机房的发展历程与趋势

机房的发展历程与趋势伴随着上世纪中期计算机的产生，机房这一名词应运而生。

我国随着计算机技术的不断发展，与之配套的机房也在迅速发展，其发展大致可分为以下四个时期：前期机房（1960～1980年）前期的机房是为某台计算机（大、中、小型机）专门建设的，并没有统一的标准，完全是在摸索中建设的。

这时的机房只有降温措施，但没有精密的温度控制，也没有测试和指标。

还采用的是风道送风，稳压器供电，缺乏对电力干扰（尖峰、浪涌）的防范，也没有严格的除尘措施。

仅限于换鞋、穿白大褂。

由于是普通的双开门，所以有很大的缝隙。

恶劣的环境加上早期计算机的性能较差导致计算机系统稳定工作时间只有几十分钟到几个小时，往往一天就要发生好几次故障。

有时坏1次却要修1～2天，可用性极差。

中期机房（1980～1990年）由于计算机系统的产生，出现了专门为单个计算机系统设计的机房，有了专用的机柜（大、中、小机柜），并且开始逐步制订标准，包括机房选址、面积等。

机房制冷也从集中冷却到采用恒温恒湿的专用空调机，机房设计上引进了防静电概念，使用了防静电地板。

在设备上也引进了UPS等设备。

消防系统方面采用自动与半自动的应用，具有大机房面积、宽设备运输通道，能够为单个指标进行测试和监控。

机房除尘方面采用新风系统和机房正压防灰尘。

所谓机房正压就是通过一个类似打气桶的设备向机房内部持续不断地输入新鲜、过滤好的空气，加大机房内部的气压，由于机房内外的压差，使机房内的空气通过密闭不严的窗户、门的缝隙向外泄气，从而达到防尘的效果。

这时候的计算机系统能稳定工作几天，并且已经开始引入模块化的概念。

后期机房（1990～2000年）IT设备逐渐小型化，服务器逐步成为主体，多台计算机、服务器联网，开始大量共用网络设备。

数据的存储介质水平逐渐提高，对数据进行了更严格的保护，也通过经验积累，从而制订了新的标准，并广泛使用恒温恒湿的专用空调。

供电系统的完善，采用了大量UPS，对防雷标准也进行了完善，并有了综合的监控系统，专门的机房装修设计。

这时候的IT系统稳定工作时间为几十天，可用性和可靠性均有了大幅提升。

但此时的服务器还是每台配备一套显示器键盘鼠标，这就大大浪费了资源。

现代机房（21世纪）IT设备进一步小型化，所有设备都进入机架，机架成为机房IT设备的主体。

具有更合理的可用性设计，更高的实用性、先进性、灵活可扩展性、可管理性、可维护性，设备更加标准化。

并且加强了对数据保存环境的重视，对机房建设进行了更加严格的监测与监督。

IT设备的工作时间基本上是连续的，可保持24小时不关机。

这时候的系统能够稳定工作几个月或者时间更持久。

随着IT设备的发展，NCPI理念应运而生，并成为未来机房的发展趋势。

国内机房建设存在的常见问题随着机房的不断发展，一些问题逐渐暴露了出来。

首先是规划设计与运营管理落后，国内专家总结为“一流设备”、“二流设计”、“三流管理”。

之所以产生这种结论主要是国内对机房设施层面的重视不足。

其次是设计理念方面的问题，系统性、可用性不高，机房的整个系统在设计的时候应该均衡，不能某一部分太好，其他部分相对较差。

影响机房运行可用性的因素主要有供电系统、空调系统、监控系统、机架系统。

再者就是未重视扩展性的需求，最后使机柜内配电存在很大问题，到处都是插线板、电缆线，从而带来很大的安全隐患。

另外，与IT设备与机架化脱节。

为了美观采用不合理的设计，使得机柜内的配风存在问题，机房建成后普遍存在经常出现局部热点的现象。

机房负压也是一个很严重的问题，由于设计、维护不合理，大多数机房在运行时对机房外部都是负压，造成机房内灰尘洁净度严重超标。

对安全隐患的认识不足，是众多机房存在安全隐患的重要原因。

最后就是机房负压的问题，风量的分配由出风口风压、出风口面积等许多因素决定。

在冷风从地板出风口向上排出后的上升过程中，动压不断下降，从而引起位于机柜不同高度设备的配风量分布很不均匀。

当出口风速比较小时，动压不够强，冷风不能被送到机柜上部的设备，上部设备过热，而加大出口风速，虽然能够解决机柜上部的送风问题，但会引起机柜下部位置的净压过低甚至产生负压（射流效应），从而使下部设备配风不足引起过热。

机房设计技术发展趋势计算机技术还在不断发展，作为计算机（IT设备）的“家”--机房，也在随之发展，NCPI理念逐渐被认同并成为未来机房发展的趋势。

针对上面存在的问题，以及日后发展要面临的问题，机房发展要通过高安全性、高可用性、高灵活性、机架化、节能性等方面的综合考虑向前迈进。

高安全性：最主要的是雷击，据统计设备非自然损坏失占10~30%。

其次是火灾，其中又以电池为主，机房中50%的火灾是由于电池起火引起的。

另外还有水灾，比如空调漏水等也是机房水灾的一大起因。

最后是非法进入，包括电脑的、人为的入侵。

这些都是在机房建设中需要考虑的安全问题。

高可用性：提高平均无故障时间（MTBF），降低平均修复时间（MTTR），提高运维管理水平，把可用性提高到“5个9”的可用性水平，即年停机时间仅有5分钟，达到99.999%。

高灵活性要能够保证随需应变，扩展、升级容易，并且占地面积小。

机架化：机架化有两个概念，一个是机架定位单元（RLU），这需要事先确定数据中心的主要标准：中心可以支持多少设备，以及是否有能力来支持这些设备等。

这是根据数据中心每个机架的运行需求得出的数字。

一个机架根据其主要要求（电源、冷却等）有特定的 RLU 值，而这些数字可以与其它同样或类似的要求一起使用。

在拥有各类设备的数据中心，RLU 定义一般不止一个。

例如，在数据中心一个区域内的所有存储机架可以被视为 RLU-A 机架，而所有服务器机架则为 RLU-B 机架。

另外就是“机房模块”的概念，正如美国可用性研究中心提出的“IT微环境”概念所提示的那样，机架（机柜）正在成为IT设备的“新家”，或者说，机柜内的微环境才是所谓的“机房环境”。

更有研究专家称“机柜即机房”。

在某种程度上，至少在机房的物理空间层面上，机柜确实可以理解为被“切割成模块的机房”。

节能性：机房的密封、绝热、配风、气流组织，这些方面如果设计合理将会降低空调的使用成本。

另外，因为UPS输入电流谐波成分应小于5%，所以UPS效率的提高能有效降低对电力的需求，从而达到节能的目的。

在NCPI领域，由于行业的特殊性，标准化存在着实际的困难，因此长期以来缺乏监督的动力和变革兴趣。

但业内人士已逐渐认识到，必须避免一次性独特工程设计的低效及容易出错的复杂性，要透明地管理IT物理基础设施的日常业务，才能建立起任何基础设施所期望的高品质。

如今，业内人士已开始凭借自己的经验和商业判断力来推动行业朝着更稳定和更高效的标准化方向发展。

将标准化应用于NCPI的设计、部署和运营当中，以获得易于理解、可预测和高效的NCPI结构和功能。

由于标准化可显著地提高NCPI的商业价值，即可用性、适应性和总拥有成本的改进，因而必然会成为NCPI技术发展中的一个具有战略意义的长期发展趋势。

The engine room of the History and TrendsAlong with the computer generation of the mid-century, the engine room of the term came into being. As computer technology continues to evolve, China accompanying the engine room is also the rapid development, its development can be broadly divided into the following four periods:Engine room of the early (1960 to 1980)The early engine room for a computer (in the minicomputer) specializing in the construction, there is no uniform standard, groping construction. Roomonly when the cooling measures, but there is no precise temperature control, there is no test and indicators. Also uses duct air regulator power supply, lack of prevention of electrical interference (spikes, surges), there is no strict measures of dust. Limited to changing his shoes, wearing a white lab coat. Ordinary double doors, so there are big gaps. The harsh environment and poor performance of the early computer cause the computer system is stable only a few dozen minutes to several hours, often one day going to happen several times a fault. Sometimes bad times have to repair one to two days, the availability of very poor.The mid-engine room (1980 ~ 1990)Due to the generation of computer systems, designed specifically for a single computer system of the engine room, with a dedicated cabinet (large, medium and small cabinets), and began to formulate standards, including room location, area, etc.. Room cooling from concentrate is cooled to a constant temperature and humidity dedicated air-conditioning, room design, the introduction of the concept of anti-static, the use of anti-static flooring. UPS and other equipment was also introduced on the device. The use of automatic and semi-automatic fire system applications, with a large engine room area, a wide channel of transport equipment, testing and monitoring into a single index. The engine room dust fresh air system and engine room positive pressure and dust. The so-called engine room positive pressure through a similar boost the morale of the barrel of the device to the engine room internal continuous infusion of fresh, filter the good air, increasing the internal pressure of the engine room, engine room pressure differential inside and outside, so that the air in the engine room through confined strictly windows, door gap out to be discouraged, in order to achieve the effect of dust. This time the computer system stable for a few days, and have begun to introduce the concept of modular.Engine room of the late (1990 to 2000)IT equipment gradually miniaturized, the server has gradually become the main, multiple computers, servers, networking, large number of shared network equipment. Gradually improve the level of data storage media, the more stringent data protection, through experience, so as to formulate new standards, and extensive use of special air-conditioning of constant temperature and humidity. The improvement of power supply system, a largenumber of the UPS, improved lightning protection standards, and have a comprehensive monitoring system, a specialized room decoration design. At this time, the IT system is stable working hours for dozens of days, the availability and reliability are significantly improved. But this time the server or each equipped with a monitor keyboard and mouse, which greatly wasted resources.Modern engine room (21 century)IT equipment to further miniaturization of all devices into the rack, the rack to become the main engine room of IT equipment. Usability design, more practical, advanced, flexible scalability, manageability, maintainability, equipment is more standardized. And to strengthen the importance of the data to preserve the environment, more stringent monitoring and supervision of the engine room construction. The working hours of the IT equipment is basically continuous, can be maintained 24 hours shutdown. At this time, the system can stabilize months or more lasting. With the development of IT equipment, the the NCPI concept came into being, and become the development trend of the future of the engine room.Domestic room building FAQsWith the continuous development of the engine room, some of the problems gradually exposed.The first is backward planning design and operations management, national experts summed up as "first-class equipment", "second-class design", "flow management". The reason for this conclusion is the main domestic focus on the level of room facilities.Followed by aspects of the design concept, system, availability is not high, the engine room of the entire system should be balanced in the design time, not a part of the good, the other parts of the relatively poor. Factors affecting the availability of the engine room running the main power supply system, air-conditioning systems, monitoring systems, rack systems. Furthermore, is not the emphasis on scalability requirements, and finally the distribution in the cabinet there is a big problem everywhere, strip, cable, and thus a great deal of security risks.In addition, out of touch with the IT equipment and rack. For aesthetic use of unreasonable design, air distribution problems within the cabinet, theengine room after the completion of widespread recurrent phenomenon of local hot spots. Engine room negative pressure is a very serious problem, the design, maintenance is unreasonable, most of the engine room in the run-time engine room external negative pressure caused by dust in the engine room cleanliness seriously overweight. Lack of awareness of security risks, many engine room there are security risks.The final step is the negative pressure of the engine room, the distribution of air flow is determined by many factors of the outlet pressure, the outlet area. Rise after the cold air outlet from the floor upward discharge process, the dynamic pressure is falling, causing the cabinets of different heights devices with air flow distribution is very uneven. Dynamic pressure when the outlet velocity is relatively small, not strong, cold wind can not be sent to the upper part of the equipment of the cabinet, the upper part of the equipment from overheating, while increasing the export of wind speed, although we can solve the problem of the cabinet the upper air, but will cause a net pressure of the cabinet lower position low or even negative pressure (jet effect), so that the lower part of the equipment with the wind caused by lack of overheating.Room design technology trendsComputer technology is still evolving, as the computer (IT equipment) "home" - the engine room, but also follow the development of the the NCPI concept gradually to be recognized and become the future trend of development of the engine room. The problems for the above, as well as the future development of the problems to be faced, the room development to move forward through the high security, high availability, high flexibility, Rack-optimized, energy-saving and other considerations.High security: The most important is struck by lightning, according to statistical device unnatural damage loss accounted for 10 to 30 percent. Followed by fire, especially battery-based, 50% of fires in the engine room battery fire. In addition to flooding, such as air leakage and other engine room flood a major causes of Finally, illegal access, computer, human intrusion. These are to be considered in the machine room construction safety issues.High Availability: increase the average time between failures (MTBF) and reduce mean time to repair (MTTR), improve the operation and maintenancemanagement level, the availability to "5" levels of availability, only five minutes of the immediacy of downtime, 99.999 %.Flexibility to be able to guarantee on demand, expansion, upgrade, easy, and small footprint.The rack: the rack of the two concepts, one is the rack location units (RLU), which need to determine in advance the main standard for data center: center support equipment, and ability to support these devices, etc.. This is the figures derived in accordance with the operational requirements of the data center rack. A rack according to its main requirements (power, cooling, etc.) have specific RLU value, and these figures can be used in conjunction with other same or similar requirements. In the data center has all kinds of equipment, RLU defined generally more than one. For example, in a region within the data center storage rack can be regarded as RLU-A racks, and all server racks, compared with RLU-B racks.The other is the "engine room module" concept, as the availability of U.S. research center of the "IT microenvironment" concept suggested by the rack (cabinet) is becoming the IT equipment "new home", or say, the micro-environment within the cabinet before is the so-called "room environment. More experts say a cabinet that is, the engine room. " In a way, at least in the engine room of the level of physical space, the cabinet can indeed be understood as to be "cut into the module's engine room".Energy efficiency: the engine room sealing, insulation, air distribution, air distribution, these areas if properly designed will reduce the cost of air conditioning use. In addition, because the UPS input current harmonic components should be less than 5%, the UPS efficiency can effectively reduce the demand for electricity, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving. In the the NCPI field, due to the particularity of the industry, standardization, there are practical difficulties, so a long time the lack of supervision of power and changes in interest. But the industry has come to realize the need to avoid inefficient and error-prone complexity of one-time unique engineering design, transparent management of the daily business of IT physical infrastructure, in order to establish the desired high quality of any infrastructure.Today, the industry has begun by virtue of their experience and business judgment to drive the industry towards the development of a more stable andmore efficient, standardized direction. Standardization applied to the design, deployment and operations of the NCPI, the easy to understand, predictable and efficient NCPI structure and function. The standardization of NCPI business value, usability, adaptability, and total cost of ownership improvements, which NCPI development of strategic significance will inevitably become a long-term trends.。