英语新闻的结构特征
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英语新闻的结构特征
新闻的种类很多,按分类标准的不同,有各种不同的分类方法。如按照事件的性质分类,新闻可分为“硬新闻(hard news)和“软新闻”(soft news)两大类,硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”,指题材严肃,具有一定时效性的客观事实报道;软新闻是指情感味浓,写作方法诙谐,轻松幽默的社会新闻,不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类:消息(news)、特写(features)和新闻评论(commentaries and columns)。
新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同,文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻文体的主体结构是由标题、导语、
正文三部分组成。
标题(headline):浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。
导语(1ead or introduction):通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事
实。
正文(body):在导语的基础上,引入更多的与主题相关的事实,使之更加详实、具体,并展开评论,
进而得出结论。
在此我们以消息为例,详细分析一下它的基本结构。消息类新闻属于“硬新闻”,是广泛采用的的一种
新闻体裁。消息报道中的导语十分重要,它位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题,这是消
息这种新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。五个W和一个H(When?Where?Who?What?Why?和
How?)是构成一则完整的消息不可缺少的要素。直接的消息报道或纯消息报道一般采用“倒金字塔形
式”(the Inverted Pyramid Form),其特点是按新闻报道最重要的五个W和一个H头重脚轻地安排材
料,把新闻的高潮和结论放在最前面的导语里,然后以事实的重要性递减的顺序来安排(in the
order of descending importance)材料。
在报纸、广播、电视等新闻媒体每天刊载和播发的新闻中,百分之九十是用倒金字塔结构写成的。
对于报纸来说,倒金字塔结构的新闻有自己的优势。主要是可以使读者很快得到新闻的精华部分;在生
活节奏越来越快的今天,一般读者很少把一条新闻从头到尾读完,他们可能随时放下报纸,因此,报纸
有必要让读者首先读到最重要的新闻内容。
为了帮助读者了解这种倒金字塔式结构,请见西方新闻学著作中的图表说明:The Inverted Pyramid Form
Introduction containing most important or most interesting
??information?导语包括最重要或最吸引人的消息
more facts 更多的事实材料
supporting information or background 辅助性消息或背景材料
quotes or more facts of lesser importance引语或次要的事实材料
minor details 细节材料
least significant information 最不重要的消息?
?
为了说明“倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点,现举美联社2001年11月22
日的一篇报道为例:
NOVEMBER 22,19:43EST,2001
??28 Killed in Colombia Landslide
??By JUAN PABLO TORO
??Associated Press Writer
FILADELFIA Colom bia(AP)
—Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on scores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday,
killingat least 28 and leaving 40
others missing,authorities said.
The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnin gs that erosion had
made the mine unsafe.It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to
blame for the accident.
Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadel fia,a small town
120 miles west of Bogotá.The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanch e.
Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding som- ebody alive,butonly recovered bodies.
As night fell Thursday,
national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding a nyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations.The search was to resume Friday.
Gonzalez said 28bodies had been recovered,
and at least 40 people were missing. Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals.
Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene,
many of them anguished and weepingrelatives.
Emergency crews from the Red Cross and
the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thi ck mud spread over