形合话语与意合话

汉语意合无所谓广、狭义。各个语言成 分只要语义相关，符合逻辑，那就是意 合。因此，汉语各句之间关系主要通过 逻辑纽带和语序表现。因此，英语注重 外在的语法结构，而汉语更强调内在的 语义结构。(semantic connection)
西方的科学文化，中国的人文文化传统 造成西方重分析、轻综合，重概念、忌 笼统，强调个人主义，强调人和自然的 对立。而中国重综合而轻分析，重意会 而轻言传。崇尚集体，排斥个人主义， 追求人和自然统一、和谐共处；天人合 一。
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ Until all is over, ambition never dies. 不到黄河不死心。 Smart as a rule, but this time as a fool. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 The sports meet has been put off until next week because of the heavy rain. 下大雨，运动会推迟到下周。 The book is due tomorrow. So I have to rush through it tonight. 这本书明天到期，我今晚得赶快看完。
What is equally questionable is whether a college degree, as such, is proper evidence that those new skills that are truly needed will be delivered.
可以看出，英语句子像一棵大树，依靠 连词、介词、关系词将各部分连接。汉 语字词在形式上则不会出现如此多变化， 而主要靠字词增减或语序改变意义。
书可以历久，书可以不朽。庙堂终会坍 塌，好书却能长存。伟大的思想不会因 岁月的流逝而泯灭。伟大的思想历久而 长新。前人说过的话依旧依旧跃然纸上， 言之烁烁。岁月漫漫，漫漫的岁月只会 荡涤瑕秽，真正的好书经得起岁月的淘 洗。（冯国华）
汉译英，要避免逐字对译，在理解汉语 意义后，在句法上，用各种关联词，甚 至增加必要的介词、代词、分词短语。 把汉语的意义片段按英语的语法逻辑关 系，定下主语、谓语，将它们连结为并 列结构或主从结构。 近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。(无主句) It is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever.
那时舅舅抱着我，哄着我，我觉得很温 暖。 Sitting in my uncle’s lap, being humored all the day, I was feeling very good. 风住了，路上还很静。我走着，一面想， 几乎不敢想到我自己。 The wind stopped and the road was still quiet. As I walked along thinking, I hardly dared to think about myself.
形合话语与意合话语互译
一、原理
英汉句子结构最主要区别在于英语重形合（hypotaxis），而汉语重意合（parataxis）。 所谓形合就是主要靠语言本身的语法手段。所谓 意合主要考句子内部的逻辑联系。英语形合有广义 和狭义之分。广义上，形合指一切借助形式或形态 手段完成句法组合的方式，如语法词类标记（包括 连接词如连词、关系词和介词）、构词或组词标记、 语法范畴标记（性、数、时态、语态）。简言之就 是词汇手段（lexical devices）和语法手段 (syntactic devices)。狭义只包括词汇手段。
来自百度文库
总之，在英译汉时，先透彻分析原文的 形合特点，然后按一定逻辑关系，转化 为以“意”为主的汉语。汉译英时，先 领会原文的“意”，然后找到英文中合 理的“主谓”主线，再将起于的结构恰 当地铺排为分句或其他附属结构。这样 可以使译文流畅，摈除翻译腔。
应该注意，不是所有意合的汉语句子都 翻译为形合的英语，反之亦然。 Grasp all, lose all. 如果你样样都抓，就会一样也得不到。 另外由于语言相互影响，现代汉语就比 古汉语形合句多些，现代英语也由于曲 折变化功能的减弱，也出现意合手段， 多见于口语、谚语和单句表复句。
不怕慢，只怕站。 It is better to move slowly than just to mark time. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。 If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always.
Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. 然而，说来痛心，显然有成百万从来没有 想过自己会违法——更不用说犯罪——的 美国人，对于遵守那些旨在保护和维持他 们的社会的法律条文，却愈来愈表现得放 肆起来。
如果他们不能目睹圆明园的风姿，那么他们也能在 梦幻中身临其境；仿佛往日在冥冥中见到一般，宛 如在欧洲文明的大地上巍然展现出一副亚洲文明的 剪影。 3.弄清结构关系，大胆变通 Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human efforts. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.
因此，西方思维传统注重分析和实证， 在论证和推演中认识事物的本质和规律， 以逻辑和理性探索自然规律。这种思维 模式要求在表述逻辑关系时必须以各种 连接手段承上启下，脉络清晰。而东方 民族，特别是中华民族的综合性思维方 式，使得中国人注重整体和谐，强调内 省和体悟，不重表面逻辑，语言简约， 意义抽象概括。
Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking! 春花含苞待放，绿叶缓缓舒展，溪水潺潺流淌， 欢乐的春天涌动着无限的追求和希望，这一切 难以用言语倾诉表达。 1.译文向汉语的意合方向转化 No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. 不，不，我们没有满足，我们也不会满足，直 到公平如洪流滚滚，公义如江河滔滔。
2.译文也可能保留原文的衔接词语 If they could not see the Winter Palace with their own eyes, they could dream about it –as if in the gleaming they saw before – as if there above the horizon of European civilization was towering the silhouette of Asian civilization.
汉语句子结构上，句子连贯靠语义贯通， 利用词语和句子表示先后顺序和因果逻 辑关系，少用连接词。句子简洁明快， 结构呈流散铺排式。
让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。 车未停稳，切勿上下。
例1.中国队大败美国队。 中国队大胜美国队。 The Chinese team has beaten the American tem by a great margin. 例2.四川人不怕辣，江西人辣不怕，湖 南人怕不辣。 If it is said Sichuan people do not fear what is peppery, then we can say that peppery food is never a fear to Jiangxi people. And as for Hunan people, they just fear that the food is not peppery enough.
二、形合与意合的互译
翻译时，应顺应英汉语不同特点，灵活 采取形合和意合。英译汉，常常要译出 变化了的词形表示的意义，复数要加上 量词，动词时态要适当加上表示时间的 副词。而对于有着从属或修饰关系的英 语复合句或长句，要把它们分散为几个 汉语的意义段，有些连词、代词可省略。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
There was no breeze came (coming) through the open window. (Hemingway) (窗子开着，却一点儿风也没有。) Man proposes, God disposes.
练习
The man who saves when young will have more to spend when he is old. If you leap into a well, Providence is not bound to fetch you out. If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself; if you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you.
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so you reap. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked.
有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果 子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃 茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀仔会到 你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地。 （徐志摩，《我所知道的康桥》） There is an old village called Grantchester, and an orchard where you can lie leisurely under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.