中西文化禁忌对比

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中西文化禁忌对比

中西文化禁忌对比

• 打喷嚏( sneeze) 是一种生理现象, 但在公共场合或与朋友聚会, 绝对禁 止冲着他人打喷嚏。这是中西都有 的禁忌。实在要打喷嚏或擤鼻子时, 要用纸或手绢捂着鼻子, 转过身去。 事后还要说一声对不起( Excuse me) 周围的人会说一声“上帝保佑 你” ( God bless you) ,或“ 祝你健 康” ( keep fit/wish you healthy) 的 话语, 其来源说法不一。
公共场合禁忌( taboos in public places)
• 在英语国家, 人们在公共场合活动要严格按 照先来后到的顺序, 严禁别人打扰。比如到 邮局或银行办事, 或到某处参观, 人们会根 据先来后到的顺序排起队来, 并保持一定的 距离。他人不能加塞儿( queen- jumping) 。 到餐馆用餐, 如果人多客满, 后到的人不能 打扰先到的人, 必须在门口等候, 也不可到 餐厅内任意游走, 或自己找位指在 某个民族或宗教 传统文化里禁忌 的一些事物,行 动或言语。
来源:灵物崇拜
• 十八世纪英国航海家库克来到南太平洋的 汤加群岛,发现那里有许多奇特的现象, 例如,某些东西只允许特定的头等人物(神、 僧侣、国王、酋长)使用,而不允许一般人 沾边;或只允许作特定的用途,而不准用 于一般的目的;或不许某一社会集团(例如 妇女)的人使用等等。那里的居民称这种禁 忌为taboo 直译为“塔布”。
排泄
• 厕所 在美国一般都叫rest room或bath room(男女厕均可) 或分别叫做 men‘s room 或 ladies‘ room(=powder room),不过在飞机上,则叫 lavatory,在军中又叫 latrine。至于 W.C.(water closet)乃是过去英国人用的, 在美国,几乎没有人使用。 • 此外,john是 bath room 或 toilet 的意思(也叫 outhouse),这通常是指在户外工作场地所使用的临时或 流动性厕所(有时前面也加 portable 一字)。 • He went to the john a few minutes ago.(他在几分钟前 上了厕所。) • 其他说法pass water, answer nature’ s call, wash one’ s hands, do one’ s business等等

中西文化禁忌语比较与分析的开题报告

中西文化禁忌语比较与分析的开题报告

中西文化禁忌语比较与分析的开题报告一、课题背景与意义随着全球化浪潮的席卷,世界范围内的文化交流逐渐加深,各种文化禁忌也日渐被人们所关注。

不同文化之间的相互了解和尊重,是和谐世界及文化多样性的保障。

因此,本文旨在开展中西文化禁忌语比较与分析,并进一步阐述其意义和价值。

二、研究目的1.比较探究中西文化禁忌语的异同点,分析其形成原因;2.探讨中西方文化禁忌语的影响及其社会价值;3.提高人们对于跨文化交流中尊重不同文化、避免语言障碍的意识,促进跨文化交流的发展。

三、研究内容1.中西方文化禁忌语的概念和分类;2.中西方文化禁忌语的异同分析;3.中西方文化禁忌语的历史与文化渊源;4.中西文化禁忌语在现代社会中的作用与价值。

四、研究方法本文采用文献资料法、比较研究法、质性研究法等方法,深度探讨中西文化禁忌语在不同文化背景下的含义和影响。

五、预期成果本研究将对中西文化禁忌语的异同点进行深入探讨,具体分析中西方文化禁忌语的历史、文化渊源和在现代社会中的作用及其价值。

研究成果可供相关人员在跨文化交流过程中,尊重文化差异,有效避免由文化禁忌引起的误解和冲突。

六、研究难点和限制1.中西方文化禁忌语的挖掘和收集;2.中西方文化禁忌语在不同背景下的应用;3.文化禁忌语研究中的文化认知和社会认知方面的难度;4.受限于实证研究的难度,本文更多的采用质性研究分析方法。

七、研究计划研究时间:2021/09-2022/06第一阶段:对中西文化禁忌的现状进行全方位调研,查阅相关文献资料;第二阶段:分析总结中西文化禁忌的异同点,了解文化禁忌在不同文化背景下的作用和影响;第三阶段:撰写论文,提出解决方案和建议,推动中西文化交流和互学互鉴的发展;第四阶段:论文的修改和完善,准备答辩。

八、参考文献1. [美]格洛弗,著. 避免跨文化交际中的文化禁忌: 跨文化交际实用指南. 中国人民大学出版社,2002;2. 谷冀亭. 中西文化禁忌之比较. 比较文化研究, 1998;3. 史文珍. 英语语言文化中的“禁忌”. 外语研究, 1998;4. 宋俊英. 论文化禁忌语. 茂名师范专科学校学报, 2001;5. 王鹏飞. 文化禁忌语传统与现代诠释.马克思主义与现实, 2019;6. 王君莲. 中西方文化禁忌语对比研究. 常熟理工学院学报(文理版), 2013.。

中西文化禁忌语比较

中西文化禁忌语比较

本 旧历本 ,写着 ‘ 不宜 出行 ,不宜沐浴 ,不宜上
梁 ’,就知道先前是有这么多的禁忌 。”东汉文 字学家在 《 说文解字》 中对 “ 禁 ”和 “ 忌 ”这两 个字的解释分别为 : “ 禁 ,吉 凶之忌也;忌,憎
恶 也 ”。 从 《 说 文 解 字 》中 ,我们 可 以看 出 ,“ 禁”
其中 “ 人风 ”其实就是 “ 民风 ”,但 由于当时 的 皇 帝李世 民的名字里有个 “ 民 字 ,所 以这个字 就不 能说,因此改为 “ 人”。明太祖朱元璋 出生
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只是相关 的或者只是 同音 的,他 都会认为是在影 射 自己。 比如常州蒋镇 《 贺 圣旦表》中有 “ 睿性 生 智” 之语 , 本 是颂扬的话 , 却因为 “ 生” 和“ 僧
致使人们对于生活中的禁忌语不 断地完善 , 至今 ,
禁忌语也成了一种 语言上 的文化遗产 。
如孔子之名丘 ,老子之名耳 ,孟子之名轲等这些
圣人之名,在说时都要避讳 。柳宗元在 《 捕蛇 者
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吕怡恰 :中西文化禁忌语 比较
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忌和避讳 的地方 。作为一种文化现象,禁忌的产
生和发展都有其可追溯 的历史渊源和文化渊源。 鲁迅在 《 且介亭杂文 ・ 随便翻翻》中写道 : “ 看一
全球化 的不断发展 ,中国与各 国之 间联 系的 日益
密切,语言作为交 际工具在传 播和 弘扬中国文化 的过程 中起着不可 替代 的重要作用 。因此 ,只有 在充分 了解 了中西方 国家在跨文化交 际中不同的 语言禁忌 ,才能更好 的进行跨文化 交际,避 免不 必要的文化冲突 。 中西 相同或相 似的禁忌语

禁忌语与委婉语的中西方文化特征

禁忌语与委婉语的中西方文化特征

禁忌语与委婉语的中西方文化特征禁忌语和委婉语是不同文化中使用的两种语言表达方式。

禁忌语是一种被社会规范所禁止或被认为是不礼貌或不恰当的语言,而委婉语则是一种相对温和和礼貌的表达方式,常用于处理敏感或尴尬的话题。

1. 蔑视与忌讳的差异: 中西方文化对于某些话题的态度存在差异。

西方文化相对开放,对于性或疾病这些敏感的话题并不太忌讳,而在中国文化中,这些话题被认为是不雅或令人不悦的,被禁止或不应该直接提及。

2. 否定与保守的差异: 中西方文化对于否定的表达方式有所不同。

在西方文化中,直接表达不同的观点或批评他人是被接受的,而在中国文化中,人们更多地使用委婉的方式表达自己的意见,以避免冲突或伤害他人的感情。

1. 技巧与隐喻的使用: 在委婉语使用上,西方文化更多地使用技巧和隐喻来表达。

当你不喜欢某人的衣服时,你可能会说“这个衣服很特别”,这样表达了你的意见,但并没有直接批评对方。

而中国文化中,委婉语更多地借助于提问或回答问题时的模棱两可性来表达。

2. 礼仪与尊重的特点: 在委婉语使用上,中西方文化都注重礼仪和尊重他人的特点。

无论是中文还是英文中,人们倾向于使用一些礼貌辞令和谦虚语气来包装自己的意见。

这有助于维系人际关系和避免冲突。

3. 情感与合作的重要性: 中西方文化都重视情感和合作的重要性,在委婉语使用上也体现了这一点。

人们在表达自己的意见时,往往会考虑他人的感受,尽量避免伤害和冲突,更加注重团队合作和和谐。

中西方文化在禁忌语和委婉语的使用上存在一些差异。

这些差异反映了不同文化对于个人权益、团队利益和面子的不同态度。

了解和尊重不同文化中禁忌语和委婉语的用法,有助于促进跨文化交流和理解。

中西文化对比论文

中西文化对比论文

中西文化对比论文对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析,通过对比研究,剖析其不同的自然观、世界观,寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!中西文化对比论文篇1中西禁忌文化对比研究摘要:禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象,是跨文化交际中的一大障碍,本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究,提高人们的文化意识,避免交际冲突和失败,以此提高跨文化交际能力。

关键词:禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的T ogan(汤加语),是一种普遍的文化现象,指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。

由于文化不同,各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。

禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象,只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。

禁忌几乎无处不在,按照禁忌的范畴来分,可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌,其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面,本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。

一、宗教禁忌世界各国人民都有不同的信仰,英语国家的人主要信仰基督教,另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。

中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。

宗教不同,禁忌也有很大差异。

1.基督教禁忌基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像,进入教堂要严肃,保持安静,以表达对神的敬意。

忌食带血的食物,忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。

同时,在西方信奉基督教的国家里,人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖,钉死在十字架上的故事。

因此在耶稣受难日的当天,绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情,如:理发、钉马蹄,钉钉子等。

2.天主教禁忌天主教是基督教的三大教派之一,除基督教的某些禁忌外,天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。

如:天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的,因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。

参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服,忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人,一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。

从语言禁忌看中西文化差异

从语言禁忌看中西文化差异
举止规范
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
行为与举止
西方人注重个人隐私,不喜欢过多询问私人信息 中方更注重礼貌和谦虚,有时会过分夸大自己的能力或成就 西方人表达方式较为直接,中方表达方式较为委婉含蓄 西方人强调个人独立,中方强调家庭、亲情和友情
异禁中
第 四
忌西 章
的语
差言
语言禁忌的种类差异
话题禁忌:中西方对于某些话题有不同的敏感度,如宗教、政治等。 词语禁忌:某些词语在中西方文化中具有不同的含义或敏感性。 表达方式禁忌:中西方在表达方式上存在差异,如委婉语和直接表达等。 礼仪禁忌:中西方在礼仪方面存在差异,如称呼、问候、告别等。
语言禁忌与社会地位
中西方语言禁忌的差异源于文化背景 和社会地位的不同。
在西方,语言禁忌与宗教、政治等 敏感话题相关,而在中国,语言禁 忌则与家庭、职业等社会地位相关。
中西方语言禁忌的差异反映了不同文 化背景下人们的社会地位和价值观的 差异。
了解中西语言禁忌的文化内涵有助于 跨文化交流和沟通。
语言禁忌与民俗习惯
西方语言禁忌主要涉及宗教、 政治等敏感话题
中国语言禁忌则更多地与道 德、礼仪、吉利等有关
中西语言禁忌的差异源于文 化背景的不同
中西语言禁忌都反映了各自 的民俗习惯和价值观念
代禁中
第 六
价忌西 章
值的语
现言
语言禁忌与跨文化交际能 力
语言禁忌在不同文化中的表现 形式
语言禁忌在现代交际中的影响
跨文化交际能力在避免语言禁 :原始社会中的崇拜 和信仰
发展:封建社会的等级制 度和宗教观念
演变:现代社会的多元文 化和全球化趋势
跨文化交流中的语言禁忌: 不同文化背景下的语言禁

中西文化对比与应用之禁忌语

中西文化对比与应用之禁忌语

中西文化对比与应用之禁忌语某些词语和概念令人不快,最好不用,而换一种婉转的说法——这就是委婉语。

有些词语因传统习惯或社会风俗不同,会引起对方强烈反感,应避免使用——这就是禁忌语。

禁忌英语taboo,原义为“神圣”,“不许触摸”的意思。

一、禁亵渎性词语在西方国家,人们认为滥用上帝或上帝的名字是不敬的,所以与这类相关的词语一般是要避免的,而且也常常避免谈到魔鬼,如:上帝的名字JehovahGod(上帝)hell(地狱)devil( 魔鬼)Christ(基督)Jesus ChristHoly Mary如果要使用,则God说成Dod,Gom,Godfrey等,将Jesus Christ说成Caessar’Crutch等或是使用god of this world, the Big D( Lord of flies), the good man 等委婉语。

在中国,人们也尽量避免对“神”的不敬, 对自己信奉和崇拜的神仙不能在言语上有任何的轻慢和不敬。

但对于“鬼”却是不避讳的,如汉语中就有“牛鬼蛇神”、“妖魔鬼怪”、“鬼东西”、“扮鬼脸”等。

另外,在中国的封建社会,皇帝的名字,甚或与皇帝的名字同音或同形的字都在禁忌之列。

如中国的秦始皇名“嬴政”,为避其“政”名,一年的“正月”被该为“端月”;宋朝知州一官吏名“田登”,为避其“登”字,下令百姓不能说“点灯”,而说“放火”,因此有“只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。

”之说。

二、禁辱骂性词语辱骂性语言在英语中属于淫秽性语言(obscene language),也可以说是脏话(dirty words),常常是人们避讳的。

如:son of bitch(狗娘养的)For Christ's sake! (为了基督!)God damned! (神啊,受诅咒吧!)Oh, damn it! (诅咒它吧!)英语里还有用动物的名称来骂人的,如骂某人为cow, swine, pig,stallion等等, 这些是禁止使用的。

中西文化语言禁忌

中西文化语言禁忌

中西方文化中使用语言的禁忌在许多语言里都忌讳诅咒、骂人的话。

英语和汉语都是这样的,但还要说明一下:第一,有些骂人的话过于粗鄙、难听,所以受到社会更严格的限制。

英语中的Jesus Christ, Holy Mary, Son of a bitCh就是这种话;而Damn, Damn it,Hell这样的话在语气上就稍微轻一些。

请注意,在英语中,大部分诅咒、骂人的话与基督教的词语和名称有关。

在汉语中这种固定的咒骂或骂人的话似乎少些,最常用的是“他妈的”,但听的人不会引起很强烈的反感,因为有时它巳转化为无教养的人的口头语。

第二,诅咒、骂人的话受到年龄、性别、职业的限制。

孩子骂人马上会受到大人责备。

妇女骂人会被人认为粗俗失礼。

教师骂人被认为有失体统。

第三,这种话也受环境和场合的限制。

在当众发言、课堂教学或和有一定社会地位的人在一起时,人们就不大会说诅咒、骂人的话。

在家里、在劳动场合、在办公室、在公共汽车上或市场上,说的人就比较多。

应当指出,人们对诅咒、骂人的话反应并不始终如一。

有些这样的话听得多了,也就不那么刺耳。

现在人们常听到年轻人用骂人活。

不过,对非本族人还是少讲祖活为妙。

现在谈一下英语和汉语在禁忌方面的不同处,先讲一个有趣的故事;一位50来岁的美国妇女在中国任教。

有一位年轻的中国同事请她到自己家里来吃饭。

一进门。

女主人就把4岁的女儿介绍给客人。

小姑娘用英语说:“阿姨好”!她妈妈跟她说过,见了成年妇女要这样问好。

“不对,不能叫阿姨”,妈妈连忙纠正说,“要叫奶奶。

”“不要叫奶奶。

就叫我阿姨好了。

”“那太没有礼貌了。

您比我年纪大多了。

”美国妇女脸红了,笑笑说:“就叫我阿姨吧。

我喜欢这样”。

为什么美国妇女在这种场合会感到尬尴呢?因为中国人和美国人对待年龄问题的态度不同。

对大多数英国人和美国人来说,打听陌生入或不大熟悉的人的年龄是不得体的。

此外,收入多少、是否已婚、政治倾向、宗教信仰等,除非对方表示不大意,这些情况也不宜过问,否则就是失礼。

中英禁忌习俗比较--商务英语本科学位论文

中英禁忌习俗比较--商务英语本科学位论文

中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目:中英禁忌习俗比较姓名:0000000000000班级、学号:00000000系(部) :经济管理系专业:商务英语指导教师:00000000000开题时间:2009-04-10完成时间:2009-11-082008 年11月08 日目录课题:中英禁忌习俗比较一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献Comparison of Customs of Taboosin China and English-speaking Countries00000000Abstract:There are different culture in the different countries and areas, since it has the difference cultural so there is difference views to treat some matter's .We often said that China culture and the West culture are always have difference, that is to say we have the very big difference in the aspect of cultural custom, therefore the view and the procedure are not the same on the matter, which Also formed our own culture and customs. There are some things we believe that it is feasible in our China, but the English-speaking countries think that is can not be done. On the contrary, English-speaking countries believed that is can be done while we think that it is not allowed, so it comes out own taboos. Though what are the customs of taboo exist in English-speaking countries and China ?In this paper from different perspectives compared about the English-speaking countries and China's customs taboos, such as from the social taboos, festivals taboo, superstition taboos and other aspects were compared. In which the social taboos is compared from few aspects. For example, privacy of taboos and shook hands of taboos and exchange of taboos etc. By these comparisons so that we can understand the cultural taboos, whichcan be helpful later in life, especially in the business dealings. Keywords: Taboo; compare; English-speaking countries; China IntroductionIn people's social interaction, especially exchanges of Intercultural usually encounter some very sensitive issues, which is taboo. It is like an invisible precepts make the of the people's language and behavior to be shackled, it is a major obstacle in communication of Intercultural.Generally speaking, the "taboo" is the concept of customs. It with the Prohibition of the legal system and the word "no" on the moral standards sense all of these have a very clear distinction. In customs, the ban of like the "taboo" is set up based on the Common beliefs. Self (I group) due to feel fear the result in the "restrain" self is the basic components of taboo, and it hold a dominant position in the taboo. Entire meaning of "ban", is from the common taboo, and from the collective consciousness of the "self-inhibition" not exist “the imposition of will" and "insist on the concept." is does not exist. The process of taboo implementation must be through the mind, and therefore it belongs to prohibited form under the natural state of folk .So, they can be also directly called "folk taboo", that is, we discussed the "taboo" word is the same as "folk goes. They are distinguished by the legal system orcode of ethics of the other prohibited forms.Each language has own taboos, such as: English-speaking countries bogey figure 13. According to the BIBLE recorded that at the last supper, Judas betrayed Jesus is the 13th on the table, so the 13 is a main culprit in number. As a result, there is no 13th room on the restaurant, and inviting guests taboo 13 people, and the important events to avoid the monthly 13. Another example in the Anglo-American and other Western countries, the black cats has been regarded as a taboo animal. If the people face a black cat across the street and towards them, which would be herald impending catastrophe. In addition, they are not very like an elephant. When you dealing with the British, and you need to know the main folk taboos of British also have the following five: First, taboo in public sneezing, second taboo is use the same match consecutive lit three cigarettes, third is a taboo they leave their shoes on the table, four is a taboo in the house umbrella, five is the taboo walk from the base of the ladder. In China, taboo 4, because "four" sounds like "death" is not propitious. Ancestor's name and the names of elders can not be directly addressed him without concealing anything. During the Spring Festival people would like to say good words, and bogey curse the child, the traditional belief that if the children started to suffer the verbal abuse, she or heshould pay a whole year curse. Chinese people are used to eat with chopsticks, so there’re some taboos about you use chopsticks at the dinner table. This paper from various aspects compared taboos of the English-speaking countries and China. It is not only compared from the social taboos but also from the privacy of taboos, festivals taboos, language taboos, and many other sides. So that makes people understand taboos of the English-speaking countries and China1. The meaning of tabooThe reason of in the traditional custom or social custom we should to avoid using some words or doing some act, which is taboo.Taboo as the psychological tradition of core of faith is a human universally possessed a cultural phenomenon. It condensed the human psychology original, desire and fantasy, and reflecting the social spiritual cultural with the level of the material cultural and ethnic, times of spirit cultural guide. We are live in the networks of taboo.Taboos, on the one hand are referring to "sacred" or "unclean" and "dangerous" things; on the other hand, it refers to a prohibition, that is word and behavior are "prohibited" or psychological be "inhibited" in a kind of behavior control mode. Like this kind ofthings and such a ban is entirely interlinked between them, and actually they are the same thing not two different things, because the production of such a ban actually is result from people's awareness of such a class of things (mental reflection). So, in other words, taboo is sacred, dirty, and dangerous things, and because of their attitudes of towards taboo formed some sort of ban.2. Comparison of Social taboosCustom is formed in social interaction of people. Besides language, people have many other aspects of interaction. In the many of communication process, everyone found them self proper location and manner of social existence, and incorporated them self into the framework of a certain social customs. That is, people will be in compliance with the many aspects of social Taboos. Whether consciously or not,In the English-speaking countries, the man visiting a person subject to prior appointment, and taboo a surprise visit. Otherwise, the respondents will felled unhappy, because this sudden call caused them a great inconvenience and disrupted her or his work scheme. Visit someone you should on time, but by the convention, in particular by to visiting a dinner or party, the American habit of late 3-5 minutes to arrive and 10 minutes late is no problem, which is to give the hostess a little time to make up. Although it is nottaboo in the China the surprise visit, and the respondents would not feel unhappy, but when you go to visit you had better to tell the owner in advance so that it will not cause owner inconvenience and can also give the scheduled time to the respondents for making arrangement in advance.2.1 Handshake tabooChinese usually shake hands with the right hand, and the gesture should be generous nature, look at each other with a smile. Your hand use a little power with shaking up and down slightly and you must be avoid casual, look around, or nod both hands. Handshake order is: by the owner, older persons, the higher status, and Ladies first reach out, for the guests, young persons, the low status of persons, and men when you meet with them you should first greeting and wait the other side held out his hand and then you grip. Do not cross shake hands with people when you need to shake hands with many people, you should wait for others finish shake hands then reach out your hand. Do not sit to shake hands with others. When you Shake hands your hand shouldn’t dirty, If you meet with people when you wear gloves, the gloves should be off on the left hand, then shake hands to show courtesy. If men and women shaking hands, the woman did not off gloves, the man can also didn’t off gloves. To subordinates or younger, you shouldenthusiastic initiatively stretch your hand, to show your care and easy to approach. when you Met old colleagues and old friends or old classmates, your hands should be faraway extended and clasp other’s hand, handshake taboo that the above mentioned is the same in the English-speaking countries, but there’s a little bit different they can not shake hands at the same time with three people because they are taboo 3.2.2 Communicate tabooThere are often different communication methods and characteristics on different occasions. In China's social occasions should avoid unnecessary controversy. Argument is easy to hurt other’s self-esteem, so the other would be disgusted with you. In general, argue under the unnecessary situation is not desirable. Because many ideas, plans etc is not necessarily used a way of argue to get. Don’t use the type of question tone. The type of Questioned tone often has a certain smell of gunpowder more or less. Some people love to use questioning tone to correct other people's mistakes, which can undermine the feelings of both sides. Person who questioned by you will be at loss, and their self-esteem suffered a tremendous blow. Respect for others is necessary conditions of the art of conversation. Do not boast your personal life to strangers, such as your personal accomplishments, your rich, orhow great your son. Do not put friends shortcomings and failures as conversation information in the public, and do not always repeat the same topic, and don’t complain and whine everywhere, complain and whining is not a good means to win sympathy. For the things you do not know, you do not pretend to experts. Don't pretend to know (or understand) when you don't. It is a kind of dishonest behavior of self-deception; you know how much, and then you say them, no one is asking you to make an encyclopedia. Even though a knowledgeable people would not know what is it. So, frankly admit that you are ignorant of certain things; it is by no means a disgrace. On the contrary, others will think your remarks are worthy of consideration, because you are not hypocrisy and bragging.It is a taboo that the distance of tow legs can not be too wide, and can’t sit cross-legged, poising one foot in the air when you sat talking With the Englishman. In front of their face taboo whispering and tapping the shoulders and back, also it is taboo to clutch mouth with hands and watch them with laugh; people think this is a manner of laughing at people. Conversing with the British, you can’t relate to the king, the royal family, the church, as well as the contradiction among the various regions of the United Kingdom, in particular don’t gossip about the Queen, the succession and gossip about the independence of Northern Ireland. When you are dealingwith the British, you need to know the main folk taboos of British there are five points you need to know following: First, a taboo in public sneezing, second, a taboo use the same match consecutive lit three cigarettes, third is a taboo you leave your shoes on the table, four is a taboo open umbrella in the house, five is the taboo walking from the base of the ladder.2.3 Taboo of languageIn English, racial discrimination is an important part of taboo language .This phenomenon in America English has been particularly evident. African-American receipt discrimination in history and the racial discrimination words in the past that people used to curse black people had becoming sensitive and it become a taboo. For example, nigger is a kind of complete taboo language with a strong insulting color, Negro bring with contempt means, so it is a taboo. Now people called African American blacks as blacks or African American. In English there are some contain black word is taboo. In English "white" means innocence pure ,clean, charity and so on - these are commendatory word have a positive meaning; while black is a related to the "evil" "sin," "dirty" and so on. Such as: blackguard (villain), blacklist (black list), black mark (stain), etc. the intention of the word washroom is a place for washing hands or face, but actually it mean’s toilet, when the British go to the toiletthey will not directly state that "the toilet" and remind other people is the same to do, they don’t direct reference to the word toilet. If you to want the toilet, you can say "go to the men's room”or "to a woman's room", you can also say, "Please forgive give me a few minutes," or "I want to wash my hands" and so on. When children want to the toilet they say "I'm going to that place." Among friends and family, "100" is the most commonly used words.Chinese people would have honor theme’s ancestors custom. Han, Oroqen, Ewenki, Kazakhs, Buyei, Tibetan, and many other ethnic ancestors have this kind of taboo in the matter of practice worship ancestor. Oroqen think that directly address ancestors name is non-respect for their ancestors and fear of the ancestor’s wrath result of disaster on children and grandchildren. For the elders, people don not dare to address him by name, or even can’t tell others the elder’s, else that the own family will birth a child without joints. If you have any object name is the same as the elders, the object should be change of the name, and change a statement. Otherwise, it wills early death. Up to now, children are still taboo address him by the name of their elders, but also can not call the nicknames of the elders and with their elders the same name or a homophone is also been taboo. In particular taboo that the name must be not the same as the elder, or a homophonic wordof younger. Otherwise, others think that you don’t respect elders it is “cheat ancestors" behavior. When younger people call older, they generally should be based on seniorities instead of the name title, such as called grandfather, grandmother, grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and so on. Such these titles may be expressing the relationship between seniority and younger but also contains the meaning of respect.2.4. How to not disrespect in the ballUnited Kingdom's leading party usually starts at around 10 o'clock in the evening. Ball can be held in private homes or the Hotel. Host invited guests should be to send invitations in advance, and invited guests you should be pay attention the number whether rough equality of men and women; if not you can enable the number of men more than women. According the convention, the host invites people attend a ball and sometimes may be have dinner; while some time invited to dance instead of being dinner; and others just invite a small number of party guests to have a dinner, and they will dance after dinner and other people can not. Therefore, invited people must be to see the words on. The invitation to avoid embarrass host. The ball,the master will be prepared midnight snake, it may be only some tea, coffee and sandwiches. Clothing of the guests should be tidy, and the manguests should invite ladies to dancing in turns, one of which must be dance with the hostess. Man with man dance, woman with women's dance these are to be a joke. In case of major festivals, one who received two invitations at the same time, you may participate in a party, and early exit, then drive to another party, because according to the ball custom you can come to or go at anytime, which is not impolite.In Chinese the ball you need to attention of your dress, your demeanor, and your make-up. At the ball you can not make noisy; too loudly talk and laughter that will make others think you are an uneducated person. You should decent clothing and don’t wear too revealing clothing, it can lead people to think you’re an indecent person. And make-up can not be too exaggerated and too thick make-up to will give others a good impression.2.5 taboos on the table etiquettea person acts on the table manners reflect his up bringing (cultivation). The quality of your behavior is very important for give others first impression .If you do not pay attention to the table manners, and other people will be greatly reduced evaluation for your. So taboo on the table etiquette is very important.Britain's food is simple, but they have complex rules for eat. Each person can not put the spoon on the own soup pots or coffeemugs or other vegetable dish. Drink the soup with Sorption isn’t allowed, and you had better don’t make any sounds, when you drink the soup use the spoon should from the inside to out, and can not use spoon head, and you can’t carrying the soup pots of leftover soup to drink all of soup. No matters what you eat don’t make noise as much as possible, otherwise, it will make others consider you don’t know the rules. Hiccup is the biggest taboo in the meal, for the British and the Americans. In case this happens, you should immediately apologize to the around people.Compared with British taboo on the dinner table, and although China does not pay great attention to the detail question like them but they are greatly extent the same. The Chinese use the chopstick to eat the meal; so uses chopsticks taboo is need to special attention on the dinner table. It is a taboo that citizen use chopsticks knock the empty bowl before them eating .people secular thought it is a "poor gas," because in the past the beggar begs for food they will knock like this. And insert the chopsticks on the rice is not allowed. It is said that is a way of the funeral, and it is easily leads people to think the dead, so it is not auspicious. During the meal, if you dropped chopsticks which would be regarded as unlucky, and you don’t pick up it but you can change another pair. After you sit well, what time you can start it depending on theperson who sitting on the chief position, if he or she beginning then you can start, which is also a way of respecting.3. Privacy taboo comparisonThere is a major taboo in English-speaking countries, and that is personal privacy. In English proverb: A man's home is his castle. It means: a person's home is sacred and inviolable, and without host permission you can’t enter it. Personal matter is the same, they don’t let other people knows and also don’t want someone to intervene. Similarly, in China without the owners permission to enter another's home is also violating personal privacy. When you in the guest and you enter the master bedroom or other room without the owner allowed that will makes the owner very unhappy, and the host will think you are a non-polite and does not respect the privacy of others man. If you ask other people private matter such as, age, wages, property, income, marriage, love, religious belief, and political orientation that is another way infringes someone else's castle. Therefore, such as "How old are you?", "What's your income?", "How much did that dress cost you?", "Are you married or single?", "Are you a Republican or a Democrat?", "Are you Catholic?”for many Americans and Britons, like this the type of problem is need to avoid asking. Age for them is a very sensitiveissue, especially for women over 30 is even more so. Because she thinks it is her own secret, and everyone wants to keep forever young, there is no better compliment than to say "You look so young" to the middle-aged woman. About age Americans has very different views than us, we can ask someone else. In China, the elder are respected. However, in the United States, the elderly people will never like to compliment their age. On the one occasion, Chinese students studying in the United States, a city held a grand party, there are many guests. A local prestigious university principal also attended the event with her mother. In the welcoming speech one Student, said: “××Old Lady's presence makes all of us students are honored." The "old" word in China is the honorific title, but it was unexpected hurt the old lady, her face suddenly changes, and felled embarrassments bear, from that time she never appeared the party of Chinese students. You never ask the Americans or British how much money he or she erne each month, which have nothing to say. Even his family worth of furniture you should not ask it. However, you can ask them the job title and what for a living. In China, marriage, political orientation, love affair is not asked it the same as the English-speaking countries, but religion you can ask. Americans very concerned about their weight, and they rarely disclose their weight, even if they are thin and fit. So,you had better don’t ask them. Now Chinese people are great importance to their own weight. During the Tang dynasty beautiful is based on fat but now the people think the thin people is beauty. So do not ask others how much weight do you have, or say he she is fat.4. Festival comparison tabooChristmas is the West's major events and festivals, and this festival’s taboos are primarily linked with Christmas pudding. Many Westerners think stir pudding can bring good luck for the coming year. But it only under the stirred pudding with clockwise can not be counter-clockwise; and you’re promised the desire can not tell anyone. In the Western Christian countries, people establish a "Passion Festival", the time of festival is the Friday before the Easter each year. Westerners generally think that it is an auspicious day. On this day, you must be not engaged in any thing symbolic link up Jesus suffering on the cross. Such as, barber ﹑nail a horse horseshoe, and all of thing need to nail the carpentry.Spring Festival is China's major festivals, of course, there are many taboos in! During the Spring Festival people would like to say good words, and bogey called the child: the traditional belief that children who started suffered a curse; she or he must be paid the whole year curse. Bogey sweep, it is a taboo sweep the garbageoutside: from the first day to fifth day you can not sweep out the garbage or out the sewage that because people fear of sweep out the wealth of home. Beginning of the two days people laundry: fish is essential food during the Chinese New Year, it is said that they "surplus." Eat fish, you should leave the head and tail, so that in the coming year you not only have food and clothing, as well as the remainder. The traditional view, during the Chinese New Year whether you were to be debt or you debt to other people, you would have a very bad luck throughout the year, so prohibit to collecting debts for others. It is a taboo that you visit a sleep person at the New Year's Day; in that case you have to wait until the other side to get up or it let each other party will throughout the year are in the bed.5. Comparison of superstitious tabooMany countries have superstitious taboos. There are some common superstition and taboos. In the Anglo-American society, as follows:1) To get out of bed on the wrong side means you will have a bad day. 2) It is unlucky to have a black cat cross the road in front of you. 3) To pass under a ladder will bring bad luck. 4) lit three cigarettes from a match will bring bad luck to a third person.5).broken a mirror will bring seven years bad luck.6)Opening an umbrella in the house is bad luck. Compared with the Anglo-Saxon countries, Chinese traditional agricultural society of superstition is also has much. For example marriage during the wedding day, all of people as far as possible away from the new bed in the evening before sleeping, in particular, others must not touch the new bed, it will be inauspicious. The wedding day, the bride can not be arbitrary lie in the bed, or the bride will long illness. It is a taboo that the kids throw the teeth everywhere. And Spring Festival is China's major events and festivals, so there are many superstitious taboos, such as the New Year's first day daughter who had been married is not back to her parents home, or her parents family would poor by eat, so only in the second day or the third back to her parents home.6. Comparative figures tabooNumber"13" and "Friday is primarily taboo in British many Britons will have a sense of imminent doom when the two numbers happen to together. The "666", is also very taboo. American bogey "13", "3", "Friday" and the word "old" because the United States is a competitive society, the elder always has "outdated", so fear old, taboo old, and dissatisfied with the old is always the personal unique outlook. In China, 4 is a number taboo, because "four" sounds like "death" is not unlucky.7. Comparison of gift tabooIn interpersonal relations, the British don’t welcome precious gift. You had better don’t send to British involving like the private life clothing, soap, perfume, with the company logo and advertising items is also not sent to the British .Contacts with the Americans, in particular, taboo cheap gift with your company logo, because it make other felled you are making advertisement for your company. Chinese always pay attention to the gift of elder we can not send clock, and to the husband and wife or lover we can not sent pear. Because the "send bell" and "nail in the coffin" homophonic “pear " and " clock " homophonic, these are not auspicious. And also we can not send drugs to healthy people and can’t get close supplies to the opposite sex. In English-speaking countries there are some taboos to send flowers. First, taboo sent the flowers with double because of the pairs of Flower will bring bad luck. It is also a taboo that to send white flowers, such as the white lilies, it is seen as a harbinger of doom or a symbol of death. In addition, send flower to patients in the hospital you shouldn’t send white flowers or red and white assorted flowers. Lilies and chrysanthemums have a symbol of death, so British are very taboo for them. In China generally has "good dual" theory, so any great rejoiced ceremony, you should send double gift, but Cantonese is taboo even "4", because inCantonese, the "4" sounds like a "dead" is not auspicious. It is a taboo that sends knives, scissors as a gift to people, because knives, scissors. It has the meaning of "a clean break,”. some of the traditional Chinese New Year or happy day, when you visit relatives and friends may be sent flowers or a bouquet, the flower’s color should be bright and enthusiastic, and it should comply with the festive atmosphere. Avoid sending the whole bundle white bouquets.ConclusionTaboo is almost everywhere, this paper only introduce those essential taboo in cross-cultural communication. Through the above comparisons, I believe that readers will certainly have some idea of Taboos about English-speaking countries and China It will give us a great help on our lives to understand these practices across international cultural taboos. Whether we going to study abroad or travel we need to know some of Western culture, knows them we can avoid unnecessary troubles in that time. In business negotiations we more need to these taboos, because we need to deal with foreigners, we should understand their culture. This will give us helpful in the business dealings. Therefore, I hope this article will helpful on your understanding taboos customary of western culture.。

中西方禁忌语文化差异性

中西方禁忌语文化差异性

中西方禁忌语文化差异性摘要:禁忌语作为一种特殊的语言现象,一定程度上反映了该民族的文化内涵,本文通过中西方在不同领域的禁忌语的表现的差异,探究其背后的文化渊源,文化内涵,为人们在跨文化交际过程减少失误、冲突以好的借鉴。

关键词:禁忌语;差异性;文化渊源一、引言禁忌(taboo)一词原意是“神圣的”、“不可接触的”或“要及其注意的”东西。

语言是一种社会现象,不同的语言代表着不同的文化。

语言根植于文化又反映着文化。

禁忌语作为一种语言现象有其文化根源。

我们在探讨中西方禁忌语的差异的同时,也要探其差异之源。

不同的文化渊源使中西方禁忌形成了不同的领域和类型。

中华文化博大精深、源远流长、自成一体,而西方文化的渊源则是古希腊、古罗马的神话和圣经。

二、中西方禁忌语的文化差异性的具体体现(一)、宗教方面的禁忌语在西方国家,宗教在社会生活和个人生活中有着举足轻重的作用和地位,是每个人不可缺少的东西,在西方文化中人们认为与宗教神灵相关的词语是神圣不可侵犯的,是不能随便提及的。

因此,上帝的说法有很多委婉的表示方法,比如用gosh来替代god的发音;用我们的父、创造万物的主来替代上帝的说法。

在中国五千年文化的发展过程中,对于宗教信仰则呈现出多民族多文化的现象。

道教、佛教、伊斯兰教都是主要的教派,同时在一些少数民族地区也有其独特的信仰文化,因此其禁忌语也各不相同。

比如,佛教中所提倡的是“不打妄语”,因此在谈话中不可过分狂妄、轻谈,不可说谎。

同时,中国人对于神灵有一种不可未知的尊崇,认为一旦说出来就会成真,因此,有一些非说不可的话语会用其它的用语来替代,例如,会用“寿材”来替代“棺材”。

(二)、人名方面的禁忌语在历史上,有关人名的禁忌语几乎存在于各个民族。

例如, 生活在北美的印第安人, 把自己的名字看作不仅是一种标记, 而且是自己的一部分,正如自己的眼睛和牙齿一样, 并且相信对自己名字的恶意对待就会像损害自己的肌体一样。

从大西洋到太平洋的许多部落中都有这种信念。

禁忌语在中西文化中的差异

禁忌语在中西文化中的差异

禁忌语在中西⽂化中的差异/294禁忌语在中西⽂化中的差异刘晓萌新疆⼤学国际⽂化交流学院摘要:语⾔禁忌⼀⽅⾯被视为语⾔现象中的⼀类,另⼀⽅⾯也属于⽂化现象,民族的区别主要是由于地理位置与⽂化历史的影响,所以语⾔禁忌各有千秋。

作为构成语⾔的关键部分,禁忌语能够将民族中背景、历史、风俗习惯还有价值观等改变。

本⽂针对⾃⼰在跨⽂化交际⾥所经历的事例展开分析,并从多个视⾓作为切⼊点展开对中西语⾔禁忌现象的对⽐研究,同时将跨⽂化交流中不需要运⽤的禁忌语提出了⼀些意见。

关键词:禁忌语;跨⽂化交际;中西⽂化差异⼀、禁忌(⼀)餐桌禁忌中国⼈在餐桌上的⽐较喜欢动态,但西⽅则爱静态,两者恰好相反。

中国⼈将美⾷作为⼈⽣中快乐的事情,所以排场都不⼩,⼗分热闹。

中国⼈往坐上坐后,会⼀直摆谈,相互敬酒,享受美⾷所带来的味蕾冲击。

该类的宴席将主⼈的热情与⼼意表达得淋漓尽致,同时⾷客在餐桌上所热闹是表达了⼼中的快乐。

中国⼈通常送上的七碟菜肴与饭⼀同⾷⽤,毕竟葬礼完后的“解慰酒”要七碟菜肴,⽽且⼀般吃饭时,我们不会将筷⼦垂直插⼊饭中,⽼⼈说因为这样像是在祭拜祖先。

另外,我们从⼩被教育,在吃饭时要避免筷⼦触碰饭碗发出声⾳,在吃饭的时候不要发出声⾳,这是对别⼈的尊重。

西⽅⼈在饭桌中与中国截然相反,他们⼗分安静,专注与⾃⼰盘中的餐⾷。

所以西⽅的⾷⽤阶段⼜明确的六条禁忌⾏为:进餐过程禁⽌出现响声;不准替他⼈去⾷物;不准在吃饭的过程中吸烟;不准向他⼈劝酒;不准在吃饭的时候脱下⾃⼰的⾐服;不可以谈令⼈作呕的事情。

邀请客⼈来品尝的⾷物是⽕鸡,所以欧美⼈认为鸡胸脯⼗分珍贵,因此⾷⽤鸡腿的过程中需要将⾻头剔除,不能够⽤⼿拿着⾷⽤。

要利⽤⼑叉辅助切着吃,但要避免切得过⼤或切成⽚状。

在整个⽤餐过程中,没有⼈吸烟,没有⼈酗酒或者说劝他⼈喝酒,也没有⼈去帮他⼈拿⾷物,整个就餐环境给⼈⾮常舒服的感觉。

(⼆)数字禁忌在数字⽂化中的核⼼内容是数字禁忌,所以很多数字⼈们更本不会提及,其实,针对数字⽽⾔⼤部分不存在优劣势与好差吉凶的区别。

中西方禁忌语的差异性-比较语言学论文-语言学论文

中西方禁忌语的差异性-比较语言学论文-语言学论文

中西方禁忌语的差异性-比较语言学论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档,下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——在人们的日常生活交往中,常常都会自觉不自觉地遵循一些交际禁忌语,就是说交际双方都清楚地知道哪些话该说不该说。

这就是我们所说的禁忌语。

语言禁忌于任何一个社会中都是普遍存在的文化现象,也是交际中的重要准则。

禁忌这一词,来源于18 世纪南太平洋群岛波利尼西亚的Tongan(汤加语)中的Taboo 一词,在现代英语中意为an inhi-bition or ban resulting from social custom or emotional aversion,而对应到汉语的意思就是被禁止或忌讳的言行.在当地的风俗是严格禁忌人们接触或者谈论神圣的或是卑贱的东西。

事实上,在中国的历史上也早就有记载了,东汉班固的《汉书艺文志阴阳家》云:及拘者为之,则牵于禁忌,泥于小数,舍人事而任鬼神。

由此可见,禁忌一词早就出现在汉代典籍中[1].所以其实中西方都非常重视禁忌语,只是在内容和形式有所不同而已。

一、禁忌语的特征禁忌语作为世界各国普遍存在的一种客观的社会文化现象,它也是受到各种因素的制约的。

它的特征主要表现在以下方面。

1. 禁忌语的时代性。

禁忌语的第一个特征表现在它的时代性,因为禁忌语有些是随着社会的发展而出现的,有些是随着时间的变化而消失的。

清朝时对诗句包含有清、明两字的都是禁忌,当年,明月清风是前人的口头禅,在清帝的耳朵里就是对清朝的讽刺,随时会招来杀身之祸。

但是在唐宋诗词中清明时节雨纷纷却被人们广泛传诵。

2. 禁忌语的民族性。

不同的民族的发展的过程中肯定会形成不同的文化特征,而不同的文化特征就会导致各民族的禁忌语的内容和形式上都会产生差异。

例如关于年龄的问题,英美国家的人对年龄问题不愿意多谈,妇女们对自己的年龄更是讳莫如深,他们认为这是非常隐私的问题,而隐私是在他们眼里是神圣不可侵犯的。

所以,遇到英美国家的同事或者朋友,绝对不要问:How old are you?还有就是,他们甚至在面试的时候也不会特意提及年龄问题。

中西禁忌文化比较

中西禁忌文化比较

中西禁忌文化比较作为跨文化交际的主要工具,语言与文化密不可分,语言本身也是一种文化现象。

本文从中英委婉语的视角探讨中西方在宗教迷信、社会心理、社会文明禁忌文化方面的异同点,以减少跨文化交际中可能出现的尴尬与麻烦。

标签:避讳与禁忌;中西文化;委婉语一、避讳、禁忌文化与委婉语的关系中西方避讳与禁忌思想历经数千年的变迁与发展,作为一种文化现象,不但没有消失,反而在此基础上产生出形形色色的委婉表达方式,这些曲折的表达又构成了另一种独特的文化现象。

委婉语文化也随历史发展、社会形态变迁和人们价值观的改变等经历着发展与变化。

作为避讳和禁忌文化的产物,委婉语长期以来广泛应用于社会各阶层及各领域,成为跨文化交际中协调人际关系和社会关系的重要手段。

因此,委婉语本身就是一种文化现象。

美国学者休.劳森说“委婉语如此深深植根于我们的语言,以致我们中间没有谁——即使是那些自诩言谈直截了当的人——能够在不使用委婉语的情况下过完一天。

”[1]各民族的语言禁忌都是在其特定的社会与民族文化中形成的,跨文化交际中若稍有不慎,便会产生尴尬、矛盾甚至冲突。

早在中国古代《礼记·曲礼上》就有记载:“入境而问禁,入国而问俗,入门而问讳。

”为避免言语犯禁,各类委婉语随之诞生。

语言学家陈原认为,委婉语词就是用“好听的,含蓄的,使人少受刺激的,或矒着邪恶的代表使他一时听不明白的代词,代替所要禁忌的语言”[2]二、中西禁忌文化与委婉语从古至今,禁忌文化广泛存在于中西方各民族、各阶层。

“人们自觉或不自觉地保护禁忌的权威,维持禁忌的实施。

”[5]因此,中西方的禁忌语林林总总,数量繁多。

语言学家沃德霍认为:“禁忌语乃社会对某种被认为有害于成员的行为表示不赞成的一种方法。

不赞成的原因或是超自然的,或是这种行为违背某种道德准则。

”[6]形形色色的禁忌语也催生出大量的委婉语。

(一)、迷信与宗教禁忌文化。

受迷信思想作祟或宗教文化影响,东西方各民族都存在诸多禁忌。

中西方礼仪的差异表现在哪几方面

中西方礼仪的差异表现在哪几方面

中西方礼仪的差异表现在哪几方面中西方礼仪的差异表现在哪几方面中西方礼仪有着较大的差异,这是众所周知的事情。

下面是店铺为你整理的中西方礼仪的差异,希望对你有帮助。

中西方礼仪的差异表现1、称谓称呼方面在西方,称呼是比较笼统的,一个称呼可以涵盖中国很多称呼。

例如,西方称呼男的为先生,称呼女的女士或小姐,而在我国“先生”第一解释是“教师”,是对教师最古老最悠久的称谓。

随着改革开放,先生已成为社会上最流行的尊称口语,西方人称”uncle”,可以涵盖我国的婶婶,伯母,姨。

他们对这些方面的关系也不如中国分明,中国父亲那边的为伯伯,姑姑,堂兄妹,母亲方为舅,姨,表兄妹。

在西方人们见面时喜欢直呼其名。

而在中国,人们喜欢加上职位,xx经理,xx总裁等。

这是身份与地位的象征,西方人很少用正式的头衔称呼别人,正式头衔用于法官。

高级政府官员、军官、医生、教授、高级宗教人士等。

2、交际语言方面中国人通常是见面点头致意,握手或行拱手礼,微微欠身然后握手,而西方人认为欠身显得自卑,拥抱是最常见的见面礼与道别礼,亲吻礼与吻手礼也较为常见。

在我国除了见面和告辞时使用,在表示祝贺、感谢或互相鼓励时也使用。

发展到现在,被简单的“你好”,“再见”所取代。

可是西方的贴面礼、亲吻礼、吻身礼,让国人仍很不习惯接受。

中国在见面时喜欢客套的问去哪了?有没有吃饭?西方则认为这侵犯了他们的隐私,感到奇怪。

送客离开时,中国人习惯挽留,说“走好”“慢走”,而西方仅微笑作再见就可。

3,宴请方面酒文化在中国由来已久,被视为做生意,交朋友等社交场合不可或缺的。

酒杯不空茶水不满。

在西方,通常喝啤酒、葡萄酒,不喜欢劝酒。

在中国,宴会喜欢共桌共菜,西方则认为不合卫生,实行分餐制。

中国人宴请时,觥筹交错,歌舞升平。

西方则要求少声响少动作,用餐程序较多。

4,禁忌习俗中国人不喜欢说4,因为与“死”同音,认为8、6吉利,偏向于双数,追求成双成对。

西方人不喜欢13。

缘起基督中的故事最后的晚餐,犹大出卖耶稣,有13个人。

禁忌语与委婉语的中西方文化特征

禁忌语与委婉语的中西方文化特征

禁忌语与委婉语的中西方文化特征禁忌语与委婉语是每个文化中的重要组成部分,它们反映了这个文化的价值观、道德观和社会规范。

禁忌语是指在特定文化中被认为不雅、不合适或不恰当的词语或表达方式。

而委婉语则是指通过措辞的方式,使用温和的语气和方式来表示否定、拒绝或不满。

中西方文化在禁忌语与委婉语方面有着不同的特征。

接下来我将分别从中西方文化的角度来讨论这两个方面。

1.中文禁忌语特征在中文文化中,禁忌语通常与社会、家庭、性别、宗教等相关。

使用一些污秽的词语或谈论与性相关的话题在中国文化中是不受欢迎的,因为中国人注重家庭和社会的稳定。

对上级或年长者模棱两可或含糊其辞也是中国文化中的禁忌。

在中文文化中,尊重他人和保持社会秩序是非常重要的价值观。

2.西方禁忌语特征在西方文化中,禁忌语通常与种族、性别、宗教、政治观点等相关。

西方文化倾向于更加开放和直接地表达自己的观点和感受。

言辞激烈、攻击性言辞或种族、性别歧视的言辞都是禁忌的。

在西方文化中,个人权利、言论自由和平等是非常重要的价值观。

1.中文委婉语特征在中文文化中,委婉语通常通过使用含糊其辞的措辞来表达。

中国人注重面子和关系的维护,因此在表达不满、拒绝或否定时会使用委婉的措辞。

“可能”、“或许”、“有点麻烦”等词语常常被用来表示拒绝或不满。

2.西方委婉语特征在西方文化中,委婉语通常通过使用缓和的语气和方式来表达。

西方人注重个人和他人的自由和平等,因此他们更倾向于直接且尊重地表达自己的观点和感受。

在表达不满、拒绝或否定时,他们通常会使用措辞较为委婉、礼貌的方式来表达。

中西方文化在禁忌语与委婉语方面存在着不同的特征。

中文文化注重社会秩序、尊重他人和维护面子,因此禁忌语多涉及社会、家庭和性别等方面。

委婉语通常通过含糊其辞的措辞来表达。

而西方文化注重个人权利、言论自由和平等,因此禁忌语多涉及种族、性别、宗教和政治观点等方面。

委婉语通常通过使用缓和的语气和方式来表达。

这些文化特征反映了不同文化对待言语、关系和社会规范的态度差异。

中西方文化比较之避讳数字

中西方文化比较之避讳数字
1.结婚、喜事忌包单数。 1.结婚、喜事忌包单数。 结婚
结婚的礼金不可以单,一定要双,例如2600元 3200元等等。 结婚的礼金不可以单,一定要双,例如2600元、3200元等等。 2600 元等等
2.病人、丧事忌包双数。 2.病人、丧事忌包双数。 病人
丧事包得礼金称之为白包,白包忌包双数,只能包奇数,例如1001元 2001元等 丧事包得礼金称之为白包,白包忌包双数,只能包奇数,例如1001元、2001元等 1001 不过白包通常量目不要包太多;探望病人通常很少送礼金,大部分是送花、 等,不过白包通常量目不要包太多;探望病人通常很少送礼金,大部分是送花、 水果等等,如果真的要送钱的话,基本上也是不能双数。 水果等等,如果真的要送钱的话,基本上也是不能双数。
列 奥 纳 多 . . . . . . . .
卡拉瓦乔 《耶稣被捕》 耶稣被捕》 (又名《犹大之吻》) 又名《犹大之吻》
西方人忌讳“13”,要是“13日”正赶上“星期五”被认 为更不吉利。分析家认为,问题不在这两个日子有什么魔法, 而是忌讳这两个数字的人心理在作怪。“13日”再加上“星期 五”是最“险恶”的日子,其由来要追溯到远古。据传说,犹 太教以星期五日落到星期六日落为休息日,称为安息日。按照 迷信的说法,每到这天,12个巫婆(witch)都要举行狂欢夜 会,第13个魔鬼(monster)是在夜会高潮时出现的撒旦 (Satan)。圣经的一些解释者认定,亚当和夏娃就是在这个 日子偷尝了禁果,亚当和夏娃的儿子该隐也是在“黑色星期五” 杀死了他的弟弟亚伯。 不仅普通人,名人也惧怕“13日”和 “星期五”。每当这时,歌德总是睡大觉,拿破仑绝不用兵, 俾斯麦不签署任何条约,即使是不触动任何人根本利益的文件 他也不愿签字。美国前总统胡佛•罗斯福也很迷信,有人还记 得,每月“13日”罗斯福都不出行,尽管并非每个13日都赶上 “星期五”。 其实,并非所有“13”都是不祥之兆,有的欧 洲人就很喜欢13。不错,以色列曾被分成13部分,可救世主恰 恰就是13日降临的。欧洲神秘的占卜术中有许多13,比如说, 有13眼天泉、13座天门、信奉上帝的人希望得到13种神药。而 在古埃及,在玛雅人(印第安民族群)的心目中,13象征着上 帝的青睐。有人认为13不仅不晦气,而且会给人带来运气。第 一位飞越大西洋的驾驶员林德伯格就是第13次飞越时获得成功 的———前12次都以失败告终…… 长期以来,人们为克服迷 信(superstition)、崇尚科学做了许多工作。例如,1791年, 英国一家造船厂准备造一条大船,厂家特意选择“13”号开工, 这一天正是“星期五”,而且这条船的名字也叫“星期五”, 大船第一次下水航行的日子还是“星期五”。

论中西方文化之禁忌语比较

论中西方文化之禁忌语比较

论中西方文化之禁忌语比较
摘要:禁忌语是英汉两种语言中普遍存在的一种社会文化现象,两种语言在语言禁忌方面既有相似之处也存在着不同之处,通过对比分析英汉两种语言中禁忌语的不同之处,能深刻地理解东西方不同的文化的内涵的价值观念能够帮助读者更准确地理解和使用,因此,了解中西文化中的语言禁忌,减少跨文化交际中不必要的冲突,做到‘入乡随俗’,有助于跨文化交流的成功。

关键词:禁忌语跨文化交际比较
引语
语言反映文化,是文化的载体,是文化的信念、习惯、生化模式和行为的总和,这一切大致为占据着特定地理区域的人们所共有。

不同国家所据哟的独特的文化深深地深藏在语言中,不同的民族有不同的文化背影,文化影响语言的使用与发展。

学习外语不仅是学习语言,而且是......
1中西禁忌比较
禁忌的内容比较广泛,本文拟就跨文化交际中重要的一些禁忌语加以论述。

1.1谈话内容的禁忌
1.2有关隐私的禁忌
1.3恭维语的禁忌
2价值观念的禁忌
2.1关于年龄的禁忌
2.2财富的禁忌
2.3老的禁忌
2.4数字的我禁忌
3社交禁忌
3.1送礼禁忌
3.2恭维语禁忌
4中西语言禁忌的趋同性
5结束语
总之,由语言禁忌所形成的特殊形态是中西社会所共有的现象,禁忌语不仅是一种语言现象,而且是一种社会现象,因此,具有社会禁忌文化方面的背景知识是英语国家的人和中国人顺利进行交际的必要条件……。

东西方文化差异

东西方文化差异

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。

西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。

而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。

中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。

当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。

在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。

如手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。

发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。

忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。

餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。

餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

First, cultural differences from the cutlery to use point of viewChopsticks and knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and Western table manners. Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits. The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food (to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures. Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo (which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.) When using the knife and fork there are some taboos. Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling. To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency. Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl. Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。

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中西文化禁忌对比
Definition
●文化禁忌是指在某个民族或宗教传统文化里禁忌的一些事物,行动或言
语。

来源:灵物崇拜。

十八世纪英国航海家库克来到南太平洋的汤加群岛,发现那里有许多奇特的现象,例如,某些东西只允许特定的头等人物(神、僧侣、国王、酋长)使用,而不允许一般人沾边;或只允许作特定的用途,而不准用于一般的目的;或不许某一社会集团(例如妇女)的人使用等等。

那里的居民称这种禁忌为taboo 直译为“塔布”
塔布。

后来“塔布”这个词进入了人类学、社会学、语言学等领域,作为一种特殊的社会现象(禁忌)的专用名称而被广泛运用。

“塔布”现象包括两方面:一方面是受尊敬的神物不许随便使用,另一方面是受鄙视的贱物不能随便接触。

因此,所谓“语言塔布”,实质上也包括两个方面,一是将语言当作神灵一样来崇拜(即语言拜物教),二是在某些场合对一些特定语言的禁用或代用(即委婉语词或鄙视语词的运用)。

语言禁忌
语言禁忌是语言灵物崇拜的结果。

语言本来是劳动创造并与劳动生产一起发展起来的一种社会交际工具。

但是在对自然现象和自然力不理解的环境里,语言往往和某些自然现象联系起来,或者同某些自然力给人类的福祸联系起来。

这样,语言就被赋予了一种它本身没有的、超人的感觉和超人的力量。

语言成了祸福的根源。

谁要是得罪这个根源,谁就会得到加倍的惩罚;反之,谁要是讨好这个根源,谁就会得到庇护和保佑。

这就自然而然地导致了语言的禁忌和灵物崇拜
汉语中的禁忌
●谐音式禁忌
●用反义语来替换不吉的词语,谓“讨口彩”
●用比喻来代替不吉的词语
英语语言中的禁忌
一般认为包括下列两大类:
●疾病(disease)
●死亡(death)
死亡禁忌
●“死”是各民族最忌讳的字眼,因此在语言交际中人们总是回避它,尽量用
委婉语代之。

英语中表示“死亡”的委婉语非常丰富,如“pass away, go to the heaven, go to sleep, go to see the God, depart, be in heaven with God”等等。

英汉不同的禁忌话题
1)年老。

●在中国,“老”字常带敬意,是资历和地位的象征,因此汉语中有“老师”、
“老同志”、“老大爷”“老师傅”等。

●西方人费尽心机地借用其他词项来委婉地表示“old”这一概念,如 a
seasoned man(历练者),the advanced in age(年长者),the mature(成熟者),elder hospital (老人团),retirement home(敬老院),private hospital (老人院),nursing home(养老院),golden age club(老年俱乐部)。

2)称谓
●古代汉语中尤其忌讳晚辈的名字与长辈的相同,或者有谐音字、同音字
●而在英美文化中就没有这么多禁忌。

●美国有许多城市、街道、地名用著名总统Washington(华盛顿)、Lincoln
(林肯)等命名,
●而美国各名牌大学常以赞助人的名字命名,如“Harvard”、“Stanford”等。

因而英语中有“name after…”(以……命名)这一短语。

节日禁忌
●圣诞节是西方的大节日,这个节日的禁忌主要和圣诞布丁联系着。

不少西
方人认为,搅动布丁能使自己在未来的一年中万事如意。

因此,在做圣诞布丁时,家庭的每个成员都至少要搅动一下布丁,并许下一个心愿,他们相信这个心愿极有可能实现。

但要注意,搅动布丁只能按顺时针方向,不能逆时针方向;许下的心愿不能告诉任何人。

●在西方信奉基督教的国家里,大多数人都信奉耶稣被叛徒出卖,被钉死在
十字架上而受难的故事。

为了纪念他设立了“耶稣受难节”,时间是每年复活节前最临近的那个星期五。

西方人一般认为这是一个不吉祥的日子。


这一天,绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情。

如理
发﹑给马钉马蹄铁,以及一切要钉钉子的木工活。

社交禁忌
●在英语国家,拜访某人需事先预约,忌突然造访。

●否则, 受访者会感到不快。

甚至拒绝晤谈。

因为这突如其来的拜访打乱了
受访者的工作安排, 给他造成了极大的不便。

●久而久之, 这便成了一条社交禁忌
公共场合禁忌( taboos in public places)
在英语国家, 人们在公共场合活动要严格按照先来后到的顺序, 严禁别人打扰。

比如到邮局或银行办事, 或到某处参观, 人们会根据先来后到的顺序排起队来, 并保持一定的距离。

他人不能加塞儿( queen- jumping) 。

到餐馆用餐, 如果人多客满, 后到的人不能打扰先到的人, 必须在门口等候, 也不可到餐厅内任意游走, 或自己找位子。

●打喷嚏( sneeze) 是一种生理现象, 但在公共场合或与朋友聚会, 绝对禁止
冲着他人打喷嚏。

这是中西都有的禁忌。

实在要打喷嚏或擤鼻子时, 要用纸或手绢捂着鼻子, 转过身去。

事后还要说一声对不起( Excuse me) 周围的人会说一声“上帝保佑你” ( God bless you) ,或“祝你健康”( keep fit/wish you healthy) 的话语, 其来源说法不一。

送礼禁忌( taboos in giving presents)
●英语国家, 人们送礼一定要有缘由, 忌讳毫无意义的送礼。

●通常, 在婴儿出生、个人生日、男女结婚、相互拜访、重要的节日等情况
下才送礼
●中国人有大致相似的礼俗。

毫无缘由地送礼常使受礼者感到莫名其妙, 弄
不清送礼者的真实意图。

送花禁忌
●黄玫瑰忌: 英国人忌以黄玫瑰为礼花。

英国传统习俗认为,黄玫瑰象征亲
友分离。

●在英国送花忌送双数,因为双数的花会招来厄运。

也忌讳送白色的花,给
医院的病人送花忌送白色或红白相间的花。

饮食禁忌( taboos in diet)
●中国人的饮食禁忌多数表现在饮食规矩上, 而不在饮食内容上。

中国人几
乎什么都吃, 鸡鸭鱼肉, 山珍海味, 甚至包括动物的头脚和内脏都可以拿来做成美味佳肴, 供人享用。

●在这一点上, 英语国家的人要逊色得多。

他们忌吃肥肉、粘骨和鸡鸭类的
皮( 烤鸭、烧鸡的皮除外) , 忌食各种动物的头、脚、内脏做成的食品, 忌食某种特殊动物做成的肉类食品, 如狗肉、蛇肉等。

忌食中国的臭豆腐、虾酱之类浓味食品, 忌食大蒜或某些酸辣味道。

在饮食规矩方面, 也有许多禁忌, 比如喝汤时忌出声; 进餐时, 忌大吃大嚼, 狼吞虎咽; 用刀叉取菜时忌叮当作响; 尤其忌讳刀叉弄响了水杯。

餐毕, 刀叉要在盘中按规矩放好, 忌乱放; 饭后忌当众剔牙; 口中满嘴食物时, 忌说话; 中国人认为“食不言, 寝不语”。

颜色禁忌
●红色
●在中国忌用红色笔写信和写自己的名字
●丧礼上禁用红色认为是对死者的大不敬
黄色
●黄色书刊电影指淫秽的书刊,电影
数字禁忌
西方禁忌13:
●西方人很忌讳13这个数字,不管什么什么与13有关都会被认为不好不吉
利。

●受这一影响,中国情侣之间也很忌讳13,因为它与中文“失散”谐音。

●传说耶稣受害前和弟子们共进了一次晚餐。

参加晚餐的第13个人是耶稣
的弟子犹大。

就是这个犹大为了30块银元,把耶稣出卖给犹太教当局,致使耶稣受尽折磨。

参加最后晚餐的是13个人,晚餐的日期恰逢13日,“13”给耶稣带来苦难和不幸。

从此,“13”被认为是不幸的象征。

“13”是背叛和出卖的同义词。

●因为忌讳,西方人千方百计避免和“13”接触
●在荷兰,人们很难找到13号楼和13号的门牌。

他们用“12A”取代了13
号。

●在英国的剧场,你找不到13排和13座。

●法国人聪明,剧场的12排和14排之间通常是人行通道。

●此外,人们还忌讳13日出游,更忌讳13人同席就餐,13道菜更是不能
接受了。

● 1 970 年4 月1 3 日, 从39号( 1 3 的三倍) 发射台升空的阿波罗1 3
号宇宙飞船因氧气瓶爆炸事故而宣告失败, 更使对“1 3”的恐惧心理上升为“数字 1 3恐惧症”。

●中国人忌讳“四”
●“三”在东方文化中有时也属于忌讳的范畴, 中国人认为“三”跟
“散”谐音, 在许多喜庆的场合避免使用该数字。

然而, 汉语中有“三只手”的说法用来指小偷, 翻译为英语却不是“three hand”而是“five
fingers”。

●年龄禁忌
●中国人忌讳55岁和66岁这两个年龄被认为可能有难●人活55 阎王数一数
●人活66 不死也要掉块肉
●还有73和84 是难过的关口。

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