatment efficacy but also minimizes adverse effects.In conclusion, breast cancer remains a significant public health concern worldwide. However, through comprehensive understanding, proactive prevention, and personalized treatment, strides have been made inmitigating its impact. Empowering individuals with knowledge about risk factors, promoting healthy lifestylechoices, and leveraging advancements in medical science are pivotal in the fight against breast cancer. Together, we can continue to make progress towards reducing the burden of this disease and improving the lives of those affected by it.。
医学英语疾病介绍BreastCancer乳腺癌
10%
outer lower quadrant (外下四分之一区域)
Symptoms
➢ There are often no symptoms of early breast cancer, but sometimes women may discover a breast problem on their own. Signs and symptoms to be aware of may include:
“粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活动的公认标识，用于宣传“及早预防，及早
发现，及早治疗” .
Breast Cancer Today — In China
• China is one of the countries with lower incidence of breast cancer(中国是乳腺癌低发病率的国家之一), But in recent years, the incidence increased significantly(但近年来发病率出现了引人注目的增 长), An annual(每年的) increase of 3% to 4%, More than 1 to 2% of the world level, The incidence rate is one of the women most susceptible to tumor(发病率为女性易患肿瘤第一位).
医学英语疾病介绍BreastCancer乳腺癌
" Pink Ribbon " has been as the world recognized identification Breast cancer prevention activities , publicity for " early prevention, early detection, early treatment " this information.
医学英语疾病介绍BreastCancer乳腺癌
医学英语疾病介绍BreastCancer乳腺癌Breast Cancer: An Introduction to Understanding the DiseaseIntroductionBreast cancer, also known as breast carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that develops in the breast tissue. It is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide, with millions of cases diagnosed each year. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of breast cancer, including its risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.1. Understanding Breast Cancer1.1 DefinitionBreast cancer is defined as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast tissue. These cells have the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis.1.2 Risk FactorsSeveral risk factors contribute to the development of breast cancer, including:- Gender: Women are at a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer compared to men.- Age: Risk increases with age, especially after a woman reaches menopause.- Family history: Having a close family member with breast cancer increases the likelihood of developing the disease.- Genetic mutations: Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can significantly increase the risk of breast cancer.- Hormonal factors: Increased exposure to estrogen and progesterone can elevate the risk of breast cancer.- Lifestyle factors: Obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking can also contribute to the development of breast cancer.2. Symptoms and Detection2.1 Common SymptomsBreast cancer may present with various symptoms, including:- Changes in breast size or shape- Lump or swelling in the breast or armpit- Pain or tenderness in the breast- Nipple changes, such as inversion or discharge- Skin dimpling or irritation- Redness or scaliness of the breast skin2.2 Screening and DiagnosisEarly detection plays a crucial role in successful breast cancer treatment. Common screening methods include:- Mammography: X-ray images of the breast can detect abnormalities and help in early detection.- Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A powerful magnetic field and radio waves create detailed images of the breast.- Clinical breast exam: A healthcare professional examines the breasts for physical abnormalities.- Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area to analyze for cancer cells.3. Treatment Options3.1 SurgerySurgery is a common treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgical procedure depends on various factors, such as the stage of the cancer and the patient's preferences. Commonly performed breast cancer surgeries include:- Lumpectomy: The removal of the tumor and a small portion of surrounding healthy tissue.- Mastectomy: The complete removal of the breast tissue.- Sentinel lymph node biopsy: The removal and examination of the lymph node(s) closest to the tumor to determine if cancer spread.3.2 Radiation TherapyRadiation therapy involves using high-energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It is commonly used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or before surgery to reduce tumor size.3.3 ChemotherapyChemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It may be administered before or after surgery and may also be employed as the primary treatment for advanced breast cancer.3.4 Hormone TherapyHormone therapy is used for breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive. It aims to block the effects of estrogen or progesterone on cancer cells to prevent their growth.3.5 Targeted TherapyTargeted therapy utilizes drugs that specifically target certain genetic mutations or proteins in cancer cells. It is often employed for cancers that overexpress HER2 protein.4. ConclusionBreast cancer is a significant public health concern that affects millions of women worldwide. Understanding its risk factors, symptoms, and available treatment options is critical for early detection and effective management. Regular screenings, self-examination, and awareness of symptoms can contribute to early diagnosis, leading to better outcomes and improved survival rates. By staying informed and promoting awareness, we can collectively fight against breast cancer and support those affected by the disease.。
关于乳腺癌的英语作文
Breast Cancer: A Silent Killer and Our FightAgainst ItBreast cancer, a disease that has become a global health concern, affects millions of women worldwide. It is a silent killer that often goes unnoticed until it's too late. Despite significant progress in research and treatment options, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death among women.The causes of breast cancer are diverse and complex, ranging from genetic factors to environmental exposures. Family history, BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, and certain inherited conditions increase the risk of developing the disease. Hormonal changes, such as those during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, also play a role. Additionally, factors like obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy eating habits can contribute to the development of breast cancer.Early detection is crucial in the fight against breast cancer. Regular screenings, including mammograms andclinical breast exams, can help identify tumors early, when they are most treatable. Women should also be aware of thesymptoms of breast cancer, such as a lump or mass in the breast, changes in breast shape or size, skin dimpling or puckering, nipple discharge, and pain or tenderness in the breast or nipple.Treatment options for breast cancer vary depending on the stage and type of the tumor. Common treatments include surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and prevent it from spreading, and hormone therapy to block the growth of cancer cells. Newer treatment options, such as immunotherapy, are also becoming available.In addition to traditional medical treatment, alternative therapies and support groups can provide valuable resources for breast cancer patients. These therapies, including yoga, meditation, and massage, can help reduce stress and improve overall well-being. Support groups, on the other hand, offer a community of understanding and support, helping patients and their families cope with the emotional and psychological burden of the disease.Prevention is always better than cure, and there are several lifestyle changes that can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables are all effective ways to lower the risk. Additionally, avoiding harmful exposures, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, can also help prevent the disease.In conclusion, breast cancer is a devastating disease that requires continuous research and awareness. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options available, we can better protect ourselves and those we love from this silent killer. By promoting healthylifestyles and supporting those affected by breast cancer, we can make a difference in the fight against this disease. **乳腺癌：无声杀手及我们的抗争**乳腺癌已成为全球关注的健康问题，影响着全球数百万女性。
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Invasive ductal carcinoma (浸润性导管 癌)(隶属浸 润性癌)(临 床常见约占 70%) Grossly(肉眼观): infiltrating([ɪn'fɪltret]) the surrounding breast tissues,(乳 腺组织周围浸润) stony([ˈstəʊni]) hard on palpation([pæl'pet])(触诊坚硬如 石), retracted([rɪ'trækt]), dimpling(['dɪmpl]) of skin(皮肤收缩凹陷). Mass or ropy(['rəʊpɪ]) cords(团块状或丝状束), no capsule(无被囊包被), infiltrating peripheral([pə'rɪf(ə)r(ə)l]) tissues(浸润累及周围组织).
Causes And Risk Factors
— Risk Factors in Your Control
• Being overweight(过度肥胖), getting too little exercise(极少锻炼), and drinking more than one alcoholic beverage per day(每天喝超过 一定量的含酒精饮料) can raise the risk of developing breast cancer. • Birth control pills(避孕药) and some forms of postmenopausal([pəʊst,menəʊ‘pɔːzəl]) hormone therapy(某些形式 的绝经后激素疗法) can also boost your risk(提高发病几率).
– Functioning ovarian([əʊˈveəri:ən]) tumor(卵巢肿瘤影响)
• •
Fibrocystic([,faɪbro‘sɪstɪk]) disease(乳腺纤维囊性病) Radiation exposure(射线照射)
•
• •
Obesity(肥胖)
Genetic predisposition([priːdɪspə‘zɪʃn])(遗传倾向) Virus(病毒)
Breast Cancer
乳腺癌
“粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活 动的公认标识，用于宣传“及早预防，及 早发现，及早治疗”这一信息，足迹遍布 全球数十个国家。 各国政府亦将每年的10 月定为“乳腺癌防治月”。 粉红丝带是一场关爱乳房的运 动，更是人们对健康和美丽的一种追求， 她已经成为了一种爱心和时尚，她正在世 界各地迅速升温，越来越多的媒体、政要、 名人、明星正在参与进来，我们已经进入 了一个全新的“粉红时代”。
Pathological Changes
Breast cancer may be invasive([ɪn‘vesɪv],侵袭性的)(临床常见约占 70%) or noninvasive. Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast(已经从乳腺管向其他组织 扩散). Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue(尚未累及其他乳腺组织). Noninvasive breast cancer is called “in situ([sitju:]).”(非侵袭性乳腺癌又称为原位癌) • Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or intraductal carcinoma(导管内原位 癌), is breast cancer in the lining of the milk ducts(穿过乳腺导管壁) that has not yet invaded nearby tissues(累及邻近组织). It may progress to invasive cancer if untreated(如未及时治疗会发展为侵袭 性癌). • Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)(小叶原位癌), is a marker for an increased risk of invasive cancer in the same or both breasts(它是一 个向一侧或双侧乳房呈侵袭性癌发展的危险标志).
• Recent studies suggest that physical activity(体育活动) may help lower the risk of a recurrence(降低复发率) and it‘s a proven moodbooster(被公认为“愉悦情绪激发器”).
Breast Anatomy
Causes And Risk Factors
— Outline
• Hormonal influence(激素影响):
– Long duration of reproductive([ˌriprəˈdʌktɪv]) life(育龄的长时间持续) – Nulliparity([,nʌli‘pærəti]未产妇) – Late age at first child(老龄生育)
Breast Cancer Today — In America
• Breast cancer today is rates are climbing, thanks to greater awareness, more early detection, and advances in treatment. (归功于更多的关注，更早的监测和更先进的 治疗技术) • For roughly 200,000 Americans who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year(每年约有二十万美国人被诊断为乳腺癌), there are plenty of reasons to be hopeful.
Breast Cancer Today 概述 Causes And Risk Factors 病因学 Breast Anatomy 解剖学结构 Pathological Changes 病理改变 Metastasis 转移 Symptoms 症状 Signs And Tests 诊断 Staging 分期 Treatment 治疗 Expectations 预后 Prevention 预防 Summary 综述
Causes And Risk Factors
— Breast Cancer: Why Me?
• The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a woman. Men get the disease, too, but it is about 100 times more common in women. Other top risk factors include being over age 55 or having a close relative(有亲 缘关系) who has had the disease. But keep in mind that up to 80% of women with breast cancer have no family history of the illness (80%的乳腺癌患者 并无家族病史).
Breast Anatomy — Site(发病部位):
inner upper quadrant (内上四分之一区域) outer upper quadrant (外上四分之一区域)
10%
50%
20%
Central zone(中心区域)
10%
inner lower quadrant (内下四分之一区域)
Comedocarcinoma(粉刺癌)(隶属非浸润性癌中的导管内原位癌 (DCIS)) high grade malignant([mə'lɪgnənt]) cells, central necrosis([ne'krəʊsɪs]), micro calcifications([,kælsɪfɪ'keɪʃən])(高度恶 性细胞，中央区域坏死，微钙化)
Causes And Risk Factors
— Breast Cancer Genes
• The genes most commonly involved in breast cancer are known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with mutations(突变) in these genes have up to an 80 percent chance of getting breast cancer at some point in life(有大 于80%的几率在其一生的某个年龄段罹患乳腺癌).
10%
outer lower quadrant (外下四分之一区域)
Pathological Changes
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer(乳腺癌有两种主要类型): • Ductal carcinoma(导管癌) starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple(从乳房向乳 头运输乳汁的导管). Most breast cancers are of this type(大多数乳腺癌隶属此种类型). • Lobular(['lɑbjʊlɚ]) carcinoma(小叶癌) starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules(['lɒbjuːl]), that produce milk(产生乳汁的小叶).