英美文学选读英国文学3单元诗歌翻译

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自考英美文学选读教材翻译

自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分：英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。

岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。

古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。

盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。

正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。

英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。

这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。

这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。

他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。

总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。

宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。

比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。

在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。

除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。

这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。

其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。

诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。

《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。

尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。

自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)

Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

《英国文学选读》译文汇总.

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方窗户中出现轻声那边窗子里亮起来的是什么光那就是东方朱丽叶就是太阳起来吧美丽的太阳赶走那妒忌的月亮她因为她的女弟子比她美得多已经气得面色惨白了既然她这样妒忌着你你不要忠于她吧脱下她给你的这一身惨绿色的贞女的道服它是只配给愚人穿的那是我的意中人啊那是我的爱唉但愿她知道我在爱着她她欲言又止可是她的眼睛已经道出了她的心事待我去回答她吧不我不要太卤莽她不是对我说话天上两颗最灿烂的星因为有事他去请求她的眼睛替代它们在空中闪耀要是她的眼睛变成了天上的星天上的星变成了她的眼睛那便怎样呢她脸上的光辉会掩盖了星星的明亮正像灯光在朝阳下黯然失色一样在天上的她的眼睛会在太空中大放光明使鸟儿误认为黑夜已经过去而唱出它们的歌声瞧她用纤手托住了脸那姿态是多么美妙啊但愿我是那一只手上的手套好让我亲一亲她脸上的香泽朱丽叶唉罗密欧她说话了啊再说下去吧光明的天使因为我在这夜色之中仰视着你就像一个尘世的凡人张大了出神的眼睛瞻望着一个生着翅膀的天使驾着白云缓缓地驰过了天空一样朱丽叶罗密欧啊罗密欧为什么你偏偏是罗密欧呢否认你的父亲抛弃你的姓名吧也许你不愿意这样做那么只要你宣誓做我的爱人我也不愿再姓凯普莱特了罗密欧旁白我还是继续听下去呢还是现在就对她说话朱丽叶只有你的名字才是我的仇敌你即使不姓蒙太古仍然是这样的一个你姓不姓蒙太古又有什么关系呢它又不是手又不是脚又不是手臂又不是脸又不是身体上任何其他的部分啊换一个姓名吧姓名本来是没有意义的我们叫做玫瑰的这一种花要是换了个名字它的香味还是同样的芬芳罗密欧要是换了别的名字他的可爱的完美也决不会有丝毫改变罗密欧抛弃了你的名字吧我愿意把我整个的心灵赔偿你这一个身外的空名罗密欧那么我就听你的话你只要叫我做爱我就重新受洗重新命名从今以后永远不再叫罗密欧了朱丽叶你是什么人在黑夜里躲躲闪闪地偷听人家的话罗密欧我没法告诉你我叫什么名字敬爱的神明我痛恨我自己的名字因为它是你的仇敌要是把它写在纸上我一定把这几个字撕成粉碎朱丽叶我的耳朵里还没有灌进从你嘴里吐出来的一百个字可是我认识你的声音你不是罗密欧蒙太古家里的人吗罗密欧不是美人要是你不喜欢这两个名字朱丽叶告诉我你怎么会到这儿来为什么到这儿来花园的墙这么高是不容易爬上来的要是我家里的人瞧见你在这儿他们一定不让你活命罗密欧我借着爱的轻翼飞过园墙因为砖石的墙垣是不能把爱情阻隔的爱情的力量所能够做到的事它都会冒险尝试所以我不怕你家里人的干涉朱丽叶要是他们瞧见了你一定会把你杀死的罗密欧唉你的眼睛比他们二十柄刀剑还厉害只要你用温柔的眼光看着我他们就不能伤害我的身体朱丽叶我怎么也不愿让他们瞧见你在这儿罗密欧朦胧的夜色可以替我遮过他们的眼睛只要你爱我就让他们瞧见我吧与其因为得不到你的爱情而在这世上捱命还不如在仇人的刀剑下丧生朱丽叶谁叫你找到这儿来的罗密欧爱情怂恿我探听出这一个地方他替我出主意我借给他眼睛我不会操舟驾舵可是倘使你在辽远辽远的海滨我也会冒着风波寻访你这颗珍宝朱丽叶幸亏黑夜替我罩上了一重面幕否则为了我刚才被你听去的话你一定可以看见我脸上羞愧的红晕我真想遵守礼法否认已经说过的言语可是这些虚文俗礼现在只好一切置之不顾了你爱我吗我知道你一定会说是的我也一定会相信你的话可是也许你起的誓只是一个谎人家说对于恋人们的寒盟背信天神是一笑置之的温柔的罗密欧啊你要是真的爱我就请你诚意告诉我你要是嫌我太容易降心相从我也会堆起怒容装出倔强的神气拒绝你的好意好让你向我婉转求情否则我是无论如何不会拒绝你的俊秀的蒙太古啊我真的太痴心了所以也许你会觉得我的举动有点轻浮可是相信我朋友总有一天你会知道我的忠心远胜过那些善于矜持作态的人我必须承认倘不是你乘我不备的时候偷听去了我的真情的表白我一定会更加矜持一点的所以原谅我吧是黑夜泄漏了我心底的秘密不要把我的允诺看作无耻的轻狂罗密欧姑娘凭着这一轮皎洁的月亮它的银光涂染着这些果树的梢端我发誓朱丽叶啊不要指着月亮起誓它是变化无常的每个月都有盈亏圆缺你要是指着它起誓也许你的爱情也会像它一样无常罗密欧那么我指着什么起誓呢朱丽叶不用起誓吧或者要是你愿意的话就凭着你优美的自身起誓那是我所崇拜的偶像我一定会相信你的罗密欧要是我的出自深心的爱情朱丽叶好别起誓啦我虽然喜欢你却不喜欢今天晚上的密约它太仓卒太轻率太出人意外了正像一闪电光等不及人家开一声口已经消隐了下去好人再会吧这一朵爱的蓓蕾靠着夏天的暖风的吹拂也许会在我们下次相见的时候开出鲜艳的花来晚安晚安但愿恬静的安息同样降临到你我两人的心头罗密欧啊你就这样离我而去不给我一点满足吗朱丽叶你今夜还要什么满足呢罗密欧你还没有把你的爱情的忠实的盟誓跟我交换朱丽叶在你没有要求以前我已经把我的爱给了你了可是我倒愿意重新给你罗密欧你要把它收回去吗为什么呢爱人朱丽叶为了表示我的慷慨我要把它重新给你可是我只愿意要我已有的东西我的慷慨像海一样浩渺我的爱情也像海一样深沉我给你的越多我自己也越是富有因为这两者都是没有穷尽的乳媪在内呼唤我听见里面有人在叫亲爱的再会吧就来了。

英美文学诗歌中英文

Annabel Lee----Edgar Allan PoeIt was many and many a year ago，In a kingdom by the sea，That a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of ANNABEL LEE；And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me.She was a child and I was a child，In this kingdom by the sea；But we loved with a love that was more than loveI and my Annabel Lee；With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven Coveted her and me.And this was the reason that，long ago，In this kingdom by the sea，A wind blew out of a cloud by night chilling my Annabel Lee；So that her highborn kinsman cameAnd bore her away from me，To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kindom by the sea.The angels ，not half so happy in the heaven，Went evnying her and meYes！That was the reason（as all men know，in this kingdom by the sea）That the wind came out of the cloud，Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.But our love it was stronger by far than the loveOf those who were older than weOf many far wiser than weAnd neither the angels in heaven above，Nor the demons down under the sea，Can ever dissever my soulfrom the soulOf the beautiful Annabel Lee.For the moon never beams without bringing me dreamsOf the beautiful Annalbel Lee；And the stars never rise but I see the bright eyesOf the beautiful Annabel Lee；And so，all the night-tide ，I lie down by the sideOf my darling ，my darling ，my life and my bride，In the sepulchre there by the sea，In her tomb by the side of the sea.很久很久以前，在一个滨海的国度里，住着一位少女你或许认得，她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望，只为和我俩情相许。

英美文学选读笔记整理版英国Romantic

Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国）Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.Historical background:Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794)The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain.Cultural background1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth.2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.Features of the romantic literature1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now.3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”.5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.The Romantic period is also a great age of prose.The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernaturalWillam BlakePoints of view:1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets.2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination.His works: Poetical Sketches (1783)Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)Songs of Innocence (1809)Songs of Experience (1794)1. Songs of Innocence (1809)It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetic forms and techniques, broke with the traditions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries2. Songs of Experience (1794)This volume of poetry paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A number of poems from the Songs of Innocence also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The two books hold the similar subject matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.ComparisonThe two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The previous one indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of “illusory happiness”; the poem from the latter reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.Special features:Fight for freedom, especially for the inner spiritual freedom of the individual, is a major topic in his poetry.Blake writes his poems in plain, simple and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beautyHe distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images.Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.The Tiger Give brief answers：In what sense can we say The Tiger is a poem about art/This poem is about the artistic creation. The tiger is a real and natural beast, but the image of the tiger is man made. It is the fruit of an artist s imagination .William Blake1. His workshe is a poet and an engraver. He is the first romantic poet.Childhood is central to his concernA. Songs of innocencea. a happy and innocent world, though not without evils and sufferings.b. visionB. Songs of experiencea. A world of miseryb. the nature of religion2. Distinctive featuresA. Visual imagesB. music beautyC. Symbolism in wide rangeWhat does the word "weep " meanHere weep means sweep, it is the child s lisping attempt at the chimney sweeper s street cry.The Tiger is a poem about art, about the adequacy of words and painting. Though the tiger is a real natural beast, the images and myths with which we surround it are the fruits of imagination.William wordsworth(1770-1850)Literary point of viewHe was strongly against the neoclassical poetry. He thought the source of poetic truth was the direct experience of the senses. Poetry originated from “emotion recollected in tranquility”. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also change the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.Special features:1. Wordsworth is regarded as a ‘worshipper of nature’. He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature.2. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.His works:1. Lyrical Ballads 1798This collection of poems is generally regarded as the landmark in English literature, for it started a poetical revolution by using the common, simple and colloquial language in poetry. The poems were written in the spirit and in the pattern of the early story-telling ballads. They are simple tales about simple life told in simple style and simple language to express the simple emotions in simple lyricism.2. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads 1802The Preface deserts its reputation as a manifesto in the theory of poetry. He claimed that the great subjects of poetry were “the essential passions of the heart”and “the great and simple affections”as these qualities interact with “the beautiful and permanent forms of nature”.Interpret the poemNature and man come together explicitly in this stanza when the speaker says that his heart dances with the daffodils.The poem moves from the sadly alienated separation felt by the speaker in the beginning to his joy in recollecting the natural scene. The emptiness of speaker s spirit is transformed into a fullness of feeling as he remembers the daffodils.Questions1. Why is lyrical Ballades is regarded as the landmark in English literature2. What is the significance of William Wordsworth s poetryA. two groups of his worksB. themesa. poems about nature the fusionb. poems about human life Lucy poemsC. featuressimple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary peopleNostalgicSamuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)His points of view:1. Politically he was first an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. In his later period, he was a fiery foe of the rights of man, of Jacobinism. He insisted that a government should be based upon the will of the propertied classes only, and should impose itself upon the rest of the community from above.2. Religiously, he was a pious Christian. He would regard nature, poetry and faith as the source of human restoration.3. Artistically Coleridge thought that art was the medium between man and nature, poetry was the flower of all human knowledge and that the imagination was the means to unite the thoughts and passions. He believed that art was the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality. A poet should realize the vague intimations derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.4. Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limited and rationalistic trends of 18th-century thought. He courageously stemmed the tide of the of the prevailing doctrines derived from Hume and Hartley, advocating a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.His literary achievements:His achievement as a poet can be divided into 2 remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of the demonic group. And the conversational group generally speaksmore directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Crane beautifully called “an improved infancy”. His poetic themes range from the supernatural to the domesticColeridge is one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language, maintaining that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”. He sings highly Wordsworth’s “purity of language”, “deep and subtle thoughts”, “perfect truth to nature”and his “imaginative power”.His works:There are as many different interpretations of “Kubla Khan”as there are critics who have written about it. In the criticism of the last 50 years, one may distinguish, broadly, four major approaches to this poem: (i) interpretations of it as a poem about the poetic process; (ii) readings of it as an exemplification of aspects of Colerdgean aesthetic theory; (iii) Freudian analysis; and (iv) Jungian interpretations (Maintaining Jung's psychological theories, especially those that stress the contribution of racial and cultural inheritance to the psychology of an individual.Comment on the whole poem:1. Kubla Khan who ordered a pleasure-dome and elaborate gardens to be constructed in Xanadu, is often viewed as a type of artist. His creation is a precariously balanced reconciliation of the nature and the artificial. The description of Kubla’s palace and gardens illustrates the work of the arranging and ornamenting fancy.2. The poem reveals a dramatic conflict. In the first two stanzas, the poet describes both the marvelous and magnificent palace and supernatural mysteries. The ‘sacred river’that runs through them is the link that connects them. Here, the picturesque landscape is a symbol of life and the dark ‘caverns’are a symbol of death. And the ‘sacred river’runs into infinity of death. In the third stanza, the poet tries to reach a reconciliation of the natural and the artificial by religious spells.3. The spirit of the poem is cool and non-human. One feels no real warmth even in the sunny garden. The poet, who is half-present in the end, is dehumanized behind his mask. In this poem dwells the magic, the “dream”and the air of mysterious meaning. ChristabelPart IIt is the middle of the night by the castle clock, and the owls have awakened the crowing cockTu whit tu whooAnd hark, again the crowing cock,How drowsily it crew.Sir leoline, the Baron rich,Has a toothles mastiff bitchFrom her kennel beneath the rockShe maketh answer to the clockFour for the quarters, and twelve for the hourEver and aye, by shine and shower,Sixteen short howls, not over loudSome say, she sees my lady s shroud.Sir leoline is weak in health,And may not well awakened be,But we will move as if in stealth,And I beseach your courtesyThis night, to share your couch with me.A damsel with a dulcimerIn a vision once I sawit was ……1. What does mount Abora in line five refer to .2. what does this part describeit is a description of one part of the poet s dream in which a young girl is playing a dulcimer and singing. It revels the poet s longingfor a poetic world.3. Questions List his approaches to interpret kubla khanA. The poetic processB. aesthetic theoryC. Freudian analysisD psychological analysisWhat is Coleridge s contribution to English literatureA. assessment a poet , a critic,B. two groups of poemsa. demonic神诋诗------ themes , featuresb. Conversational------ themes , featuresC. writing techniquesa. dreamlike atmosphere, Gothic elements e.g. mysticism, demonismb. compelling conversational powersstructureThe first stanzas are products of pure imagination the pleasuredome of kubla khan is not a useful metaphor for anything in particular, however, it is a fantastically prodigious descriptive act. The poem becomes especially evocative when after the second stanza, the meter suddenly tightens the resulting lines are terse and solid, almost beating out the sound of the war drums. The fourth stanza states the theme of the poem as a whole where the speaker once had a vision of the damsel singing of Mount Abora, and the dangerous power of the vision.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Points of view:Politically Byron has a strong passion for liberty and an intense hatred for all tyrants.Artistically, Byron continued in the tradition of classicism that had been advocated by the writers of the Enlightenment in the 18th century.Major worksDon JuanDon Juan is a great comic epic, a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society.Special features:Byron’s diction, though unequal and frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness and vigor.The glowing imagination of the poet rises and sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling and sentiments.Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza) from Italian mock-heroic poetry.Selected works1. “Song for the Luddites”This is one of the two poems written by Byron to show his consistent support or the Luddites The poet’s great sympathy for the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown“The Isles of Greece”(from Don Juan, Canto III)It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterances on national freedomThis song consists of sixteen six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme of ababcc.1. His works and themesa. Childe Harold s pilgrimage -------a young wanderer questing for freedomb. Don Juan --------a panoramic view of different types of society2. Characterizationthe Byronic hero3. Featuresa. ideas revolt against neoclassical reason, and fight for freedomb. images Byronic heroc. artistic forms comic epicd. innovations ottva rimaA stream sometimes smooth, sometimes rapid and sometimes rushing down in cataractsDon Juan: Dedication1 Bob Southey! You're a poet--Poet-laureate,2 And representative of all the race;3 Although 'tis true that you turn'd out a Tory at4 Last--yours has lately been a common case;5 And now, my Epic Renegade! what are ye at?6 With all the Lakers, in and out of place?7 A nest of tuneful persons, to my eye8 Like "four and twenty Blackbirds in a pye;questions1. What does the tree of Liberty in the poem song for the luddites refer toIt means that the democratic movement of the working people will develop prosperously like a growing tree.2. What is the Byronic heroNarrative poems Political Corruption Religious Hypocrisy Moral degeneracyPercy bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Major works:Proemtheus Unbound (1819)The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products”.The main idea running through this dramatic poem is that of freedom—the freedom of democracy“Ode to the West Wind”(1819)The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, and its universality. The whole poem has a logic of feeling, a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.In Defence of Poetry (1822)It is Shelley’s chief work of literary criticism. His emphasis is on the universal and permanent forms, qualities, and values that all great poems, as products of imagination, possess in common.Special featuresHis poetry has a great variety of poetical style. It is sometimes very rich and joyous and full of colors and odors, and sometimes marked by purity and austerity.His poetry is rich in myth, symbols and classical allusions. For him subtleties of diction were the heart and soul of poetry. His verse is particularly rich in terms describing the elements: fire, air, water, wind, and earth.His poetry has a strong dramatic power.His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech, which describe vividly what we see and feel, or express what passionately moves us.Selected readings: “Ode to the West Wind”1. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind2. Shelley’s west wind is a symbol of “spirit”, which is a dynamic, universal force that is both destructive and constructive.3. The stanza Shelley invents for this ode is a highly complicated fusion of the sonnet and of terza rima, with a rhythm scheme ofaba bcb cdc ded eeShelley“the heart of all hearts”1. His works and themesa. Men of England ----Against Political oppression and economic exploitationb. Ode to the West Winda. theme Destructive and constructiveb. structure logic,c. form terza rima2. Featuresa. erudite,b. figures of speech e.g. personification, metaphorOde to the west wind by John MansfieldIt’s a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds criesI never hear the west wind but tears are in my eyes.For it comes from the west lands, the old brown hillAnd April s in the west wind, and daffodils.John Keats (1795-1821)Selected reading: “Ode on a Grecian Urn”:1. Main idea:In this poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn exist simultaneously and for ever in their intensity of joy.The poem can be divided into two parts, with the first 4 stanzas as part I, and the last stanza as part II. In the first part, Keats looks at the urn subjectively; in the second part he looks at it objectively. As a result of both ways of observation, he is finally able to see it as “a friend to man, to whom thou say’st / Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”Comprehension:In the 2nd stanza, the word “therefore”in the second line concludes a poetic argument in which silence, having symbolized the timeless and unmoving, is succeeded by music as an expression of activity and passion.In the 3rd stanza, there is a relaxation of tension, a blurring of the fineness and accuracy of the registration, and a certain hectic and feverish quality, panting, and cloyed, burning and parching, return too sharply and too immediately to the poet’s personal life.The 4th stanza blends the natural word in “green alter”with the traditional piety of ordinary people implicit in the little town and the emptied streets.In the 5th stanza, Keats is seeing the urn as a piece of fine art objectivelyAs a beautiful vase, it lures Keats into an impersonal experience of beauty.Comment on the poemThe poem can be divided into two parts, with the first 4 stanzas as part I, and the last stanza as part II. In the first part, Keats looks at the urn subjectively, i.e. that is the beauty created by the art; in the second part he looks at it objectively, i.e. the urn takes the poet back to reality, the human world of agony.The theme of the poem is the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human life.1. His works and themesa. ode to a nightingale contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agonyb. ode on a Grecian urn contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human life2. Features: empathicWilliam Blake ---------visual images, symbolism in wide range William Wordsworth --------simplicitySamuel Taylor Coleridge ------------demonism, conversational powersGeorge G. Byron------------- ideas, images, artistic forms, innovationsP. B. Shelley ----------- erudite, figures of speech John Keats --------- empathicJane Austen (1755-1817)Characterization:Major works: Pride and Prejudice (1813)The novel is noted for its vividly depicted characters of almost all kinds of people of the landed gentry class. The characters reveal themselves gradually in their dialogues or conversation; through their letters –as in the case of Collins and Lydia; and in their actions –Lydia’s flirtatious behavior, Miss Bingley’s neglect and hostility to Jane in London. Characters are revealed by comparison and contrast with others.(i) Wickham serves as a contrast to Darcy by appearing to have all the good qualities, while Darcy really has them.(ii) Miss Bingley looks like, and seems to have the manners of, a lady, while Elizabeth often does “unladylike”things.(iii) Mr. Collins’s courtship of Elizabeth, and then Charlotte, adds comedy to the novel.(iv) Lady Catherine and Mrs. Bennet balance each other in their desire to marry off their daughters and in their respective vulgarities Special features:1. Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love.2. She writes within a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the moral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the 19th-century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life.3. Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetrating analysis. She keeps the balance between fact and form as no other English novelist has ever done.4. Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots of her novels appear natural and unforced. Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.5. Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucid and very economical.1. WorksSense and Sensibility Pride and Prejudice2. Story and Themesa. human beings in their personal relationsb. love and marriagec. the provincial life of the late 18th century Englandd. maturity achieved through the loss of illusion3. Features : brought the modern novel to its maturitya. structure deftb. irony sharpc. characterization vividd. style lucidQuestions1. Brief questionMake a comment on pride and prejudicea. storyb. themec. characterizationd. importance2. Topic discussionComment on Jane Austen s literary creation and literary achievementsJane Austen s contribution to English literaturewhy do we say that Jane Austen brought modern novel to its maturity。

英国文学选读unit3

英国文学选读unit3
Unit3 Francis Bacon (I561-1626)
Of Marriage and Single Life Of Studies
Francis Bacon (1561—1626)
• Francis Baconholas Bacon, Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.He went to Cambridge University at twelve. He took up law after graduation, and soon became successful. He became a member of the House of Commons(下议院) at the age of twentythree. His alliance with the bourgeoisie(中产阶级) offended Queen Elizabeth who, up until that time had liked him. When James I came to the throne, Bacon became Lord Chancellor and was made a knight in 1618. In the course of his climbing to the top, however, he made enemies who brought about his final downfall. He died in disgrace in 1626.
paragraph. • b. the conciseness of expressions and phrases presents a plain style as well as

英美文学选读英国文学3单元诗歌翻译

英美文学选读英国文学3单元诗歌翻译A Song : Men of England给英格兰人的歌By Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Men of England, wherefore ploughFor the lords who lay yelow? Wherefore weave with toil and careThe rich robes your tyrants wear?英格兰的人们，凭什么要给蹂躏你们的老爷们耕田种地？凭什么要辛勤劳动纺织不息用锦绣去打扮暴君们的身体？Wherefore feed and clothe and save From the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat-nay, drink your blood? 凭什么，要从摇篮直到坟墓，用衣食去供养，用生命去保卫那一群忘恩负义的寄生虫类，他们在榨你们的汗，喝你们的血？Wherefore ,Bees of England, forge Many a weapan, chain, and scourage, That these stingless drones may spoil The forced produce of your toil?凭什么，英格兰的工蜂，要制作那么多的武器，锁链和刑具，使不能自卫的寄生雄蜂竟能掠夺用你们强制劳动创造的财富？Have ye leisure, comfort ,calm,Shelter ,food, love's gentle balm?Or what is it ye buy so dearWith your pain and with your fear?你们是有了舒适，安宁和闲暇，还是有了粮食，家园和爱的慰抚？否则，付出了这样昂贵的代价，担惊受怕忍痛吃苦又换来了什么？The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.你们播下了种子，别人来收割；你们找到了财富，归别人占有；你们织布成衣，穿在别人身上；你们锻造武器，握在别人的手。

自考《英美文学选读》(英)文艺复兴时期(3)-2

自考《英美文学选读》（英）文艺复兴时期（3）-24. 领会His Major Works1) DramaA. The Merchant of Venice Theme：to praise the friendship between Antonio & Bassanio，to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty，wit & loyalty，& to expose the insatiable greed & brutality of the Jew. Plot：The play has a double plot (P39)B. HamletHamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage，for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller & a philosophical exploration of life & dea th. And the timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue，emotional conflict & searching philosophic melancholy.The play opens with Hamlet，Prince of Denmark，appearing in a mood of world-weariness occasioned by his father’s recent death & by his mother’s hasty remarriage with Claudius，his father’s brother. While encountering his father’s ghost，Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father & then taken over both his father’s throne & widow. This，Hamlet，is urged by the ghost to seek revenge for his father’s “foul & most unnatural murder.” Trapped in a nightmare world of spying，testing & plotting，& apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death，Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world，to live suspended between fact & fiction，language & action. His life is one of constant role-playing，examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility，for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet，Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life & death.C. The TempestThe Tempest，an elaborate & fantastic story，is known as the best of his final romances. The characters are rather allegorical & the subject full of suggestion. The humanly impossible events can be seen occurring everywhere，in the play. The play wright resorts to the supernatural atmosphere & to the dreams to solve the conflict. To Shakespeare，the whole life is no more than a dream. Thus，The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life & society in his late years.2) PoemsA. SonnetsThe first 126 sonnets are apparently addressed to a handsome young nobleman，presumably the author’s patron. The poems express the writer’s selfless but not entirely uncritical devotion to the young man.Twenty of the sonnets are about a young woman characterized as a “ dark lady，” whom the poet distrust but cannot resist. The poems addressed directly to her are perhaps the most remarkable in the sequence because their unsentimental tone is unlike that of traditional love sonnets.A philosophical theme that appears in many of the sonnets is that of time as the destroyer of all mortal things. Also expressed in the poems is the author’s disillusionment with the false ness of earthly life.The form of the poems is the English Variation of the traditional Italian，or Petrarchan，sonnet，Shakespeare’s sonnets have three quatrains，or groups of four lines，& a final couplet. Their rhyme scheme is abab，cdcd，efef，gg. A theme is developed & elaborated in the quatrains，& a concluding thought is presented in the couplet.B. Other poemsV enus & Adonis，in which Shakespeare made his first bid for literary patronage & fame，is a conventional Elizabethan narrative poem. Its mythological story，taken from Ovids Metamorphoses，tells of the passionate love goddess who woos the reluctant youth Adonis. The Rape of Lucrece，another narrative of passion，is based on the semi historical story of the rape of a chaste Roman matron by Tarquin，son of the king of Rome.。

英美文学选读第三章笔记Romantic period

第三章I.Multiple choice1.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thoughtthat designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to seethe individual as the very center of all life and all experience在文學歷史上，浪漫主義認為個人應是生命及實踐的中心。

我們還可以說浪漫主義是將人們的注意力從外部世界---社會文明移到內部世界---人類自已的精神文明的實質2.The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake ,wordsworth,coleridge,Byron, Shelley and Keats are the marjor poets. Theystarted a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regardas the peotic revolution浪漫主義是詩歌的時代，代表詩人有布萊克，華茲華斯，科勒律治，拜倫，雪萊及濟慈. 他們發起了對新古典主義的反判，這便是後世所稱“詩人革命”3.In the romantic period, Poetry is the most prosperous 繁榮literary form浪漫主義時代也是詩歌的時代4.in the following writings by William Blake, which marks his entry intomaturity?Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的結合一詩標志著威廉布萊克創作上的成熟, 該詩創作於法國大革命高潮期間，並擔負諷喻與革命預言的兩重角色，在這首詩中，布萊克探索了對立事物之間的關系，吸引與排拆，理智與精力，愛與恨等對立事物都對人類生存有著舉足輕重的作用，布萊克認為生活就是不斷的對立沖突，如給與和索取，善與惡，天真純樸與經驗世故，肉體與精神等，他認為沒有對立的矛盾，就不會有社會與個人的進步，婚姻對布萊克意味著矛盾的調和，並非一方從屬另一方5.The declaration that “ I know that This World is a World ofImagination&Vision” and that “ the Nature of my work is visionary orimaginative” belong to which of the following writingWilliam Blake生活在革命啟示光輝中的布萊克熱切的宣布：“我認為人世凡塵是一個充滿想象與幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡塵一樣充滿想象與幻象6.In William Blake’s peotry, the father (and any other in whose he saw theimage of the father such as God&his Priest, &King) was usually a figure oftyranny 專治7.the Lone of literature in “Songs of Experience” by William Blake is doleful經驗之歌描寫了一個充滿苦難，貧窮，疾病與戰爭的世界而天真之歌描寫了一個愉快而純潔的世界，盡管著這世界偶有苦難與罪惡8.William Wordsworth is reagrades as a “worshipper of nature”華爾華茲從少年時代，他就對大自然充滿愛戀, 被稱為“大自然的膜拜者”，我如行雲獨自遊“一詩是英國詩中的奇葩，把我們帶入華茲華斯詩歌宗旨的核心9.Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I wandered lonely as a cloud 我如行雲獨自遊posed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特橋上有感C.The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割者D.The Chimney Sweeper 掃煙窗的孩子william black10.Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems aboutnature and poems about human life按照主題，華的短詩可以分為兩大類，關於自然的關於人類生活的11.Which of the following poems is a landmark in English Poetry?Iyrical Ballads(抒情歌謠集) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and WilliamWordsworth科勒律治合作的抒情歌謠集, 革命與獨立則成為抒情歌謠集中成功的結論，這在英國詩歌歷史上也是第一次12.Coleridge’s peoms”the rime of the ancient mariner, christabel and kublakhan are known as Demonic group包括他的三部代表作古航海家之歌，克麗斯特貝爾以及忽必烈汗這些詩歌的顯著特點，便是神秘與想象，詩歌的背景都設在詩人的記憶與夢幻之中，故事的發生，發展與絲毫不受理性的羈絆，這類詩歌的他作目的是將詩人自覺的意識與神的寬恕相調和13.Place me on Sumium’s marbled steep 讓我登上蘇尼姆大理石般的懸崖Where nothingSave the waves and I 那裡隻有海浪與我May hear our mutual murmurs sweep 能聽彼此的喃喃低語掠過There,swan like, let me sing and die 在那裡，象天鵝一樣，讓我歌唱後死亡A land of slaves shall ne’er be mine 一個奴棣的國家永遠不是我的國家Dash down you cup of Samian wine 把那杯薩莫斯的酒摔下These lines are taken fromThe Isles of Greece Byron拜爾的西臘島, 節選自唐璜14.“Don Juan” is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19thcentury唐璜是19世紀初斯的著名諷刺史詩15.In his lyrics 抒情詩such as “Ode 頌to Liberty”” Ode to Naples”, PercyBysshe Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny 專治，暴政雪萊對自由的渴望及對暴政的憎惡都體現在詩作中，如自由頌，那不勒斯頌16.Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere 狂野的精靈，你吹遍四方Destroyer and preserver 毀滅者和保存者，Hear, O hear! 聽啊聽Two lines are found inOde to the west wind by shelley 西風頌，雪萊17.In Shelley’s “ To a Skylark”致雲雀the bird , suspended between realityand poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the Poet Both celestial rapture and human limitation18.Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic dramaPrometheus Unbound雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇—解放了的普羅米修斯, 詩劇源於希臘神話及古希臘悲劇家埃斯庫羅斯的劇作“被縛的普羅米修斯”，普羅米修斯為人類的生存盜取天火，被刀神之王宙斯拴縛在高加索山上，飽受折磨，雪萊在序言中指出，他雖然沿用埃斯庫羅斯的情節，卻改變了普羅米修斯與宙斯和解的結局，而是將暴君趕下寶座，換來新生的宇宙天地，詩中普羅修斯與天帝的鬥爭表現了法國大革命失敗後，英國與歐洲資產階級革命家對封建反動勢力的不滿與反抗情緒。

自考英语：英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版[3]

自考英语：英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版[3] 英国】Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,是同时期英国内部的工业革命.2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18 世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体.5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a changeof direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此,们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

[VIP专享]《英国文学选读》浪漫主义诗歌名家译文[1]

我好似一朵流云独自漫游华兹华斯（英1770——1850）我独自漫游！像山谷上空悠悠飘过的一朵云儿，蓦然举目，我望见一丛金黄色的水仙，缤纷茂密；在湖水之滨，树荫之下，在随风摇弋，舞姿潇洒。

连绵密布似繁星万点在银河上下闪烁明灭，这一片水仙，沿着湖湾排成延续无尽的行列；一眼便瞥见万朵千株，摇颤着花冠，轻盈飘舞。

湖面的涟漪也迎风起舞，水仙的欢悦却胜似涟漪；有了这样愉快的伴侣，诗人怎能不心旷神怡！我凝望多时，却未曾想到这美景给了我怎样的珍奇。

从此，每当我倚榻而卧，或情怀抑郁，或心境茫然，水仙呵，便在心目中闪烁——那是我孤寂时分的乐园；我的心灵便欢情洋溢，和水仙一道舞蹈不息。

希腊古瓮颂你委身“寂静”的、完美的处子，受过了“沉默”和“悠久”的抚育，呵，田园的史家，你竟能铺叙一个如花的故事，比诗还瑰丽：在你的形体上，岂非缭绕着古老的传说，以绿叶为其边缘；讲着人，或神，敦陂或阿卡狄？呵，是怎样的人，或神！在舞乐前多热烈的追求！少女怎样地逃躲！怎样的风笛和鼓谣！怎样的狂喜！听见的乐声虽好，但若听不见却更美；所以，吹吧，柔情的风笛；不是奏给耳朵听，而是更甜，它给灵魂奏出无声的乐曲；树下的美少年呵，你无法中断你的歌，那树木也落不了叶子；卤莽的恋人，你永远、永远吻不上，虽然够接近了－－但不必心酸；她不会老，虽然你不能如愿以偿，你将永远爱下去，她也永远秀丽！呵，幸福的树木！你的枝叶不会剥落，从不曾离开春天；幸福的吹笛人也不会停歇，他的歌曲永远是那么新鲜；呵，更为幸福的、幸福的爱！永远热烈，正等待情人宴飨，永远热情地心跳，永远年轻；幸福的是这一切超凡的情态：它不会使心灵餍足和悲伤，没有炽热的头脑，焦渴的嘴唇。

这些人是谁呵，都去赶祭祀？这作牺牲的小牛，对天鸣叫，你要牵它到哪儿，神秘的祭司？花环缀满着它光滑的身腰。

是从哪个傍河傍海的小镇，或哪个静静的堡寨山村，来了这些人，在这敬神的清早？呵，小镇，你的街道永远恬静；再也不可能回来一个灵魂告诉人你何以是这么寂寥。

英国文学作品选读3. William Shakespeare

Henry found support among the rich townfolk: the merchants and handicraftsmen—the class of bourgeoisie.
The reign of Queen Elisabeth: the summit of absolute monarchy.
Etymologically speaking, the word means rebirth or revival. It is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.
Shakespeare
A dramatist A poet An actor A proprietor: shareholder of a theatre
Shakespeare’s influence: language
Hamlet: hamletlike A little fire is quickly trodden out. (King Henry
A line of five iambic feet A line of six dactalic feet

英美文学选读(英国)浪漫主义时期笔记

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe” while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。

自考英美文学选读第三章浪漫主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)

英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第三章浪漫主义时期西方文学史上的浪漫主义运动是不易用一言以蔽之的,尤其是它的确切时间与特点,因为这是一场席卷全欧及美国的浩大文学变革。

而英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华滋华斯与柯勒治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃特·斯哥特的去世及议会第一个改革提案的通过。

但上述这些标志也并非精确而权威,因为作为一股文学潮流,浪漫主义早在《抒情歌谣集》之前就开始了。

在前一章提到的感伤主义作家中,我们就可以发现他们对古希腊罗马的作品风范已失去兴趣,取而代之的是对文学与传奇的重新思考。

这一切都是自蒲柏至约翰逊时期的新古典主义理性文学的叛逆。

而英国文学史上最伟大的浪漫主义作品有不少都产生于激进与传统相冲撞的18世纪末,这时英国又面临着新的发展动力,一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。

法国哲学家让·亚克·卢梭是18世纪后半叶的主导思想家。

1762年,他出版了两部作品震惊欧洲,《社会契约论》与《爱弥尔》。

在这两部作品中,他探索了有关自然、社会与教育的新思想。

卢梭的这些思想为法国大革命做了必要的意识形态准备,因为它激起了人们对封建暴君的愤恨及对美好未来的希望。

法国革命的消息,尤其是《人权宣言》的发表及攻打巴士底狱也点燃了英国自由主义与激进主义者同情的火花。

英国遍地都成立了各种爱国者俱乐部或协会,宣传自由、平等与博爱。

1790年10月,埃德蒙·伯克出版了《法国大革命写照》。

他的这本政论小册子以笔墨诛伐了激进的革命以及对君主制与宗教特权摒弃,他对狂热的革命暴动及未来的暴民统治与军事独裁大泼冷水。

伯克的文章激起了要求打倒暴君、废除压迫政府的邀进派作家的反驳。

其中托马斯·潘因的《人权宣言》(1791-1792)最有力度。

潘因对欧洲的情势深为了解:大革命期间他本人就在法国,并在文章中下出结论,1789年以前的法国一片黑暗,处处都是压迫与不幸,除了革命,没有一条通向自由的路,此外,威廉·戈德温在他的《有关政治正义的研究》(1793)中强烈谴责了不合理的经济制度与政治压迫。

英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学Unit 3 English Poets

忠实的老友，伸出你的手，让我们握手聚一堂，再来痛饮—杯欢乐酒，为了往昔的时光！
（注解：第五节描写久别重逢的喜悦，老朋友握手相聚，举杯高歌，对往日的共同回忆消除了世事的沧桑和彼此境遇变化带来的隔膜，有的只是对过去时光的无限怀想和对友谊的无比珍重。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
And surely ye’ll be your pint-stowp, And surely I’ll be mine, And we’ll take a cup o’ kindness yet, For auld lang syne!
This is one of the most popular poems all over the world. What are the reasons for the popularity of the poem?
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品欣赏
A Red, Red Rose
这是彭斯根据苏格兰民谣创作的爱情诗中最有名的一首。
呵，我的爱人象支甜甜的曲子，奏得合拍又和谐。
（注解：诗人在第一节以两个比喻形容心上人的美丽可人，“红红的玫瑰”象征心上人的美貌和青春， “甜甜的乐曲”意指心上人的性情和谐而完美。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I;
罗伯特 · 彭斯（ Robert Burns, 1759— 1796）是苏格兰最伟大的民族诗人。他出身于贫苦的农民家庭，只上过两年半学。但他喜欢读书，常在父亲的辅导下学习，自幼培养了对大自然和诗歌的热爱。彭斯在田间劳作之余创作了大量诗作。27 岁时，他出版第一部诗集《苏格兰方言诗集》（Poems, Chiefly inthe Scottish Dialect, 1786），受到社会各阶层的普遍欢迎。次年应邀到爱丁堡访问，出入名门，并到北部高原旅行。

英美文学选读 3：Romeo and Juliet Paraphrase

O that she knew she were!
She speaks, yet she says nothing.What of that?
Her eyediscourses. I will answer it.
I am too bold. ’Tis not to me she speaks.
Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,
Take all myself.
ROMEO
I take thee at thy word.
Call me but love, and I’ll be newbaptized.
HenceforthI never will be Romeo.
JULIET
What man art thou that, thusbescreen’d in night,
Look how she leans her hand on her cheek.
Oh, I wish I was the glove on that hand so that I could touch that cheek.
JULIET:ay me! (唉)
ROMEO
(to himself) She speaks. Oh, speak again, bright angel. You are as glorious as an angel tonight. You shine above me,
Sostumbleston mycounsel?
ROMEO
By a name
I know not how to tell thee who I am.
My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself

自考《英美文学选读》（英）维多利亚时期（3）

III. Alfred Tennyson 1.⼀般识记 His Life & Literary Career Alfred Tennyson （1809-1892） is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith， the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby， Linconshire， the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827， he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College， Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems， Chiefly Lyrical （1830）there. In 1832， one year after he left Cambridge， he published Poems， which contained a variety of poems， beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842， his next issue of Poems came out， collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses"， the epic narrative " Morte d''Arthur，" the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener''s Daughter，" etc. In 1847，The Princess was published. Written in blank verse， it deals with the theme of women''s rights & position. In 1850，Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson''s life was comfortable & peaceful， but he never stopped writing. In 1855， Tennyson published a monodrama Maud， a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period， "Rizpah，" "Enoch Arden，" " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note. 2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme 1） In Memoriam Presumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam， yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary， the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet''s philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life， the existence of the soul & the afterlife， & his faith in the power of love & the soul''s instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries， though to most readers today， the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience， mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature. 2） Idylls of the Kin g （1842-1885） It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems，based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend， though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing， the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another， the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is， in fact， meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization， which ， in Tennyson''s mind ， is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction. 3.领会Artistic Features of His Poetry Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions， & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English， & a sensitive ear， an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language， & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England''s great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser， the majesty of Milton， the natural simplicity of Wordsworth， the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge， the melody of Keats & Shelley， & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron， —— all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson''s poetry. 4. 应⽤ Selected Readings （1） Break This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson''s best friend， Arthur Hallam， whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here， the poet''s own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree， innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains， with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b. （2） Crossing the Bar This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson''s life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his longcreative career， this poem appears， at his request， as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes： sunset & the evening star， the twilight and the evening bell， & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life， & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place， he hopes then to see his "Pilot，" God， face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem， we can feel his fearlessness towards death， his faith in God & an afterlife. （3） Ulysses In Greek mythology， Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer''s Odessey （the Greek name for Ulysses）， Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year''s adventures at sea. However， according to Dante， Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca， but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem， Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland， reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus， & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is， he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue， the poem not only expresses，through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses， Tennyson''s own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age. IV. Robert Browning 1.⼀般识记His life &Literary Career Robert Browning （1812-1889） was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor， & from his father， who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833， he published his first poetic work Pauline，which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello （1840）， he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius， i.e. the dramatic monologue. In 1846， Browning married Elizabeth Barrett， a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing''s masterpiece， The Ring & the Book， came out. In 1889， Browning died & was buried in the Poet''s Corner， Westminster Abbey， beside Tennyson. 2.识记His major works Dramatic Lyrics （1842）， Dramatic Romances & Lyrics （1845）， Bells & Pomegranates （1846）， Men & Women （1855）， Dramatic Personae （1864）， The Ring & the Book （1868-1869） & Dramatic Idylls （1880） 3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book： Dramatic M　onologue In this poem， Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis， in which his characters are made to talk about their lives， & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks， readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker''s personality & about what has really happened. 4.领会Robert Browning''s artistic characteristics （1） The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention， it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection. （2） Browning''s poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast， too rough & unmusical （3） The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity. On the whole， Browning''s style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer， bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age. 5. 应⽤ Selected Readings： 1） My Last Duchess。

英美文学选读诗歌翻译

SONNET 18 (William Shakespeare)十四行诗Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,A nd often is his gold complexion dimm’d,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm’d: But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.我怎么能够将你比作夏天？你比夏天更美丽温婉。

狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，夏日的勾留何其短暂。

休恋那烈日当空，转眼会云雾迷蒙；休叹那百花凋零，摧折于无常天命；唯有你永恒的夏日长新，你的美貌亦毫发无损。

死神也无缘将你幽禁，你在我永恒的诗中长存。

只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。

Structure: Runs in iambic pentameter, rhymed ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.1. What is the theme of this sonnet? Eternality, beauty, immorality2. Why is the speaker’s beloved more lovely than a summer’s day?One thing he is thinking of is how short lived summer is. Another reason he says his love is more beautiful than a summer day is that the summer whether can be harsh, making nature look less beautiful than it does otherwise. 3.There is obviously a shift of tone and subject matter in line 9. Describe such a shift.The author compared the loved one, just in a soft and sentimental tone similar to many love sonnets, to a summer’s day in the first 4 lines, while, in the following 4, developing this concept to the p oor power of people falling to retain the fair against Nature. But in line 9, the author reversed it in a more emotional and definite tone to express the eternal youth of the loved ones.I Hear America Singing (Walt Whitman) 我听见美国在歌唱（沃尔特·惠特曼）I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear.Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong,The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam,The mason singing his as he makes ready for work,or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck,The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands,The wood-cutter's song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day--at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly,Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.我听见美国在歌唱，我听见各种不同的颂歌机器匠在歌唱着，他们每人歌唱着他的愉快而强健的歌，木匠在歌唱着，一边比量着他的木板或梁木，泥瓦匠在歌唱着，当他准备工作或停止工作的时候，船家歌唱着他船里所有的一切，水手在汽艇的甲板上歌唱着，鞋匠坐在他的工作凳上歌唱，帽匠歌唱着，站在那里工作，伐木者、犁田青年们歌唱着，当他们每天早晨走在路上，或者午间歇息，或到了日落的时候，我更听到母亲的美妙的歌，正在操作的年轻的妻子们的或缝衣或洗衣的女孩子们的歌，每人歌唱属于他或她而不是属于任何别人的一切，白昼歌唱白昼所有的，晚间，强壮而友爱的青年们的集会，张嘴唱着他们的强健而和谐的歌。

英美诗歌翻译

P1 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 热情的牧羊人致他的恋人by Christopher Marlowe请来与我同住，做我的情人，我们要享受所有的欢乐而那些幽谷，果园，小山，原野，森林，或是嶙峋的山峰，都将为我们歌唱。

我们要坐在高高的岩石上，看那牧羊人悠闲的放牧着羊群，伴随着河水流动的潺潺乐声，欢乐的小鸟也会为我们唱出美妙动人的歌儿。

我要为你献上玫瑰的花床和千百束芬香的花束，以及高贵的花冠，和绣满姚金娘叶子的长裙；我要用小羊羔身上最好的羊毛为你织就美丽的长袍；我要为你制作有着漂亮衬里以及纯金钮扣的拖鞋；我愿用那饰以珊瑚搭扣、琥珀饰钉的常春藤腰带来装点你的美丽：如果这样的快乐能够打动你的心，就请你来与我同住，做我的情人。

在五月的每个早晨，前来求亲的牧羊人们都会为你载歌载舞；如果这样的欢乐能够使你动心，那么请你与我同住，做我的情人。

P7 Sonnets 18十四行诗我能否将你比作夏天？你比夏天更美丽温婉。

狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，夏日的勾留何其短暂。

休恋那丽日当空，转眼会云雾迷蒙。

休叹那百花飘零，催折于无常的天命。

唯有你永恒的夏日常新，你的美貌亦毫发无损。

死神也无缘将你幽禁，你在我永恒的诗中长存。

只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。

P22 a red red rose>一朵红红的玫瑰罗伯特. 彭斯作王佐良译啊，我爱人象一朵红红的玫瑰，它在六月里初开；啊，我爱人象一支乐曲，它美妙地演奏起来。

你是那么漂亮，美丽的姑娘，我爱你是那么深切；我会一直爱你，亲爱的，一直到四海枯竭。

一直到四海枯竭，亲爱的，到太阳把岩石烧化；我会一直爱你，亲爱的，只要生命之流不绝。

再见吧，我唯一的爱人，让我和你小别片刻；我会回来的，亲爱的，即使我们万里相隔。

P23 The Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女看，一个孤独的高原姑娘，在远远的田野间收割，一边割一边独自歌唱，请你站住．或者俏悄走过！她独自把麦子割了又捆，唱出无限悲凉的歌声，屏息听吧！深广的谷地已被歌声涨满而漫溢！还从未有过夜莺百啭，唱出过如此迷人的歌，在沙漠中的绿荫间抚慰过疲惫的旅客；还从未有过杜鹃迎春，声声啼得如此震动灵魂，在遥远的赫布利底群岛打破过大海的寂寥。

新编英国文学选读(上)Chapter3

Chapter3I. Historical background1. The Hundred Years’War between England and France (1337--- 1453)cause: for the French throneresult: awakening of national consciousness in EnglandFrench language gradually replaced by the native tongue2.the peasant uprising of 1381cause: the exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lordsleader: spiritual leader: John BallⅡ.人物一．John Wycliff (1324? –1384): father of English proseFirst figure to demanded to reform the church to do away with the corruption and rottennessTranslated the Bible into standard EnglishA great contribution to English literature and English languageFix a national standard for English instead of dialects二．William Langland (1330? –1400)Works: The Vision of Piers PlowmanForm: allegory--is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. Double meaning:Abstract qualities or ideas are personified as characters in the story三．Chaucer (1340?—1400)1.Chaucer:【some basic facts】1)Full name:Geoffrey Chaucer2)Birth & death:1340?—14003)Career:A wide range of career as courtier, soldier, diplomat, and civil servant4)Place in British literature:a.“father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of Englandb.Forerunner of humanismc.The first realistic writerd.Master of the English languagee.The first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey【Social significance】Chaucer takes the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, because he affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism. As a forerunner of Humanism, he praises man’s energy, quick wit and love of life. At the same time, his tales expose and satire the social evils at his time.【Weakness】Living in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. There is nothing revolutionary in his writing, though he lived in a period of peasant uprising, so sometimes , he cracks a rough joke.【Literary Career】1）. The first period (the 1360s-about 1372)He was influenced by the French poetry of the Middle Ages and he translated works from French.Romance of the Rose/ The Book of the Duchess2）. The second period (1372-1386)He was influenced by the great literary figures of early Renaissance in Italy, such as Dante.Troilus and Cryseyde the longest couplet poemThe Parliament of Fowls The House of Fame3）.The third period (1386-1400)He produced his work full maturity free from any dominant foreign influenceThe Canterbury Tales【Contribution】1）Chaucer greatly contributes to the founding of the English literary language. His language now is called Middle English. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.2）Chaucer introduced heroic couplet from France to English poetry, instead of alliterative verse.In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.In The Romance of the Rose, he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet.2.Chaucer’s masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales1)Overview;The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in prose, the rest in verse). The tales are told by a group of pilgrims on their way from Tabard Inn in Southwark to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The Canterbury Tales are written in Medieval English.One day in April, the poet comes to the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London. By nightfall, 29 pilgrims arrive at the inn and they get ready to go to Canterbury. Harry Bailey, the host of the Tabard Inn, proposes that each pilgrim should tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The best story-teller is to be given a free supper, at the cost of all the rest. The host offers to go with them as their judge and guide. According to the plan, there should be 120 stories, but actually 24 tales are finished.2)Structure;The Canterbury Tales is made up of three parts:（1）The General Prologue;（2）24 tales, two of which left unfinished;（3）separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between.3)The significance of The Canterbury Tales（1）It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time（2）the dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics stories are cleverly woven together by links between the storiesstories are related to the personalities of the tellers（3）Chaucer’s humourChaucer “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke”（4）Chaucer’s contribution to the English languageHe wrote in the London dialect to prove that English language is abeautiful language and can be handled to express different moodsThus increased the prestige of eh English language.Home work1. What are the artistic features and significances of The Canterbury Tales?。

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A Song : Men of England给英格兰人的歌By Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Men of England, wherefore ploughFor the lords who lay yelow? Wherefore weave with toil and careThe rich robes your tyrants wear?英格兰的人们，凭什么要给蹂躏你们的老爷们耕田种地？凭什么要辛勤劳动纺织不息用锦绣去打扮暴君们的身体？Wherefore feed and clothe and save From the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat-nay, drink your blood?凭什么，要从摇篮直到坟墓，用衣食去供养，用生命去保卫那一群忘恩负义的寄生虫类，他们在榨你们的汗，喝你们的血？Wherefore ,Bees of England, forgeMany a weapan, chain, and scourage, That these stingless drones may spoil The forced produce of your toil?凭什么，英格兰的工蜂，要制作那么多的武器，锁链和刑具，使不能自卫的寄生雄蜂竟能掠夺用你们强制劳动创造的财富？Have ye leisure, comfort ,calm,Shelter ,food, love's gentle balm?Or what is it ye buy so dearWith your pain and with your fear?你们是有了舒适，安宁和闲暇，还是有了粮食，家园和爱的慰抚？否则，付出了这样昂贵的代价，担惊受怕忍痛吃苦又换来了什么？The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.你们播下了种子，别人来收割；你们找到了财富，归别人占有；你们织布成衣，穿在别人身上；你们锻造武器，握在别人的手。

Sow sees-but let no tyrant reapFind wealth-let no impostor heap:Weave robes-let not the idler wear:Forge arms-in your defence to bear.播种吧——但是不让暴君收；发现财富——不准骗子占有；制作衣袍——不许懒汉们穿；锻造武器——为了自卫握在手！Shrink to your cellars, holes, and cells-In halls ye deck another dwells.Why shake the chains ye wrought? when see The steel ye tempered glance on ye.你们装修的厅堂让别人住在里面，自己却钻进地窖、牢房和洞穴去睡。

为什么要挣脱你们自己造的锁链？瞧！你们炼就的钢铁在向你们逞威。

With plough and spade and hoe and loom Trace your grave and build your tombAnd weave your winding-sheet-till fair England be your Sepulchre.就用锄头和织机，耕犁和铁铲构筑你们的裹尸布吧，终有一天美丽的英格兰成为你们的葬身窟。

Ode to the West Wind1、O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,你是秋的呼吸，啊，奔放的西风；你无形地莅临时，残叶们逃亡，它们像回避巫师的成群鬼魂：Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes:O thouWho chariotest to their dark wintry bed黑的、惨红的、铅灰的，还有蜡黄，患瘟疫而死掉的一大群。

啊，你，送飞翔的种籽到它们的冬床，The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blow它们躺在那儿，又暗、又冷、又低，一个个都像尸体埋葬于墓中，直到明春你青空的妹妹吹起Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odors plain and hill:她的号角，唤醒了大地的迷梦，驱羊群似地驱使蕾儿吐馨，使漫山遍野铺上了姹紫嫣红；Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear!你周流上下四方，奔放的精灵，是破坏者，又是保护者；听呀听！2 、Thou on whose stream, 'mid the steep sky's commotion, Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed, Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,你在动乱的太空中掀起激流，那上面飘浮着落叶似的云块，掉落自天与海的错综的枝头：Angels of rain and lightning:there are spreadOn the blue surface of thine airy surge,Like the bright hair uplifted from the head成为雨和电的使者：它们飘落在你的磅礴之气的蔚蓝的波面，有如狂女的飘扬的头发在闪烁，Of some fierce Maenad, even from the dim verge Of the horizon to the zenith's height,The locks of the approaching storm.Thou Dirge 从天穹的最遥远而模糊的边沿直抵九霄的中天，到处都在摇曳欲来雷雨的卷发，对濒死的一年Of the dying year, to which this closing night Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre,Vaulted with all thy congregated might你唱出了葬歌，而这密集的黑夜将成为它广大墓陵的一座圆顶，里面正有你的万钧之力的凝结；Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere Black rain and fire and hail will burst :O hear!那是你的浑然之气，从它会迸涌黑色的雨，冰雹和火焰：哦，你听！3 、Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,Lulled by the coil of his crystalline streams你也把青青的地中海水唤醒，他原在贝宜湾的一个浮岛边，沉醉于他夏日幻梦里的美景，Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,And saw in sleep old palaces and fowers Quivering within the eave's intenser day,被一圈圈晶莹的涟漪所催眠，他梦见了古老的宫殿和楼阁荡漾于更明朗皎洁的水中天，All overgrown with azure moss and flowersSo sweet, the sense faints picturing them!Thou For whose path the Atlantic's level powers满披着翡翠似的苔藓和花朵，花朵多芬芳，那气息使人醉迷；浩瀚的大西洋本来平静无波，Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below The sea-blooms and the oozy w oods which wear The sapless foliage of the ocean, know随着你的脚步而裂开；在海底，那些枝叶没有浆汁的湿树林，还有海花，听到你来临的声息，Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear,And tremble and despoil themselves:oh, hear!便突然地变色，它们大吃一惊，瑟瑟地发抖，纷纷调谢。

啊你听！4 、If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee:A wave to pant beneath thy power , and share如果我是任你吹的落叶一片；如果我是随着你飞翔的云块；如果是波浪，在你威力下急喘，The impulse of thy strength, only less freeThan thou, O uncontrollable! If evenI were as in my boyhood, and could be享受你神力的推动，自由自在，几乎与你一样，啊，你难制的力！再不然，如果能回返童年时代，The comrade of thy wanderigs over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have striven 常陪伴着你在太空任意飘飞，以为要比你更神速也非幻想；那我就不致处此窘迫境地，As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh, lift me as a wave , a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!向你苦苦求告：啊，快使我高扬，像一片树叶、一朵云、一阵浪涛！我碰上人生的荆棘，鲜血直淌！A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.时光的重负困着我，把我压倒，我太像你了：难驯、迅速而骄傲。

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