医学英语疾病介绍——Breast Cancer(乳腺癌)

Causes And Risk Factors
— Risk Factors in Your Control
• Being overweight(过度肥胖), getting too little exercise(极少锻炼), and drinking more than one alcoholic beverage per day(每天喝超过 一定量的含酒精饮料) can raise the risk of developing breast cancer. • Birth control pills(避孕药) and some forms of postmenopausal([pəʊst,menəʊ‘pɔːzəl]) hormone therapy(某些形式 的绝经后激素疗法) can also boost your risk(提高发病几率).
Breast Cancer Today — In America
• Breast cancer today is not what it was 20 years ago. Survival rates are climbing, thanks to greater awareness, more early detection, and advances in treatment. (归功于更多的关注，更早的监测和更先进的 治疗技术) • For roughly 200,000 Americans who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year(每年约有二十万美国人被诊断为乳腺癌), there are plenty of reasons to be hopeful.
Breast Anatomy — Site(发病部位):
inner upper quadrant (内上四分之一区域) outer upper quadrant (外上四分之一区域)
10%
50%
20%
Central zone(中心区域)
10%
inner lower quadrant (内下四分之一区域)
Causes And Risk Factors
— Breast Cancer: Why Me?
• The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a woman. Men get the disease, too, but it is about 100 times more common in women. Other top risk factors include being over age 55 or having a close relative(有亲 缘关系) who has had the disease. But keep in mind that up to 80% of women with breast cancer have no family history of the illness (80%的乳腺癌患者 并无家族病史).
Causes And Risk Factors
— Outline
• Hormonal influence(激素影响):
– Long duration of reproductive([ˌriprəˈdʌktɪv]) life(育龄的长时间持续) – Nulliparity([,nʌli‘pærəti]未产妇) – Late age at first child(老龄生育)
Comedocarcinoma(粉刺癌)(隶属非浸润性癌中的导管内原位癌 (DCIS)) high grade maligLeabharlann Baiduant([mə'lɪgnənt]) cells, central necrosis([ne'krəʊsɪs]), micro calcifications([,kælsɪfɪ'keɪʃən])(高度恶 性细胞，中央区域坏死，微钙化)
• In America, About 1 out of 8 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year.(在美国，一年统计数据表明，大约每八个女性中有 一个会罹患乳腺癌)
Breast Cancer Today — In China
• China is one of the countries with lower incidence of breast cancer(中国是乳腺癌低发病率的国家之一), But in recent years, the incidence increased significantly(但近年来发病率出现了引人注目的增 长), An annual(每年的) increase of 3% to 4%, More than 1 to 2% of the world level, The incidence rate is one of the women most susceptible to tumor(发病率为女性易患肿瘤第一位). • The incidence of breast cancer from age 40 to 60 years generally, But chinese patients with early age of onset, The 45-year-old is the maximum age of sickness.(乳腺癌的 好发年龄为40~60岁，但我国患者发病 年龄提前，45岁为发病最高峰)
Breast Cancer Today 概述 Causes And Risk Factors 病因学 Breast Anatomy 解剖学结构 Pathological Changes 病理改变 Metastasis 转移 Symptoms 症状 Signs And Tests 诊断 Staging 分期 Treatment 治疗 Expectations 预后 Prevention 预防 Summary 综述
Causes And Risk Factors
— Breast Cancer Genes
• The genes most commonly involved in breast cancer are known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with mutations(突变) in these genes have up to an 80 percent chance of getting breast cancer at some point in life(有大 于80%的几率在其一生的某个年龄段罹患乳腺癌).
Pathological Changes
Breast cancer may be invasive([ɪn‘vesɪv],侵袭性的)(临床常见约占 70%) or noninvasive. Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast(已经从乳腺管向其他组织 扩散). Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue(尚未累及其他乳腺组织). Noninvasive breast cancer is called “in situ([sitju:]).”(非侵袭性乳腺癌又称为原位癌) • Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or intraductal carcinoma(导管内原位 癌), is breast cancer in the lining of the milk ducts(穿过乳腺导管壁) that has not yet invaded nearby tissues(累及邻近组织). It may progress to invasive cancer if untreated(如未及时治疗会发展为侵袭 性癌). • Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)(小叶原位癌), is a marker for an increased risk of invasive cancer in the same or both breasts(它是一 个向一侧或双侧乳房呈侵袭性癌发展的危险标志).
• Recent studies suggest that physical activity(体育活动) may help lower the risk of a recurrence(降低复发率) and it‘s a proven moodbooster(被公认为“愉悦情绪激发器”).
Breast Anatomy
– Functioning ovarian([əʊˈveəri:ən]) tumor(卵巢肿瘤影响)
• •
Fibrocystic([,faɪbro‘sɪstɪk]) disease(乳腺纤维囊性病) Radiation exposure(射线照射)
•
• •
Obesity(肥胖)
Genetic predisposition([priːdɪspə‘zɪʃn])(遗传倾向) Virus(病毒)
Invasive ductal carcinoma (浸润性导管 癌)(隶属浸 润性癌)(临 床常见约占 70%) Grossly(肉眼观): infiltrating([ɪn'fɪltret]) the surrounding breast tissues,(乳 腺组织周围浸润) stony([ˈstəʊni]) hard on palpation([pæl'pet])(触诊坚硬如 石), retracted([rɪ'trækt]), dimpling(['dɪmpl]) of skin(皮肤收缩凹陷). Mass or ropy(['rəʊpɪ]) cords(团块状或丝状束), no capsule(无被囊包被), infiltrating peripheral([pə'rɪf(ə)r(ə)l]) tissues(浸润累及周围组织).
Breast Cancer
乳腺癌
“粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活 动的公认标识，用于宣传“及早预防，及 早发现，及早治疗”这一信息，足迹遍布 全球数十个国家。 各国政府亦将每年的10 月定为“乳腺癌防治月”。 粉红丝带是一场关爱乳房的运 动，更是人们对健康和美丽的一种追求， 她已经成为了一种爱心和时尚，她正在世 界各地迅速升温，越来越多的媒体、政要、 名人、明星正在参与进来，我们已经进入 了一个全新的“粉红时代”。
10%
outer lower quadrant (外下四分之一区域)
Pathological Changes
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer(乳腺癌有两种主要类型): • Ductal carcinoma(导管癌) starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple(从乳房向乳 头运输乳汁的导管). Most breast cancers are of this type(大多数乳腺癌隶属此种类型). • Lobular(['lɑbjʊlɚ]) carcinoma(小叶癌) starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules(['lɒbjuːl]), that produce milk(产生乳汁的小叶).