12月托福机经——阅读(手工整理)
12月05日_大陆托福机经回忆
2020年12月05日大陆托福机经回忆阅读第一篇,艺术类。
讲美国一个摄影家,他的几个经典作品,有一个是关于inuit人的(确实是住igloo冰洞的那种北极人),他的摄影风格是喜爱用长镜头(问题,为啥用长镜头),因为不容易干扰到原生态inuit,如此能够重现primitive为了重现场景,他还从头搭过一个什么场景(有问题,问为啥重建场景)然后又介绍了两个其他的摄影师原文如下(其实比下面的简短一点点,可是难度仍是专门大!)Robert J. FlahertyRobert Joseph Flaherty (16 February 1884, Iron Mountain, Michigan –23 July 1951, Dummerston, Vermont) was an American filmmaker who directed and produ ced the first commercially successful feature length documentary film, Nanook of the North (1922), made his reputation, and nothing in his later life equalled its succes s, although he continued the development of this new genre of docufiction, eg. with Moana (1926), set in the South Seas.He is a progenitor of ethnographic film. Jean Rouch and John Collier Jr. would prac tice and theorize the genre as visual anthropology, a subfield of anthropology, in t he 1960s.Flaherty was married to writer Frances H. Flaherty from 1914 until his death in 195 1. Frances worked on several of her husband’s films, and received an Academy Awardnomination for Best Original Story for Louisiana Story (1948).Flaherty was one of seven children born to prospector Robert Henry Flaherty (an Iris h Protestant) and Susan Klockner (a German Roman…read moreRobert Joseph Flaherty (16 February 1884, Iron Mountain, Michigan –23 July 1951, D ummerston, Vermont) was an American filmmaker who directed and produced the first com mercially successful feature length documentary film, Nanook of the North (1922), made his reputation, and nothing in his later life equalled its success, although he co ntinued the development of this new genre of docufiction, eg. with Moana (1926), set in the South Seas.He is a progenitor of ethnographic film. Jean Rouch and John Collier Jr. would prac tice and theorize the genre as visual anthropology, a subfield of anthropology, in t he 1960s.Flaherty was married to writer Frances H. Flaherty from 1914 until his death in 1951. Frances worked on several of her husband’s films, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Story for Louisiana Story (1948).Flaherty was one of seven children born to prospector Robert Henry Flaherty (an Iris h Protestant) and Susan Klockner (a German Roman Catholic); he was sent to Upper Ca nada College in Toronto for his education. Flaherty began his career as a prospector in the Hudson Bay region of Canada, working for a railroad company.In 1913, on his third expedition to the area, his boss, Sir William Mackenzie, sugg ested that he take a motion picture camera along so that he could record the unfam iliar wildlife and people he encountered. He was particularly intrigued by the life of the Inuit people, and spent so much time filming them that he had begun to neg lect his real work. On the other hand, he received an avid response from anyone wh o saw the footage he shot.To make the film, Flaherty lived with an Inuit man, Allakariallak, a nd his family for some time before beginning filming. On his return to the South, the nitrate film was destroyed in a fire started fr om his cigarette; Flaherty returned to the community, lived another y ear there, and reshot the film. He later claimed that this was to his advantage, since he was unhappy with the original footage. Accord ing to him, it was too much like a travelogue and lacked a cohesiv e plot.For the new film, Flaherty staged almost everything, including the en ding, where Allakariallak (who acts the part of Nanook) and his scre en family are supposedly at risk of dying if they could not find o r build shelter quickly enough. The half-igloo had been built beforeh and, with a side cut away for light so that Flaherty’s camera coul d get a good shot. Flaherty also insisted that the Inuit not use r ifles to hunt, though they had become common, and pretended at one point that he could not hear the hunters’pleas for help, instead continuing filming their struggle and putting them in greater danger.Nanook of the North (1922) was a successful film, and Flaherty was in great demand afterwards. On a contract with Paramount to produce another film on the order of Nanook, Flaherty went to Samoa to film Moana (1926). The studio heads repeatedly asked for daily rushes bu t Flaherty had nothing to show because he had not filmed anything y et —his approach was to try to live with his subject, becoming f amiliar with their way of life before building a story around it to film. Flaherty was also concerned that there was no inherent confli ct in the islanders’way of life, providing further incentive not t o shoot anything. Eventually he decided to build the film around the ritual of a boy’s entry to manhood. Flaherty was in Samoa from A pril 1923 until December 1924, with the film completed in December 1 925 and released the following month. The film, on its release, was not as successful as Nanook of the North.Louisiana Story (1948) was another heavily fictionalized “documentary,”this one about the installation of an oil rig in a Louisiana sw amp. The film stresses the oil rig’s peaceful and unproblematic coex istence with the surrounding environment, and was in fact funded by Standard Oil, a petroleum company. The main character of the film is a Cajun boy. The poetry of childhood and nature, some critics woul d argue, is used to make the exploitation of men and nature look b eautiful. Virgil Thomson did the music for the film.Flaherty and Dziga Vertov are considered the pioneers of documentaryWhile living in Northern Quebec for the year of filming Nanook, Flah erty had an affair with his lead actress, the young Inuit woman who played Nanook’s wife. A few months after he left, she gave birth to his son, Josephie, whom he never acknowledged. Josephie was one of the Inuit who were relocated in the 1950s to very difficult li ving conditions in Resolute and Grise Fiord, in the extreme North (s ee High Arctic relocation). Flaherty knew of his son’s difficulties, but took no action.问题有考vocab第二篇emotion 我印象中之前黄金阅读中有一篇类似的确实是人类表达6种情绪的表情是类似的,小孩的表情是本能的,比如吃到bitter的东西时候等。
12月14日托福考试机经
独立题:1、Describe a gift that you gave to a friend.2、What is the most important quality the teacher should have?3、Would you like to make friends with the same interests or the one with different interests?4、Do you agree or disagree: Young people today know more about world events than their parents did before?5、Describe a time when you learned a new subject and how did you learn it.6 、 Which technology has made the greatest impact on people ’ s life in your country? Airplane,computer or television.7、Some people believe that it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. Which do you agree?8、Do you agree or disagree: students should do part-time job before attending to college.9、What do you think we should do to decrease the usage of car or other vehicle and solve the traffic problems?10、The university is planning to allow students to watch TV in dormitories. What are the advantages and disadvantages about it.11、More and more people care about their health, which of the following do you think is the best way to maintain health, exercises, eating healthy or getting enough sleep.12、University students often feel home sick when they are away from home. What do you often do to deal with home sickness?13、Some people think students should study in the classroom while others believe they should visit the museum or the zoo. Which do you prefer and why?14、Some people like to collect old things such as newspapers. Others throw things away after they have used them. Which do you prefer and why?15、Some schools require students to take part in community service activities after school. Which of the following do you think is the bestactivity for students? 1. planting flowers in the community 2.doing clean-ups in the garden 3. recycling waste.16、Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Teachers should make their lessons fun.17、Do you prefer to do a job which requires you to travel a lot, or a job that allows you to work at a fixed location?18、Do you prefer a job which requires you to communication with others, or do you prefer a job where you work alone.19、What quality do you think is the most important for a university student? Self-motivation, hard-working, or intelligence?20、Do you agree or disagree with the statement: artists and musicians are important to our society.21、Which activity is best to cultivate children to become maturity? 1) Take part in a sport team 2)take more talks with elders of community 3) take long trips .22、If there are two residences, the first one is a residence with strict rules, the second one is a residence without any strict rules, which one are you prefer to live?23、What kind of activities do you enjoy most at school? Explain why you enjoy doing this activity.24、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Must a person have talent in order to be an artist?25、What is your favorite place to study? Give details and examples in your response.26、Some people prefer a job which deals with the same tasks every day. Others prefer a job which deals with many different tasks.27、Your friend wants to drop out of college, do you agree with this choice? Give details and examples in your response.28、Do you agree that if students hand their assignments in past the deadline, the teacher should reduce students' scores?29、Currently, air pollution is a serious problem. Describe several ways to reduce air pollution.30、Some prefer to live in historic and old houses while some prefer tolive in new and modern buildings. Which one do you prefer?第三题:1、学校要节省能源,从图书馆开刀,关灯,关空调。
TOEFL iBT机经汇总阅读
2005年11月5日第一篇我是先读文章,后几篇是先读问题再看文章。
我觉得后看文章比较省时间。
11月8日第一篇是将在一定的海拔的“植物线”现象,就是在垂直几十米内,树迅速消失,代之以灌木或光秃秃之类的东西。
建议大家查背景材料熟悉。
20分钟14题。
一共做了2个40分钟的阅读,各两篇。
这和在摸考不同,估计可能是有一个用来做测试。
记不太清楚了,但记得最后一篇是将underground water的成因的。
请自己查背景材料。
还有一个是讲中世纪农业技术和工具的提高使人口增长,但文章认为说不清谁是因果。
第一项是阅读,3个长篇,真是够长。
第一篇我是先读文章,结果第一遍读下来以后什么信息都没记住,浪费了不少时间,差点没做完。
最后一道2分题肯定错了。
后来的几篇我是一边做题一边读文章我觉得方法也不是很好。
电脑系统要求先读文章,我就把下滑条迅速一支拉下来,不知道这样做会不会影响成绩,担心中...11月19日先说阅读第一篇是将在一定的海拔的“植物线”现象,就是在垂直几十米内,树迅速消失,代之以灌木或光秃秃之类的东西。
建议大家查背景材料熟悉。
20分钟14题。
我一共做了2个40分钟的阅读,各两篇。
这和在摸考不同,估计可能是有一个用来做测试。
记不太清楚了,但记得最后一篇是将underground water的成因的。
请自己查背景材料。
还有一个是讲中世纪农业技术和工具的提高使人口增长,但文章认为说不清谁是因果。
一来就是五篇听力(大家一起祈祷ETS把它改成三篇吧!)。
第一个二十分钟第一篇文章,第二个四十分钟第二,三篇,第三个四十分钟第四,五篇。
每篇七八百字。
直接效果就是看了下文忘了上文。
几乎各种题型都考到了。
每篇都有句子插入题,最后一题一律是summary文章大意。
做完后可以review,看看是不是有漏掉的题。
传说中的难词解释出现过两次,只记得有个是讲表面张力的,说的是水的蒸发问题。
12月2日三个SECTION. 1/2/2 .做的不好,没读进去. 就不误导了.这次可能就失败在阅读了.IBT考试很吵, 互相干扰很大. 特别是SPEAKING 对LISTENING 的干扰. ETS 只顾赚钱了. 建议早点CH ECK IN.希望JJ能对大家明天的考试有帮助. 最后祝Cders都考出好成绩.12月3日难于以往的真题和practise 的IBT 试题. 题型与practise的一致1: 讲的是有关AMERICAN REVOLUTION后关于政府方面的改革及遇到的困难2:原始社会society的若干种形式,进行了对比3:地球的板块学说从被质疑到被接受的过程.心得: 先看题目再看文章会节约很多的时间12月16日SECTION 11. LONDON的由来,罗马帝国对他的影响,LONDON的地理因素使之成为交流中心。
托福2016年下半年阅读机经
Biology
Poisonous Insects and the Birds that Eat them
7月16日
history
The Rise of Florence
biology
Characteristics of Tropical Rain Forest
biology
Why Nonavian Dinosaur Become Extinct?
8月27日
History
Photography and pictorial weeklies
Magafauna Eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtinction Green Crab
Differences between Ancient Europe Towns and Villages Constraints on Natural Selection The decline of Western Rome Insect senses
Art 12月11日
The Sistine Ceiling
History
Explanation of the Collapse of Bronze Age Societies
biology
12月10日
economy
Geology
Effects of Predation on distribution of species The Age of Industrialism Methane and PETM
History art
Coal, Iron and Steam cinema
biology
The Extinction of the Dinasours
biology
12月19日-12月20日托福口语机经
1 关于机经,浅尝辄止,非 正道也!你的文笔和流畅 度, 都不会因为仅知道这个 话题而改变。 2 机经仅解决破题问题,看 过不准备, 中了也没用—— 准备好答案,背熟,实属正 道也!
温馨提示
3 最后, 奉劝各位托福小主, 不要把机经当投机,否则, too young too simple, sometimes naive.
Task 1 1. Some countries now take measures to attract a large amount of foreign tourists for the tourism site. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of attracting a large amount of foreign tourists in tourism site, give examples to illustrate your points. In my view, attracting a host of foreign tourists to visit the tourism site is helpful to boost tourism and improve the local economy. Local people are able to increase their income and enhance their living standards. More visitors means more job opportunities and the unemployment issue will be tackled in this way. On the contrary, if there’re more foreign visitors, the primitive lifestyle of local residents might be influenced and even changed dramatically. For instance, some local people who used to make a living by agriculture or making traditional handicrafts may start to run a hotel or a restaurant so the local culture cannot be well preserved. 2. 如果有两所大学同时录取你, 一所是名牌大学, 但学费很贵; 另一所没名气, 但给你提供奖学金,你怎么选? Personally, I would choose to study in a well-known university rather than universities which are not so famous. The main reason is that I would be able to receive a better education in a well-known university which facilitates more advanced teaching resources and teaching equipment. Plus, there would be much more chances to meet intelligent and excellent peers, which could be incredibly eye-opening and beneficial for my future career. Most importantly, graduating from a key university would make it easy to find a decent job, since good companies and large international firms are more likely to employ graduates from renowned universities. 3. Your friend has to work a lot. Please suggest a hobby to him to help him spend his weekend more delightful. I suggest that my friend should join a hiking club which organizes hiking on weekends, which I consider will bring great benefits to my friends’ physical health and psychological health. To begin with, hiking is definitely a beneficial outdoor activity
2022年12月12日大陆托福机经回忆
2022年12月12日大陆托福机经回忆阅读部分:第一篇第二篇是关于蛇的舌头为什么分叉的。
前半部分是关于一个教授的理论的当时被很多人接受,但后来一个谁谁通过解剖还是显微镜什么的观察舌头结构推翻了他的理论。
还有去契合嘴里的VNO(我记不清了这块,一大堆生词),然后说经过某-ray鉴定,这假设不对,那舌头放的位置不是VNO那里,而是忘偏下部放置化学物质.然后后文讲这蛇啊蜥蜴啊等动物有这种舌头,这种舌头非常敏感啊,可以同时辨别两种物质,又可以干嘛干嘛的.结尾说其它动物也有类似的器官有相似的作用呃,然后举例什么的。
中间有一段说这个新的研究提出了四点,其中一个貌似是舌头的两个叉收集的信息不同,可以综合到一起,还有一点是这两个叉分别和蛇大脑的两个半球相连接什么的,记不清了。
第三篇是讲专利,解释专利权还有什么的发明,有了专利权,发明人就可垄断该项技术。
古代没有专利权,因此很多人即使有了发明也不会说出去,让它成为一个秘密。
后来在欧洲的一个国家,第一步专利权法案诞生,规定发明人可在10年内垄断该技术(好像是)该国发现专利法案颁布后,发明创造的出现与社会经济发展有相互作用,随后英国也颁布了权利法案,但当时其殖民地却很少实施该法案原因有两个:1人们不了解这个法案2申请专利权过程太繁琐,发明人必须亲自去到位于英国的办事处什么的(有题问实施不了的原因)美国独立后也颁布了以英国专利权法案为基础的法案,其保证了无论艺术,科技,机器等只要是origin并1公众有权了解新发明,包括其详细信息及原理(具体的忘了),专利权法案阻碍信息的获取。
2申请条件的第三条比较无理,所有想法都是建立在以前的知识上什么的。
阅读词汇:fabricate=producepledge=promieecrete=produceephemeral=hort-livedinherently=eentiallyconjecture=concluionprominent=outtandingforage=erachforfoodthu=conequentlyunophiticated=imple听力部分:Converation1:男童鞋VS学校工作人员(欧巴桑)有关campubu的topic童鞋询问大妈campubu能不能提供学校到airport的服务大妈说noproblem需要StudentID而且免费然后立刻发觉不对改口说到airpoert有pecialfee一天两个班次早上一班,晚上一班对话后面确认了时间早上9:00晚上19:00童鞋询问回程问题大妈说也有不过错过的话要等下一班会很久童鞋担心因为自己航班特别晚大妈提议train(我觉得是有题)线路正好符合经过学校的童鞋问butop在哪儿大妈说:我就知道你会问!(有题因为很重要)说就在library前面大体是这样欢迎补充Lecture1:女profeor介绍coldblood动物也就是Ectotherm说这种动物其实就是蜥蜴什么的是靠外界环境维持体温的比如阳光等有一种动物体温可以维持在37度左右和人差不多所以说它们是冷血动物其实不太准确(此处有题)然后介绍一种动物应该是某种蜥蜴记不清了生活在一个小岛上(具体在哪儿忘了好像是南美不过没题无所谓了)此岛环境极为恶劣没有plant 可以吃它们每天起来先啥日光浴吸收热量会很惬意的tretch四肢充分吸收太阳越来越毒持续暴晒它们到后来姿势也有所收敛并且也会找阴凉地方休息它们需要跳到海中进食吃eaweed等东西但是海水温度很低会严重影响他们的生理状态(有题)等它们上岸的时候热量丧失很严重机能下降无法进行正常新陈代谢甚至无法消化食物会一直休息到太阳落山到dark的时候才能缓过来用保存起来的仅有的热量混过去后面讲Endotherm也就是warm-blood动物但是民以食为天这种不吃肯定不行所以生存能力相比Ectotherm有时还差一点吃进去的东西80%的卡路里都用于维持自身热量了虽然Ectotherm给人感觉比较原始初级但是少量进食可以urvive其实比较高效Lecture2:男profeor讲filmtudyilentfilm的历史(有题)profeor先说现在的技术很牛了blabla然后说不妨看看最初的情况吧切到ilentfilm时代问问大家对这时代电影有啥看法点名前面坐着的黑大个黑大个说:啊Idon'tknow倒是挺intereting的(有题应该选c吧不能显得批判太狠)profeor说至少你说了实话不过也承认takeeffort才能看得进去然后介绍ilentfilm虽然受到很多技术局限但和现在的人们不搭调主要还是tate问题不同时代的人欣赏角度不同么走出真人表演就是很重要的一步了介绍了一部叫battlehip某某的电影说拍了船舰的技术在当时算不错了(有题)但是演员都不是专业的所以显得糙又说film和muicdancing的不同后者都是从一开始就挺牛的最初就发展了但film的优点或者说独特的地方就是现代人还可以欣赏到最初的作品比如ilentfilm(有题)我们觉得那个时代表演太夸张太滑稽问原因(有题)是因为他们是从戏院出来的(我个人观点)介绍了一个那时很牛的女演员演了很多各种各样的角色一些技术很出色(有题)Converation2:男童鞋VS女profeor有关童鞋的文学termpaper教授先问他自己怎么看他说自己写完后看过一遍觉得没写出自己想写的东西(有题)他的题目是Dicken的一部著作好像是catleof某某教授说你这写得确实不怎么样这是问题之一学生的文章一定要和aignment的要求对应你跑题了另外重大问题就是完全没有中心思想就是堆砌了很多知识看不出purpoe(以上双选)然后教授讲了讲应该怎么写举例说明比如要写Dicken的朋友就从一个他具体的朋友开始写(有题)一个女他俩关系很复杂既是iterinlaw又是朋友总之女人在他生命中扮演多重角色可以写这种relationhip在他作品里的体现童鞋问需不需要重写paper教授说你想重写我不拦你但是也可以把精力放在下一个paper上讨论的著作不一样但用的方法应该是差不多的童鞋怕分数最后受影响还是想重写教授说可以重写不过你至于么还有4-5个paper最后分数最低的一个可以去掉的童鞋恍然大明白说也是啊多谢了Lecture3:男profeor(眼镜男)讲collagraphy也就是拼贴画技术挺有意思的之前他让同学做了一个collage的project比较imple现在要教新的东西了collagraphy是collage的进阶要复杂一点然后开始讲制作的步骤首先是material:collage只是magazine的photo的拼接collagraphy什么都能用最好能用各种不同te某ture的当然如果用flowerleave什么的比较容易腐烂最好能用omething:thintrongdurable(有题)还举了个他觉得很好的作品一个人选urbanetting为背景做collagraphy使用了分layer设计houe是一层window在不同层还用了teelwire (有题)选好材料之后就是具体的制作流程了(有排序题)裁剪之后glueintoplate(这个plate的材料选择也提到了其实很方便有题)eal起来然后涂上ink这个应该dry得很快20min但是要wipeplate的为了让ink显示明暗差异等然后装进pre(这里要小心用printer就一个profeor和学校抗议一年了也没多买有题)然后coverpaper在上面(这个不是100%确定是不是最后一步)最后说这次只能做单色的以后有机会再多色Lecture4:profeor(不好意思忘了这位性别)讲ga冰箱为啥不如电冰箱流行(有题)product的推广其实不仅仅看产品的质量和很多其他因素有关比如ga冰箱相对于电冰箱是有很多优势的很委屈的却输掉了竞争优势包括比较quiet然后不是movable就是液态ammonia灌进去蒸发以后会冷却储藏的食物这样反复循环讲了一下大致的原理但没出题但是ga冰箱没有用电如何使得蒸发及冷却进行的呢?此时有同学接茬:gaoline教授说正是又说了ga冰箱是怎么通过gaoline工作的这个原理为懒得说了因为没题还是比较清楚简单的电线比较容易leak那时电路还不稳很容易breakdown所以ga稳定一些noie还小而且不会轻易动其实相对于电冰箱是有优势的为啥输掉市场竞争呢切回开头话题了因为电气公司大啊富啊有钱生产特别多电冰箱价格就便宜而且你不买电冰箱也得从他们那儿买电不是?而生产ga冰箱的公司就没有这种实力了不多的公司要是当初能好好投资就不至于这么被淘汰了后面介绍的这部分有题。
托福机经2010年11-12月机经汇总(钟会之和王京竹)
08.1.27北美08.9.5北美09.11.17北美08.2.2大陆08.3.15大陆08.4.27大陆08.5.17大陆09.5.31大陆大陆08.3.3008.9.6大陆08.9.28大陆08.12.13大陆09.2,22大陆2008 年4 月27 日第一篇生命起源也是生物学的文章。
关于巴斯德(曲颈瓶的发明者,反对生命自然发生说)以及米勒的实验(将碳氢化合物分子,如甲烷、氨和氢等与水混合,一起灌入到一个特殊的玻璃装置中,给瓶内混合物加热,使之不断沸腾,产生气体。
气体经过一个装有两个电极的小室,室内连续产生火花,犹如大自然的闪电和火山爆发,然后经过冷却又变成液体回到原处。
最后产生了组成现代生命的蛋白质结构中的几种氨基酸成分)。
文章首先说人们认为微生物是自然发生的,巴斯德却认为微生物本来就存在于空气中,像尘埃一样到处飘。
为了验证他的观点,就做了一个实验:把一锅汤煮沸然后密封,多天之后汤没有变质,说明没有产生微生物。
反对者又说必须要与大气接触才会有化学反应从而出现微生物,于是巴斯德设计了一种曲颈瓶,(这里有提到这个人的前老板,说给了一个crucial idea,问指什么,我选的是这个曲颈瓶,但是不确定是不是正确)瓶内的液体可以接触外界空气,但是空气中微生物无法进入瓶中。
巴斯特将汤盛入这种曲颈瓶中,多天以后,也没有变质,从而证明了他自己的观点。
(这里也有题,说第二次试验巴斯德用的是什么,我选择untreated air,仅供参考)尔后,文章又说,虽然巴斯德是正确的,但是地球起初并没有任何生命,所以肯定至少有一次,(这里也有题目,问什么忘记了,我选的是他的理论在逻辑上有问题,因为没有第一次产生空气中哪里漂浮微生物嘛)生命是自然发生的。
后面还有一题问地球初期与我们现在的有什么区别(我选的是好像是没那么多氧气,但此题毫无把握,完全靠猜)于是就说了米勒的那个实验。
证明了生命始有可能自然发生的。
最后一段讲米勒的这个实验要是没有发现xxx (具体不记得了),也就不会那么著名了,后面有题目考的1. 问问什么第一个科学家要进行那个初次试验。
5日托福阅读机经
托福考试(TOEFL)/备考辅导2015年12月5日托福阅读机经12月5日托福阅读词汇题:supplement=add toexclusively=solelyanxious=worryenduring=lastingerase=eliminateculminate=endexploit=useinitiate=startemergence=appearanceautonomous=independent12月5日托福阅读第一篇考生回忆:本文讲的是照片的发展史。
第一段讲了照片是使用D技术摄制的,这项技术因为反应了自然的真实而被人们所喜爱。
在乡村地区,不同的个体都是独干,因此照片的质量也不尽相同。
对比之下,城市地区出现了一些像照相馆一样的地方。
第二段,D发展成了另外一种PPW,它解决了D只能在屏幕上展现一张照片的局限性。
正因为可以展现多张照片,所以可以解决不同的家庭成员对不同照片的需求。
第三段和第四段,既然PPW可以解决不同家庭成员的需求,相应地,也就可以解决不同社会的焦虑。
人们可能无法适应社会的发展,而照片就把社会上的各种各样的人呈现出定个的样子,就像古时代的社会画像一样。
人们可以把那些遇到的陌生人转化成他们所熟悉的一个模式来了解。
第五段,有一个商人A在城里开了一个画廊,里面展览了很多名人的照片。
很多人来到这个地方,因为她们希望通过观看名人的likeness来发现他们的内在。
这个画廊也因为人们也因为人们的喜爱被不断迁徙到更好的位置。
这个商人A也觉得自己牛逼得不行了。
第六段,商人A也邀请了一些政界领导人为他们拍照并且挂在画廊里。
政界人士也觉得特别可以,觉得这是一个自我推销。
而人民也觉得他们可以通过照片来了解领导人,看看她们说的那些政策是否可以贯彻。
另外人们也可以把它们看到的那些品质作为自己的目标。
解析:本文围绕着在照片的发展史进行讨论。
与植物学相关的话题是托福阅读的常客,也是学生们比较陌生的题材。
2023年12月托福写作机经范文
2023年12月托福写作机经范文很抱歉,截至2023年7月,还无法获取2023年12月的托福写作机经内容呢。
不过我可以给你提供一个托福写作范文的范例(以一道常见的独立写作题目为例),让你了解一下口语化、幽默化且逻辑清晰的托福写作风格:题目: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to travel abroad to visit different countries when you are younger rather than when you are older.范文:Well, I wholeheartedly agree that it's way better to travel abroad when you're younger.First off, when you're young, you're like a little sponge, just ready to soak up all kinds of new and crazy stuff. You know, older folks, they might be set in their ways a bit. But when you're young, you're more open minded. For example, if you go to a place like India, with its super colorful festivals, strange looking but super delicious food like currythat's so spicy it makes your nose run, and all those different religious ceremonies. A young person is more likely to jump right in, try on the traditional clothes, and dance in the street during a festival. An older person might just stand on the sidelines and watch, thinking it's all a bit too much hassle.Another thing is that young people are generally more physically fit. Traveling abroad can be tough. There are long flights where you're all cramped up like a sardine in a can, and then once you land, there's a lot of walking around, climbing up ancient temples in places like Thailand or trekking through the rainforests in Costa Rica. I remember when I was in my twenties, I could backpack for days, sleeping in hostels that were notexactly five star accommodations, but it was all part of the adventure. My grandpa, on the other hand, he needs his afternoon nap and a comfy bed at night. If he were to travel like that, he'd be worn out in no time.Finally, traveling young gives you more stories to brag about whenyou're older. Imagine sitting around with your grandkids one day andtelling them about the time you rode a camel across the Sahara desert when you were just twenty. That's so much cooler than saying, "Well, kids, I finally went abroad when I was sixty five and just sat on a tour bus most of the time."So, yeah, traveling abroad when you're young is the way to go. It's like a once in a lifetime opportunity to have the most amazing and wild experiences while you still can.。
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第一篇英国工业的发展关于英国经济的兴起,主要是由于工业化后出口量(volume of exports)大增。
商业(commerce; trade; business)以棉花的发展为 lead,次要是煤、丝等,之後 coal replace the wood成了主要的 fuel。
英国之所以成了欧洲重心的原因有:英国国内政治稳定统一,语言一致,没有internal tariff(关税),有标准化的xx,得益于bank and finance investment 的发达(推动贷款(loan),減少 tax)(题目,排除题,选 tariff)。
英国有便捷的交通和有力的地理位置,所有的城市都离海不远,最远不过 70 mile,水运方便,raw(自然状态的) material 和 goods 运输顺畅(运铁),即使到 Ireland 的edinburgh(爱丁堡)也只需 60 小时车程。
其他欧洲国家当时都没有这些特点。
英国有皇家海军的保护,政府采取低税收(题目,但是对 high-quality woolen 收税),政府会出面与他国谈判低进口税。
英国从印度等殖民地(colony; plantation; settltment)廉价進口rm,然后出口 finished goods。
(一名学者adam 不支持这个理论)。
第二篇艺术与地点的关系讲 art 与 location(place)的关系,以其历史发展来说,art 刚开始时都必须依附 location,它们是紧密联系(contact; connection; integrate)的,painting 和sculpture 是不能动的,只能固定在某个地方,例如古代的洞穴壁画(cave painting)、教堂顶(church roof)的壁画,后来发明了 ease painting,随着portable(便于携带的,手提的,轻便的)东西的出现,例如 vase(花瓶)、雕像(statue)、小饰品(accessory),可以带着到处创作,教堂的玻璃画也是画好了再加上去的,渐渐地 art 和 location 开始分离了。
Art到了1800-1940 达到鼎盛,艺术家都认为 art 即使离开 location 和context 也有其意义,后来40 年代几乎 gallery 都强调统一的灰色调,以昏暗灯光来突出 art,让人们忽视 location context,后来photograph 的出现也加速了这个过程;但是现代艺术家们(contemporary=current-day)(1960s之後)又开始认为context 很重要,其重要性甚至等于 art,又意識到兩者是分不開的,认为环境是艺术的一部分,例如一个 nyc 的艺术家做了铝制的tree 放到 central park 里以表达其概念。
第三篇考古学(archeology; archaeology)与其文化的关系描述考古学所研究的文化主要体现于几个方面,考古能说明很多东西,刚开始考古主要关注大的 building、 monument、tomb 等,后来开始关注一般人的 house 等物。
但很多時候考古有许多局限性(limitation),例如material物品可能一样,但其实是不同 culture 的文明,由于贸易,不同文化的人可能使用相同的东西。
强调考古学上研究的的「文化」(culture)与我们平时所说的文化是两个概念,在意义上有所不同。
第一篇河流湖泊中水随四季的循环,大致是水的密度(density)随温度变化而变化,导致水流上层和下层的交替(replace; alternately; in turn)。
湖泊如何受四季温度影响密度,而会再受风造成的水的影响,如果密度变化大,风的影响就会比较小。
第二篇行星(planet)的组构(petrofabric; strucrural fabric)过程,大概是灰尘和气团(air mass)像雪球一样粘连(conglution)在一起,越来越大,后来大的灰尘团开始有引力(gravitation),吸引小的颗粒,最后经过碰撞(colide),形成天体(celestial body; orb; celestial; sphere)。
第三篇美国本土某个名字类似holoko的民族的介绍,在土地干涸(dry up)的xx地方,每年都有洪水(deluge),他们就筑起堤坝(dyke),利用从上流冲下来的肥料(maure; fertilizer)和水种地。
还有、他们从植物身上摄取(intussusception; ingestion; incept)资源但是从来不破坏植物本身。
他们有一些部落什么的,有时有小的冲突。
2009.2.27第一篇有关于水草,画面中有一幅图画,左边是水草(float grass; aquatic),右边是一般陆生植物(land plant; terrestrial plant),比较水草的根(radical; basis)和陆生植物的不同,问海草在什麼情況下会死亡,深海的植物因为吸收不同波长(wavelength)的光线(optical line),所以会变成红色或褐色。
題目:海草为什么会被植物学家特别划分(divide)出来?因为它有叶绿素(chlorophyll)会行光合作用(photosynthesis);为什么 storm 有可能造成海草死亡?因为它的根脱落(drop off; shed; fall off);海草跟陆上植物叶子和根作用有何不同?海草的叶子不储存水份海草的根不吸收水分(moisture content)及营养(nutrition)。
海草及algae(水藻,海藻)。
讲海草跟陆生植物的不同,海草不会开花(abloom; blossom out; florescence; effloresce)也沒有种子。
海草一定要生存。
在阳光照射到的地方(phonics zone) (有題),因为要行光合作用,green, brown and red algae 分別住在浅、中及深,三种深度。
第二篇八世纪的欧洲经济:欧洲在八世纪时主要的经济活动都是农业,即使有其他的工作,也都是跟农业有关系的,例如铁工(ironsmith)(有题,问提到別的工作的目的是什么?答案是表达它们与农业的connect 的关系)。
一开始只是自己自足(self-sufficiency)的狀況,其中历经了气候异常的温暖,温度升高,冬天温和(有题,问何者不是收成变好的原因,答案是农耕科技),所以农作收成就变好了,变得可以subsist(生存) for life(有字汇題)。
后来农民放弃(renounce)了自己的农田(有题,问为什么?因为安全因素),大家变得集合住在一起住。
一起后发现好处很多,可以交流、一起耕种,所以农耕技术变好了,收成也变多了,后来这些住在一起的农民们決定让一个人出来当头,给他权利。
字汇题有:diverse = various,Trigger= start ,Enhance =increase,Furthermore= moreover,Underscore(画底线)=emphasize(划重点),subsist for life,spurring(刺激)of the movement = at a good time (我选的, 不知对不对),eclipse(月食)= change (不确定)第三篇摄影师Alfred Stieglitz:第一段讲摄影科技的進步,作品也因此产生变化,后来讲摄影师Alfred Stieglitz 作品重写实,问到文中他提到另二位同行的目的是?反映当时的摄影过于美化不够写实。
2009.4.3第一篇英国工业发展时期灰蛾子(gray moth)和黑蛾子(black moth)数量的增减。
核心观点是:污染严重——树木变黑——黑蛾子隐蔽(conceal; covert; under cover)效果变好——灰蛾子被吃得多,这个理论来自涉及到一个科学家的实验以及数据采集(data acquisition)。
学术界关于这个还是有争议(controversy; dispute)的,所以作者使出杀手锏:1965年英国通过环保法案以后,灰蛾子的数量又上来了。
于是科学家的理论就从反方向得到证实。
1、关于moth对不同环境变化进化成不同颜色(深、浅)的概率,证明第一段的某人的理论。
(可能运气好,没有原本想象中的那样难)第二篇关于不同纬度(latitude)对生物多样性(diversity; variety; multiiformity)的分析,其中重要的理论:从赤道(equator)到两极点(culmination; apices),生物多样性逐步下降。
里面谈到海洋里的对比不强烈,因为温差只是在上面几十米,下面都是一个样的黑和冷,所以作者认为海洋多样性不是由光照和温度产生的。
另外一个问题是多食动物generalist和专食动物specilist的区别。
作者是通过季节周期性变化带来食物供应量的变化,然后食物的限制造成两种动物的不同这个方面来谈的。
其中就谈到了热带区(tropical region)域物种丰富第三篇欧洲中世纪(medieval; middle ages)行会(guild)制度(insititution; system; regime; regimen)先讲大师傅master的出道过程。
然后是整个行会的排他性(exclusiveness)。
接着是行会和城邦(city-state; polis)政府怎么样由前提相互支持(backing; support)(垄断)到后来政府看中垄断的大面包于是插手(wade in; butt in)进来分一杯羹的。
除了政府以外,另一个行会的另一个强劲对手是城外不受法律约束而且拥有廉价劳动力的个体企业。
后来行会竞争不过,成本拼不过,价格当然也拼不过,同时又遇到一些供应上的困难。
还有,他们自己本身也有矛盾,主要是master们有些很有野心,想要扩张。
所以简单说就是内忧外患关于guild这群人在当时社会所扮演的角色:统一培训统一生产统一equality & antonomy。
但是该机制受到以下3种因素的挑战1. oversupply of labor2.illegal competition at lower price3 difference of wealth in guild group2009.5.30第一篇在历史上的几次生物大规模灭绝现象第二篇关于人们用一种新的办法来储存雨水,代替了弊端(malpractice; abuse; corrupt)多多的造大坝,举了印度的例子第三篇讲欧洲中世纪的权利制度词汇题Boon(恩惠),remarkable(引人注目的), gradually, compelling, speculate(推断的),exempt for,collective(集体的,共同的)2009.8.7第一篇讲小孩的认知(acknowledge)能力第二篇new england colony history,讲最初new england的土地。