汽车构造(英文版)
汽车构造(英文版).doc
CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS1.1 Principal ComponentsToday's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.1.2 EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.1.3 BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck builtinto it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.1.4 ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.Steering― controls the direction of the movement.Brake― slows down the vehi cle.1.5 Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.New WordsPrincipal component 主要部件category 种类，类型body 车身chassis 底盘layout 布置power unit 动力装置internal combustion engine 内燃机cylinder 汽缸gasoline 汽油spark 火ignition 点燃，点火diesel 柴油机compression 压缩shaft 轴transmission 传动系sheet metal 金属板shell 外壳hood （发动机）罩trunk deck 行李舱盖cargo 货物styling 样式assembly 总成，装配suspension 悬挂，悬置shock 冲击steering 转向，操纵brake 刹车，制动器clutch 离合器gearbox 变速器driveshaft 传动轴final drive 主减速器，后桥differential 差速器slow down （使）慢下来，减速horn 喇叭starter 起动机charge 充电alternator 交流发电机Review Questions1. List the main parts of an automobile?2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE2.1 principle of operation2.1.1 Engine and powerEngine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.2.1.2 Engine TermsLinking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder.Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC.Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm.Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank..2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine CycleThe spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are :This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created.During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaustvalve remains tightly closed.Compression strokeAs the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power strokeJust before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust strokeJust before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.2.1.4 Engine Overall MechanicsThe engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.NEW WORDPiston 活塞Connecting rod 连杆Crankshaft 曲轴Power stoke 活塞行程Expel 排出Valve 气阀inlet(intake) valve 进气阀exhaust valve 排气阀term 术语TDC 上止点BDC 下止点Bore 缸径swept volume 有效容积engine capacity 发动机排量clearance volume 余隙容积,燃烧室容积compression ratio 压缩比revolution 旋转,转数every other 每隔一个cycle 循环spread over 分布,遍及intake stroke 进气行程compression stroke 压缩行程knock 敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke 排气行程engine block 发动机缸体lubrication 润滑2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2.1 Engine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holdsthe crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.2.2.2 Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.2.2.3 GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.2.2.4 Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.New Wordsengine block 缸体cylinder head 气缸盖fasten 使固定water jacket 水套oil gallery 油道camshaft 凸轮轴overhead-cam(OHC) 顶置凸轮gray iron 灰铸铁alloy 合金nickel 镍chromium 铬casting 铸件head cover 汽缸盖罩intake manifold 进气总管distributor 分电器oil pan 油底壳aluminum 铝be lined with 镶有cylinder sleeve 气缸套hemi 半球形wedge 楔型，楔入semi-hemi 准半球形rocker 摇臂push-rod 推杆gasket 衬垫high-tensile 高强度的stud 螺栓gas-tight 密封的asbestos 石棉crankcase 曲轴箱，曲柄箱encase 封闭，把…包起来drain off 排出，流出Review Question1. What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for?2. How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio?3. What controls the length of the stroke?4. List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics?5. What are the main function of the engine block?2.3 Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft2.3.1 Piston AssemblyThe piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.2.3.2.PistonTo withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.2.3.3Piston RingsAs Fig.2-9 shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons.In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.2.3.4 Piston PinThe piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.2.3.3 Connecting rodThe connecting rod is made of forgedhigh-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .2.3.5 CrankshaftThe crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the main journal and the big end centers , controls the length of the stroke . The stroke is double the throw , and the stroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .2.3.6 FlywheelThe flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft . As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch , which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .New WordsComprise 由。
汽车构造英语
The Complexities of Automobile Construction The automobile, a product of technological innovation and engineering genius, has transformed our world. Its history, rich with pivotal moments and influential innovators, began in the late 19th century and has since become a ubiquitous fixture of modern life. This article delves into the intricacies of automobile construction, highlighting key components, systems, and recent technological advancements.Essential Components of an AutomobileAn automobile is composed of numerous parts, each serving a specific function. The engine, often considered the heart of the car, generates power. The chassis supports the body and houses the mechanical components. The seats, along with the interior, provide a comfortable environment for occupants.Engine Systems: The Heart of the MatterEngines are classified as internal combustion (IC) or external combustion (EC). IC engines, such as gasoline and diesel engines, are more common in modern automobiles. They operate by mixing fuel with air, igniting the mixture, and harnessing the resulting expansion to create power. Diesel engines are more efficient but emit more noise and pollution. Gasoline engines, on the other hand, offer smoother operation but are less fuel-efficient.Chassis Systems: The Backbone of the VehicleThe chassis supports the car's structure and contains critical systems like the suspension and braking. The suspension system absorbs road shocks, improving ride quality and tire contact with the road. The braking system converts kinetic energy into heat,slowing or stopping the car. Both systems are carefully designed to offer a balance between performance and comfort.Seating and Interior: Comfort and ErgonomicsSeats are designed to offer support and comfort, often with the help of ergonomic principles. Materials like leather, vinyl, and fabric are chosen for durability, comfort, and aesthetics. The interior, which includes dashboards, door panels, and carpeting, is equally important in creating a pleasant driving environment.Emerging Technologies in Automotive ConstructionRecent technological advancements have revolutionized the automotive industry. Autonomous vehicles, enabled by advances in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and computer vision, promise safer, more efficient driving. Electric and hybrid vehicles, driven by batteries and alternative fuels, are becoming increasingly popular due to their environmental benefits.Environmental Considerations in Automotive DesignConsumers are increasingly concerned with the environmental impact of their purchases. Automobile manufacturers are responding with more fuel-efficient vehicles and eco-friendly materials. Consumers can further contribute by selecting vehicles with low emissions and recycling old cars.ConclusionUnderstanding the intricacies of automobile construction is essential for appreciating the engineering feats that underlie our modern way of life. It also informs responsible consumer choices, vital for sustainable development. As technology continues to evolve, the future of the automobile promises to be even more exciting and innovative.。
汽车结构)中英文详解ppt课件
1.Engine
valve train includes valves, valve guides, valve seats and valve springs, camshaft ，timing gear, tappet and guide rods, push rod, rocker气门，气门导 管，气门座和气门弹簧，凸轮轴、正时齿轮、挺柱及其导杆，推杆、摇臂
discussed in detail next.
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1.Engine
1.2.1 crank mechanism 曲柄连杆机构
Crank mechanism is the main moving parts of the engine ,it helps engine complete operating cycle and
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1.Engine
1.2.2valve train配气机构
The function of valve train is make sure the intake and exhaust valves can open and close at just the right time .配气机构的功 能就是确保进气门和排气门在正确的时间打开和关闭
Automobile basic construction 汽车构造基础
1
Automobile components
汽车主要包括哪几部分呢？
What’s the main parts of an automobile?
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Automobile components
Engine + Gear box
发动机作为动力设备，常见的类 型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机 缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。 发动机可分为两类：汽油机和柴油机
汽车构造英语
汽车构造英汉对照词汇总论汽车automobile拖拉机tractor铁路机车locomotive有轨电车tram无轨电车trolley军用车辆military vehicle 蒸汽机steam engine煤气机gas engine汽油机gasoline engine国民经济national economy 国内生产总值(GDP) Gross Domestic Production全拆散(CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散(SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放reform and opening技术引进technical import 国产化localization支柱产业pillar estate轿车car客车bus, coach货车truck, lorry公路用车road vehicle非公路用车off-road vehicle发动机engine机体engine body曲柄连杆机构crank-connecting rod mechanism配气机构valve timing mechanism供给系fuel supply system 冷却系cooling system润滑系lubricating system 点火系ignition system起动系starting system底盘chassis传动系power train 离合器clutch变速器gear box传动轴propeller shaft驱动桥drive axle行驶系running gear车架frame悬架suspension前轴front axle桥壳axle housing车轮wheel转向系steering system转向盘steering wheel转向器steering gear转向传动装置steeringlinkage助力装置power assistingdevice制动系braking system控制装置control device供能装置power supplydevice传动装置transfer device制动器brake车身body车前板制件front endpanels车身壳体body shell车门door车窗window附属装置auxiliary device货箱carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动(FR)front engine rear drive发动机前置前轮驱动(FF)front engine front drive发动机后置后轮驱动(RR)rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动(MR)midship engine rear drive全轮驱动(nWD) all wheeldrive驱动力tractive force阻力resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance空气阻力air resistance,drag上坡阻力gradientresistance附着作用adhesion附着力adhesive force附着系数coefficient ofadhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机two strokeengine四冲程发动机four strokeengine水冷发动机water cooledengine风冷发动机air cooledengine上止点(UDP) upper deadpoint下止点(LDP) lower deadpoint活塞行程stroke汽缸直径bore工作容积working volume排量swept volume,displacement进气行程intake stroke压缩行程compressionstroke压缩比compression ratio做功行程working stroke爆燃，敲缸detonation,knock排气行程exhaust stroke示功图indicating diagram汽缸体cylinder block汽缸盖cylinder head油底壳oil sump活塞piston连杆connecting rod曲轴crankshaft飞轮flywheel进气门intake valve排气门exhaust valve挺柱tappet推杆push rod摇臂rocker凸轮轴camshaft正时齿轮timing gear燃油箱fuel tank燃油泵fuel pump汽油滤清器gasoline filter 化油器carburetor空气滤清器air cleaner进气管intake manifold排气管exhaust manifold火花塞spark plug点火线圈ignition coil断电器breaker蓄电池storage battery发电机generator水泵water pump散热器radiator风扇fan放水阀drain valve水套water jacket分水管distributive pipe机油泵oil pump集滤器suction filter限压阀relief valve润滑油道oil passage机油滤清器oil filter机油冷却器oil cooler起动机starting motor有效功率effective power有效转矩effective torque 燃油消耗率specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性enginespeed characteristic节气门开度throttlepercentage部分特性partial characteristic外特性outer characteristic 第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner 发动机支承enginemounting活塞顶piston top活塞头部piston head活塞裙piston skirt开槽slot活塞环piston ring气环compression ring油环oil ring环槽groove活塞销piston pin主轴承main bearing主轴承盖main bearing cap主轴瓦main shell连杆轴承big end bearing连杆盖big end cap起动爪cranking claw带轮pulley平衡重counter weight发火顺序firing order扭振减振器torsionalvibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门(OHV) OverHead V alve顶置凸轮轴(OHC) OverHead Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴(SOHC)Single Over Head Camshaft双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC)Dual Over Head Camshaft多气门发动机multi-valveengine气门间隙valve clearance配气相位timing phase气门杆valve stem气门座valve seat气门导管valve guide气门弹簧valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气combustionmixture消声器silencer, muffler汽油gasoline, petrol分馏distil蒸发性evaporatingproperty热值heat value抗爆性anti-knock property辛烷值(RON) ResearchOctane Number过量空气系数coefficientof excessive air理论混合气theoreticalmixture稀混合气thin mixture浓混合气thick mixture主供油系统main supplysystem怠速系统idle system加浓系统thickening system加速系统acceleratingsystem浮子float浮子室float chamber针阀needle valve量孔metering jet阻风门choke滤芯filter cartridge沉淀杯sediment cup泵膜pump diaphragm油浴式oil bath type石棉垫a**estos pad预热pre-heating汽油直接喷射gasolinedirect injection电控electronic control多点喷射muti-pointinjection单点喷射single pointinjection电路控制circuit control分电器信号distributorsignal空气流量信号airflowsignal冷却水温信号watertemperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵transfer pump喷油泵fuel injection pump 高压油管high pressure fuelpipe发火性ignition property黏度viscosity凝点condensing point备燃期pri-combustion period速燃期rapid combustion period缓燃期slow combustion period燃烧室combustion chamber统一燃烧室united chamber 球形燃烧室ball shape chamber涡流室turbulence chamber 预燃室pri-combustion chamber喷油器injector精密偶件precise couple柱塞plunger出油阀delivery valve调速器governor两速调速器two speed governor全速调速器full speed governor定速调速器fixed speedgovernor综合调速器combined governor气动调速器pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器mechanical centrifugal governor复合式调速器complex governor喷油提前角调节装置advancer 飞块flyweight联轴节coupling粗滤清器primary filter细滤清器secondary filter涡轮增压器turbocharger中间冷却器intermediatecooler第七章冷却系节温器thermostat防冻液anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶compensationreservoirV-带V belt百叶窗shutter大循环big circulation小循环small circulation散热翅片fins第八章润滑系润滑剂lubricant压力润滑pressurelubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication润滑脂grease机油压力传感器oilpressure sensor油封oil seal旁通阀bypass valve机油散热器oil cooler机油尺dip stick加机油口oil filler曲轴箱通风crankcaseventilation第九章点火系一次绕组primary winding二次绕组secondarywinding热敏电阻heat sensitiveresistance点火提前ignition advance分电器distributor活动触点moving contact固定触点fixed contact分火头distributor rotor arm电容器condenser点火提前装置ignitionadvancer离心式点火提前装置centrifugal ignition advancer真空式点火提前装置vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器octanenumber rectifier中心电极central electrode侧电极side electrode瓷绝缘体ceramic insulator跳火间隙spark gap半导体点火系semi-conductor ignitionsystem晶体管transistor二极管diode三极管triode无触点点火系non-contactignition system霍尔效应Hall effect正极板anode负极板cathode隔板separator电解液electrolyte蓄电池格battery cell接线柱terminal电缆cable硅整流交流发电机siliconrectified A.C. motor转子rotor定子stator电刷brush风扇叶轮fan blade电压调节器voltageregulator第十章起动系手摇起动cranking电热塞electric heater plug串激直流发电机serialwound D.C. motor起动齿圈starter ring电磁操纵机构electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞triangular piston 转子发动机rotary engine 自转rotary motion, rotation 公转orbit motion轨迹trajectory齿轮gear齿圈ring gear往复零件reciprocal parts动平衡dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系hydro-mechanical transmission静液式传动系static-hydraulic transmission 电力式传动系electrical transmission自动式传动系automatic transmission减速reduction可变速比variable ratios有级变速definite ratios无级变速indefinite ratios 无级变速器(CVT) Continuously V ariable Transmission一般布置general layout发动机横置lateral engine positioning分动器transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和smooth engagement分离彻底thorough separation过载overload摩擦表面friction surface摩擦衬片friction liner 毂hub主动部分driving part从动部分driven part花键spline压盘pressure plate离合器盖cover plate分离杠杆release lever分离套筒release sleeve分离轴承release bearing主缸master cylinder工作缸working cylinder分离叉release fork间隙调整clearanceadjustment打滑slip踏板pedal踏板自由行程pedal freestroke踏板工作行程pedalworking stroke铆钉，铆接rivet双片离合器dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器centralspring clutch膜片弹簧离合器diaphragmspring clutch非线性non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft,drive shaft输出轴（第二轴）output shaft,main shaft中间轴counter shaft倒挡轴reverse gear shaft常啮合constant mesh低速挡low gear高速挡high gear最高速挡top gear空挡neutral gear一挡the first gear二挡the second gear三挡the third gear倒挡reverse gear直接挡direct gear超速挡overdrive动力输出power take-off换挡shift啮合套sliding sleeve同步器synchronizer同步锥面synchro cone变速杆shifting lever手柄handle球铰链ball joint换挡拨叉shifting fork自锁self-lock互锁inter-lock变速驱动桥transaxle加力挡low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器hydrauliccoupling泵轮impeller涡轮turbine叶片blade液力变矩器torqueconverter导轮stator行星齿轮系planetary gearsystem太阳轮sun gear行星轮planet pinion行星架planet carrier齿圈ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节universal joint,U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardantype U-joint叉子yoke, fork十字轴spider, center cross滚针轴承needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricatingfitting, nipple等角速constant angularvelocity双联式万向节dual Cardantype U-joint球叉式万向节Weiss typeU-joint球笼式万向节Rzeppa typeU-joint星形套inner race housing 球形壳outer race shell保持架，球笼retainer, ball cage挠性万向节flexible U-joint无缝钢管seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器final drive主动（小）齿轮drive pinion从动（大）齿轮ring gear 伞齿轮bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear单级减速single reduction 双级减速double reduction 贯通式主减速器penetrable final drive双速主减速器double gear (speed) final drive轮边减速器wheel reduction差速器differential半轴齿轮differential side gear差速锁differential lock轴间差速器inter-axle differential lock托森差速器torque sensitive differential半轴axle shaft全浮式半轴float type axle shaft半浮式半轴semi-float type axle shaft桥壳axle housing桥壳后盖final drive rear cover第十八章行驶系行驶系running gear车架frame车桥，车轴axle 悬架suspension半履带式汽车semi-caterpillar vehicle第十九章车架边梁式车架ladder typeframe纵梁side rail横梁cross member保险杠bumper托架bracket支承support拖钩tow hook中梁式车架backbone typeframe桁架式车架lattice typeframe第二十章车桥和车轮转向桥steering axle桥梁axle beam工字形断面I-section转向节knuckle主销king pin轮毂wheel hub转向轮定位steering wheelalignment主销后倾caster主销内倾king pininclination前轮外倾camber前轮前束toe-in转向驱动桥steering anddriving axle支持桥support axle轮辋rim轮辐spoke车轮装饰罩hub cap轮胎tyre, tire胎冠crown, tread花纹pattern胎侧side wall帘布层cord, ply尼龙，锦纶nylon带束层belted layer内胎tube垫带protector胎圈bead气门嘴bleed valve气门芯valve core子午线轮胎radial tire无内胎轮胎tubeless tire刺穿puncture备胎spare tire第二十一章悬架弹性元件spring, elasticelement减振器sock absorber导向机构control device横向稳定器（杆）stabilizer,anti-roll bar悬架刚度suspensionstiffness簧载质量sprung mass非簧载质量unsprung mass静挠度static deformation独立悬架independentsuspension车轮上跳（减振器压缩行程）jounce车轮回跳（减振器伸张行程）rebound双向作用减振器doubleaction shock absorber单向作用减振器singleaction shock absorber筒式减振器telescopicshock absorber吊环link ring工作缸working cylinder贮油缸reservoir流通阀（进液阀）intakevalve伸张阀rebound valve压缩阀compression valve补偿阀compensation valve充气减振器gas filled shockabsorber压力可调减振器pressureadjustable shock absorber钢板弹簧leaf spring中心螺栓central bolt弹簧夹clip螺旋弹簧coil spring扭杆弹簧torsional bar囊式空气弹簧bellow typeair spring膜式空气弹簧diaphragm type air spring橡胶弹簧rubber spring卷耳spring eye吊耳shackleU形螺栓U-bolt弹簧盖板spring plate副簧auxiliary spring主簧main spring横臂式悬架transversal typesuspension双横臂式悬架double wishbone suspension转向轴线steering axis纵摆臂式trailing arm type 滑柱式strut type麦弗逊式McPhaeson type 平衡悬架tandem axle suspension第二十二章转向系机械（手动）转向系manual steering system转向盘steering wheel转向轴steering shaft转向柱steering column转向传动轴steering drive shaft转向器steering gear直拉杆drag link转向节knuckle转向节臂knuckle arm梯形臂steering arm横拉杆tie rod转向轮偏转角关系steering geometry转弯半径turning radius循环球式转向器recirculating ball steeringgear转向螺杆steering screw转向螺母steering nut齿扇sector齿轮齿条式转向器rackand pinion steering gear蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器worm and crankpin steeringgear动力转向power steering转向油罐steering reservoir转向油泵steering oil pump第二十三章制动系鼓式制动器drum brake制动蹄brake shoe轮缸wheel cylinder制动底板brake base plate调整凸轮adjustable cam制动蹄回位弹簧retainerspring领蹄leading shoe从蹄trailing shoe盘式制动器disc brake制动钳brake calipers制动盘brake disc液压制动系fluid brakingsystem制动液brake fluid制动主缸master cylinder气压制动系pneumaticbraking system空气压缩机air compressor制动气室brake chamber贮气筒reservoir制动阀brake valve气压调节阀air pressuregovernor伺服制动系servo brakingsystem真空助力器vacuumbooster防抱死制动系(ABS)Anti-lock Braking System辅助制动器auxiliary brake缓速器retarder排气制动exhaust braking第二十四章车身车身壳体body shell非承载式车身separateframe construction承载式车身unitaryconstruction, integral body发动机舱enginecompartment客厢，乘客室passengercompartment行李箱trunk发动机罩hood, bonnet前翼板front fender, frontwing前挡泥板front fender apron前围板dash board, fire wall前风窗windscreen,windshield前围cowl, shroud顶盖roof地板floor panel行李箱盖trunk lid, deck lid后围板rear end panel前柱front pillar, “A”pillar中柱center pillar, “B”pillar后柱rear pillar, “C”pillar上边梁roof rail门槛rocker panel仪表板instrument panel遮阳板sun visor刮水器wiper后视镜rear view mirror门锁door lock玻璃升降器windowregulator密封条weather strip暖气装置heater空调装置air conditioner座椅seat头枕head restraint安全带safety seat belt钢化玻璃toughened glass 夹层玻璃laminated glass货箱carrying platform边板side board后板tail board前板head board地板，底板floor board栓杆tightening latch第二十五章附属设备车速表speedometer里程表mileage recorder机油压力表oil pressuregauge燃油表fuel gauge水温表water temperaturegauge电流表ammeter前大灯head lamp转向指示灯turning indicator制动信号灯braking signal light报警信号装置warning signal附表一般工程词汇长度length宽度width高度height深度depth距离distance间隙clearance位移displacement面积area体积volume重量weight质量mass比重specific gravity密度density时间time周期period加速度velocity, speed重力加速度acceleration of gravity力force合力resultant分力component力矩moment转矩torque, twistingmoment弯矩bending moment压强pressure大气压atmosphericpressure声压级(SPL) SoundPressure Level应力stress应变strain变形deformation拉伸stretching压缩compressing弯曲bending扭转twisting强度strength刚度stiffness硬度hardness黏度viscosity运动黏度kinematicviscosity能量energy动能kinetic energy位能potential energy功work功率power温度temperature热heat热容量thermal capacity比热specific heat热功当量Joule’sequivalent传热系数coefficient of heattransfer加热heating冷却cooling膨胀expansion固体solid液体liquid气体gas蒸发evaporation溶解dissolve融化melt凝结condensation凝固solidification电路electric circuit串联serial connection并联parallel connection电荷electric charge电压voltage电位potential电流current直流(D.C.) Direct Current交流(A.C.) AlternativeCurrent电阻resistance电容量capacity电容器condenser电感inductance电极electrode正极anode负极cathode电离ionization电解electrolysis电镀electroplating电泳electrophoresis磁场强度magnetic fieldintensity磁通量magnetic flux光通量luminous flux光照度photometricquantity发光强度luminousintensity工程图technical drawing图板drawing board图纸drawing paper描图纸tracing paper投影projection前视图front end view侧视图side view左视图left end view右视图right end view俯视图plan view剖面section剖视section view实线full line虚线broken line, dotted line 点划线chain line尺寸线dimension line方形square长方形rectangle三角形triangle圆形circle内接圆inscribed circle外切圆circumscribed circle 直尺ruler三棱尺triangular scale三角板set square丁字尺tee square, T square 圆规compasses分规divider曲线板curve鸭嘴笔drawing pen锤子hammer斧子ax, axe螺丝刀screw driver扳手wrench, spanner活动扳手adjustable wrench 扳手套筒socket钳子pliers火钳子tongs虎钳vice刀子knife刮刀scraper剪子scissors镊子tweezers夹子clip夹紧器clamp锉刀file凿子，錾子chisel冲子punch锥子awl锯子saw刨子plane钻drill砧铁anvil 直角尺square内卡规inside calipers外卡规outside calipers游标卡尺vernier calipers千分卡尺micrometer guage高度尺height gauge千分表dial indicator水平（泡）尺water level画针盘marking gauge螺纹threads螺栓bolt双头螺柱stud螺钉screw十字槽螺钉cross recessedscrew螺母nut开槽螺母castle nut蝶形螺母fly nut, wing nut垫圈washer弹簧垫圈lock washer开口销split pin, cotter pin键key花键spline直齿齿轮spur gear斜齿齿轮helical gear伞齿轮bevel gear球轴承ball bearing滚子轴承roller bearing滚针轴承needle rollerbearing轴承外圈outer race轴承内圈inner race隔离罩，保持架cage,retainer铸造，铸件casting锻造，锻件forging轧制，轧制件rolling冲压，冲压件stamping焊接，焊缝welding电弧焊arc welding气焊oxyacetylene welding点焊spot welding铆接，铆钉rivet机械加工machine work切削cutting车削turning刨削planing铣削milling钻削drilling绞孔fraising磨削grinding镗削boring拉削broaching抛光polishing热处理heat treatment淬火hardening, quenching退火annealing回火tempering正火normalizing车床lathe龙门刨床planer牛头刨床shaper插床vertical shaper铣床milling machine钻床drilling machine磨床grinder, grindingmachine外圆磨床external grinder内圆磨床internal grinder平面磨床surface grinder镗床boring machine拉床broacher床头箱head stock (gearbox)卡盘，夹盘chuck尾座tail stock走刀箱tool carrier模具die, mold气锤pneumatic hammer压床press刀具cutter车刀，刨刀bite铣刀，绞刀fraise钻头bite磨轮，砂轮grinding wheel夹具fixture, jig本文来自机械工程师家园：http://www.chinamachinis。
汽车构造英文版版
汽车构造英文版-免费下载版CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS? Principal ComponentsToday's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.? EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.? BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.? ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.Steering― controls the direction of the movement.Brak e― slows down the vehicle.? Electrical ? EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery. New WordsPrincipal component ? 主要部件category ? 种类，类型body ? 车身chassis ? 底盘layout ? 布置power unit ? 动力装置internal combustion engine ? 内燃机cylinder ? 汽缸gasoline ? 汽油spark ? 火花ignition ? 点燃，点火diesel ? 柴油机compression ? 压缩shaft ? 轴transmission ? 传动系sheet metal ? 金属板shell ? 外壳hood ? （发动机）罩trunk deck ? 行李舱盖cargo ? 货物styling ? 样式assembly ? 总成，装配suspension ? 悬挂，悬置shock ? 冲击steering ? 转向，操纵brake ? 刹车，制动器clutch ? 离合器gearbox ? 变速器driveshaft ? 传动轴final drive ? 主减速器，后桥differential ? 差速器slow down ? （使）慢下来，减速horn ? 喇叭starter ? 起动机charge ? 充电alternator ? 交流发电机Review Questions1.List the main parts of an automobile2.What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling3.Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis4.Why are suspension systems used on vehiclesCHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEprinciple of operation2.1.1 Engine and powerEngine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.2.1.2 Engine TermsLinking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder.Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC.Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder . a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm.Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank..2.1.3 The Four-strokeSpark-ignition Engine CycleThe spark-ignition engine is aninternal-combustion engine with externallysupplied in ignition , which converts theenergy contained in the fuel to kineticenergy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are :This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created.During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.Compression strokeAs the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power strokeJust before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust strokeJust before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.2.1.4 Engine Overall MechanicsThe engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.NEW WORDPiston 活塞Connecting rod 连杆Crankshaft 曲轴Power stoke 活塞行程Expel 排出Valve 气阀inlet(intake) valve 进气阀exhaust valve 排气阀term 术语TDC 上止点BDC 下止点Bore 缸径swept volume 有效容积engine capacity 发动机排量clearance volume 余隙容积,燃烧室容积compression ratio 压缩比revolution 旋转,转数every other 每隔一个cycle 循环spread over 分布,遍及intake stroke 进气行程compression stroke 压缩行程knock 敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke 排气行程engine block 发动机缸体lubrication 润滑Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2.1 ? Engine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.? Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.? GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, . a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.? Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.New Wordsengine block ? 缸体cylinder head ? 气缸盖fasten ? 使固定water jacket ? 水套oil gallery ? 油道camshaft ? 凸轮轴overhead-cam(OHC) ? 顶置凸轮gray iron ? 灰铸铁alloy ? 合金nickel ? 镍chromium ? 铬casting ? 铸件head cover ? 汽缸盖罩intake manifold ? 进气总管distributor ? 分电器oil pan ? 油底壳aluminum ? 铝be lined with ? 镶有cylinder sleeve ? 气缸套hemi ? 半球形wedge ? 楔型，楔入semi-hemi ? 准半球形rocker ? 摇臂push-rod ? 推杆gasket ? 衬垫high-tensile ? 高强度的stud ? 螺栓gas-tight ? 密封的asbestos ? 石棉crankcase ? 曲轴箱，曲柄箱encase ? 封闭，把…包起来drain off ? 排出，流出Review Question1.What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for2.How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio3.What controls the length of the stroke4.List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics5.What are the main function of the engine blockPiston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft2.3.1 Piston AssemblyThe piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.2.3.2.PistonTo withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.2.3.3Piston RingsAs shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons.In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.2.3.4 Piston PinThe piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.2.3.3 Connecting rodThe connecting rod is made of forgedhigh-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .2.3.5 CrankshaftThe crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts thereciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive thevehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which is alloyed with asmall proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinderblock and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rearend of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are thedriving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the mainjournal and the big end centers , controls the length of the stroke . Thestroke is double the throw , and the stroke-length is the distance that thepiston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .2.3.6 FlywheelThe flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft . As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch , which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .New WordsComprise 由。
汽车结构)中英文详解
1.Engine
1.2.2valve train配气机构
The function of valve train is make sure the intake and exhaust valves can open and close at just the right time .配气机构的功 能就是确保进气门和排气门在正确的时间打开和关闭
2.Chassis底盘
Power train system includes
1.clutch 离合器 2.transmission 变速器 3.universial joints 万向节 4.drive axle 驱动桥 5.Differential 差速器 6.half axle 半轴 7.final drive 主减速器 8.drive shaft 传动轴
energy conversion.
曲柄连杆机构是发动机实现工作循环，完成能量转 换的主要运动部分。
1.Engine
Crank mechanism includes
Body group机体组: cylinder block, cylinder head, gasket,crankcase, cylinder liners and oil pan气缸体，气缸盖、气缸垫、曲轴箱、汽缸套及油底壳
2.Chassis底盘
2.1 Power train system传动系统
The power train system is provided with reducing the speed, variable speed, backing up, break the engine power, differential between the wheels, and between axles. Working with engine ,it can guarantee a car in normal driving under various working conditions, and has good power performance and fuel economy. 传动系统具有减速、变速、倒车、中断动力、轮间差速和轴间差速等动能， 与发动机配合工作，能保证汽车在个各种工况条件下的正常行驶，并具有 良好的动力性和经济性。
汽车构造(英文版)
CHAPTER1AUTOMOTIVE BASICS1.1Principal ComponentsToday's average car contains more than15,000separate,individual parts that must work together.These parts can grouped into four major categories:engine,body,chassis and electrical equipment.1.2EngineThe engine acts as the power unit.The internal combustion engine is most common:this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder.There are two types of engine:gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine)and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines;the burning fuel generates heatwhich causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.1.3BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows,doors,a hood,and a trunk deck built into it.It provides a protective covering for the engine,passengers,and cargo.The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable.The body styling provides an attractive,colorful,modern appearance for the vehicle.1.4ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission,suspension,steering,and brake systems.Transmission systems―conveys the drive to the wheels.The main components are clutch, gearbox,driveshaft,final drive,and differential.Suspension―absorbs the road shocks.Steering―controls the direction of the movement.Brake―slows down the vehicle.1.5Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition,horn,lights,heater,and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit.This circuit consists of the battery, alternator(or generator).The battery stores electricity.The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.New WordsPrincipal component主要部件category种类，类型body车身chassis底盘layout布置power unit动力装置internal combustion engine内燃机cylinder汽缸gasoline汽油spark火花ignition点燃，点火diesel柴油机compression压缩shaft轴transmission传动系sheet metal金属板shell外壳hood（发动机）罩trunk deck行李舱盖cargo货物styling样式assembly总成，装配suspension悬挂，悬置shock冲击steering转向，操纵brake刹车，制动器clutch离合器gearbox变速器driveshaft传动轴final drive主减速器，后桥differential差速器slow down（使）慢下来，减速horn喇叭starter起动机charge充电alternator交流发电机CHAPTER2INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE2.1principle of operation2.1.1Engine and powerEngine is used to produce power.The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate.This process is called combustion.If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber.,the engine is called internal combustion engine.If combustion takes place outside the cylinder,the engine is called an external combustion engine.Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines.Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber.The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase.The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force,which is then converted into useful mechanical power.2.1.2Engine TermsLinking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke“uses up”the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job.Engine terms are:TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.Stroke:the distance between BDC and TDC;stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.Bore:the internal diameter of the cylinder.Swept volume:the volume between TDC and BDC.Engine capacity:this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g.a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm)has a cylinder swept volume of50cm.Clearance volume:the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio=(swept vol+clearance vol)\(clearance vol)Two-stroke:a power stroke every revolution of the crank.Four-stroke:a power stroke every other revolution of the crank..2.1.3TheFour-strokeSpark-ignitionEngine CycleThe spark-ignition engine isan internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes.To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are:This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder.The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder.As the piston moves downward,a vacuum,or low-pressure area,is created.During the intake stroke,one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve.The exhaustvalve remains tightly closed.Compression strokeAs the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder,the valves are closed tightly.This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power strokeJust before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke,an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed,heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning.The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder.This pressure forces the piston downward.The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust strokeJust before the bottom of the power stroke,the exhaust valve opens.This allows the piston,as it moves upward,to push the hot,burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then,just before the piston reaches its highest point,the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens.As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder,known as TDC,it starts back down again.Thus,one cycle ends and another begins immediately.2.1.4Engine Overall MechanicsThe engine has hundreds of other parts.The major parts of engine are engine block,engine heads,pistons,connecting rods,crankshaft and valves.The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system,intake system,ignition system,cooling system,lubrication system and exhaust system.Each of these systems has a definite function.These systems will discussed in detail later.NEW WORDPiston活塞Connecting rod连杆Crankshaft曲轴Power stoke活塞行程Expel排出Valve气阀inlet(intake)valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀term术语TDC上止点BDC下止点Bore缸径swept volume有效容积engine capacity发动机排量clearance volume余隙容积,燃烧室容积compression ratio压缩比revolution旋转,转数every other每隔一个cycle循环spread over分布,遍及intake stroke进气行程compression stroke压缩行程knock敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke排气行程engine block发动机缸体lubrication润滑2.2Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2.1Engine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine.All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it.It holds the cylinders,water jackets,and oil galleries.The engine block also holds the crankshaft,which fastens to the bottom of the block.The camshaft also fits inside the block,except on overhead-cam engines(OHC).In most cars,this block is made of gray iron,or an alloy(mixture)of gray iron and other metals,such as nickel or chromium.Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks,especially those in smaller cars,are made of cast aluminum.This metal is much lighter than iron.However,iron wears better than aluminum.Therefore,the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves.These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves.Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.2.2.2Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block,just as a roof fits over a house.The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston.The most common cylinder head types are the hemi,wedge,and semi-hemi.All three of these terms refer tothe shape of the engine's combustion chamber.The cylinder head carries the valves,valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft,this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods.Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers.This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block,the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.2.2.3GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs.The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket.This is a sandwich gasket,i.e.a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper,both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.2.2.4Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel.The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase;they enclose,or encase,the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine.The oil drains off and runs down into the pan.Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.New Wordsengine block缸体cylinder head气缸盖fasten使固定water jacket水套oil gallery油道camshaft凸轮轴overhead-cam(OHC)顶置凸轮gray iron灰铸铁alloy合金nickel镍chromium铬casting铸件head cover汽缸盖罩intake manifold进气总管distributor分电器oil pan油底壳aluminum铝be lined with镶有cylinder sleeve气缸套hemi半球形wedge楔型，楔入semi-hemi准半球形rocker摇臂push-rod推杆gasket衬垫high-tensile高强度的stud螺栓gas-tight密封的asbestos石棉crankcase曲轴箱，曲柄箱encase封闭，把…包起来drain off排出，流出2.3Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft2.3.1Piston AssemblyThe piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine.Most pistons are made from cast aluminum.The piston,through the connecting rod,transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture.This force turns the crankshaft .Thin,circular,steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber.These bands are called piston rings.The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves.A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston.The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod.The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself,its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.2.3.2.PistonTo withstand the heat of the combustion chamber,the piston must be strong.Italso must be light,since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder.The piston is hollow.It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force.It is thin at the bottom,where there is less heat.The top part of the piston is the head,or crown.The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat,concave,dome or recessed.In diesel engine,the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown,depending on the method of injection.So they use pistons with different shapes.2.3.3Piston RingsAs Fig.2-9shows,piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston.In simplest terms,piston rings are thin,circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons.In modern engines,each piston has three rings.(Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings,or even five.)The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls.Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls.That is,only the rings contact the cylinder walls.The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings.The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber,and is called an oil ring.Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines.The chrome face provide a very smooth,wear-resistant surface.During the power stoke,combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high.It causes them to untwist.Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings.This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall.The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore,high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.2.3.4Piston PinThe piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod.This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod.The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft.This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston.The piston pin fits through one side of the piston,through the small end of the rod,and then through the other side of the piston.It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston.Pins are made of high-strengh steel and havea hollow center.Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.2.3.3Connecting rodThe connecting rod is made of forgedhigh-strength steel.It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft.The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin.A bush made from a soft metal,such as bronze,is used for this joint.The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal.This is called the big end.For this big-end bearing,steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used.These are the same as those used for the main bearings.The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle,so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore.The connecting rod ismade from forged alloy steel.2.3.5CrankshaftThe crankshaft,in conjunction with theconnecting rod,coverts the reciprocating motion ofthe piston to the rotary motion needed to drive thevehicle.It is usually made from carbon steel whichis alloyed with a small proportion of nickel.Themain bearing journals fit into the cylinder block andthe big end journals align with the connecting rods.At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached theflywheel,and at the front end are the driving whellsfor the timing gears,fan,cooling water andalternator.The throw of the crankshaft,the distance between the main journal and the big end centers,controls the length of the stroke.The stroke is double the throw,and the stroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa.2.3.6FlywheelThe flywheel is the made from carbon steel.It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft. As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch, which transmits the drive to the transmission,and has the starter ring gear around its circumference.There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes.New WordsComprise由。
汽车系统构造英文版-Lesson1Historyoftheautomobile
1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City
• 3. Vintage era
• The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1919), through the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. During this period, the front-engined car came to dominate, with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed.
• By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne. Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and better steering developed.
• Some examples of cars of the period included the following:
• 1908–1927 Ford Model T — the most widely produced and available car of the era. It used a planetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system.
汽车结构图解汽车零部件英文
内外循环开关 Fresh and recirculation switch
危险警告开关 Hazard warning flasher switch
上面杂物箱 Center box
f
组合开关 Combination switch
空调开关 A/C switch
温控操纵杆机械式 Temperature
No, that’s fine.Now let's learn about it!
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2
零部件名称-车体右侧外饰
右中立柱玻璃 Right division glass
右后门窗玻璃 Glass-Rr door, RH
右后视镜 Right outer mirror
右三角窗玻璃 Rear side window, RH Or Quarter window glass
IP下饰板 Instrument lower panel
后除雾开关 Rear window defroster switch
11
零部件名称-驾驶室内饰3
主驾座椅 Driver seat
右B柱下饰板 Right B-pillar lower trim
右B 柱上饰板 Right B-pillar upper trim
右前门限位器 Fr door Checker, RH
右前门槛装饰板 Fr scuff plate, RH
右前门门控灯开关 Fr door switch, RH
右前门窗玻璃 Fr door glass, RH
右前门内饰 Fr door trim, RH
右后视镜 Right outer mirror
右前门密封胶条 Fr door weather strip, RH
汽车构造(英文版)
Principal Components(汽车主要组成部分)Today's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.现代汽车有超过15000个零件组成，分成几个必须在一起工作的功能部分。
主要包括4个功能部分：引擎，车身，底盘和电控。
引擎Engine 引擎1、The engine acts as the power unit. 引擎为汽车提供能源。
2、 The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder . 一般是内燃机：通过在引擎缸内燃烧液体燃料获得能量。
3、There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(alsocalled a compression-ignition engine). 引擎有两种：汽油机和柴油机。
4、Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.两种引擎都叫热机。
汽车系统构造英文版
1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen
• 1. Veteran car era
• By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in western Europe, especially in France, they produced 30,204 in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year.
• At the 1900s some steam-powered selfpropelled vehicles were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing a law, the Locomotive Act, in 1865 requiring self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878.
英文汽车结构作文
英文汽车结构作文英文：As a car enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the structure of automobiles. The design and engineering that goes into creating a car is truly remarkable. There are several components that make up a car's structure, including the chassis, body, suspension, and drivetrain.The chassis is the foundation of the car's structure and provides support for all the other components. It is typically made of steel or aluminum and is designed to be strong and rigid. The body of the car is attached to the chassis and is responsible for providing protection for the passengers and cargo. It is typically made of lightweight materials such as aluminum or carbon fiber.The suspension system is responsible for providing a smooth ride and ensuring that the car stays stable while driving. It is made up of several components, including theshocks, struts, and springs. The drivetrain is responsible for transferring power from the engine to the wheels. It is made up of several components, including the transmission, driveshaft, and differential.Overall, the structure of a car is a complex andintricate system that requires careful engineering and design. It is truly amazing to see how all of these components work together to create a functional andefficient vehicle.中文：作为一个汽车爱好者，我一直被汽车的结构所吸引。
汽车构造(英文版)
CHAPTER 1AUTOMOTIVE BASICS1.1Principal ComponentsToday's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that mustwork together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine,body, chassis and electrical equipment.1.2EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common:this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are twotypes of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called acompression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines;the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure andsupply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.1.3BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunkdeck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo.The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable.The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.1.4ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of avehicle. The chassis includes the transmission,suspension,steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.Steering― controls the direction of the movement.Brake ― slows down the vehicle.1.5Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater,and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists ofthe battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.New WordsPrincipal component主要零件category种类，种类body车身chassis底盘layout部署power unit动力装置internal combustion engine燃机cylinder汽缸gasoline汽油spark火ignition点燃，点火diesel柴油机compression压缩shaft轴transmission传动系sheet metal金属板shell外壳hood（发动机）罩trunk deck行舱盖cargo货物styling款式assembly总成，装置suspension悬挂，悬置shock冲击steering转向，操控brake刹车，制动器clutch离合器gearbox变速器driveshaft传动轴final drive主减速器，后桥differential差速器slow down（使）慢下来，减速horn喇叭starter起动机charge充电alternator沟通发电机Review Questions1.List the main parts of an automobile?2.What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?3.Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?4.Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE2.1 principle of operation2.1.1 Engine and powerEngine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat bythe burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If enginecombustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustionengine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an externalcombustion engine.Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gaseswith the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases toincrease. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted intouseful mechanical power.2.1.2 Engine TermsLinking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate theshaft through half a turn. The power stroke “ uses up ” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows thenew mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas afterthe gas has done its job. Engine terms are :TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is fartheraway from the crankshaft.BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston isnearest to the crankshaft.Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder.Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC.Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke havinga capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm.Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank..2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine CycleThe spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally suppliedin ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycleit takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are:This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. Thestroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created.During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. Theexhaust valve remains tightly closed.Compression strokeAs the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, thevalves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightlyand confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power strokeJust before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark isintroduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustionchamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causesrapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces thepiston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust strokeJust before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows thepiston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and theinlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known asTDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.Engine Overall MechanicsThe engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block ,engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignitionsystem, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systemshas a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.NEW WORDPiston活塞Connecting rod连杆Crankshaft曲轴Power stoke活塞行程Expel排出Valve气阀inlet(intake) valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀term术语TDC上止点BDC下止点Bore缸径swept volume有效容积engine capacity发动机排量clearance volume余隙容积 ,焚烧室容积compression ratio压缩比revolution旋转,转数every other每隔一个cycle循环spread over散布 ,遍布intake stroke进气行程compression stroke压缩行程knock敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke排气行程engine block发动机缸体lubrication润滑2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder HeadEngine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit insideit or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine blockalso holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft alsofits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block ismade of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel orchromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. Thismetal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore,the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves.These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. Theunderside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most commoncylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms referto the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves,valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinderhead and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement.Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixturecan escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket,i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able towithstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of thecylinder block together are called the crankcase;they enclose, or encase,the crankshaft.The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan.Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of theengine.New Wordsengine block缸体cylinder head气缸盖fasten使固定water jacket水套oil gallery油道camshaft凸overhead-cam(OHC)置凸gray iron灰alloy合金nickel chromium casting件head cover汽缸盖罩intake manifold气管distributor分器oil pan油底壳aluminum be lined with有cylinder sleeve气缸套hemi半球形wedge楔型，楔入semi-hemi准半球形rocker臂push-rod推杆gasket high-tensile高度的stud螺栓gas-tight密封的asbestos石棉crankcase曲箱，曲柄箱encase封，把⋯包起来drain off排出，流出Review Question1.What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for?2.How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio?3.What controls the length of the stroke?4.List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics?5.What are the main function of the engine block?2.3Piston Connecting Rod and CrankshaftPiston AssemblyThe piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are madefrom cast aluminum.The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture.This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal thebottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The groovesinto which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in thepiston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of thepiston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. Italso must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside thecylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heatand the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top partof the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between thering grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , thecombustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , dependingon the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.2.3.3Piston RingsAs Fig.2-9 shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston.In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves inthe tops of the pistons.In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimeshad four rings, or even five.) The ring’ s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is,only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in thecylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed ontothe cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring.Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines.The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings.This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove.Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face andthe cylinder wall.2.3.4 Piston PinThe piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits intothe piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end ofis much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits insidethe bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , throughthe small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rodfirmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and havea hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.2.3.3 Connecting rodThe connecting rod is made of forgedhigh-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on thecrankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush madefrom a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-endbearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as thoseused for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so thatit is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod ismade from forged alloy steel .CrankshaftThe crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocatingmotion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually madefrom carbon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearingjournals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connectingrods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front endare the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the main journal and the bigend centers , controls the length of the stroke . The stroke is double the throw , and thestroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .2.3.6 FlywheelThe flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft .As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch ,which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drivethe crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .New WordsComprise由。
汽车结构图解(底盘)中英文
• Suspension system : absorbs the road shocks
悬架系统： 吸收来自路面的冲击
• Braking system: slows down the vehicle
制动系统： 使车辆减速或停止
1. Power train system
2. Steerin system
According to different power source of external auxiliary system, currently there are two kinds of power-assisted steering system: HPS (HydraulicPowerSteering) and EPS (ElectricPowerSteering).
汽车车身由金属薄板外壳和窗户、车门、发动机罩、行李箱盖等组成。汽 车车身为发动机、乘员和货物提供了保护。汽车车身的作用主要是保护驾 驶员以及构成良好的空气力学环境。好的车身不仅能带来更佳的性能，也 能体现出车主的个性。
2. Car body
顶棚 天窗 挡风玻璃 车外后视镜 雨刷 发动机舱罩
格栅 大灯 保险杠 牌照 指示灯
现在的车辆一般都由 15000多个分散、独立且 相互配合的零部件组成。 这些零部件主要分为四类 ：车身、发动机、底盘和 电气设备。
2. Car body
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood and a trunk deck built into it. It provide a protective covering for the engine, passengers.
汽车构造英语词汇（CarsconstructEnglishvocabulary）
汽车构造英语词汇（Cars construct English vocabulary）Auto automobileThe tractor tractorRailway locomotive locomotiveTram tramTrolley bus trolleyMilitary vehicle for military vehiclesSteam engineGas engine gas engineGasoline engine gasoline engineNational economyGross Domestic Production of Gross Domestic product Completely Knock DownSemi - Knock DownReform and opening up reform and openingThe technology introduces the technical importLocalization of localizationPillar estate pillar estateSaloon carPassenger bus, coach,Van truck, lorryRoad vehicle for road vehiclesOff-road vehicleEngine engineThe body's engine bodyCrank rod mechanism crank-connecting rod mechanism Valve timing mechanismThe supply system is fuel supply systemCooling system cooling systemLubricating system of lubricating systemIgnition system ignition systemStarting system of starting systemChassis chassisDrive power trainThe clutch of the clutch Transmission gear boxPropeller shaft propeller shaft Drive axle drive axleRunning gearChassis frameSuspension suspensionFront axle front axleBridge shell axle housing,The wheel wheelTurn to the steering system Steering wheel steering wheel Turn the steering gear into gearSteering gear steering linkagePower plant power assisting deviceThe braking system is based on the systemControl device control devicePower supply deviceTransmission device transfer deviceBrake brakeThe car bodyFront end panels of the front end panelBody shell body shellThe door feelThe Windows windowAuxiliary device auxiliary devicePacking case to their platformThe front rear wheel drive (FR) front engine rear drive Front engine front drive (FF) front engine front driveRear engine rear drive (RR) rear engine rear drive Engine rear wheel drive (MR) midship engine rear drive All-wheel drive (nWD) all wheel driveThe driving force tractive forceResistance to holdRolling resistance rolling resistanceAir resistance, dragGradient resistance gradient resistanceAdhesion to adhesionAdhesive adhesion forceCoefficient of adhesionChapter I engine working principleTwo stroke engine two stroke engineFour stroke engine four stroke engineWater cooled engine water cooled engineAir cooled engineUpper dead pointLower dead pointStroke strokeCylinder diameter boreWorking volume working volume Displacement swept volume, displacement The intake stroke is a stroke Compression stroke compression stroke Compression ratio compression ratio Work stroke for work strokeKnock, knock, knockExhaust strokeThe diagram of the diagramCylinder block cylinderCylinder cover cylinder headOil sump oil sumpPlunger pistonConnecting rod connecting rod The crankshaft crankshaftThe flywheel flywheelIntake valve for intake valve Vent valveLifter tappetPutting a push rodThe rocker rockerThe camshaft camshaftTiming gearFuel tank fuel tankFuel pump fuel pumpGasoline filter gasoline filterCarburetor carburetorAir cleaner air cleanerIntake manifoldThe exhaust pipe is manifoldSpark plugIgnition coil ignition coilBreaker breakerBattery storage batteryGenerator generatorThe water pump water pumpThe radiator radiatorFan fanDrain valve drain valveWater jacket water jacketDistributive pipe of water diversion pipe Oil pump for oil pumpSet filter suction filterPressure limiting valve relief valveOil passage of lubricantsOil filter oil filterOil cooler oil coolerStarting point motorEffective power effective powerEffective torque effective torqueSpecific fuel consumption for fuel consumptionEngine speed characteristic engine speed characteristic Throttle open throttle percentagePartial characteristic partial characteristicOuter characteristic outer characteristicChapter ii the crank link mechanismCylinder liner cylinder sleeve, cylinder linerEngine bearing engine mountingPiston top piston topPiston head piston headPiston skirt piston skirtSlot slot.Piston ring piston ringGas ring compression will ringOil ring oil ringRing groove groovePiston pin piston pinMain bearing main bearingMain bearing capThe main axis is the main shell Connecting rod bearing big end bearing The connecting rod covers big end cap Cranking clawBelt pulley wheelBalance counter weightFiring order is firing orderTorsional vibration damper torsional vibration damper Chapter iii gas distribution mechanismOHV Over Head ValveOverhead Camshaft (OHC) Over Head CamshaftSingle overhead Camshaft (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft Dual overhead Camshaft (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft Multi-valve engine multi-valve engineValve clearance on valve clearanceTiming phase of air distributionValve stem valve stemValve seat valve seatValve guide valve guideValve spring valve springChapter iv supply of gasoline engine Combustible mixture with gas combustionSilencer silencer, mufflerGasoline gasoline, petrolFractionation distilEvaporative evaporating propertyCombustion heat valueAnti-knock property(RON) Research Octane NumberExcess air coefficient coefficient of excess air Theoretical mixture of theoretical mixingThin mixture of thin mixtureThick mixture of thick mixtureMain supply system of main oil supply systemIdle system idle systemThickening system for thickening systemAccelerate system acceleration systemFloat floatFloat chamber float chamberNeedle valve needle valveOrifice metering jetThe choke chokeFilter filter cartridgeSediment cup sediment cupPump membrane pump diaphragmOil bath type oil bath typeAsbestos pad a * * estos padPreheating pre - heatingGasoline direct injection of gasoline direct injection Electric control electronic controlMulti-point injection of muti-point injectionSingle point injectionCircuit control circuit controlDistributor signalAirflow signalCooling water temperature signal water temperature signal Chapter v supply of diesel engineTransfer pump transfer pumpFuel injection pump for fuel injection pumpHigh pressure pipeline high pressure fuel pipeIgnition ignition propertyViscosity viscosityThe solidifying point condensing pointPrepare the pri - combustion periodRapid combustion periodSlow combustion periodCombustion chamber combustion chamberUnited chamber of combustion chamberBall chamber ball chamberTurbulence chamberPre-combustion chamber pri-combustion chamber Fuel injector injectorPrecise couple precise couplePlunger plungerDelivery valve for oil outlet valveThe governor calledTwo-speed governor two speed governorFull speed governorFixed speed governor fixed speed governor Integrated governor combined governor Pneumatic governor called pneumaticCalled mechanical centrifugal governor mechanical centrifugal Complex governor complex governorAdvanced Angle adjustment device advancerFlying piece of flyweightCoupling couplingPrimary filter for coarse filterFine filter secondary filterTurbocharger turbochargerIntermediate coolerChapter vii cooling systemThermostat thermostatAnti-freezing liquid anti-freezing liquidCompensation for bucket compensationV - belt V beltShutter shutterBig circulation big circulationSmall circulation small circulationFins finsChapter 8 lubrication systemGrease lubricantPressure lubricates pressureSplash lubrication splashGrease greaseOil pressure sensor of oil pressure sensor Oil seal oil sealBypass valve bypass valveOil cooler, oil coolerDip stickOil filler with engine oilCrankcase ventilation crankcase ventilation Chapter ix ignition systemOne winding primary windingSecondary winding secondary windingHeat sensitive resistance heat sensitive resistanceIgnition advance advanceDistributor of distributorMoving contact is moving contactFixed contact fixed contactDistributor of the torch distributor armCapacitor condenserIgnition advance device ignition advancerThe centrifugal ignition advance device centrifugal ignition advancerVacuum ignition advancerOctane number rectifierCentral electrode centralSide electrode side electrodeCeramic insulator ceramic insulatorJumping gap spark gapSemiconductor ignition system semi - conductor ignition system Transistor transistorDiode diodeTriode triodeNon - contact ignition systemHall effect Hall effectPositive plate anodeNegative plate cathodeDiaphragm separatorThe electrolyte electrolyteBattery cell battery cellTerminal terminalCable to cableThe silicon rectification alternator silicon rectified A.C.motorRotor rotorThe stator statorBrush brushFan blade fan bladeVoltage regulator voltage regulatorChapter x starting systemStart cranking by handElectric heater plugSerial wound dc motorStarter ring starter ringElectro-magnetic control mechanism electro - magnetic control Chapter 11 new enginesTriangle piston triangular pistonRotary engine for rotor engineRotation, rotary motion, rotationThe revolution orbit motionTrack the trajectoryPinion gearRing gear ring gearThe reciprocating parts are reciprocal partsDynamic balanceGas turbine engine gas turbine engineChapter xii automobile transmission systemMechanical transmission is mechanical transmissionHydraulic mechanical transmission is hydro-mechanical transmissionStatic fluid transmission is static - hydraulic transmission Electrical transmission of power type transmission Automatic transmission by automatic transmissionSlow down the reductionVariable speed ratio variable ratioA variable speed definite ratioVariable speed indefinite infinite ratioVariable Transmission with Variable Transmission (CVT) General layoutLateral engine positioning of the engineTransfer case, transfer boxChapter 13 clutchJoin soft smooth engagementSeparate and thorough separationOverload overloadFriction surface friction surfaceFriction liner friction linerThe hub hubActive part driving partDriven part driven partSpline splinePressure plate pressure plateClutch cover cover plateSeparate leverage release leverSeparate sleeve release sleeveSeparate bearing release bearingMaster cylinder master cylinderWorking cylinder working cylinder Separate * release forkClearance adjustment clearance adjustment Skid slipPedal pedalPedal free stroke pedal free stroke Working travel pedal pedal working stroke Rivet, riveted rivetDual disc clutch dual disc clutchCentral spring clutchDiaphragm spring clutchNonlinear non - linearChapter 14 transmission and transferInput shaft (first axis) input shaft, drive shaft Output shaft (second axis) output shaft, main shaft Shaft counter shaftReverse shaft reverse gear shaftConstant mesh constant meshLow gearHigh gearTop gear at the topNeutral neutral gearThe first gearThe second gearThe third gearReverse gear reverse gear Direct gearOverdrive overdrivePower take - offShift the shiftSliding sleeve is meshed Synchronizer a synchronizer Synchro cone synchro cone Shift lever shift lever Lever handle...Ball jointShift the shift forkSince the self - lock lock Interlock system - the lock Transaxle transaxleWe're going to stop low gearChapter xv hydraulic mechanical transmission Hydraulic coupling hydraulic couplingPump impeller impellerThe turbine turbineLeaf bladeTorque converter torque converterIdler pulley statorPlanetary gear systemSun gearPlanet pinionPlanet carrier planet carrierRing gear ring gearChapter 16 transmission shaftUniversal joint, U - jointCardan type U - joint* child yoke, the forkSpider, center crossRoller bearing needle bearingGrease nipple (grease nipple) for fitting, nipple Constant angular velocityDual Cardan type u-jointBall * universal joint, Weiss type U - jointBall cage type universal joint Rzeppa type u-joint Inner race housingOuter race shell of spherical shellKeep the cage, the cage retainer, ball cage Flexible u-joint of flexible universal joint Seamless steel tube seamless steel tubeChapter 17 drive axleThe main reducer final driveActive (small) gear drive pinionFrom moving (large) gear ring gearBevel gear for bevel gearHypoid gear, hypoid gearSingle reduction single reductionDouble reduction double reductionThrough the main reducer, penetrable final driveDouble-speed main reducer double gear (speed) final drive Wheel reducer wheel reductionDifferential differentialHalf shaft gear differential side gearDifferential lock differential lockInter-axle differential lockTorson differential torque。
汽车系统构造英文版-Lesson1Historyoftheautomobile
• The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport. Steam-powered selfpropelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier àvapeur, an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771.
• 2. Edwardian era
• Edwardian era lasted from roughly 1905 through to the beginning of World War I in 1914. Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to a huge number (hundreds) of small manufacturers all competing to gain the world's attention.
• Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls. Automobiles were seen as more of a novelty than a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for travelling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless.
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CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS第一章汽车原理1.1 Principal Components1.1 汽车主要组成部分Today's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.现代汽车有超过15000个零件组成，分成几个必须在一起工作的功能部分。
主要包括4个功能部分：引擎，车身，底盘和电控。
1.2 Engine1.2引擎The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.引擎为汽车提供能源。
一般是内燃机：通过在引擎缸内燃烧液体燃料获得能量。
引擎有两种：汽油机和柴油机。
两种引擎都叫热机。
燃烧的燃料产生大量大热，热量使缸内的气体产生大的压力，通过连杆使曲轴旋转。
1.3 Body1.3 车身An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.车身有窗户，门，盖，内饰等组成，它为发动机，乘客及货物提供空间和保护。
车身的设计要让乘客安全并乘坐舒适。
对于乘用汽车，车身要动感，色彩绚丽，现代化。
1.4 Chassis1.4 底盘The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.底盘是一个组合体，主要由汽车的操纵部分，传动系统，悬架，转向部分，制动系统组成。
Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.传动系统用来驱动车轮。
主要有离合器，变速箱，驱动轴，最后驱动和差速器组成。
Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.悬架主要用来吸收路面冲击。
Steering― controls the direction of the movement.转向系统控制汽车的行驶方向。
Brake― slows down the vehicle.制动系统使汽车停下来。
1.5 Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.电动系统主要为点火系统，喇叭，灯，加热器，及启动系统提供电能。
电压通过一个电路保持恒定。
这个电路有电池，发电机组成。
电池储存电能，发电机把引擎的机械能转化为电能，给电池充电。
New WordsPrincipal component 主要部件category 种类，类型body 车身chassis 底盘layout 布置power unit 动力装置internal combustion engine 内燃机cylinder 汽缸gasoline 汽油spark 火花ignition 点燃，点火diesel 柴油机compression 压缩shaft 轴transmission 传动系sheet metal 金属板shell 外壳hood （发动机）罩trunk deck 行李舱盖cargo 货物styling 样式assembly 总成，装配suspension 悬挂，悬置shock 冲击steering 转向，操纵brake 刹车，制动器clutch 离合器gearbox 变速器driveshaft 传动轴final drive 主减速器，后桥differential 差速器slow down （使）慢下来，减速horn 喇叭starter 起动机charge 充电alternator 交流发电机Review Questions1.List the main parts of an automobile?汽车的主要部分有哪些？2.What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?根据车身，汽车的一般类型有哪些？3.Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?汽车底盘有哪些系统，底盘的功用是那些？4.Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?汽车为什么用悬架系统？CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE第二章引擎燃烧室2.1 principle of operation2.1原理2.1.1 Engine and power2.1.1引擎和能量Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。
假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。
假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。
Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。
气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。
2.1.2 Engine Terms2.2.1引擎冲程Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an intake valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :连接活塞和曲轴的连杆，是气体推动曲轴旋转的原因。