法律英语LEC相关
法律英语LEC参考书单
屈文生：《法律英语核心术语：实务基础》《法律英语核心术语:实务基础》按照字母顺序编排，内容涉及基础法律术语近300个，主要讲解英美法中最为基础的核心词汇，但又不乏对大陆法系中重要法律术语的探析。
每个词汇的讲解包括：实例及翻译、详细讲解、短评、活学活用等部分。
通过阅读《法律英语核心术语:实务基础》，读者可掌握涉外合同、涉外诉讼、法庭辩护、外国法律原著中最常见的英文专业术语，并为从事涉外法律实务及法学科研打下良好基础。
推荐理由：收词虽少，但解释非常详细，有很多例句和作者的短评，因此可以形成对一个术语的完整理解。
屈文生：《法律英语核心术语：实务高阶》《法律英语核心术语:实务高阶》按照字母顺序编排，内容涉及基础法律术语近300个，主要讲解英美法中最为基础的核心词汇，但又不乏对大陆法系中重要法律术语的探析。
每个词汇的讲解包括：实例及翻译、详细讲解、短评、活学活用等部分。
通过阅读《法律英语核心术语:实务高阶》，读者可掌握涉外合同、涉外诉讼、法庭辩护、外国法律原著中最常见的英文专业术语，并为从事涉外法律实务及法学科研打下良好基础。
推荐理由：同上本。
单词难度有所提高，拉丁文词变多。
孙万彪：《英汉法律翻译教程》本书为经济、法律和英语专业的学生及有志于从事法律翻译的人士提供极为实用的学习资料，填补了市场上同类教材的空白。
本书所选英文材料皆取自实际合同，共分15个单元。
每单元包括翻译练习及参考译文、注解、补充练习及翻译技巧，从实战到理论逐一详尽论述，帮助读者更为牢固地理解和掌握法律翻译的技巧和精髓。
书后还附有“词汇表”，列出各单元所涉及的常用法律经济词汇供读者参考。
推荐理由：法律英语新手入门的经典选择，根据合同的不同条款设置专章，中英对照翻译并提示重点。
孙万彪：《汉英法律翻译教程》《汉英教程》正文按所收的主题事项，共分成15个单元。
第一个单元由三大板块组成，第一块为“法规条文翻译实践”，第二块为“合同条款翻译实践”，第三块是在顡两项翻译实践基础上归纳出来的“翻译技巧”。
目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分
目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分严重声明：本站所有文章由上海优尔法律信息咨询有限公司拥有完整著作权，禁止非经授权的任何个人或组织基于经营性目的，对文章进行任意更改或转载；另外，用于非经营性目的个人或组织进行转载请注明文章出处，否则本公司保留对上述侵犯网络传播权的行为追究法律责任的权利。
一、三大法律英语考试的简介◆TOLES：TOLES(律思)，全称“TestofLegalEnglishSkills”，也就是TOLES法律英语水平考试。
TOLES考试是世界上第一个国际法律英语水平考试，是由世界知名的英语培训专家（TheLondonschoolofEnglish&Communicaid）和法律领域资深的专家（CambridgeLawStudio）共同合作开发的，并与多家律师事务所和法律机构定期进行磋商，对TOLES考试进行修订，使其适应当前法律行业的变化。
该考试的目的是以法律英语这门技术语言为媒介，来核查考生对英美法民商事部门法知识的掌握，从而满足律师事务所、公司、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法律英语水平的需要。
TOLES作为国际权威的法律英语水平考试，自2001年起至今，以其法律英语语言运用能力测试的精准度多年来赢得众多顶级世界知名律所的信赖和认可。
2008年TOLES被首次引入中国，从而受到众多法律英语爱好者和法律工作求职者的关注。
TOLES考试包括三个等级：TOLESAdvanced（固定日期费用2000RMB/人，任意日期费用2800RMB/人）;TOLESHigher（费用1700RMB/人）;TOLESFoundation（费用1400RMB/人）。
考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知识水平选择相应的考试，而不一定要三个等级考试全都参加。
TOLES考试每年3月、6月、和11月举行3次，其中，报考TOLESAdvanced的考生可以在增加费用的前提下指定任意日期考试。
TOLES考试指定教材5本，推荐参考教材12本，不指定培训机构和教材购买地点。
lec考试词汇brief及相关资料
法律英语词汇学习文章来源：本站点击数：11482 更新时间：2009-3-3 9:14:58 1、具有特殊法律含义的常用词在英语语言的发展过程中，词义的演变十分复杂。
总体来说，英语词义是在“共时性变化”和“历时性变化”的交替变化中发展演变的。
法律英语词汇自然而然地从多义的普通英语词汇中分离出来。
有些词语具有特色很强的法律英语词义，明显独立于普通英语，有些词语在普通英语中具有某种含义，而在法律英语中则具有另一种含义，也就是说，有些词语对法律工作者和对普通读者具有截然不同的含义。
下列常用词语是人们所熟知的一些单词或词组，然而在法律语言中他们却具有独特的含义，完全不同于在普通语言中的含义。
例如，单词“action”在法律中的含义是“诉讼”；“damage”是造成的“损坏”而“damages”为“损害赔偿金”；“demise”(死亡）在法律中的含义是“转让，遗赠”，这个词经常出现在出租、赠与这类场合，例如：“demise premises”(遗赠房产)。
“consideration”通常指“考虑”“体贴”，而在法律英语中的含义是“对价”“约因”；“instrument”（器具）在法律中的含义是“法律文件”；“present”一词在法律中的含义是“这个法律文件”，当表示提交一份法律文件时，“presents”通常出现在短语“know all men by these presents”中，“by these Presents”的意思是“通过这份法律文件”。
“provided”一词在法律文件中通常表示加入了限制性的条件，例如，在一个长句的结尾部分使用“provided ,however, that...(但是....)”。
词组“without prejudice”的含义与偏见无关系，它的意思是“使合法权利受到损害”。
法律英语词汇的词义是在英语的发展历史过程中逐步从英语多义词中分离出来的，这类词汇需要一定语境或上下文才能确定词义。
法律英语：toles，ilecandlec
法律英语：toles，ilecandlec首先，必须明确的一点是我们的目的是以考促学，而不是单纯地为证书而考试。
先说三个考试的历史。
其实三大考试都刚出来不久： toles 是最老牌的法律英语考试，2001年就开始了，不过进入中国好像是2007年。
08年为了扩大影响，在北外做了免费报名的尝试，渐渐为人所知。
ILEC 也是07进入中国的，是剑桥大学考试委员会ESOL 组织的，由于ESOL在英语考试领域的影响，最近两年进展迅速，大有和TOLES 争雄的态势。
说完了洋考试，再说说咱们本土的考试lec （这片神奇的土地上，最不缺的就是“山寨”）。
lec是08年开始的（大概有人也发现了法律英语考试这块赚钱的宝地）。
但它的走红却是因为一篇《警惕LEC考试大骗局》,有兴趣的朋友可以去网上搜搜。
lec的证书印的是政法大学外国语学院和北外法学院，很有我国特色。
然后说说三个考试的内容。
TOLES 比较侧重商业实务，主要考查公司法和合同法中的常用词汇。
分三级Advanced ；Higher ；Foundation，不考口语。
只有Higher级考听力，其他两级只考阅读和写作；原因是口语水平在你去外所面试时自然得以考查。
ILEC 没有TOLES那样的外部分级，只分3个及格级和2个不及格。
ILEC 阅读，写作，听力，和口语都考。
内容方面更丰富，不限于公司法和合同法，甚至在其新出的辅导教程《introduction to International legal english》中连比较法都纳入了。
不过不要担心，它和TOLES考试一样，本质都是英语考试，而不是法律考试，仍然侧重于部门法的重点词汇测试。
至于lec ，这个考试还在逐步发展和完善中，它讲述美国法律（ilec和toles讲述英美法，侧重英国法），题型中增加了法律文本翻译。
最后说说备考教材：网上流传的TOLES 18本教材，I有些过了。
Toles重点考词汇和写作，主教材吃透，练习册，再来一本写作练习书，几本书就够了。
法律英语考试LEC考试美国法基础知识
法律英语考试LEC考试美国法基础知识Sources of lawIn the United States， the law is derived from four sources. These four sources are constitutional law，statutory law，administrative regulations， and the common law （which includes case law）。
The most important source of law is the United States Constitution. All other law falls under， and is subordinate to，that document. No law may contradict the Constitution. For example， if Congress enacts a statute that conflicts with the Constitution，the Supreme Court may find that law unconstitutional， and declare it invalid.Notably， a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional； it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However， under the principle of stare decisis，no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute，and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely， any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute （where such constitutionality has been expresslyestablished in prior cases） will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.。
法律英语LEC常见问题
法律英语（ＬEC)考试常见问题1、法律英语证书（ＬＥＣ)全国统一考试是什么性质的考试?答:法律英语证书(LEＣ）全国统一考试是由法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会具体组织的一种专业英语水平考试。
２、法律英语证书（ＬEＣ）是由何机构颁发的?有何作用？答:法律英语证书由法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会颁发,并加盖其公章和钢印.本证书是涉外企业和涉外律师事务所招募国际性法律人才的专业英语权威证明。
3、法律英语证书(LEＣ）共分为几个级别？答：法律英语证书（LＥC)按照不同岗位对法律人才专业英语的要求，分为合格和优秀两个级别。
不同级别对考生的法律英语阅读、翻译和写作等方面能力有着不同的要求。
4、考试包括哪些内容？答：考试分试卷一和试卷二,各需三个小时完成。
试卷一为选择题。
试卷二是主观题，包括案例阅读、翻译和法务写作三项.试卷（一），客观题（题），共100道小题，每题１分。
本部分试题有以下两部分内容组成:法基本知识(90－９５％）和逻辑推理（５－1０％）难易程度比例设置:容易题目占５0％,中等难度试题占30％,高难度试题占20%.(1）、基本法知识各部门法所占比例设置：合同法10-15％；宪法2-4%；侵权法10-１5％；证据法5－7%;民事程序法２－４％；刑事程序法2-４%；法５—7%；商事组织法10—15％;证券法5—7%；财产法10—15%;法2－4％；刑法10—１5％．（２)、逻辑推理（5－10%）试卷（二），主观题,有案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三部分，每部分各占2５分、40分和３5分。
难易程度比例设置：中等难度试题占８0%,高难度试题占２０％.（1）、案件阅读（ｃase ｒｅaｄｉng and pｒeheｎsiｏn）共25分本部分试题包括一篇真实案例。
要求应试者在准确、快速阅读案例后，根据获得的案例中的信息简略回答有关问题.（２）、翻译（Trａnslatiｏn）共４０分本部分试题有两节，SecｔｉoｎA和Sectｉon B．Sectｉon Ａ是中译英，SecｔioｎＢ是英译中,各占2０分.（3)、法务写作（Lｅgal Ｗｒiting）共3５分要求应试者根据所给信息,用英文撰写一封律师函,或写一篇法律备忘录（LawＯffice Ｍｅmo);或根据所提供的案例，代表某一方写一篇案件辩论书(Cａｓe Brieｆ）。
lec考试词汇brief及相关资料
法律英语词汇学习文章来源：本站点击数：11482 更新时间：2009-3-3 9:14:58 1、具有特殊法律含义的常用词在英语语言的发展过程中，词义的演变十分复杂。
总体来说，英语词义是在“共时性变化”和“历时性变化”的交替变化中发展演变的。
法律英语词汇自然而然地从多义的普通英语词汇中分离出来。
有些词语具有特色很强的法律英语词义，明显独立于普通英语，有些词语在普通英语中具有某种含义，而在法律英语中则具有另一种含义，也就是说，有些词语对法律工作者和对普通读者具有截然不同的含义。
下列常用词语是人们所熟知的一些单词或词组，然而在法律语言中他们却具有独特的含义，完全不同于在普通语言中的含义。
例如，单词“action”在法律中的含义是“诉讼”；“damage”是造成的“损坏”而“damages”为“损害赔偿金”；“demise”(死亡）在法律中的含义是“转让，遗赠”，这个词经常出现在出租、赠与这类场合，例如：“demise premises”(遗赠房产)。
“consideration”通常指“考虑”“体贴”，而在法律英语中的含义是“对价”“约因”；“instrument”（器具）在法律中的含义是“法律文件”；“present”一词在法律中的含义是“这个法律文件”，当表示提交一份法律文件时，“presents”通常出现在短语“know all men by these presents”中，“by these Presents”的意思是“通过这份法律文件”。
“provided”一词在法律文件中通常表示加入了限制性的条件，例如，在一个长句的结尾部分使用“provided ,however, that...(但是....)”。
词组“without prejudice”的含义与偏见无关系，它的意思是“使合法权利受到损害”。
法律英语词汇的词义是在英语的发展历史过程中逐步从英语多义词中分离出来的，这类词汇需要一定语境或上下文才能确定词义。
法律英语证书(LEC)考试试题库
法律英语证书（LEC）考试试题库法律英语试题库说明:法律英语试题库共分两部分～第一部分为普通法律英语部分～侧重对一般法律英语知识的相关词汇、语篇阅读分析能力、法律翻译能力掌握情况的考察。
第二部分为涉外法律英语部分～侧重对涉外法律知识的相关词汇、语法、涉外法律文书及其法律翻译能力的考察。
Part One:普通法律英语部分I(Match each of the following numbered definitions with the correct term in the list below, Write the letter of your choice in the answer column.Exercise 1A. defendant F. adjudicateB. allegation G. reviewC. case law H. plaintiffD. law I. Common LawE. statutory law J. Jurist( )1. Judicial re examination of the proceedings of a court or other body; a reconsideration by the same court or body of its former decision. ( )2. Rules of conduct applicable to all people and enforceable in court.( )3. To decide a matter by legal means; for example, court, mediation, arbitration.( )4. The party being sued or tried in either civil or criminal action. ( )5. The major source of law in the U. S. A. or the U K; based on old English Law.( )w established by Congress, stare legislatures or any other law making bodies.( )7.A person who has a substantial knowledge of law and who has written extensively on legal matters; for example, judges, professors, and so on. ( )8. The party who initiates an action at law (law suit). ( )9. Law based on court decisions.( )10. A statement or charge made in a pleading which one intends to prove by legal evidence.Exercise 21A executive branch F devolutionB. federal G. defamationC. legislation H. legislative branchD. confederation I. allegationE. judicial branch J. constitution. Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and ( )11 implemented by the courts.( )12. The government department that is responsible for determining the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, andadjudicating rights and duties of others involved in disputes. It interprets and applies the Law.( )13.A written document defining fundamental legal principle for governance of the people. It may include grants of power and limitations of power.( )14.Passing of power to govern or to make decisions from a central authority to a local authority.( )15.The government department that is responsible for carryinglaws into effect.( )16.Group of independent states or organizations working together for common aims.( )17.The government department that is responsible for enacting statutory laws.( )18.Refers to the U. S government and its activities. The United States is a federation of 50 sovereign states.( )19.In pleading, an assertion of fact; the statement of the issue which the contributing party is prepared to prove.( )20.False statement, either oral or written, which tends to injure the reputation of the victim. It may be civil as well as criminal.Exercise 3A(separate property F. adulteryB(bigamy G. beneficiaryC(custody H. separationD(heir I. necessariesE(nonsupport J. guardian( )21. A situation in which parties are not living together but otherwise have legal duties of husband and wife.( )22. The care and possession of minor children of a marriageduring a divorce proceeding and after divorce is final.( )23. Property owned By either spouse before marriage or acquired during marriage by gift or inheritance.2( )24. A person appointed by the court to supervise and take care of another.( )25. Failure to contribute money, in accordance with one's ability, to the maintenance of a parent as required by law.( )26. Goods and services ordinarily required by and appropriate toan incompetent person's station in life, yet not available or providedby parent or guardian.( )27. The crime of being married to two or more persons at the same time.( )28. Sexual intercourse by a married person with someone otherthan the offender's spouse.( )29. Anyone who has a legal right to inherit the property of another. ( )30. Anyone who benefits under the terms of a will.Exercise 4A. proprietor F. dividendsB. limited partner G. general partnerC. dissolution H. proxyD. quorum I. liquidationE. merger J. subsidiary( )31. A person who conducts the business of a partnership and has unlimited Liability.( )32. A person who is the sole owner of a business.( )33. A company owned (by a majority of shares or interest) and controlled by another company.( )34. A combination of two or more corporations whereby one remains a legal entity and the other is absorbed.( )35. A person who invests capital and shares in the profits of the partnership but whose liability and share of profits are limited by the amount invested.( )36. The sale and/or distribution of the assets of a business to settle its accounts with creditor and/or stockholders.( )37. The termination of the existence of a legal entity, such as a partnership or a corporation.( )38. A portion of corporate profits divided among the share-holders, in cash and/or stock.( )39. The number of members who must be present at a meeting for business to be transacted; a majority.( )40. The authorization for another to act for a shareholder at a meeting; also, the paper granting the authority.II. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. Change the form of the word if necessary. (15’)3Exercise 1Institution foundation startprovision statute knowcode experience jurisdictionstill-survive judicature advocateas exercise regardWe are about to pass into a world governed by _41__; and a few words will not be out of place as to the way in which codes are__42_in the countries where they form the __43__of the national law. In the first place a code is supposed, in theory at least, to provide a fresh__44_in all those parts of the law with which it deals. It is not conceived as resting upon a presupposed and__45_common law, but as standing upon its own foundations, _46__does, for example with us, a__47_introducing a novel principle, such as Workmen's Compensation. We shall not find in a continental code such language as that used in the Supreme Courtof_48__Act, 1925, where the jurisdiction of the High Court is defined as including "the _49___which was formerly vested in, or capable ofbeing__50_ by, all or any of the courts following ..." It was the intention of the authors of the French Civil Code that it should be interpreted only in the light of its own__51_and definitions. One of theearly commentators, Bugnet, said: “know nothing of civil law; I only teach the Code Napoleon."A very short__52_, however, was enough to show that this idea was impossible of realization. The judges and _53__, to say nothing of the not less important legal authors, whose task it was to expound and to apply the new Code, could not have done their work had they not been familiar with the old technical terms it adopted, and with the_54__which in substance it reproduced. Whatever pretence they might make of looking only to the text of the Code, they could not empty their minds of a large body of relevant professional knowledge, _55__ of something which we may, without great error, call the common law of France -- or atleast the common law of Paris.Exercise 2disputes justice pursuitprocedure plaintiff rootsprocedural reliance meansadversary jurisdictions claimsjudgment parties opposingIn all jurisdictions there is general agreement that the goal ofcivil _56_ is the just, prompt, and inexpensive determination of _57_ before the courts. There is similar agreement that _58_ of this goal requires4that the law of procedure provides some _59_ for performing each of the following basic functions: notifying the defendant that the _60_ is bringing suit, informing each party of the _61_ and contentions of the other, determining the nature of the dispute and the issues between the _62_, ascertaining the facts, deciding which principles of law govern the case, applying the law to the facts to reach a _63_, giving the judgment effect in some practical way, and having the official actions of lower courts checked by higher courts. With very few exceptions, the differences that exist in the _64_laws of the various_65_ are only differences with respect to the means chosen to perform one or more of these functions. In addition, American rules of procedure, with the exception of those in effect in Louisiana, have their _66_ in the early English common law. Consequently, most differences are not differences in kind; they are differences in the degree of evolution from early common law concepts. Finally, in all of our jurisdictions much _67_ is placed on the assumption that if each of the_68_ parties takes the steps and advances the propositions that appear to him or her to best serve his or her own cause, truth and _69_ will emerge. Because of this characteristic, our system is often referred to as the _70_ system.Exercise 3for court celebratinglater patted rejecteddrunk her withprison searched ofprosecutor declaring bothOne evening police officers saw a man and woman running down a street. The police __71__ them. The woman had a bag of money in her hand and a bulge in __72__jacket. They patted her down and found a gun. Then they __73__ down her companion; they found nothing. They took __74__ to the station, booked them and arrested them for armed robbery. Back on patrol __75__ that night they saw a group of rowdy college students__76__ a football victory. The group was in a quiet neighborhood. The two officers told the youths to “keep quiet”. Still later, they saw a __77__ stumbleand fell down; they took him to a nearby shelter.A few days later, a __78__ charged the two armed robbery suspects__79__ robbery, according to the state's criminal code. The woman went to __80__ ;the jury acquitted her because the only eyewitness died__81__ a heart attack the morning of the trial. After charging her companion, the prosecutor offered the male suspect a “deal.” In exchange __82__a plea of guilty, the prosecutor would reduce the charge to simple theft and ask the judge for a sentence to a newly instituted home confinement program instead of to prison. The man accepted the deal and pleaded guilty,5but the judge __83__ the request for home confinement. She sentenced the man to __84__ for two years. Because of good behavior and a courtorder __85__ the overcrowded prison to be in violation of the Constitution, prison officials released the man after six months, judging that he wouldnot seriously endanger the community.III. Vocabulary and StructureA. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.(8 points)86. strategy a) a legally registered design naming the originaldesigner as owner of the design87. tedious b) the name of a product or sometimes the name ofa company88. brief e) a memorable sentence used to advertise aproduct89. brand d) not very interesting and often repetitive90. e) tell someone about something, usually inshareholder connection with work91. slogan f) an owner of shares in a business92. spam g) junk mail93. patent h) a general plan intended to achieve somethingover a period of timeB. Complete the following sentences, using the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box below. Remember to put the verbs in the correct form. You should refer to the company structure of ABM plc for questions 1-3.(7 points)report to take off set up see to consist ofturn off do without put to go through694. ABM plc ______ four departments.95. Helen Grey ______ to the Personnel Manager.96. John Ross _______ the Maintenance Section.97. _______ the gas before you inspect the back of the cooker. 98. After inheriting a lot of money he decided to ______ his own business.99. I would like to _______ the sales figures with you and find out where the mistakes are.100. We really can't ________ his expert knowledge. Well have to reschedule the meeting to suit him.(三)Choose a word from the box for each space in the Exercise below. Remember to put the words in the correct form.manage post reference to arrangereach enclose require private moreoverstudy enable would particularly available46 Potters LaneWaltonLeicestershire23 April 2002 Mr Peter SellersDirector Human ResourcesCarney and Denham Consultants72 Cromwell RoadNottingham NT7 9GHDear Mr SellersWith 101 to your advertisement in the Independent on 21 April, I would like to apply for the 102 of Project Manager with your company.I am 35 years old and 1 have considerable experience in engineeringin both the public and 103 sector managing overseas construction projects. 104 , I have recently completed a course on Management and Communication and I am currently 105 for an MA degree in Engineering Management. This experience bas 106 me to develop the necessary leadership and Communication skills to 107 multidisciplinedconstruction teams. I am 108 interested in the position you are offering as I 109 like to become more involved with building refurbishment projects.I would be grateful if you could 110 an interview as soon aspossible as I am going abroad next month. I can Be 111 at the above address. I am 112 to start work from I June. Please find 113 my CV.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you 114 any furtherinformation.I look forward 115 heating from you.Yours sincerelyAnne ALexanderAnne Alexander (Ms)8IV. Read the materials and answer the following questions:Exercise 11. Read the following text and answer questions 116-120.Sometimes you might be asked to go to a selection or assessment centre. This is an extended interview which is made up of a series of group activities, rests and presentations. You will be assessed throughout the day by assessors who will be looking to see how well you work in a ream, whether your communication skills are good and whether you can work to deadlines. Team work is important. You don't do yourself any favors by trying to take over the group, but at the same time, don't sit back and let everyone else do the work.Don’t panic if you're asked to do a presentation on something you don't know much about as the way you give the presentation is often more important than the content itself. You should practice beforehand so you know how long the presentation takes. The best advice on dealing with a selection centre is to give it your best shot. If you sit timidly in the corner, the assessor cannot make any judgment about you.When you take a personality test, which is designed to find outabout your personality and character, what your values are and what motivates you, don't worry about answering questions incorrectly thereis usually no right or wrong answers. Answer the questions honestly and positively. There is no point in trying to give the answers you think the employer will want because firstly you might have the wrong ideaabout what the employer is looking for, and secondly, you don't want 1o gel tile job and spend the ensuing months trying to be someone whoyou're not. 116. What is the Exercise mainly concerned with?9117. How should you behave during the day at the selection centre? 118. How should applicants approach giving presentations?119. Does it matter if you answer questions incorrectly in a personality test? Why?120. What does the author say about lying in a personality test?Exercise 2Despite the attention paid within advertising agencies to the whole business targeting specific groups, there have been some spectacular failures to get it right when companies have tried to go international or global with their products. This has been for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, the brand name of the product has unfortunate associations when translated into foreign languages. Looking at this area can illustrate how powerful the operation of connotation is --the way in which words can call up associations in our minds. Because of the way we make connections between words and particular ideas, feeling and experiences, brand names are crucial for advertisers. They are very economic, acting as little concentrated capsules of meaning. Where advertisers get it right, readers will do the work to generate all the intended connotations.There are whole companies who specialize in offering research onbrand-name connotations to product manufacturers looking for a name fora new product, or looking at how best to market an existing product to new, foreign audiences. These companies—for example Inter-brand, and The Brand-naming Company typically organize brainstorming sessions where they ask groups of people to let their imaginations ‘roam free’, from which meetings they arrive at shortlists of names whosesuitability is then researched further. Names on the shortlists have to pass certain10tests: for example, that they are not too close to existing names; that they are pronounceable in all the world's major languages; thatthey have the right connotations. The latter, however, is a complex area. Even within one language, connotations can be about quite subtle distinctions. For example, when Pickfords Travel merged with Hogg Robinson two years ago, the shortlist for the new company had two main contenders: 'Destinations' ,arid 'Going Places'. The new company chose the latter, deciding that 'destinations' tended to suggest long haul flights to farflung places travel for the privileged. 'Going Places', on the other hand, was thought to describe all sorts of travel andtherefore be more suitable for the mass market, which was the company’s target.2. Mark statements 121-125 True or False according to theinformation provided in the text above.121. This Exercise is mainly about how to choose names for companies wishing to go global.122. Good names make the right connection between words and ideas. 123. ‘Going Places' is used as an example to show how hard it is to choose a name for a company.124. ‘Destinations' is likely to appeal to wealthy travelers. 125. One technique brand name consultants often use is to invite people to freely suggest any names on their mind.Exercise 3Material 1: Jurisprudence: An Overview11The word jurisprudence derives from the Latin term jurisprudentia, which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law." In the United States jurisprudence commonly means the philosophy of law. Legal philosophy has many aspects, but four of them are the most common. Thefirst and the most prevalent form of jurisprudence seeks to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law. Law school textbooks and legal encyclopedias represent this type of scholarship.The second type of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of knowledge such as literature, economics, religion, and thesocial sciences. The third type of jurisprudence seeks to reveal the historical, moral, and cultural basis of a particular legal concept. The fourth body of jurisprudence focuses on finding the answer to such abstract questions as what is law? How do judges (properly) decide cases?Apart from different types of jurisprudence, different schools of jurisprudence exist. Formalism, or conceptualism, treats law like math or science. Formalists believe that a judge identifies the relevantlegal principles, applies them to the facts of a case, and logically deduces a rule that will govern the outcome of the dispute. In contrast, proponents of legal realism believe that most cases before courts present hard questions that judges must resolve by balancing the interests of the parties and ultimately drawing an arbitrary line on one side of the dispute. This line, realists maintain, is drawn according to the political, economic, and psychological inclinations of the judge. Some legal realists even believe that a judge is able to shape the outcome of the case based on personal biases.Apart from the realist-formalist dichotomy, there is the classic debate over the appropriate sources of law between positivist andnatural12law schools of thought. Positivists argue that there is no connection between law and morality and the only sources of law are rules that have been expressly enacted by a governmental entity or court of law. Naturalists, or proponents of natural law, insist that the rules enacted by government are not the only sources of law. They argue that moral philosophy; religion, human reason and individual conscience are also integrating parts of the law.There are no bright lines between different schools of jurisprudence. The legal philosophy of a particular legal scholar may consist of a combination of strains from many schools of legal thought. Some scholars think that it is more appropriate to think about jurisprudence as a continuum.The above-mentioned schools of legal thoughts are only part of a diverse jurisprudential picture of the United States. Other prominent schools of legal thought exist. Critical legal studies, feminist jurisprudence, law and economics, utilitarianism, and legal pragmatism are but a few of them.Material 2: Legal PhilosophyJurisprudence is the philosophy of law and of the legal system.There are many ways of classifying legal philosophy or jurisprudence. The four major schools of thought are natural law, positive law, sociological jurisprudence and legal realism.The natural law school of thought feels that the legal system should model the relationships found in nature and believe in the innate goodness of man.13The natural law school of thought began during the fifth century B.C. and states that there exists a sense of what is just and right in nature separate and distinct from the rules that may be developed by a state.Aristotle asserted that law existed in nature and could beascertained by man's exercise of his power to reason. The Stoic schoolelaborated on and expanded on the ideas of Aristotle in the thirdcentury B.C. Duringgentium (the law of nations) was the Roman period the concept of jus similar to the earlier Greek natural law theories.St. Thomas Aquinas combined the Greek and Roman schools of thoughtinto a Christian view that God reveals natural law to man through man's ability to reason. John Locke argued that man had a "bundle" of rights, only some of which he surrendered to the state in order to live in an organized society. According to Locke, the individual retained the remaining rights in the bundle. This view is recognized in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.Beginning with the nineteenth century, there was a move away from reliance on natural law toward the concept of positive law. Natural law takes the position that law is based on fundamental truths. Thisposition is more a statement of faith than an assertion of fact. The advocates of positive law (sometimes called legal positivism oranalytical jurisprudence) believe that law should be more scientific and less reliant on blind faith. Thus, positive law deals with axioms and attempts to develop a legal system based on logic rather than on beliefs.Legal positivism originally developed in Europe. The legalpositivists believe that there is no law unless and until laid down by a sovereign. (The sovereign can be either a person or an institution. ) Asa result, positive law can be distinguished from morality because morality does not come from the sovereign, while law is, or at least should be, handed down by the sovereign. There are four basic components of legal positivism:1. Law consists of rules.2. Law is different from morals.3. The sovereign establishes the rules.4. Legal rules carry sanctions.Legal positivism is best exemplified in the views of Hans Kelsen andH. L. A. Hart. Kelsen was born in Austria in 1881 and served on the law14faculties of many European universities before immigrating to the United States in 1940. Kelsen viewed the law as being self-supporting and not dependent on any external values. He said, "A norm becomes a legal norm only because it has been constituted in a particular fashion, born of a definite procedure and definite rule. Law is valid only as positive law, that is, statute (constituted) law". In Kelsen's view, therefore, all the actions of any given government are valid so long as those actions are recognized as valid by statute within that country. Hart, on the other hand, expands this somewhat narrow view. Hart rays that the law must treat all like cases alike. He argues that legal positivism stands for the proposition that law does not necessarily have to relate to morality. To Hart, rules of law are more important than the process of how courts decide cases.The natural law proponents seem to have a "justification by faith" approach to jurisprudence. The advocates of legal realism have a seemingly coldhearted rationalism that rests on the effects of the law, with little apparent concern for what the law should be. A third school of legal thought adopts a position somewhat between these two previous schools of thought. This third school --sociological jurisprudence -- is concerned with the effects of law, but it is also concerned with the justifications and reasons that underlie the enactment of the law. Its supporters observe, analyze, and justify both the justifications for the law and the effects of the law by applying the modern tools of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Proponents of sociological jurisprudence believe that a law must be properly justified and have an appropriate effect in the society, based on the societal values andgoals of the given populace.The American legal philosophy can best be described as legal realism. Legal realism can be viewed as being on the opposite end of thepolitical spectrum from legal positivism. Legal realism has its roots in natural law, but it tries to take the "human element" into account, rather than relying on the innate nature of the universe as ajustification or explanation for the legal system. Natural law consists of four basic elements:1、 Law is based on the nature of man.2. Legal rights can be discovered by the exercise of reason.3. Law is constant.4. Legal principles must be just and fight.Legal realists have a somewhat more open view of the law, feeling that law reflects what "is" and not what it "ought" to be. Accordingly, legal realism can be viewed as consisting of two parts:1. The law is a social process, not a body of "rules".152. Law is what legal decision makers actually do about the statutes and rules.Legal realists concentrate on natural law than on rules. Legalrealists believe that law is based on the nature of man, but they also recognize that law is a social process based on logic, so thatlegal rules need to be just and fight.Each of the four schools has strong proponents and each has strong opponents. An application of each theory to the same set of facts leads to several different results. An understanding of the philosophy of law in any region allows one to understand the government of that region and basic attitudes commonly held by people within that region.Answer the questions according to the given materials:126. Is there any difference between jurisprudence and legal philosophy?Why?127. How many schools of jurisprudence as you know? What?are the main legal ideas of the natural legal school? 128. What129. What are the main legal ideas of the positive legal school?。
LEC模拟题+解析
LEC法律英语证书考试模拟题+答案解析1.Donald is the plant manager for the local sneaker manufacturing plant of Disneak,Inc.The child labor laws in this jurisdiction provide,“It is a violation of the law for anyone to employ a person under17years of age for full-time labor.”Donald, unaware of the law and believing the Disneak’s policy was to rely on a youthful workforce,hired several16-year-olds to work at the plant full time.He did not ask their ages and they did not disclose them.Had Donald chosen to discover their ages he could have done so by asking for identification.If the statute is interpreted to create strict liability,Donald is most likely:A.Not guilty,because Disneak,not Donald,is the employer of the children.B.Guilty,because he should have inquired as to the ages of the children.C.Not guilty,because he believed he was following company policy and was unaware of the law.D.Guilty,because he hired the children.2.UnconscionabilityA.Contract negotiations usually made when a person is drunk or unconscious.B.Doctrine that allows courts to protect the weaker party in a contract.C.Unjust enrichment.D.A confession of judgment,such as the admission of debt by debtor.3.Smith owns a house,and agrees to lease it to Jones.The lease states that it willcommence on July4,2004,but provides no termination date.Rent reserved is $1,000per month.How can the tenant or the landlord terminate the lease?A.Either party can terminate by giving the other party one-month’s notice.B.Either party can terminate at the end of the one-year lease term.C.The tenant may terminate the lease at any time.D.The landlord may terminate the lease at any time.4.In which of the following cases is specific performance most likely to beavailable?A.For the sale of land.B.For construction of a large shopping mall.C.For the painting of a portrait.D.For the sale of goods.5.Which of the following provisions of the Bill of Rights have been incorporated?I.The Free Speech Clause II.The Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause III.The Excessive Fines Clause IV.The Takings ClauseA.I,II,III and IV.B.I and II only.C.I,II and IV only.D.II only.6.The reason behind a decision is called the_______.A.res ipsa loquiturB.obiter dictaC.de factoD.ratio decidendi7.Unilateral ContractA.A contract for the sale of only a single item or service.B.An unenforceable contract.C.A contract where there is no"meeting of the minds".D.A contract which one party promises to do or refrain from doingsomething in return for actual performance by the other party.8.Which of the following is the correct answer for the excuses for nonperformanceunder a contract?A.impossibilitymercial impracticabilityC.frustrationD.all of the above9.Leslie,Kelly,and Blair wanted to form a business.Which of the followingbusiness entities does not require the filing of organization document with the state?A.Limited partnership.B.Joint venture.C.Limited liability company.D.Subchapter S corporation.A Subchapter S corporation is a corporation,which meets the requirements for and has made a proper election to be taxed under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code.10.Smith leases Tanacre to Jones.The ten-year lease has the following expressprovision:“the premises must be used for residential purposes as an apartment building”.By year eight,the entire surrounding neighborhood has become commercial,and Jones is unable to find residential tenants.Jones asks Smith if he convert the building into a hotel.Smith refuses,and threatens to terminate the lease,and sue for the rent for the remaining term.What would be Jones’s best argument in defense?A.Impossibility of performance.mercial frustration.C.Breach of the implied warranty of suitability.D.Breach of the implied warranty of habitability.11.Smith,an amateur photographer who occasionally sells his travel photos to friendswho frame them,recently returned from an“Around the World in80days Cruise”.He immediately went to his local camera store to get his dozen roles of film developed,and printed.The clerk gave him a receipt for the film.A week later, Smith returned to the camera store,but the clerk was unable to find prints,the negatives or the exposed film.What legal relationship was created between Smith and camera store?A.Trust.B.Bailment.C.Gift.D.Conversion.12.At common law,what interest was created when Smith conveyed Tanacre to Jonesin the following manner:“to Jones forever”?A.A fee simple absolute.(to Jones and his heirs)B.A fee simple determinable.(use limitation)C.A life estate.D.A fee tail.(limitation to Jones and the heirs of her body)13.Due ProcessA.Procedures established only under the Administrative Procedure Act.B.The rights of non-citizens before immigration officers.C.The legal requirement that the state must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person.D.The principle that all persons are equal before the law.14.Banks conveys Tanacre as follows:“to Smith for life,then to his daughter Amyfor life,then to her children and their heirs”.Smith dies.What impact does that have on the state of the title?A.Amy’s life estate vests.B.Amy’s life estate becomes a present possessory interest.C.Amy takes Tanacre in fee simple absolute.D.None of the above.15.Plea BargainA.A meeting of the criminal minds.e of federal sentencing guidelines.C.A reduced court filing fee for filing pleadings.D.A defendant's agreement to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced charge or other special treatment.16.Smith conveys Tanacre“to Amy and her brother Boris with right of survivorship”.What estate is created?A.A joint tenancy.B.A tenancy by the entirety.C.A tenancy in common.D.Concurrent life estates,with reversion to Smith at the death of the first to die.17.What duty of care is owed to undiscovered trespassers?A.(Very high standard of care)Liable for slight negligence-If plaintiff is apassenger or guest.B.None-they can never recover on negligence claim againstlandowner/possessor.C.Reasonable cost of repair,or if property nearly destroyed the FMV(fairmarket value)at time of accident.D.At common law,completely barred plaintiff’s right to recovery,unless lastclear chance applies.18.Suppose after renting and living in the apartment for eight months,the airconditioner no longer functions.Room temperature hovers around90degrees.Tenants inform the landlord Smith Enterprises,but they fail to repair.Which of the following would Tenants have to prove to prevail?A.That the failure to fix the air conditioning was an obligation under the lease.B.That the lack of air conditioning rendered the premises unfit for human habitation.C.That Jones moved out in a reasonable time.D.All of the above19.Promissory EstoppelA.A failure to prosecute a civil or criminal action.B.Power to make an offer to the public in general rather than a specific individual.C.Equitable doctrine recognized as a substitute for consideration in some cases.D.Ability of an agent to bind a principal in matters beyond the scope of agency.20.All of the following statements are true regarding a partnership except__________.A.each partner's liability is limited to the amount he or she contributed to the partnership.B.partners pay personal income tax on their share of the partnership's income.C.if the partnership agreement does not specify otherwise,profits will be shared equally by the partners.D.a new partnership agreement is required whenever a new partner enters or leaves the partnership.21.Seller publishes a catalog listing prices for various office supplies.Buyer mails anorder for100boxes of paper clips at the catalog price.Seller ships the clips upon receiving the order.Ten days later,Seller sends an invoice to the Buyer,billing the Buyer according to the terms in the catalog.Which of the following is true?A.The catalog constitutes an offer.B.Buyer’s order was an offer.C.Seller’s shipment was an offer.D.Seller’s shipment was a rejection and counteroffer.22.A physician says to his patient,Gwen,“I guarantee you a100%good hand aftersurgery.”Gwen had suffered from a bad hand for years because of an injury.The physician had talked to Gwen over the course of several months,suggesting the surgery to her because it involved a kind of surgery of particular interest to the physician.Through his negligence,the physician makes the hand even worse after surgery that it was before.He is liableA.In tort.B.On an express contract.C.On an implied contract.D.All of the above.23.Joy and Todd reach an oral agreement about each of the following.Which of themis unenforceable?A.The sale of a new car.B.A lease of an apartment for9months.C.A six-month loan of$1000.D.None of the above.merce clauseA.The constitutional provision giving the U.S.Congress power to legislate over all matters that affect"interstate commerce."B.The recognized power of the U.S.Congress to legislate over matters that occur outside of the United States.C.The power of the President to regulate banks because of national economic and security considerations.D.The power of the President to regulate air traffic because of public safety issues.25.By letter dated February1,a farmer offers to deliver to buyer100tons of grain onApril15,for a price of$250per ton,payment to be made two weeks before delivery.Buyer accepts by letter dated February5.On March1,Seller sends Buyer a fax saying,“Due to labor action by agricultural workers,we may not be able to deliver until April22.”Buyer would be best advised toA.Send a letter to Seller stating that Seller is in breach and Buyer will not pay untilafter delivery.B.Telephone the Seller as soon as possible to notify Seller of possible damages.C.Send Seller a letter asking for an assurance that Seller will perform by the contract date.D.Wait and see what happens on the delivery date.26.ConsiderationA.Process of judicial deliberation before rendering a decision in a contested caseB.Early attention given to contract negotiating strategiesC.Something of value given by one party in return for the promises of the other party to the contractD.Reliance27.Which of the following statements is correct regarding both debt and commonshares of a corporation?mon shares represent an ownership interest in the corporation,but debt holders do not have an ownership interest.mon shareholders and debt holders have an ownership interest in the corporation.mon shares typically have a fixed maturity date,but debt does not.mon shares have a higher priority on liquidation than debt.28.Intentional infliction of emotional distress(IIED)A.A cause of action that allows for recovery after a person is insulted.B.The grief a child will bring upon his parents,C.A tort claim for intentional conduct that results in extreme emotional distress.D.Striking another person intentionally.29.Which of the following statements concerning corporation is NOT corrrect?A.A shareholder is not liable for any corporate obligation personally guaranteed.B.The shareholder’s liability for the corporation’s debts does not extend beyond the amount of their investment.C.Under certain circumstances a shareholder may be personally liable.D.The shareholders have limited liabilities for the corporation’s debt.30.Philip was an epileptic.Philip loved to drive his automobile.Although Philip wastold by several physicians that he was subject to,and would have,epileptic seizures he nevertheless continued to drive his automobile.Two weeks ago Philip left the shopping mall and was on his way home when he suffered an epileptic seizure.His car careened into a hamburger stand and killed six people.Eight others were wounded.Philip may properly be convicted ofA.murderB.felony murderC.voluntary manslaughterD.involuntary manslaughter31.Sandy and Wendy are neighbors in an apartment building.Sandy hates Wendybecause she learns that Wendy,a single woman,is having an affair with her husband.One day Sandy found that Wendy and her husband went together to the cinema.She flew into a rage.She waited outside Wendy’s house and,when Wendy and her husband kissed goodbye,she rushed out and struck three quick blows to Wendy’s head with a crescent wrench.Wendy dies before the ambulance arrives.Sandy may properly be convicted ofA.murderB.felony murderC.voluntary manslaughterD.involuntary manslaughter32.Owen and Willa make a contract in which Willa is to work for two weeks,andOwen is to pay her at the end of the second week.A.Payment and doing the work are concurrent conditions.B.Payment is a condition precedent.C.Payment is a condition subsequent.D.Doing the work is a condition precedent.33.Andrew throws a baseball towards Barry,with whom he is playing pitch and catch.Andrew’s aim is bad and the ball hits Cassandra,who is walking nearby.A.Andrew has committed battery against Cassandra because his intention to hit Barry with the ball is transferred to CassandraB.Andrew has not committed battery against Cassandra because he did not intend to harm herC.Andrew has committed battery against Cassandra because he intended to throw the ball,which hit herD.Andrew has not committed battery against Cassandra because the contact he intended to make with Barry was not tortious because Barry consented to it34.Smith,a second-hand book dealer,purchased a used four-volume set ofBlackstone’s Commentaries from Jones for$200.Jones inherited the book from his Uncle John.Inside the book,he came across a War Bond made out in the name of Ulysses Wescott,Sergeant,U.S.Army Quartermaster Corp.,with a face value of$100.The date of maturity is January1,1950.Even though the bond has matured a half-century ago,the ernment continues to be obligated to pay $100.Smith finds out that the value of the bond to collectors is$5,000.To whom should the bond be awarded?A.SmithB.JonesC.Wescott if he is alive;his heirs if he is notD.The ernment.35.In considering the differences and similarities between state courts and federalcourts,A.only state court judges are appointed for life.B.states judges and federal judges are both appointed by the executive branch.C.both types of courts have the power of judicial review.D.only the federal court system has a court of last resort.36.Diversity JurisdictionA.The contemporary requirement that a jury should be comprised of persons of different national backgrounds in order to reflect the diversity of society.B.The jurisdiction in a federal court when the parties are from different states and the amount in controversy exceeds$75,000.C.The power of the federal courts to hear"federal questions."D.The English translation of the French legal treatise,Diversitédes courts.37.Which of the following are considered to lack capacity to contract?A.minorsB.persons suffering from mental illnessC.intoxicated personsD.all of the above38.Which right(or rights)is(or are)NOT provided by the Supreme Court’s decisionin Miranda v.Arizona(1966)?A.The right to be informed that police must cut off questioning if the defendant asksfor a lawyer.B.The right to make one phone call to speak to a lawyer.C.The right for a lawyer to be able to make contact with an arrested person.D.All of the above.39.Mark received a citation for driving65in a50m.p.h.zone,punishable by a$250fine.Which could be a defense?A.He reasonably thought the speed limit was65m.p.h.B.His speedometer was broken.C.He just received a call from his wife informing him that a brush fire had started near his home.D.Both A and B.40.Which of the following is least likely to serve as the underlying felony in aprosecution for felony murder?A.ManslaughterB.ArsonC.RapeD.Burglary41.A copyright is considered to be__________.A.propertyB.contractC.a copyD.an original42.Smith is the owner of5acres square tract of undeveloped rural land.Unbeknownst to Smith,Jane has used the property each summer as campsite during her month long vacation for the past25years.In1990,ten years after Jane entered on to the land,Smith entered the land and told her to get off his land, which she did.The next day he posted“No Trespassing”signs.Jane returned the following week,and continued her use for the period largely unmolested(not interfered with/disturbed)by Smith,though Smith occasionally entered the land in succeeding autumns.Has Jane fulfilled the requirements for adverse possession?Assume that the state has a twenty-year statute of limitations.A.No,Smith’s entry is no longer adverse.B.Yes,Smith’s entry is insufficient to interrupt the continuous requirement.C.No,Smith’s use of the land no longer renders her use exclusive.D.Yes,Smith’s use of the land is minimal and therefore her use remains exclusive.43.Mary is a defendant charged with the federal crime of violating federal postalregulations by sending out mail from her office with unauthorized“metered mail”markings.This federal crime is punishable by a maximum fine of$10,000or six months in jail.When Mary is arraigned she tells the federal judge that she is indigent,but the judge says,“I’m not planning to give you any jail time if you are convicted.This is a petty offense.So we don’t need to bother with a lawyer for you.”Mary is convicted and sentenced to pay a fine of$500.Mary appeals and because she is indigent,she receives an appointed lawyer on her federal appeal.Her lawyer argues that the trial judge’s actions violated Mary’s constitutional rights.Which of the following arguments WILL be made by Mary’s defense counsel on appeal?A.That Mary has a Due Process Fourteenth Amendment right to the appointment ofcounsel on a case-by-case basis,as long as she can show that she has special circumstances in her case that demonstrate her need for counsel.B.That Mary has a per se Due Process Fourteenth Amendment right to theappointment of counsel.C.That Mary has a Sixth Amendment right to the appointment of counsel because jailis an authorized penalty for the crime with which she is charged.D.That Mary has a per se Sixth Amendment right to the appointment of counsel.44.Which of the following will ordinarily support a legally binding contract?A.Past consideration.B.Moral consideration.C.Nominal consideration.D.None of the above.45.Trade secret protection is acquired when__________.A.the idea or information is createdB.permission is granted to use the secretC.the secret is written downD.the secret is videotaped46.As interpreted by the Supreme Court in Marbury,which of the followingstatements can be made about Art.III,Section2?A.The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is set by the Constitution; Congress can neither add to it nor subtract from it.B.Congress can add to the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction,but it can't subtract from it.C.Congress can subtract from the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction,but it can't add to it.D.Congress can make"any exceptions"to the Supreme Court's jurisdiction it desires.47.Prima facie cause of actionA.What a defendant must prove to establish liability for a cause of action.B.What a plaintiff must prove to establish liability for a cause of action.C.The first element of a tort that can bring rise to a cause of action.D.The instructions given to the jury at the close of trial.plaintA.Statement made to the professor about the temperature in the classroom.B.A document setting forth the basis of a claim and the relief sought.C.Another name for the"plaintiff."D.The instructions which a judge will give to the jury at the end of a civil trial.49.Leading questionA.A question that suggests its answer.B.The first in a series of questions.C.A dispute over dancing partners.D.An important public issue.50.HearsayA.Process of selecting a juryB.A type of evidence that is often excluded,unless it falls within an accepted category.C.Evidence that is not admissible in court under any circumstances.D.Evidence that is always admissible in court under all circumstances.51.Double-jeopardyA.Prohibition against being sued in civil court after being charged with a criminaloffense.B.Being placed on trial twice for the same offense by the same sovereign.C.Being unable to serve a summons.D.Insufficient evidence to bring before a grand jury.52.Preponderance of the EvidenceA.The burden of proving a fact"beyond a reasonable doubt."B.The burden of proving a fact with"substantial evidence."C.The burden of proving that the existence of a fact is more probable than itsnon-existence.D.The assumption that a fact is true for purposes of reviewing a motion to dismissfor failure to state a cause of action.53.Which of the following statements is the best definition of real property?A.Real property is only land.B.Real property is all tangible property including land.C.Real property is land and intangible property in realized form.D.Real property is land and everything permanently attached to it.54.Assume that you are a prosecutor and you are about to start jury selection in adeath penalty case in state court.You are worried that your case might not be given a fair hearing by a jury panel.The defendant is African-American and the victim was white.Given your experience you expect at least half of the prospective jurors to be African-American.In addition,you are trying the case in a county that has a good number of citizens who are against capital punishment.You anticipate that defense counsel will want to question all prospective jurors, especially those that are white,about racial biases.You are planning to object and hope to limit this line of questioning.Your objections will probably be:A.Overruled,because there are no limitations to voir dire in capital cases.B.Sustained,if race is not relevant to the case beyond the fact that the victim and defendant are of different races.C.Sustained,because the court has almost total discretion with regard to what to allow during the voir dire.D.Overruled,because in capital cases where the victim and defendants are ofdifferent races,the defendant has a constitutional right to ask prospective jurors about possible racial biases.55.A technique used by the court to establish whether there is a causal link betweenthe defendant's breach and the plaintiff's loss is called the:A.All of the aboveB.‘What if’testC.‘Cause’testD.‘But for’test56.Which of the following is most likely to be held void(as opposed to voidable)?An apparent agreement vitiated byA.infancyB.incapacityC.duress by forceD.A and C57.AcceptanceA.An exception to a general rule of contract lawB.A counteroffer that changes the terms made by the offerorC.Surrender to the terms of the offerorD.A manifestation of assent by the offeree to be bound to the terms of the offeror58.Directed verdictA.A ruling by the judge upon finding that the evidence so favors one party that it is not even necessary for the jury to make a decision.B.A judgment against the directors of a corporation.C.A wrongful verdict by a jury.D.A large monetary award for the plaintiff.59.Finest Product Company and Great Goods,Inc.,use the mark“Good Housekeep”to certify their own products.Finest and Great are not in business together and do not own the mark.The mark is________.A.collective markB.certification markC.service markD.trade dress60.Alberto likes mushrooms.He buys the book The Encyclopaedia of Mushroomsand goes mushroom hunting,relying on the descriptions in the book.He picks, cooks and eats some wild mushrooms,which turn out to be poisonous.Alberto gets acute food poisoning.He sues the publisher of the encyclopaedia.Which of the following most accurately states the likely outcome?A.The publisher is not liable because the information in the book is not a “product”for the purposes of strict liability.B.The publisher is not liable because it could not reasonably have expected that readers would fall ill as a result of relying on the information in the bookC.The publisher is strictly liable because the information in the book was a defective product.D.The publisher is strictly liable because the book is a product and the book caused Alberto harm.61.The Penal Code of the state provides that:“A person is guilty of burglary if,withpurpose to commit a crime therein,the person enters a building or occupied structure that the person is not licensed,privileged,or invited to enter.”If Robin were charged with burglary as defined in the statute,which of the following would be his best argument for acquittal?A.There was no breaking.B.He had consent of the owner.C.He reasonably believed he was entering his own house.D.he found the window unlocked.62.Assuming Bob committed arson,which of the following is the best evidence thatDarrin aided and abetted that arson?A.Darrin was reckless with respect to Bob’s intentions.B.Darrin gave Bob his lighter.C.Darrin did nothing to stop Bob once he suspected his purpose.D.Bob trusted Darrin not to try to stop him.63.Alan is an invitee on Paul's land.Therefore,Paul owes Alan a duty__________A.to exercise reasonable care to protect him against dangerous on-premisesconditions that Paul knows about,or reasonably should know aboutB.only to warn him of dangerous on-premises conditions that he is not likely todiscoverC.only not to willfully and wantonly injure him on the propertyD.None of the above64.Which of the following are excuses for nonperformance under a contract?A.Impossibilitymercial impracticabilityC.frustration of ventureD.all of the above65.Which of the following is not a defense to a negligence claim?A.contributory negligenceparative negligencest clear chanceD.assumption of risk66.Under which of the following situations does strict liability apply?A.keeping naturally dangerous wild animalsB.manufacture or sale of defective and unreasonably dangerous productsC.both A and BD.Neither A and B67.Which of the following statements regarding trial courts is false?A.Cases involving significant dollar amounts usually begin at the trial court level.B.Trial courts keep detailed records of their proceedings.C.Determination of the applicable law is the trial judge's responsibility.D.The trial court's fact-finding function is always handled by the jury.68.Which of the following constitutional provisions apply against state governments?I.The privilege against self-incrimination.II.The right to a jury in most civil trials.III.The right to be free of double jeopardy.IV.The right not to be tried for a criminal offense in the absence of an indictment.A.I and III only.B.III only.C.I,III and IV only.D.I,II,III and IV.69.Which of the following might be protected by trademark law?A.Product or container shapesB.ColorsC.SoundsD.All of the above70.Marry works in a doughnut shop.Her supervisor accuses her of stealing from thetill and asks her to accompany him to his office at the back of the shop for questioning.Martin does so and remains in the office for half an hour.She says she felt compelled to do so in order to clear her name.She later brings an action alleging false imprisonment.Which of the following most accurately describes the proper result?A.Marry was falsely imprisoned because she was not free to leave.B.Marry was falsely imprisoned because she felt compelled to stay.C.Marry was not falsely imprisoned because moral compulsion to stay isinsufficient without some physical compulsion(or threat of it).D.Marry was not falsely imprisoned because she entered the office voluntarily.71.Victor administers poisonous drug to Mary to cause miscarriage.It is found that。
法律英语证书(LEC)考试试题库
法律英语证书（LEC）考试试题库法律英语试题库说明:法律英语试题库共分两部分～第一部分为普通法律英语部分～侧重对一般法律英语知识的相关词汇、语篇阅读分析能力、法律翻译能力掌握情况的考察。
第二部分为涉外法律英语部分～侧重对涉外法律知识的相关词汇、语法、涉外法律文书及其法律翻译能力的考察。
Part One:普通法律英语部分I(Match each of the following numbered definitions with the correct term in the list below, Write the letter of your choice in the answer column.Exercise 1A. defendant F. adjudicateB. allegation G. reviewC. case law H. plaintiffD. law I. Common LawE. statutory law J. Jurist( )1. Judicial re examination of the proceedings of a court or other body; a reconsideration by the same court or body of its former decision. ( )2. Rules of conduct applicable to all people and enforceable in court.( )3. To decide a matter by legal means; for example, court, mediation, arbitration.( )4. The party being sued or tried in either civil or criminal action. ( )5. The major source of law in the U. S. A. or the U K; based on old English Law.( )w established by Congress, stare legislatures or any other law making bodies.( )7.A person who has a substantial knowledge of law and who has written extensively on legal matters; for example, judges, professors, and so on. ( )8. The party who initiates an action at law (law suit). ( )9. Law based on court decisions.( )10. A statement or charge made in a pleading which one intends to prove by legal evidence.Exercise 21A executive branch F devolutionB. federal G. defamationC. legislation H. legislative branchD. confederation I. allegationE. judicial branch J. constitution. Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and ( )11 implemented by the courts.( )12. The government department that is responsible for determining the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, andadjudicating rights and duties of others involved in disputes. It interprets and applies the Law.( )13.A written document defining fundamental legal principle for governance of the people. It may include grants of power and limitations of power.( )14.Passing of power to govern or to make decisions from a central authority to a local authority.( )15.The government department that is responsible for carryinglaws into effect.( )16.Group of independent states or organizations working together for common aims.( )17.The government department that is responsible for enacting statutory laws.( )18.Refers to the U. S government and its activities. The United States is a federation of 50 sovereign states.( )19.In pleading, an assertion of fact; the statement of the issue which the contributing party is prepared to prove.( )20.False statement, either oral or written, which tends to injure the reputation of the victim. It may be civil as well as criminal.Exercise 3A(separate property F. adulteryB(bigamy G. beneficiaryC(custody H. separationD(heir I. necessariesE(nonsupport J. guardian( )21. A situation in which parties are not living together but otherwise have legal duties of husband and wife.( )22. The care and possession of minor children of a marriageduring a divorce proceeding and after divorce is final.( )23. Property owned By either spouse before marriage or acquired during marriage by gift or inheritance.2( )24. A person appointed by the court to supervise and take care of another.( )25. Failure to contribute money, in accordance with one's ability, to the maintenance of a parent as required by law.( )26. Goods and services ordinarily required by and appropriate toan incompetent person's station in life, yet not available or providedby parent or guardian.( )27. The crime of being married to two or more persons at the same time.( )28. Sexual intercourse by a married person with someone otherthan the offender's spouse.( )29. Anyone who has a legal right to inherit the property of another. ( )30. Anyone who benefits under the terms of a will.Exercise 4A. proprietor F. dividendsB. limited partner G. general partnerC. dissolution H. proxyD. quorum I. liquidationE. merger J. subsidiary( )31. A person who conducts the business of a partnership and has unlimited Liability.( )32. A person who is the sole owner of a business.( )33. A company owned (by a majority of shares or interest) and controlled by another company.( )34. A combination of two or more corporations whereby one remains a legal entity and the other is absorbed.( )35. A person who invests capital and shares in the profits of the partnership but whose liability and share of profits are limited by the amount invested.( )36. The sale and/or distribution of the assets of a business to settle its accounts with creditor and/or stockholders.( )37. The termination of the existence of a legal entity, such as a partnership or a corporation.( )38. A portion of corporate profits divided among the share-holders, in cash and/or stock.( )39. The number of members who must be present at a meeting for business to be transacted; a majority.( )40. The authorization for another to act for a shareholder at a meeting; also, the paper granting the authority.II. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. Change the form of the word if necessary. (15’)3Exercise 1Institution foundation startprovision statute knowcode experience jurisdictionstill-survive judicature advocateas exercise regardWe are about to pass into a world governed by _41__; and a few words will not be out of place as to the way in which codes are__42_in the countries where they form the __43__of the national law. In the first place a code is supposed, in theory at least, to provide a fresh__44_in all those parts of the law with which it deals. It is not conceived as resting upon a presupposed and__45_common law, but as standing upon its own foundations, _46__does, for example with us, a__47_introducing a novel principle, such as Workmen's Compensation. We shall not find in a continental code such language as that used in the Supreme Courtof_48__Act, 1925, where the jurisdiction of the High Court is defined as including "the _49___which was formerly vested in, or capable ofbeing__50_ by, all or any of the courts following ..." It was the intention of the authors of the French Civil Code that it should be interpreted only in the light of its own__51_and definitions. One of theearly commentators, Bugnet, said: “know nothing of civil law; I only teach the Code Napoleon."A very short__52_, however, was enough to show that this idea was impossible of realization. The judges and _53__, to say nothing of the not less important legal authors, whose task it was to expound and to apply the new Code, could not have done their work had they not been familiar with the old technical terms it adopted, and with the_54__which in substance it reproduced. Whatever pretence they might make of looking only to the text of the Code, they could not empty their minds of a large body of relevant professional knowledge, _55__ of something which we may, without great error, call the common law of France -- or atleast the common law of Paris.Exercise 2disputes justice pursuitprocedure plaintiff rootsprocedural reliance meansadversary jurisdictions claimsjudgment parties opposingIn all jurisdictions there is general agreement that the goal ofcivil _56_ is the just, prompt, and inexpensive determination of _57_ before the courts. There is similar agreement that _58_ of this goal requires4that the law of procedure provides some _59_ for performing each of the following basic functions: notifying the defendant that the _60_ is bringing suit, informing each party of the _61_ and contentions of the other, determining the nature of the dispute and the issues between the _62_, ascertaining the facts, deciding which principles of law govern the case, applying the law to the facts to reach a _63_, giving the judgment effect in some practical way, and having the official actions of lower courts checked by higher courts. With very few exceptions, the differences that exist in the _64_laws of the various_65_ are only differences with respect to the means chosen to perform one or more of these functions. In addition, American rules of procedure, with the exception of those in effect in Louisiana, have their _66_ in the early English common law. Consequently, most differences are not differences in kind; they are differences in the degree of evolution from early common law concepts. Finally, in all of our jurisdictions much _67_ is placed on the assumption that if each of the_68_ parties takes the steps and advances the propositions that appear to him or her to best serve his or her own cause, truth and _69_ will emerge. Because of this characteristic, our system is often referred to as the _70_ system.Exercise 3for court celebratinglater patted rejecteddrunk her withprison searched ofprosecutor declaring bothOne evening police officers saw a man and woman running down a street. The police __71__ them. The woman had a bag of money in her hand and a bulge in __72__jacket. They patted her down and found a gun. Then they __73__ down her companion; they found nothing. They took __74__ to the station, booked them and arrested them for armed robbery. Back on patrol __75__ that night they saw a group of rowdy college students__76__ a football victory. The group was in a quiet neighborhood. The two officers told the youths to “keep quiet”. Still later, they saw a __77__ stumbleand fell down; they took him to a nearby shelter.A few days later, a __78__ charged the two armed robbery suspects__79__ robbery, according to the state's criminal code. The woman went to __80__ ;the jury acquitted her because the only eyewitness died__81__ a heart attack the morning of the trial. After charging her companion, the prosecutor offered the male suspect a “deal.” In exchange __82__a plea of guilty, the prosecutor would reduce the charge to simple theft and ask the judge for a sentence to a newly instituted home confinement program instead of to prison. The man accepted the deal and pleaded guilty,5but the judge __83__ the request for home confinement. She sentenced the man to __84__ for two years. Because of good behavior and a courtorder __85__ the overcrowded prison to be in violation of the Constitution, prison officials released the man after six months, judging that he wouldnot seriously endanger the community.III. Vocabulary and StructureA. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.(8 points)86. strategy a) a legally registered design naming the originaldesigner as owner of the design87. tedious b) the name of a product or sometimes the name ofa company88. brief e) a memorable sentence used to advertise aproduct89. brand d) not very interesting and often repetitive90. e) tell someone about something, usually inshareholder connection with work91. slogan f) an owner of shares in a business92. spam g) junk mail93. patent h) a general plan intended to achieve somethingover a period of timeB. Complete the following sentences, using the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box below. Remember to put the verbs in the correct form. You should refer to the company structure of ABM plc for questions 1-3.(7 points)report to take off set up see to consist ofturn off do without put to go through694. ABM plc ______ four departments.95. Helen Grey ______ to the Personnel Manager.96. John Ross _______ the Maintenance Section.97. _______ the gas before you inspect the back of the cooker. 98. After inheriting a lot of money he decided to ______ his own business.99. I would like to _______ the sales figures with you and find out where the mistakes are.100. We really can't ________ his expert knowledge. Well have to reschedule the meeting to suit him.(三)Choose a word from the box for each space in the Exercise below. Remember to put the words in the correct form.manage post reference to arrangereach enclose require private moreoverstudy enable would particularly available46 Potters LaneWaltonLeicestershire23 April 2002 Mr Peter SellersDirector Human ResourcesCarney and Denham Consultants72 Cromwell RoadNottingham NT7 9GHDear Mr SellersWith 101 to your advertisement in the Independent on 21 April, I would like to apply for the 102 of Project Manager with your company.I am 35 years old and 1 have considerable experience in engineeringin both the public and 103 sector managing overseas construction projects. 104 , I have recently completed a course on Management and Communication and I am currently 105 for an MA degree in Engineering Management. This experience bas 106 me to develop the necessary leadership and Communication skills to 107 multidisciplinedconstruction teams. I am 108 interested in the position you are offering as I 109 like to become more involved with building refurbishment projects.I would be grateful if you could 110 an interview as soon aspossible as I am going abroad next month. I can Be 111 at the above address. I am 112 to start work from I June. Please find 113 my CV.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you 114 any furtherinformation.I look forward 115 heating from you.Yours sincerelyAnne ALexanderAnne Alexander (Ms)8IV. Read the materials and answer the following questions:Exercise 11. Read the following text and answer questions 116-120.Sometimes you might be asked to go to a selection or assessment centre. This is an extended interview which is made up of a series of group activities, rests and presentations. You will be assessed throughout the day by assessors who will be looking to see how well you work in a ream, whether your communication skills are good and whether you can work to deadlines. Team work is important. You don't do yourself any favors by trying to take over the group, but at the same time, don't sit back and let everyone else do the work.Don’t panic if you're asked to do a presentation on something you don't know much about as the way you give the presentation is often more important than the content itself. You should practice beforehand so you know how long the presentation takes. The best advice on dealing with a selection centre is to give it your best shot. If you sit timidly in the corner, the assessor cannot make any judgment about you.When you take a personality test, which is designed to find outabout your personality and character, what your values are and what motivates you, don't worry about answering questions incorrectly thereis usually no right or wrong answers. Answer the questions honestly and positively. There is no point in trying to give the answers you think the employer will want because firstly you might have the wrong ideaabout what the employer is looking for, and secondly, you don't want 1o gel tile job and spend the ensuing months trying to be someone whoyou're not. 116. What is the Exercise mainly concerned with?9117. How should you behave during the day at the selection centre? 118. How should applicants approach giving presentations?119. Does it matter if you answer questions incorrectly in a personality test? Why?120. What does the author say about lying in a personality test?Exercise 2Despite the attention paid within advertising agencies to the whole business targeting specific groups, there have been some spectacular failures to get it right when companies have tried to go international or global with their products. This has been for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, the brand name of the product has unfortunate associations when translated into foreign languages. Looking at this area can illustrate how powerful the operation of connotation is --the way in which words can call up associations in our minds. Because of the way we make connections between words and particular ideas, feeling and experiences, brand names are crucial for advertisers. They are very economic, acting as little concentrated capsules of meaning. Where advertisers get it right, readers will do the work to generate all the intended connotations.There are whole companies who specialize in offering research onbrand-name connotations to product manufacturers looking for a name fora new product, or looking at how best to market an existing product to new, foreign audiences. These companies—for example Inter-brand, and The Brand-naming Company typically organize brainstorming sessions where they ask groups of people to let their imaginations ‘roam free’, from which meetings they arrive at shortlists of names whosesuitability is then researched further. Names on the shortlists have to pass certain10tests: for example, that they are not too close to existing names; that they are pronounceable in all the world's major languages; thatthey have the right connotations. The latter, however, is a complex area. Even within one language, connotations can be about quite subtle distinctions. For example, when Pickfords Travel merged with Hogg Robinson two years ago, the shortlist for the new company had two main contenders: 'Destinations' ,arid 'Going Places'. The new company chose the latter, deciding that 'destinations' tended to suggest long haul flights to farflung places travel for the privileged. 'Going Places', on the other hand, was thought to describe all sorts of travel andtherefore be more suitable for the mass market, which was the company’s target.2. Mark statements 121-125 True or False according to theinformation provided in the text above.121. This Exercise is mainly about how to choose names for companies wishing to go global.122. Good names make the right connection between words and ideas. 123. ‘Going Places' is used as an example to show how hard it is to choose a name for a company.124. ‘Destinations' is likely to appeal to wealthy travelers. 125. One technique brand name consultants often use is to invite people to freely suggest any names on their mind.Exercise 3Material 1: Jurisprudence: An Overview11The word jurisprudence derives from the Latin term jurisprudentia, which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law." In the United States jurisprudence commonly means the philosophy of law. Legal philosophy has many aspects, but four of them are the most common. Thefirst and the most prevalent form of jurisprudence seeks to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law. Law school textbooks and legal encyclopedias represent this type of scholarship.The second type of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of knowledge such as literature, economics, religion, and thesocial sciences. The third type of jurisprudence seeks to reveal the historical, moral, and cultural basis of a particular legal concept. The fourth body of jurisprudence focuses on finding the answer to such abstract questions as what is law? How do judges (properly) decide cases?Apart from different types of jurisprudence, different schools of jurisprudence exist. Formalism, or conceptualism, treats law like math or science. Formalists believe that a judge identifies the relevantlegal principles, applies them to the facts of a case, and logically deduces a rule that will govern the outcome of the dispute. In contrast, proponents of legal realism believe that most cases before courts present hard questions that judges must resolve by balancing the interests of the parties and ultimately drawing an arbitrary line on one side of the dispute. This line, realists maintain, is drawn according to the political, economic, and psychological inclinations of the judge. Some legal realists even believe that a judge is able to shape the outcome of the case based on personal biases.Apart from the realist-formalist dichotomy, there is the classic debate over the appropriate sources of law between positivist andnatural12law schools of thought. Positivists argue that there is no connection between law and morality and the only sources of law are rules that have been expressly enacted by a governmental entity or court of law. Naturalists, or proponents of natural law, insist that the rules enacted by government are not the only sources of law. They argue that moral philosophy; religion, human reason and individual conscience are also integrating parts of the law.There are no bright lines between different schools of jurisprudence. The legal philosophy of a particular legal scholar may consist of a combination of strains from many schools of legal thought. Some scholars think that it is more appropriate to think about jurisprudence as a continuum.The above-mentioned schools of legal thoughts are only part of a diverse jurisprudential picture of the United States. Other prominent schools of legal thought exist. Critical legal studies, feminist jurisprudence, law and economics, utilitarianism, and legal pragmatism are but a few of them.Material 2: Legal PhilosophyJurisprudence is the philosophy of law and of the legal system.There are many ways of classifying legal philosophy or jurisprudence. The four major schools of thought are natural law, positive law, sociological jurisprudence and legal realism.The natural law school of thought feels that the legal system should model the relationships found in nature and believe in the innate goodness of man.13The natural law school of thought began during the fifth century B.C. and states that there exists a sense of what is just and right in nature separate and distinct from the rules that may be developed by a state.Aristotle asserted that law existed in nature and could beascertained by man's exercise of his power to reason. The Stoic schoolelaborated on and expanded on the ideas of Aristotle in the thirdcentury B.C. Duringgentium (the law of nations) was the Roman period the concept of jus similar to the earlier Greek natural law theories.St. Thomas Aquinas combined the Greek and Roman schools of thoughtinto a Christian view that God reveals natural law to man through man's ability to reason. John Locke argued that man had a "bundle" of rights, only some of which he surrendered to the state in order to live in an organized society. According to Locke, the individual retained the remaining rights in the bundle. This view is recognized in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.Beginning with the nineteenth century, there was a move away from reliance on natural law toward the concept of positive law. Natural law takes the position that law is based on fundamental truths. Thisposition is more a statement of faith than an assertion of fact. The advocates of positive law (sometimes called legal positivism oranalytical jurisprudence) believe that law should be more scientific and less reliant on blind faith. Thus, positive law deals with axioms and attempts to develop a legal system based on logic rather than on beliefs.Legal positivism originally developed in Europe. The legalpositivists believe that there is no law unless and until laid down by a sovereign. (The sovereign can be either a person or an institution. ) Asa result, positive law can be distinguished from morality because morality does not come from the sovereign, while law is, or at least should be, handed down by the sovereign. There are four basic components of legal positivism:1. Law consists of rules.2. Law is different from morals.3. The sovereign establishes the rules.4. Legal rules carry sanctions.Legal positivism is best exemplified in the views of Hans Kelsen andH. L. A. Hart. Kelsen was born in Austria in 1881 and served on the law14faculties of many European universities before immigrating to the United States in 1940. Kelsen viewed the law as being self-supporting and not dependent on any external values. He said, "A norm becomes a legal norm only because it has been constituted in a particular fashion, born of a definite procedure and definite rule. Law is valid only as positive law, that is, statute (constituted) law". In Kelsen's view, therefore, all the actions of any given government are valid so long as those actions are recognized as valid by statute within that country. Hart, on the other hand, expands this somewhat narrow view. Hart rays that the law must treat all like cases alike. He argues that legal positivism stands for the proposition that law does not necessarily have to relate to morality. To Hart, rules of law are more important than the process of how courts decide cases.The natural law proponents seem to have a "justification by faith" approach to jurisprudence. The advocates of legal realism have a seemingly coldhearted rationalism that rests on the effects of the law, with little apparent concern for what the law should be. A third school of legal thought adopts a position somewhat between these two previous schools of thought. This third school --sociological jurisprudence -- is concerned with the effects of law, but it is also concerned with the justifications and reasons that underlie the enactment of the law. Its supporters observe, analyze, and justify both the justifications for the law and the effects of the law by applying the modern tools of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Proponents of sociological jurisprudence believe that a law must be properly justified and have an appropriate effect in the society, based on the societal values andgoals of the given populace.The American legal philosophy can best be described as legal realism. Legal realism can be viewed as being on the opposite end of thepolitical spectrum from legal positivism. Legal realism has its roots in natural law, but it tries to take the "human element" into account, rather than relying on the innate nature of the universe as ajustification or explanation for the legal system. Natural law consists of four basic elements:1、 Law is based on the nature of man.2. Legal rights can be discovered by the exercise of reason.3. Law is constant.4. Legal principles must be just and fight.Legal realists have a somewhat more open view of the law, feeling that law reflects what "is" and not what it "ought" to be. Accordingly, legal realism can be viewed as consisting of two parts:1. The law is a social process, not a body of "rules".152. Law is what legal decision makers actually do about the statutes and rules.Legal realists concentrate on natural law than on rules. Legalrealists believe that law is based on the nature of man, but they also recognize that law is a social process based on logic, so thatlegal rules need to be just and fight.Each of the four schools has strong proponents and each has strong opponents. An application of each theory to the same set of facts leads to several different results. An understanding of the philosophy of law in any region allows one to understand the government of that region and basic attitudes commonly held by people within that region.Answer the questions according to the given materials:126. Is there any difference between jurisprudence and legal philosophy?Why?127. How many schools of jurisprudence as you know? What?are the main legal ideas of the natural legal school? 128. What129. What are the main legal ideas of the positive legal school?。
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试【简介】【说明】【考试大纲】【评测标准】
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【简介】【说明】【考试大纲】【评测标准】法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【简介】外语能力一直是衡量法律职业者素质和专业水平的一个重要方面，特别是经济全球化和我国对外开放不断深入的新形势对法律工作者的英语能力提出了更高的要求。
然而，由于法律英语的特殊性，国内一直没有一个科学的考核指标衡量法律从业人员专业英语的掌握程度。
法律英语证书（Legal English Certificate，简称LEC）全国统一考试的推出填补了国内相关领域的空白。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会依托中国政法大学和北京外国语大学具体组织考试工作，旨在为从事涉外业务的企业、律师事务所提供招募国际性人才的客观标准，同时督促国内法律从业人员提高专业英语水平。
法律英语证书考试的题型、考察内容与美国的律师资格考试相近，同时又突出了法律英语语言运用的特色，并结合中国的实际增加了法律英语翻译测试。
公检法机关和企事业单位从事涉外法务工作人员；从事涉外法务的律师，公司法律部门的从业人员；高等院校法律、英语、经贸等专业学生；愿意从事法律英语教学的教师以及社会上一切法律英语爱好者均可参加法律英语证书（LEC）考试。
该考试证书是从事涉外法律服务工作人员专业英语水平权威证明，通过考试并取得LEC证书也是赴美攻读法学专业及取得美国律师职业资格的可靠保证。
法律英语证书考试每年举行两次，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，目前已在北京、上海、广州等城市设主考点，法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会全面负责组考工作。
考试不受年龄、性别、职业、地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即可报名参加考试。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【说明】一、法律英语证书（LEC）考试实行全国统一大纲、统一命题、统一考试制度。
欲了解考试相关信息，考生可随时登陆法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试官方网站.二、法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会下设专家指导委员会，其主要职责是指导考试工作，提出理论学术新观点，参加全国统考委主办的学术研讨及座谈会议，负责制定法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试的考试大纲、研究开发考题、编写教材及考试辅导资料等。
lec 法
lec 法
LEC（Legal English Certificate）是一项专门针对法律英语能力的考试和认证项目。
它由国际法学会（ILEC）与剑桥英语考试委员会（Cambridge English Assessment）合作开发，旨在测试非英语母语人士在法律领域中的英语能力。
LEC考试分为几个不同的部分，涵盖了法律英语的各个方面，包括阅读理解、写作、口语和听力技能。
通过参加LEC考试并获得相应的证书，考生可以证明自己具备良好的法律英语能力，这对于从事法律职业或涉及法律领域的工作非常有帮助。
考试内容涵盖了法律英语的专业词汇、常用表达、法律文书的理解与撰写等方面。
考生需要熟悉与法律相关的词汇和表达，了解英语在法律领域中的特点和用法。
此外，良好的阅读、写作、口语和听力技能也是成功通过LEC考试的关键。
参加LEC考试可以提高法律从业者在国际交流和合作中的竞争力，帮助其更好地理解和运用英语在法律环境中的要求和规范。
同时，LEC考试也对于希望进入法律职业或与国际法律相关的领域工作的人士来说，是一种重要的能力认证和职业发展机会。
值得注意的是，LEC考试是一项专业性的考试，需要考生具备一定的英语基础和法律知识储备。
因此，考生在准备考试前应该系统地学习法律英语的相关知识，掌握常用的法律词汇和表达，提高自己的英语技能，并参加相应的培训或辅导课程进行针对性的复习和训练。
法律英语证书LEC样题
法律英语证书〔LEC〕全国统一考试样题试卷一此题为单项限时180分钟。
1. Bill of Rightsa. Domestic federal legislation.b. Legal protection against interference of rights by private individuals.c. A popular name given to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.d. The federal constitutional provision whi grants rights to state governments.2. Standinga. Abbreviation of “notwithstanding〞b. The ability to bring a lawsuit because of a party’s actual injury for whi the court can provide aremedy.c. The ripeness of a case or controversy.d. The status of a person, gro, or organization appearing as a “friend of the court.〞3. Considerationa. Process of judicial deliberation before rendering a decision in a contested case.b. The lengthy recitals of “boilerpla te〞language appearing in many contracts.c. The inducement to enter a contract, and a necessary element to prove the validity of a contract.d. The detrimental reliance of an offeree.4. Promissory Estoppela. A failure to prosecute a civil or criminal action.b. to make an offer to the public rather than a specific individual.c. Equitable doctrine recognized as substitute for consideration in some cases.d. Ability of an agent to bind a principal in matters beyond the scope pf agency.5. Punitive Damagesa. Damages to pensate for injury .b. Civil damages meant to punish the wrongdoer for causing injury.c. “Nominal〞or minimal damages.d. Non-monetary damages, su as an injunction (injunctive relief) or〞specific injunction (injunctive relie f) or “specific performance〞of a contract obligation.6. When airplanes fly over your home, are your property rights violated?a. No, never.b. Normally, no, unless the flights are low and frequent.c. Yes, because you own all the air above your home, into outer space.d. Normally, no, based on your right to quiet use and enjoyment of the property.7. Venuea. The street or avenue where a courthouse can often be found.b. Diversity of citizenship.c. The dates of a trial.d. The location of a trial.8. Depositiona. A tool of discovery used before trial.b. Statements made by a witness on the witness stand during trial (also known as “trial testimony〞).c. The position a defendant is placed in while waiting for a trial.d. The court’s resolution of a case.9. Generally speaking, a limited partnership may be dissolved by whi of the following events or occurrences?a. By the filing of a certificate of limited partnership.b. By a relocation of the partnership.c. By the marriage of a limited partner.d. By the bankrtcy of a general partner.10. A corporation is a legal entity:a. created by the local government.b. created and recognized by an entrepreneurial agency.c. managed internally by the federal government.d. created and recognized by state law in most cases.11. Jurisdictiona. A geographic area, used primarily for determining eligibility to vote.b. The presence of a defendant in a state where he or she can be served with a summons or a subpoena.c. The of the executive bran to enforce the judgments of the courts.d. The and authority of a court or other body to render judgment in a case.12.Paralegala. A secondary source of law.b. A lawyer’s assistant.c. One who holds an advanced law degree.d. A law student.13. Kirby Construction Co. in preparing its bid for the construction a new hospital received a quotation of $120,000 from Kat’s Interiors Inc．who offered to do the kiten work in the new hospital．This bid was $30000 lower than Kirby’s next lowest bid for the kiten work．As a resultKirby lowered his bid by $20000 before submitting it to the hospital board．After Kirby was awarded the construction bidand had accepted Kat's offer, K at’s president discovered that in his preparation of the quotation he had overlooked some subsidiary kiten installments required by the plans．Immediately thereafter, Kat’s Interiors brings suit for rescission of the contract．They should(A)succeedbecause of the unilateral mistake(B)not succeedunless Kirby knew or should have known of Kat's error(C)succeedbecause the mistake was an essential element of the bargain(D)not succeedsince the putation mistake was antecedent to acceptance of the bid14. In disputes over whether a partnership exists, whi of the following is NOT considered to be an essential element?(A) An equal right in the management of the business.(B) The sharing of profits or losses.(C) The consultation on business strategy.(D) Joint ownership in the business.15. This jurisdiction makes suicide a crime. Jilly, a day trader, is despondent over a failed marriage and catastrophic financial losses during the recent 2,000 point drop in the Nasdaq stock exange. Jilly went to the roof of her fourth story apartment building and decided to jump off. She landed on top of two pedestrians, Alex and JeanPietro, who cushioned her fall and saved her life. Unfortunately, Alex and Jean Pietro were seriously injured when Jilly crashed on top of them.Jilly is guilty of(A) battery(B) atted murder(C) atted manslaughter(D) reckless endangerment16. The monwealth of Delmarva has passed a law that provides that only residents of Delmarva who are citizens of the United States can own agricultural land in the state. Delp, a citizen of the United States who resides in the neighboring state of Agoura, has contracted with Barerra to purase the latter’s farm whi is located in Delmarva. Barrera, who is a resident of Delmarva, has been informed by his attorney that his sales agreement with Delp is null and void under state law.Whi of the following is the best constitutional argument to contest the validity of the Delmarva statute?(A) The Contract Clause prohibition against a state from enacting any law that will impair the obligation of contracts.(B) The Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.(C) The Privileges and Immunities Clause under Article IV, Section 2.(D) The national property provision under Article IV, Section 3.17. Alice is sitting on her front por wating her husband Brucewho is mowing the lawn．Carlwho hates Bruce but is a friend of Alice’swhose presence is known to himdraws a pistol and threatens to kill Bruce．Alicewho is pregnantSuffers severe emotional distress as a result of the trauma and soon afterwards has a miscarriage．In an action by Alice against Carl for mental anguish resulting in her miscarriageAlice will(A)losebecause Carl did not know that Alice was pregnant(B)winbecause it is highly probable that Carl’s extreme and outrageous conduct would cause emotional distress to Alice(C)losebecause Carl's actions were directed against Bruceso only Bruce may recover for emotional distress(D)winbecause she is Bruce's wife18. Clyde Coo, a prominent judge, lived next door to Lester Biggs．Recently Judge Coo had sentenced Lester Biggs' son, Dopey, to six months in prison on a narcotics arge．One afternoon while judge Coo was mowing his lawnLester decided to avenge his son's conviction．Lester set his water sprinkler behind some shrubbery separating their adjoining properties．As the judge was mowing his lawn and came within rea of the water sprinkler, Lester turned on the sprinkling deviceand doused the judge with water．Judge Coo would be able to recover against Lester for whi of the following tort(s)：(A) negligence(B) battery(C) assault and battery(D) battery and trespassgest retail toy storessells a plete array of toysgamesdollshobbies and crafts．The iterns were displayed on a variety of tables and shelves whi were easily accessible to the customers．While Cassie was walking down one of the aislesher attention became focused on a "Howdy Doody〞doll that was prominently exhibited on an overhead display shelf．When Cassie approaed the doll display, she reaed to grab the "Howdy Doody" doll．As she did so, Cassie failed to see a “Buffalo Bob〞doll lying on the floor．She tripped over the doll and fell down, fracturing her hip．res ipsa loquitur be applicable on the issue of the toy store's liability?(A)Yesbecause Cassie was a business invitee on the premises of the toy store．(C)No, because the "Buffalo Bob" doll may have been dislodged by another customer．(D)Nounless the “Buffalo Bob〞20. Amos is the owner in fee simple of Blackacre. a 7-acre tract, on whi he maintainsa dwelling house for himself and his family．Adjoining Blackacre is Whiteacrea10-acre tractowned by Andy．In order to gain access to the highway, Amos has an easement to cross over Whiteacre．Amos has recently purased Greenacrea 12-acre tractwhi abuts Whiteacre but is not appurtenant to Blackacre. Amos has begun constructing a farmhouse on Greenacre and is using the existing easement (across Whiteacre) to gain access to the 12-acre tract．Amos has never received permission from Andy to use the road across Whiteacre to gain access to Greenacre．In an appropriate action by Andy to enjoin Amos from using the existing easement to gain access to Greenacrethe plaintiff will most likely(A)succeedbecause Amos is making use of the servient tenement beyond the scope and extent of the easement as it was originally created(B)succeedbecause Amos has no right to use the servient tenement in connection with a tract of land whi is not part of the dominant tenement(C)not succeedbecause Amos has an easement by necessity(D)not succeedbecause Amos has a right to use the easement in a manner not inconsistent with the rights of the owner of the servient tenement试卷二此题包括翻译、写作两局部共限时180分钟1 Translation(1)Please translate the following paragraph into English根据中国银监会的资料截至2004年12月31日中国境内共有12家持有全国性银行执照的股份制商业银行。
LEC_考试备考重点
第一步 找出问题中的问题 [issue] 在法律备忘录中，需要注意的是，question presented 中的问题（question） 和 IRAC 中提出的问题（issue）是不同的，前者（question）是基于客户的 困难或疑惑提出来的法律问题，整个备忘录将以该问题为主线进行分析和 研究；而后者（issue）是在对 question presented 中的法律问题进一步分析时 发现的争议焦点，即所谓的“问题中的问题”。为区别这两种问题，本文将 question presented 中提出的问题叫作“法律问题”，将 IRAC 中提出的问题 （issue）叫作“争议问题”。 在上述虚拟案例中，妹妹（Carol）想知道自己能否获得 300 美元。从 法律角度来解决妹妹的问题，在 question presented 部分，可以提出这样的问
烟、不喝酒、不赌博，将给付 将给付妹妹 300 美元。
其 5000 美元。 Reasoning 侄子放弃一定的权利（习惯、自 与 Harmer v. Sidway 一案的事实
LEC词汇总汇
(LEC)法律英语词汇一、诉讼法（一）Men1. party 当事人2. plaiff 原告（pleader, )3. defendant 被告（民事）；the accused 被告人（刑事）4. respondent 应诉人5. attorney 律师；检察官barrister 出庭律师（英国）；solicitor 事务律师（英国）；Attorney General 总检察长right to an attorney 获得律师辩护权；indigent defendant 贫穷被告人power of attorney 授权委托书；letter of attorney 代理授权书attorney letters，attorney opinion letter, letter 律师函attorney ethics 律师职业道德; attorney-client privilege 律师为当事人保守秘密attorney fees, attorney's fee 律师费；contingent fee 胜诉分成，风险代理6. bailiff 法警、司法警察（Judicial Policeman）7. bar 律师（总称）；律师界；法庭America Bar association (ABA) 美国律师协会；China Bar association (CBA) 中华律师协会8. bench 法官（总称）；法官席；裁判席bench trail 法官审（无陪审团）；bench conference 庭审会谈approach the bench 靠近法官席（律师与法官就争议问题低声会谈）(二）9. act 法（案）；制定法；行为10. action 诉讼；行为；作为（近义词：suit, charge, accuse, sue )right of action 诉权；cause of action 诉因，诉讼理由action in personam 对人之诉；action in rem 对物之诉action of contract 合同之诉；action of trespass 侵权之诉action at common law 普通法之诉；action at equity 衡平法之诉；11. accuse 指控、控告（近义词：charge）搭配：accuse sb. of a certain crime; charge sb. with a certain crime12. allege 主张；宣称；诉称；陈述事实（指刑事、民事诉讼中的受害人、控告人或原告）13. advocate 为……辩护（v.）;辩护人（n.）acclaimed advocate 积极辩护14. acquit 宣告无罪（刑事）；免除义务、责任（民事）；acquittal (n.)15. admission （证据）采信、采纳；（保释）许可；承认；录用（近义：confession 供认）admissible evidence 可采纳的证据；admissibility 证据能力16. affirm 维持原判；确认；坚决主张（affirmance维持原判n.）reversal 撤销原判；remandment 发回重申17. appearance 出庭、应诉18. avoid 撤销；使无效；使废除；使作废（declare the contract avoid 宣告合同无效）void 撤销；无效；废除（v.,n.,ad.）; 避免；回避19. arraignment 聆讯20. bind 使受（合同、法律、判决等的）约束21. breach 违约、违反breach of duty 违反义务；substantial breath 根本违约22. cancel 解除（合同）23. defence 抗辩24. hearing 听审（三）25.adversary system 对抗制，当事人主义（反义：inquisitorial system 纠问制）26.appeal 上诉（appellant 上诉人；appellee 被上诉人）appellate court, court of appeal 上诉法院27.arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 仲裁协议；arbitration clause 仲裁条款；award 仲裁裁决arbitrator 仲裁员；umpire, umpriage 首席仲裁员；abitration board 仲裁庭China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会Aibitration expense shall be borne by the lossing party.28.beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑（刑事）preponderance of evidence 优势证据（民事）29.二、法理学、宪法、法制史（一）1. article 条；Articles 条例part 编；chapter 章；section 节；article 条；paragragh 款；subparagraph 项；item 目2.三、刑法（一）1. act of God 不可抗力（法文：Force Majeure; 拉丁文：vis major）Force Majeure Clause 不可抗力条款Contingency Clause 意外事件条款；contingency意外事件necessity 紧急避险（choice of the lesser of two evils 两害相权取其轻）2. act or omission 作为或不作为3. alibi 不再犯罪现场4. arrest 逮捕under arrest 逮捕；flase arrest, unlawful arrest 非法逮捕detain 拘留（v.）detention (n.)Miranda Warning 米兰达警告5. battery 殴击罪；非法侵犯assault 企图伤害、威胁、恐吓6. bail 保释；保释金bailee 被保释人；受托人bailor 财产受托人四、民商法一般理论五、合同法六、侵权法七、财产法八、知识产权法。
法律英语lec考试真题及解析
法律英语LEC考试真题及解析
真题示例
Which of the following is NOT a feature of contract law?
A. Mutuality of obligation
B. Consideration
C. Absolute rights
D. Freedom of contract
In criminal law, the term "actus reus" refers to:
A. The mental state of the accused
B. The physical act committed by the accused
C. The legal definition of the crime
D. The punishment imposed on the accused
解析
【答案】C
【解析】合同法的特点包括双方义务的相互性（Mutuality of obligation）、对价（Consideration）、合同自由（Freedom of contract）。
而绝对权利（Absolute rights）不是合同法的特点，它通常与财产权等权利相关，不受合同法的约束。
因此，正确答案是C。
【答案】B
【解析】在刑法中，“actus reus”指的是被告人所实施的身体行为。
它与被告人的心理状态（mens rea）相对应。
因此，选项B“被告人所实施的身体行为”是正确的解释。
选项A是被告人的心理状态，选项C是犯罪的法律定义，而选项D是对被告人的处罚，都与“actus reus”的定义不符。
LEC_考试备考重点
英语世界 2022·01
6. Conclusion（结论）
结论部分是在对案件涉及的一系列法律问题做出回答的基础上给出的
最终法律意见。对案件所涉法律问题逐个分析并回答后，需要结合客户的
具体情形进行分析和方案选择，给出一个较为合理的法律意见供客户决策
时参考。
结论部分的意见要和客户的问题相对应。如果客户的问题是从多个方
案中选择一个，那么结论部分就需要对多个方案进行利弊分析、横向比较，
二、legal memo 的写作结构 法律写作是法律思维的重要载体，不同类型的法律文书有着不同的
组织结构。许多大型律师事务所和法学院都制定自己的法律备忘录格式。 虽然目前没有统一标准的 legal memo 写作规范，但通常会包括以下六部 分：Heading、Question(s) Presented、Brief Answer(s)、Statement of Facts、 Discussion 和 Conclusion。
本题要求考生论述 communication 方式的变化。communication 有多种
* 上海外国语大学国际新闻硕士，讲师，专注大学英语写作教学十余年。
〔承前页〕
于当前案例，即体现出普通法系的 stare decisis（遵循先例原则）。这里要
处理各种“逻辑关系”，既需要 deductive reasoning（演绎推理），也需要
120 法律英语
LEC 考试备考重点： 如何撰写 legal memo（上）
文 / 汤文华
一、了解 legal memo 及其作用 legal memo（法律备忘录，亦称 legal memorandum、law office memo）
是美国律师处理事务时最常见的一种法律文书，它是起草人在研究和分析 的基础上，对某一法律问题做出书面解释、提出意见的法律文件。在中国 的红圈所和精品所中，多数项目都涉及与外国客户打交道，所以撰写 legal memo 自然成为涉外业务必不可少的一部分。
常用法律英语核心词汇LEC
法律英语核心词汇party opposing a will 反对遗嘱的一方substituted as a party 代入成为一方the party making default 失责的一方the party in fault 犯错失的一方party to . . . contract 合约一方a party on the same side 同造一方interested party 有利害关系的一方party to the agreement 协议一方injured party 受害一方party 案中一方be substituted as a party 替代……而成为案中一方aggrieved party 感到受屈的一方party to legal proceedings 与讼一方opposite party 对立的一方a party on the other side 对造一方party setting up the will 确立遗嘱的一方party 一方当事人unanimous vote 一致表决unanimous verdict 一致裁决general proxy 一般代表general right of audience 一般出庭发言权ordinary jurisdiction 一般司法管辖权generally or in any particular case 一般地或在任何个别情况下general safety certificate 一般安全证明书general bonded warehouse 一般保税仓general power of appointment 一般指定受益的权力general authority 一般授权general power of attorney 一般授权书general power of attorney 一般授权书general waiver 一般宽免general administrator 一般遗产管理人common duty of care 一般谨慎责任ab initio 一开始on conviction upon indictment 一经循公诉程序定罪lump sum 一整笔款项Letter "B" land exchange entitlements “乙种”换地权益书small house holding 丁屋土地small house grant 丁屋批租约compound 了结liquidation 了结pending 仍未了结in full discharge of 完全了结compound an offence 就某罪行作出了结satisfies the claim 了结申索compound legal proceedings 了结法律程序satisfaction of the cause of action 了结诉讼因由unqualified person 不合资格人士public 公众人士qualified person 合资格人士2 or more persons 多于一名人士person aggrieved 受屈人士British protected person 受英国保护人士lay persons 非[法律]专业人士illegitimate person 非婚生人士British subject 英籍人士individual 个别人士individual 个别人士sentenced persons 被判刑人士adopted person 被领养人士professional person 专业人士stateless person 无国籍人士lay persons 业外人士legitimate person 获确立婚生地位人士subjects 人民person 人身personal inviolability 人身不得侵犯权personal freedom 人身自由attack on . . . person 人身受到攻击writ of habeas corpus 人身保护令writ of habeas corpus 人身保护令状personal injury 人身伤害guardian of the person 人身监护人Registration of Persons Tribunal 人事登记审裁处officer 人员public official 公务人员public servant 人员public officer 公职人员public servant 人员judicial officer 司法人员diplomatic agent 外交人员eligible officer 合资格人员coroner's officer 死因裁判人员Attesting Officer 见证人员escort officer 押送人员escorting officer 人员officer of the Court 法院人员officer of the Court 法院人员legal officer 律政人员designee 指定人员designated public officer 指明公职人员directorate disciplined officer 纪律部队首长级人员member of the Customs and Excise Service 海关人员authorized officer 特准人员officer 高级人员managing officer 高级管理人员detective 侦缉人员law enforcement officer 执法人员officer of justice 人员consular agent 领使人员gazetted officer 宪委级人员authorized officer 获授权人员customs officer 关员级人员humanitarian grounds 人道理由life insurance 人寿保险life insurance policy 人寿保险单ethnic origins 人种本源hostage 人质fit person 合适人选suitable person 人选fit and proper person 适当人选human rights 人权Bill of Rights 人权法案Human Organ Transplant Board 人体器官移植委员会premium 入股金burglary 入屋犯法burglary 入屋犯法burglary 入屋犯法罪income tax 入息税hospital order 入院令incriminate 入罪a person's right not to incriminate himself 任何人不使自己入罪的权利land 入境Immigration Department Detention Quarters 入境事务处羁留所Immigration Tribunal 入境事务审裁处immigrant 入境者entry permit 入境证attendance order 入学令full consideration 十足代价full valuable consideration 十足有值代价full operation 十足效力full costs 十足讼费complete indemnity 十足弥偿majority of two-thirds 三分之二大多数triad society 三合会triad society 三合会社团superior landlord 上一级业主listed 上市listed company 上市公司listed shares 上市股份listed securities 上市证券appeal 上诉appeal by way of petition 以呈请方式提出上诉cross-appeal 交相上诉further appeal 再上诉further appeal 再上诉criminal appeals 刑事上诉administrative appeal 行政上诉appeal abandoned 放弃上诉interlocutory appeal 非正审上诉notice of appeal against the judgment 针对判决的上诉通知书lodge an appeal 提出上诉prosecute an appeal 上诉further appeal 进一步上诉leave to appeal out of time 逾期上诉许可oppose an appeal 对上诉抗辩dismiss an appeal 驳回上诉hearing of appeals 审理上诉appellant 上诉人appellate jurisdiction 上诉司法管辖权appeal by way of a case stated 上诉用案件呈述的方式Appeal Committee 上诉委员会the Court of Appeal 上诉法庭Justice of Appeal 上诉法庭法官president of the Court of Appeal 上诉法庭庭长vice-presidents of the Court of Appeal 上诉法庭副庭长appeal frustrated 上诉的目的不能达致leave to appeal 上诉的许可right of appeal 上诉的权利list of appeals 上诉案件聆讯表appeal withdrawn 上诉被撤回notice of motion of appeal 上诉动议通知书上诉得直allow an appeal 上诉得直grounds of appeal 上诉理由grounds of appeal 上诉理由application for leave to appeal 上诉许可申请书notice of appeal 上诉通知notice of appeal 上诉通知书notice of appeal against the judgment 针对判决的上诉通知书appeal aid certificate 上诉援助证书Register of Appeals 上诉登记册party to the appeal 上诉当事人memorandum of appeal 上诉摘要appeal dismissed 上诉驳回list of appeals 上诉审讯表appellate tribunal 上诉审裁处appeal disposed of 上诉获得解决right of appeal 上诉权attendance order 上课令inferior landlord 下一级业主next port of call 下一停靠港order 下令poisoning 下毒inferior court 下级法庭the court below 下级法庭inferior court 下级法院predecessor in title of 之前的所有权持有人oral submissions 口述陈词viva voce 口头方式oral proceedings 口头的法律程序examined viva voce 口头讯问oral examination 口头讯问viva voce questions 口头问题oral statement 口头陈述oral statement 口头陈述oral cross-examination 口头盘问re-examine viva voce 口头覆问oral testimony 口头证供oral evidence 口头证据direct oral evidence 直接口头证据land 土地small house holding 丁屋土地leased land 已批租土地partition of property in land 分划土地财产unleased land 未批租土地shares in land 在土地所占的份数beneficial enjoyment of land 在土地实益享有的利益recover land 收回土地resumption of land 土地acquisition of land 收购土地settled land 有限制授予的土地land granted at nil premium 免收地价批给的土地leasehold 批租土地leasehold property 批租土地财产leasehold interest 批租土地权益private land 私人土地Government land 政府土地re-entry 重收土地leasehold 租赁土地State land 国家土地enclosed land 围封土地payable out of land 就土地而缴付land of any tenure 属任何保有形式的土地real and assumed property 土地及其它财产real and assumed property 土地及其它财产land exchange entitlement 土地交换权利land valuation 土地估价Land Commission 土地委员会leases of land 土地契约mortgage on land 土地按揭land . . . held by . . . at will 土地租赁为不定期real property 土地财产wayleave 土地通行权Land Development Corporation 土地发展公司real action 土地诉讼land registration 土地注册Land Registry 土地注册处Land Registrar 土地注册处处长Land Registry register 土地注册处注册纪录册Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处Presiding Officer, Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处法官President, Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处庭长land acquisition 土地征用devisee 土地遗赠继承人interests in land 土地权益Chancery, Family and Queen's Bench Divisions 大法官法庭、家事法庭及皇座法庭substantial shareholder 大股东majority shareholder controller 大股东控权人barrister 大律师barristers-at-law 大律师counsel 大律师employment of counsel 延聘大律师pupil 见习大律师反对遗嘱的一方 party opposing a will代入成为一方 substituted as a party失责的一方 the party making default犯错失的一方 the party in fault合约一方 party to . . . contract同造一方 a party on the same side有利害关系的一方 interested party协议一方 party to the agreement受害一方 injured party案中一方 party替代……而成为案中一方 be substituted as a party感到受屈的一方 aggrieved party与讼一方 party to legal proceedings对立的一方 opposite party 对造一方 a party on the other side确立遗嘱的一方 party setting up the will一方当事人 party一致表决 unanimous vote一致裁决 unanimous verdict一般代表 general proxy一般出庭发言权 general right of audience一般司法管辖权 ordinary jurisdiction一般地或在任何个别情况下 generally or inany particular case一般安全证明书 general safety certificate一般保税仓 general bonded warehouse一般指定受益的权力 general power of appointment一般授权 general authority一般授权书 general power of attorney一般授权书 general power of attorney一般宽免 general waiver一般遗产管理人 general administrator一般谨慎责任 common duty of care一开始 ab initio一经循公诉程序定罪 on conviction uponindictment一整笔款项 lump sum“乙种”换地权益书 Letter "B" land exchange entitlements丁屋土地 small house holding丁屋批租约 small house grant了结 compound了结 liquidation仍未了结 pending完全了结 in full discharge of就某罪行作出了结 compound an offence了结申索 satisfies the claim了结法律程序 compound legal proceedings了结诉讼因由 satisfaction of the cause of action不合资格人士 unqualified person公众人士 public合资格人士 qualified person多于一名人士 2 or more persons受屈人士 person aggrieved受英国保护人士 British protected person非[法律]专业人士 lay persons非婚生人士 illegitimate person英籍人士 British subject个别人士 individual个别人士 individual被判刑人士 sentenced persons被领养人士 adopted person专业人士 professional person无国籍人士 stateless person业外人士 lay persons获确立婚生地位人士 legitimate person人民 subjects人身 person人身不得侵犯权 personal inviolability人身自由 personal freedom人身受到攻击 attack on . . . person人身保护令 writ of habeas corpus人身保护令状 writ of habeas corpus人身伤害 personal injury人身监护人 guardian of the person人事登记审裁处 Registration of Persons Tribunal人员 officer公务人员 public official人员 public servant公职人员 public officer人员 public servant司法人员 judicial officer外交人员 diplomatic agent合资格人员 eligible officer死因裁判人员 coroner's officer见证人员 Attesting Officer押送人员 escort officer人员 escorting officer法院人员 officer of the Court法院人员 officer of the Court律政人员 legal officer指定人员 designee指明公职人员 designated public officer纪律部队首长级人员 directorate disciplined officer海关人员 member of the Customs and Excise Service特准人员 authorized officer高级人员 officer 高级管理人员 managing officer侦缉人员 detective执法人员 law enforcement officer人员 officer of justice领使人员 consular agent宪委级人员 gazetted officer获授权人员 authorized officer关员级人员 customs officer人道理由 humanitarian grounds人寿保险 life insurance人寿保险单 life insurance policy人种本源 ethnic origins人质 hostage合适人选 fit person人选 suitable person适当人选 fit and proper person人权 human rights人权法案 Bill of Rights人体器官移植委员会 Human Organ Transplant Board入股金 premium入屋犯法 burglary入屋犯法 burglary入屋犯法罪 burglary入息税 income tax入院令 hospital order入罪 incriminate任何人不使自己入罪的权利 a person's right not to incriminate himself入境 land入境事务处羁留所 Immigration Department Detention Quarters入境事务审裁处 Immigration Tribunal入境者 immigrant入境证 entry permit入学令 attendance order十足代价 full consideration十足有值代价 full valuable consideration十足效力 full operation十足讼费 full costs十足弥偿 complete indemnity三分之二大多数 majority of two-thirds三合会 triad society三合会社团 triad society上一级业主 superior landlord上市 listed上市公司 listed company上市股份 listed shares上市证券 listed securities上诉 appeal以呈请方式提出上诉 appeal by way ofpetition交相上诉 cross-appeal再上诉 further appeal再上诉 further appeal刑事上诉 criminal appeals行政上诉 administrative appeal放弃上诉 appeal abandoned非正审上诉 interlocutory appeal针对判决的上诉通知书 notice of appeal against the judgment提出上诉 lodge an appeal上诉 prosecute an appeal进一步上诉 further appeal逾期上诉许可 leave to appeal out of time对上诉抗辩 oppose an appeal驳回上诉 dismiss an appeal审理上诉 hearing of appeals上诉人 appellant上诉司法管辖权 appellate jurisdiction上诉用案件呈述的方式 appeal by way of acase stated上诉委员会 Appeal Committee上诉法庭 the Court of Appeal上诉法庭法官 Justice of Appeal上诉法庭庭长 president of the Court ofAppeal上诉法庭副庭长 vice-presidents of the Court of Appeal上诉的目的不能达致 appeal frustrated上诉的许可 leave to appeal上诉的权利 right of appeal上诉案件聆讯表 list of appeals上诉被撤回 appeal withdrawn上诉动议通知书 notice of motion of appeal上诉得直 allow an appeal上诉理由 grounds of appeal上诉理由 grounds of appeal 上诉许可申请书 application for leave to appeal上诉通知 notice of appeal上诉通知书 notice of appeal针对判决的上诉通知书 notice of appeal against the judgment上诉援助证书 appeal aid certificate上诉登记册 Register of Appeals上诉当事人 party to the appeal上诉摘要 memorandum of appeal上诉驳回 appeal dismissed上诉审讯表 list of appeals上诉审裁处 appellate tribunal上诉获得解决 appeal disposed of上诉权 right of appeal上课令 attendance order下一级业主 inferior landlord下一停靠港 next port of call下令 order下毒 poisoning下级法庭 inferior court下级法庭 the court below下级法院 inferior court之前的所有权持有人 predecessor in title of口述陈词 oral submissions口头方式 viva voce口头的法律程序 oral proceedings口头讯问 examined viva voce口头讯问 oral examination口头问题 viva voce questions口头陈述 oral statement口头陈述 oral statement口头盘问 oral cross-examination口头覆问 re-examine viva voce口头证供 oral testimony口头证据 oral evidence直接口头证据 direct oral evidence土地 land丁屋土地 small house holding已批租土地 leased land分划土地财产 partition of property in land未批租土地 unleased land在土地所占的份数 shares in land在土地实益享有的利益 beneficial enjoymentof land收回土地 recover land土地 resumption of land收购土地 acquisition of land有限制授予的土地 settled land免收地价批给的土地 land granted at nilpremium批租土地 leasehold批租土地财产 leasehold property批租土地权益 leasehold interest私人土地 private land政府土地 Government land重收土地 re-entry租赁土地 leasehold国家土地 State land围封土地 enclosed land就土地而缴付 payable out of land属任何保有形式的土地 land of any tenure土地及其它财产 real and assumed property土地及其它财产 real and assumed property土地交换权利 land exchange entitlement土地估价 land valuation土地委员会 Land Commission土地契约 leases of land土地按揭 mortgage on land土地租赁为不定期 land . . . held by . . . at will 土地财产 real property土地通行权 wayleave土地发展公司 Land Development Corporation 土地诉讼 real action土地注册 land registration土地注册处 Land Registry土地注册处处长 Land Registrar土地注册处注册纪录册 Land Registry register土地审裁处 Lands Tribunal土地审裁处法官 Presiding Officer, LandsTribunal土地审裁处庭长 President, Lands Tribunal土地征用 land acquisition土地遗赠继承人 devisee土地权益 interests in land大法官法庭、家事法庭及皇座法庭 Chancery, Family and Queen's Bench Divisions 大股东 substantial shareholder大股东控权人 majority shareholder controller 大律师 barrister大律师 barristers-at-law大律师 counsel延聘大律师 employment of counsel见习大律师 pupil取消大律师资格 disbarred委托大律师 instruct counsel律师或大律师 attorney首席大律师 leading counsel香港大律师公会 Hong Kong BarAssociation香港大律师公会执行委员会 Bar Council of the Hong Kong Bar Association资深大律师 Senior Counsel实习大律师 pupil获认许为大律师 called to the Bar大律师公会 Hong Kong Bar Association大律师名册 panels of counsel大律师行业或律师行业 the practice of law 大律师见习职位 pupillage大律师事务所 barristers' chambers大律师事务所 chambers of counsel大律师的收费 counsel's fees大律师书记 barrister's clerk大律师登记册 roll of barristers大赦 amnesty子女夫妾关系中的子女 a child of a union of concubinage未成年子女 minor child受供养子女 dependent children尚在其母腹中的子女 a child en ventre sa mere非婚生子女 a child not born in wedlock子女 illegitimate child婚生子女 legitimate child寄养子女 foster child领养的子女 adopted child谊子女 godchild谊子女 godchild亲生子女 natural child获确立婚生地位子女 legitimated child继子女 step-child子女抚恤金 children's pension子民与子民之间的诉讼 action between subjects小股东控权人 minority shareholdercontroller委员小组 panel法律顾问小组 panel of legal advisers纪律审裁小组 disciplinary tribunal备选委员小组 panel审裁小组 panel审裁委员小组 panel of adjudicators小组委员会 committee小额钱债审裁处 Small Claims Tribunal小额钱债审裁处诉讼人储存金账户 Small Claims Tribunal Suitors' Funds Account小额薪酬索偿仲裁处 Minor EmploymentClaims Adjudication Board工作天 business day工作天 working day工作日 working day工作守则 code of practice工伤 industrial injury工伤导致伤残 industrial disablement工业知识 know-how工业知识的权利 rights to know-how工资 wages已完税货品 duty-paid goods已届成年 of age 73已届成年并具行为能力 of full age and capacity已拒付汇票的参加承兑 acceptance for honoursupra protest已采取所有合理的预防措施 took all reasonable precautions已提供付款的诉 plea of tender已登记所有人 registered proprietors已登记押记 registered charge已登记职工会联会 registered trade union federation已进行部分聆讯 part-heard已过时的条例 obsolete Ordinances已缴足股款的股份 fully paidup shares已证明债权的债权人 creditor who has proved his debt干预 intervention干预 tamper with干扰 disturb干扰 interfere干扰 tampered干扰 quiet possession干扰证人 interfere with a witness不人道 inhumane不小心或不谨慎 want of the due care orcaution不公平 inequitable不公平的手法 unfair tactics不公正的情况 a miscarriage of justice不公开 in private不分割份数 undivided share不分割份额 undivided share不付款而离去 making off without payment 不可抗力 force majeure不可抗力 force majeure不可侵犯权 inviolability不可商售的货品 unmerchantable goods不可推翻地推定 conclusively presumed不可推翻的证据 conclusive evidence不可阅的形式 non-legible form不可转让 non-assignable不再服务薪津 non-effective pay不合并 nonjoinder不合情理的作为 unconscionable act不合理地 unreasonably不合理的风险 undue risk不合理的条款 unreasonable terms不同控罪 distinct charges不在犯罪现场 alibi不在犯罪现场详情的通知 notice of particulars of the alibi不在讼案内的法律程序 proceeding not in acause不在羁留中 at large不守法 disobedience to law不作为 act of omission不作为 omission故意的不作为 deliberate omission欺诈性不作为 fraudulent omission不兑现 dishonour不兑现的汇票 dishonoured bill不利于 prejudice不含实际恶意 without actual malice不完整权益 partial interest不批准 disapprove不良分子 undesirable person不良分子 undesirable person不良行为 malpractice不依合法妾侍制度同居 live together inunlawful concubinage不具显著特性的 of a non-distinctivecharacter不受欢迎入境者 undesirable immigrant不受欢迎并涉及性的行径 unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature不受欢迎的性要求 unwelcome sexualadvance不受欢迎的获取性方面的好处的要求 unwelcome request for sexual favours不定期租契 lease at will不忠实行为 dishonesty不承认 non-admission不承认通知书 notice of non-admission不披露 non-disclosure不服从上级 insubordination不法作为 unlawful act不知情 without knowledge不知情地取得 innocently acquired不知情的第三者 innocent third party不知情侵犯版权 innocent infringement of copyright不附带条件的 absolute不活动公司 dormant company不准 disallow不容反悔法 estoppel不真诚 bad faith不能强制执行 unenforceable不能强制履行 unenforceable不能预知 not foreseen不能实行 inoperative不能废止地有权 indefeasibly entitled不能废止地有权 indefeasibly entitled不记名文书 bearer instrument 不记名投票 poll不记名投票 secret ballot不记名投票方式 secret ballot不记名提单 bearer bill不记名债券 bearer bonds不记名债权证 bearer debentures不动产 immovable property不专业行为 unprofessional conduct不得以罚款代替 without the option of a fine 不符合资格 want of qualification不许公众旁听任何法律程序 exclusion of the public from any proceedings不连商誉 without goodwill不雅 indecency不雅物品 indecent article不损害 without prejudice不当干扰 undue interference不当地取得管有 wrongfully taken possession of不当作为 miscarriage不当延误 undue delay不当使用职权 misuse of office不当的延迟 undue delay不当的举止 unseemly manner不当损害 undue detriment不当影响 undue influence不当迁移 wrongful removals不认罪 plead not guilty不认罪的答辩 a plea of not guilty不诚实 dishonesty不诚实 dishonesty不诚实地获益 dishonest gain不履行 failure不履行合约 repudiation of the contract不确定权 possibility不遵守 failure to comply with不应诉的 non-appearing不营运公司 defunct companies不属法团的团体 unincorporated body中止 abate中止 prorogue法律程序中止 discontinuance of proceedings 诉讼中止 discontinuance of proceedings暂时中止 suspend中止付款 suspend payment中止实施 discontinue the operation中止管有 discontinuance of possession中止检控 nolle prosequi中央 Central Authorities中央人民政府 Central People's Government 中央人民政府委员会 Central People'sGovernment Committee中央政府 central government中央军事委员会 Central Military Commission中央军事委员会主席 Chairman of the CentralMilitary Commission中央银行 central bank中国人民政治协商会议 Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会 National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会主席 Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference中国公民 Chinese citizen中国公民 Chinese national中国公民 Chinese national中国法律与习俗 Chinese law and custom中国国籍 Chinese nationality中国旧式婚姻 Chinese customary marriage 中途停靠港 intermediate port中期付款 interim payment中期命令 interlocutory orders中期报告 interim report中期济助 interim relief中期证明书 interim certificate中华人民共和国 People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国中央人民政府 Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国中央当局 Central Authorities of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国主席 President of the People'sRepublic of China中华人民共和国香港特别行政区 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法 Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国香港特别行政区驻军法 Garrison Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国香港特别行政区筹备委员会 Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国务院 State Council of the People's Republic of China中间人 interposed person中间收益 mesne profits中间业主 mesne landlord中伤 vilification予以起诉 proceeded against互争权利 interplead互争权利诉讼 interpleader互争权利诉讼 interpleader proceedings互争权利诉讼的法律程序 interpleader proceedings互争权利诉讼的争论点 interpleader issue互争权利诉讼的传票 interpleader summons 互争权利诉讼的传票 interpleader summons 互争权利诉讼程序 interpleader proceedings 互惠性安排 reciprocal arrangements互惠待遇 reciprocal treatment互惠基金 mutual fund互惠基金法团 mutual fund corporation互选 elect from among themselves介入人 intervener介入作为 intervening acts介入诉讼 intervene in an action介入诉讼 intervene in proceedings仍未了结 pending允许 assent允许书 assent允诺 promise内地段 inland lot内庭 chambers内庭 in chambers在内庭初次传讯的传票 summons returnable in the first instance in chambers在内庭开庭 sit in chambers藉内庭发出传票 by summons in chambers内庭法官 judge in chambers内庭法律程序 proceedings in chambers内庭处理 dispose of in chambers内乱 civil commotion内乱 civil disturbance内幕交易 insider dealing内幕交易者 insider dealer内幕交易审裁处 Insider Dealing Tribunal公允评论 fair comment公允评论 fair comment公司上市公司 listed company土地发展公司 Land Development Corporation不活动公司 dormant company不营运公司 defunct companies出让人公司 transferor company母公司 holding company交易所公司 Exchange Company全资附属公司 wholly-owned subsidiary合股公司 joint-stock company有限法律责任的公司 company with limited liability具法团地位的公司 incorporated company受让人公司 transferee company法团公司 incorporated company股份有限公司 company limited by shares附属公司 subsidiarysubsidiary company非上市公司 unlisted company非法团公司 unincorporated company非注册公司 unregistered company信托公司 trust company持牌接受存款公司 licensed deposit-taking company相关联公司 affiliated company控股公司 holding company接受存款公司 deposit-taking company 最终控股公司 ultimate controlling companyultimate holding company无力偿债公司 insolvent company无限公司 unlimited company无限公司 unlimited company担保有限公司 company limited by guarantee 公司存在期限 duration of company公司收购及合并守则 Code on Takeovers and Mergers公司注册处处长 Registrar of Companies公司注册证书 certificate of incorporation公司检查员 companies inspector公布 promulgate公布其表决取向 announce his vote公布价格 published price公平 equitable公平 just公平合理的原则 ex aequo et bono公平聆讯 fair hearing公平处理 fair dealing司法公正 justice企图妨碍司法公正 attempting to pervert thecourse of justice有碍公正 defeat the ends of justice妨碍司法公正 interfere with the course of justice公正 obstructing the course of justice公正 perversion of the course of justice妨碍或拖延达到公正的目的 defeat or delay the ends of justice秉行公正 attaining justice; do justice秉持公正 justice阻碍司法公正 obstruction of the course of justice破坏司法公正 perverting the course of justice达致完全公正 doing complete justice属公正的例外情况 just exceptions属公正的例外情况 just exceptions公正公平 just and equitable公正因由 just cause公正的例外情况 just exception公正原则的例外情况 just exceptions公民 citizen公民 subjects公民地位 citizenship公民身分 citizenship公民义务 civil obligations公民权利和政治权利国际公约 InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights公共文件 public documents公共主管当局 competent public authorities公共主管当局 public authority公共收入 public revenue公共利益基金 common-good fund公共或地方当局 public or local authority公共法定法团 public statutory corporation公共秩序 public order违反公共秩序 contrary to public order扰乱公共秩序 public disorder公共无线电通讯服务牌照 publicradiocommunication service licence公共机构 public authority公共机构 public body公共机构雇员 servant of a public body公共机关 public department公共权力机关 public authorities公印 Public Seal公告 notice公告 notice公事上的作为 official acts公使 envoy公帑 public funds公帑 public moneys公契 deed of mutual covenant公约 convention1883年保护工业产权巴黎公约 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 18831974年海上运输旅客及其行李雅典公约 Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974 1976年海事索偿责任限制公约 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976公约公民权利和政治权利国际公约 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights反对劫持人质国际公约 InternationalConvention against the Taking of Hostages日内瓦公约 Geneva Convention日内瓦各项公约 Geneva Conventions民事诉讼程序公约 Civil Procedure Convention危害种族罪公约 Genocide Convention在海外送达民事或商业事宜中的司法及非司法文件的公约 Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extra-Judicial documents in Civil or Commercial Matters多边公约 multilateral convention多边国际公约 multi-lateral international conventions防止及惩治危害种族罪公约 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide防止倾倒废物和其它物料污染海洋的公约 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter海牙公约 the Hague Convention班轮公会行动守则公约 Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences纽约公约 New Y ork Convention退出公约 denounced the Convention国际公约 international convention国际油污损害民事责任公约 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage国际海上人命安全公约 InternationalConvention for the Safety of Life at Sea国际海事 星组织(Inmarsat)公约 Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat)国际遗嘱公约 Convention on InternationalWills麻醉品单一公约 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs就暂时让货品入口而协议的暂准进口证的海关公约 Customs Convention on the A.T.A.Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods 统一若干有关提单的法律规则国际公约 International Convention for the Unificationof Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills ofLading莱茵河航行公约 Rhine Navigation Convention电信公约 Telecommunication Convention精神药物公约 Convention on PsychotropicSubstances维也纳领事关系公约 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations暂准进口公约 Convention on Temporary Admission双边公约 bilateral convention关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents公约的缔约成员 party to Convention公约国 Convention country公约国 Convention State公约船 Convention ship公约裁决 Convention award公约证明书 Convention certificates公海 high seas公务人员 public official公务人员 public servant公务人员体系 public service公务员 public servant公务员事务规例 Civil Service Regulations 公务员 用委员会 Public Service Commission公众 public不许公众旁听任何法律程序 exclusion of the public from any proceedings公开及公众法庭 open and public court令公众觉得不雅的行为 offence against publicdecency向公众招标 put up for public tender为保障公众起见 for the protection of the public为保障公众起见 for the protection of thepublic公众人士 public 公众公司 public companies公众安宁 public peace公众利益 public advantage公众利益 public benefit公众利益 public interest令公众利益受到损害 injurious to the public interest合乎公众利益 in the public interest为公众利益 in the public interest符合公众利益 in the public interest损害公众利益 injurious to the public interest 违反公众利益 contrary to the public interest 公众取用 public access公众保税仓 public bonded warehouse公众查阅期 public inspection period公众海旁 public water-front公众假日 general holiday公众假日 public holiday公众假期 general holiday公众假期 public holiday公众条例 public Ordinance公众集结场所 place of public assembly公众骚乱 public disturbance公诉 indictment可公诉罪行 indictable offence可提出公诉 an indictment may be preferred 撤销公诉书 quash the indictment独立公诉书 separate indictment公诉法律程序 proceedings on indictment公诉法律程序 proceedings on indictment公诉书 bill of indictment公诉书 indictment公诉书拟稿 bill of indictment公诉提控 arraigned公诉程序 indictment一经循公诉程序定罪 on conviction uponindictment可循公诉程序审讯 triable upon indictment 可循公诉程序审讯的罪行 offence triable upon indictment循公诉程序 upon indictment循公诉程序定罪 conviction upon indictment 公诉罪行 indictable offence。
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考试大纲
考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。试卷一为选择题。试卷二是主观题，包括案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三项。
现将试卷结构列出，以供参考：
试卷（一）， 客观题（单项选择题），共100题，每题1分。
本部分试题有以下两部分内容组成：美国法基本知识（90-95%）和逻辑推理（5-10%）.
(2)、翻译（Translation）共40分
本试题有两部分组成，Section A 为中译英，Section B 为英译中，各占20分。
(3)、法务写作（Legal Writing）共35分
本部分试题要求应试者根据所给信息，用英文撰写一封律师函、法律备忘录（Law Office Memo）或根据所提供的案例，代表某一方写一篇案件辩论书（Brief）等。
八、考试地点
本次考试拟在北京、上海、广州、杭州、重庆、济南等国内主要城市设置考点，考生报名时可自由选择。具体考点设置以LEC考试官方网站信息公布为准。
九、收费标准及方式
每位考生统一收取考试费人民币880元；交纳考试费用一律通过网上支付方式进行。
十、考试形式
全过程闭卷考试。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会
9、LEC考试可以补考吗？
答：可以。申请单项补考是指在法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试中仅一项（卷一或卷二）成绩合格的考生，于保留成绩周期（自成绩公布之日起6个月）内可申请单项补考，即仅参加未通过项的考试。考生于12个月（即连续两次考试）内通过卷一和卷二的考试，且总成绩130分以上，获得法律英语证书。
10、是否可以上网查询该证书信息？
答：可以。考生考试合格并领取到法律英语证书后，可在官方网（）上查询证书信息。
12、如何查询成绩？
答：考试结束30天后，考务处将公布考试成绩，考生即可通过网上查询考试成绩。
13、如何核查成绩？
答：（1）成绩公布之后，如考生对分数有疑问，可在成绩公布后20日内提出分数核查申请，考务处将在收到申请后20个工作日内给予答复。
2009年02月09日
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7、考题哪里出？由哪里判卷？
答：法律英语证书全国统一考试指导委员会成立了专家委员会，专门负责制定法律英语证书全国统一考试的考试大纲、研究开发考题并负责每次考试的主观题阅卷工作。试卷客观题由计算机统一阅卷。
8、LEC考试划定的分数线是多少？
答：LEC试卷总分200分。主、客观两卷得分分别不低于60分，且总分达130分以上为及格；主、客观两卷得分分别不低于80分，且总分达170分以上为优秀。
（2）分数核查仅限于检查、核加各类题目的正确率、已得分数的计算、合计以及登录是否有误。
（3）分数核查后的成绩为最终成绩，不得再次核查。
（4）考生如要求进行成绩核查，应向考务处提交书面申请，并缴纳20元成绩核查费用。
（5）考生如需要成绩核查，请下载成绩核查申请表，填写完整后在规定日期内发送到lec@。
《法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试真题解析》，法律英语证书全国统考委编，法律出版社。26.00
《法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试大纲》（修订版），法律英语证书全国统考委编，法律出版社。12.00
《法律英语综合教程》，法律英语证书全国统考委编，中国法制出版社。60.00
《法律英语阅读教程》，法律英语证书全国统考委编，中国法制出版社。33.00
关于申请LEC考试单项补考的规定
文章来源： 本站 点击数：3822 更新时间：2010-9-13 14:03:47
一、申请单项补考是指在法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试中仅一项（卷一或卷二）成绩合格的考生，于保留成绩周期（自成绩公布之日起6个月）内可申请单项补考，即仅参加未通过项的考试。考生于12个月（即连续两次考试）内通过卷一和卷二的考试，且总成绩130分以上，获得法律英语证书。
本部分试题包括一篇美国真实案例。要求应试者在准确、快速阅读案例后，根据获得的案例中的信息简略回答有关问题。
(2)、翻译（Translation）共40分
本试题有两部分组成，Section A 为中译英，Section B 为英译中，各占20分。
(3)、法务写作（Legal Writi，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行。
四、法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会考务处全面负责组考工作。考试不受年龄、性别、职业、地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即可报名参加考试。
五、准考证发放
考生可于考试前一周登录LEC考试官方网站自行下载准考证。
(2)、逻辑推理 （5-10%）
试卷（二）， 主观题，有案例阅读、翻译和法务写作三部分组成。各部分分数分别为25分、40分和35分。
难易程度比例设置：中等难度试题占80%，高难度试题占20%
(1)、案例阅读 （case reading and comprehension）共25分
《法律英语翻译教程》，法律英语证书全国统考委编，中国法制出版社。40.00
《法律英语写作教程》，法律英语证书全国统考委编，中国法制出版社。35.00
《法律英语词汇双解》，法律英语证书全国统考委编，中国法制出版社。30.00
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考生须知
一、法律英语证书（LEC）考试实行全国统一大纲、统一命题、统一考试制度。欲了解考试相关信息，考生可随时登陆法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试官方网站.
二、法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会下设专家指导委员会，其主要职责是指导考试工作，提出理论学术新观点，参加全国统考委主办的学术研讨及座谈会议，负责制定法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试的考试大纲、研究开发考题、编写教材及考试辅导资料等。
二、申请单项补考的考生需登陆法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试官方网站（）下载《法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试单项补考申请表》，填写完整后发送至邮箱lec@，并在10个工作日内查询申请结果。
三、单项补考报名费为450元。
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3、法律英语证书（LEC）共分为几个级别？
答：法律英语证书（LEC）按照不同岗位对法律人才专业英语的要求，分为合格和优秀两个级别。不同级别对考生的法律英语阅读、翻译和写作等方面能力有着不同的要求。
4、考试包括哪些内容？
答：考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。试卷一为选择题。试卷二是主观题，包括案例阅读、翻译和法务写作三项。
难易程度比例设置：容易题目占50%，中等难度试题占30%，高难度试题占20%。
(1)、美国法基础知识，各部门法题量比例：
1 合同法 10-15%
2 宪法 2-5%
3 侵权法 10-15%
4 证据法 5-10%
(2)、逻辑推理（5-10%）
试卷（二）， 主观题，有案例阅读、翻译和法务写作三部分，每部分各占25分、40分和35分。
难易程度比例设置：中等难度试题占80%，高难度试题占20%。
(1)、案例阅读 （case reading and comprehension）共25分
本部分试题包括一篇美国真实案例。要求应试者在准确、快速阅读案例后，根据获得的案例中的信息简略回答有关问题。
5 民事程序法 2-5%
6 刑事程序法 2-5%
7 知识产权法 5-10%
8 商事组织法 5-10%
9 证券法 2-5%
10 票据法 2-5%
11 财产法 10-15%
12 刑法 5-10%
13 法律词汇、术语 5-10%
试卷（一）， 客观题（单项选择题），共100题，每题1分。
本部分试题有以下两部分内容组成：美国法基本知识（90-95%）和逻辑推理（5-10%）
难易程度比例设置：容易题目占50%，中等难度试题占30%，高难度试题占20%。
(1)、美国基本法知识各部门法所占比例设置：合同法10-15%；宪法2-4%；侵权法10-15%；证据法5-7%；民事程序法2-4%；刑事程序法2-4%；知识产权法5-7%；商事组织法10-15%；证券法5-7%；财产法10-15%；票据法2-4%；刑法10-15%。
六、分数线、成绩公布及证书颁发
LEC试卷总分200分。主、客观两卷得分分别不低于60分，且总分达130分以上为及格；主、客观两卷得分分别不低于80分，且总分达170分以上为优秀。考试结束30天后公布成绩并颁发证书。
七、报名方式
考生登录LEC考试官方网站（）进行网上报名。网上报名需提交本人电子版近期免冠彩色证件照（照片像素要求为567×390，即高567像素、宽390像素的小二寸证件照规格；JPEG格式，即照片图片文件的扩展名为"jpg"或者"jpeg"）。
5、考试将采取何种形式进行？
答：考试全过程采用闭卷形式进行。
6、考试时间是否是全国统一的？
答：自2008年开始，法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试实行全国统一大纲、统一命题、统一考试的制度。每年举行两次，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行。具体考试时间，考生随时关注法律英语证书全国统一考试官方网站：。
答：法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试是由法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会具体组织的一种专业英语水平考试。
2、法律英语证书（LEC）是由何机构颁发的？有何作用？
答：法律英语证书由法律英语证书全国统一考试指导委员会颁发。本证书是涉外企业和涉外律师事务所招募国际性法律人才的专业英语权威证明。