《英汉语言对比与翻译》教案设计3

第1讲导论

主要容：从语言对比角度探讨翻译概念阐释、翻译标准厘定、翻译过程梳理、翻译方法运用等与翻译相关的方方面面的问题。

教学要求：了解翻译中的语言比较与对比概念，理解翻译概念、翻译标准、翻译过程等，掌握上述相关概念基本容及其与语言对比相关的问题。

重点、难点：语言比较与对比概念差异及其之于翻译能力培养的终极意义。

一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。

——吕叔湘

对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。

——吕叔湘

You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.

——Engels

Explain some of the points:

1.Why “contrast” but not “compare”?

2.What is “language”?

3.What’s the aim of contrastive study of two languages?

4.Content of study.

5. A general contrastive study of Chinese and English

6.Contrastive study of phonetics.

Explanation:

1. Compare: similarity of two things

Contrast: differences of two things

语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。

比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。

对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。

2. 起步阶段：二十世纪初——二十世纪四十年代末严复、元任、吕叔湘、王力

停滞阶段：1949——1976

复苏和发展阶段：1977年5月后，特别是进入九十年代后

3. What is “language”?

语言: 语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。

Language：the system of human communication which consists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes, words, groups/phrases, sentences

4. What’s the aim of contrastive study?

1) 促进英语教学：语音教学、写作教学以及翻译教学。

2)西方对比语言学认为，一本好的外语教材，一方面对所学外语进行科学的描写，一

方面对学生的本民族语进行平行描写，并加以仔细比较。

通过两种或多种语言的对比研究，可以更好地认识语言的结构，进一步认识语言的本质。

1.Introduction

1.1Contrastive analysis versus comparative linguistics

1.1.1Definition of contrastive analysis

Contrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics that makes synchronic contrastive study of two or more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the differences, and to make use of them mainly in language teaching and learning.

1.1.2Definition of comparative linguistics

Comparative linguistics is a branch of linguistics that makes diachronic comparative study of more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the similarities, and to find the proto-language and develop etymology.

1.1.3 Comparisons between contrastive analysis and comparative linguistics

Contrastive analysis Comparative linguistics

Other names: Contrastive study Comparative philology（语文学）Contrastive Linguistics Comparative grammar

Time: Synchronic Diachronic

Object:Different languages and dialects Different languages in the same family Goal: To know differences and similarities To know the originality of languages Contents:Phonology, morphology, syntax and Phonology, morphology, syntax

semantics

Value:To develop typology（类型学）To find the proto-language(共同原始语) To help correct errors To develop etymology

To help learn language

To help in translation

(Hartmann and Stork: 1976)

※typology: isolating, agglutinative, inflective

1.1.4 Four quadrants of contrastive analysis and comparative linguistics

within language

2 1

diachronic synchronic

3 4

between languages

1.2Classification of contrastive analysis