英语词汇学第10讲PPT课件
合集下载
英语词汇学之清辅音浊化ppt课件
3
浊化现象一
s+清辅音+一个元音，无论那个清辅音是在
单词的最前面还是中间，只要是在重读音节或 次重读音节里，一般都读成对应浊辅音。
4
例词
浊化
stand speak strike sky
不浊化
grasp test desk
智胜 比…多
5
浊化现象二
s 后面的清辅音被浊化，只是清辅音浊化的一小 部分，很多时候不用加 s 也可能被浊化。 地道 英语一般将这些单词中间那个清辅音发成对应 的浊辅音了，才像英语。
缺点
杂乱 不喜欢
例词
water happy
meeting walking
7
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้智胜 比…多
结语
清辅音浊化只是一种发音现象，不是规则。 s 后面的清辅音被浊化 不用加 s 也可能被浊化
个人体会：因为连续发两个清辅音费力又不容易辨别，所以 将第二个清辅音浊化，实乃方便之举。
智胜 比…多
8
End
9
清辅音浊化概述
目 清辅音浊化细则
录 清辅音浊化例词
清辅音浊化的概念
清辅音浊化是一种发音现象，清辅音在某 种情况下读成其对应的浊辅音。
2
清辅音与浊辅音
清辅音发音时声带不震动
清辅音 [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [tr] [ts]
浊辅音发音时声带震动
浊辅音 [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [dr] [dz]
现代英语词汇学概论.ppt
till the cows come home: The idiom functions as one word—an adverb meaning “forever”. show the white feather—functions as a verb meaning “to show fear”.
make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒）
get at （批评）
move in on （准备）攻击；影响
sit down under (忍受）
make do with (凑合着用）
poke one’s nose into (探听，干涉）
make a clean breast of (和盘托出）
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"
make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒）
get at （批评）
move in on （准备）攻击；影响
sit down under (忍受）
make do with (凑合着用）
poke one’s nose into (探听，干涉）
make a clean breast of (和盘托出）
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
The origin and evolution of words
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
10英语词汇学(第十讲)
2))
A. 创造一些原本根本不存在的新词(invention)，如： 一种具有刺激性吸引力的人开始被人们称之为 pizzazz(时髦派头的人)｡早期的殖民者创造的词汇也 不少,如bellhop(俱乐部男侍),debunk(结露真相 ),blurb(说明),cahoots(共谋),skyscraper(摩天大楼)｡由 于科技的发展,一系列科学理论词汇也相继诞生,如： black hole (黑洞),cinerama(全景电影),duplication(录 像机),space walk(太空行走)｡最近,中国太空人的出现 也使美语又有了一个新词, taikonaut (太空人)以示区 别astronaut(宇航员)｡
B. 在旧词的基础上,自由地运用词缀 (affixation),或者运用合成法(blending)和逆生 法(backformation)来创造新词，如： debug(寻找并除去导致错误的原因),defog(除 雾),defrost(除霜),racist(种族主义者),smog(烟 雾)来自于smoke(烟)和fog(雾), medicare (医 疗照顾)是由medical和care混合而成的 ,brunch(早午餐)是由breakfast和lunch的混合 体｡
mad用作angry讲,如: He was mad about losing the chance (丢掉这次机会他气得要命) 这一用法在莎士比亚时期人们频繁地使用; railroad作railway,18世纪的英国只有木轨 (wooden rails)作铁路运输时使用的词汇,19世 纪时就已经被railway取代,美语却保留至今｡ 另外还有,sick (ill), collide, dead right/wrong, hitchhike, sidewalk (pavement)
英语词汇学
构词双音化规律的支配，古代的单音词，许多都转化为现代汉语的语素。 （黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成 而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成 而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.
词汇学PPT课件
b. Borrowed words
Borrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.
Origin of borrowed words
Danish Latin Italian Arabic Russian
French Greek Spanish Chinese German
4. Meaning and concept
How are words related
to things?
4. Meaning and concept
Word → concept → referent
referent ↗↖
Word → concept
4. Meaning and concept
Features of native words
in structure: mostly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental
concepts dealing with everyday
objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speech
1. Definition of a Word
I love you!
I hate you!
1. Definition of a Word
What is a word?
Major Features of Words
What are the major features of words?
（杨信彰，2009）
1.terminology 术语 2.jargon 行话
英语词汇学10-2012.8.
through thick and thin不顾艰难险阻, 在任何情况下 He dashed through thick and thin.他不顾艰难险阻地往前
冲。
Most
English idioms are fixed in structure (1) wholly fixed idioms Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快 There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪 Gifts blind the eyes. 吃人家嘴短，拿人家手软。
English idioms are an essential part of the general vocabulary. Idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling. E.g. look up, put aside, do away with, the last straw, at the eleventh hour, as straight as an arrow, give sb. the cold shoulder, make both end meet…. They are stylistically neutral, and quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.
10.2.5 Proverbs Proverbs may provide interesting little glimpse or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views , attitudes.
英语词汇学 ppt课件
eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
ppt课件
23
6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
ppt课件
4
6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案Lecture 10讲授题⽬：Word Meaning and Context所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第10章计划学时：2 periods教学⽅法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学⽬的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学⽣应对词义与语境，语境的种类和语境的作⽤有较好学习掌握。
教学重点：1) Types of context;2) The role of context.教学难点：The role of context.As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context. Context is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the linguistic context, and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well.When a writer or speaker uses a word, she makes it ‘mean just what he chooses it to mean —neither more or less’. Without context, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey; whereas with context there is generally no danger of misinterpretation, for meaning lives in context and the context defines the meaning.由于词义受语境的影响较⼤，语境在词义的理解上起到很⼤作⽤。
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
development and growth.
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 （449-1100） ❖ England： Celtic（凯尔特语）/ 450AD，
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German：zinc锌 ❖ Dutch：dock ❖ Russian： vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian： kangaroo ❖ Arabic： sugar， alcohol ❖ Indian： coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese： yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 （449-1100） ❖ England： Celtic（凯尔特语）/ 450AD，
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German：zinc锌 ❖ Dutch：dock ❖ Russian： vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian： kangaroo ❖ Arabic： sugar， alcohol ❖ Indian： coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese： yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
英语词汇学教程课件第10章English Lexicology 10上
When an act is taboo, reference to this act may also become taboo. Some words may be used in certain circumstances and not in others.
Certain words are considered taboo in all societies -- they are not to be used or at least not in ‘polite company.’ Forbidden words reflect the particular customs and views of the society.
Social dialects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
For instance, older people may still talk about the icebox and the wireless but they are unlikely to know what is totally stoked.
The technique consists of replacing a word which has offensive connotation with another expression, which makes no overt reference to the unpleasant side of the subject, and may even be a positive misnomer.
Certain words are considered taboo in all societies -- they are not to be used or at least not in ‘polite company.’ Forbidden words reflect the particular customs and views of the society.
Social dialects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
For instance, older people may still talk about the icebox and the wireless but they are unlikely to know what is totally stoked.
The technique consists of replacing a word which has offensive connotation with another expression, which makes no overt reference to the unpleasant side of the subject, and may even be a positive misnomer.
13英语词汇学教案 第10章 词的使用和理解
理论教学教案（总第 23- 24学时）项目名称第10章词的使用和理解授课学时2任务名称词的使用和理解教学目标注意小词的特殊用法注意动词的微妙用法注意否定的使用注意抽象词的使用教学重点小词的特殊用法教学难点否定的使用教学资源PPT教学过程设计教学内容时间分配教学活动设计Step1: 引入复习上次学习内容Step2: 新课讲授Step1：注意动词的微妙用法一、如characterize，feature, star等一类词。
1. 如：某民族具有勤劳和勇敢的特点the nation is characterized by industry and courage. industry and courage characterizes the nation.2. feature:是..的特色，以..为号召物，以..为主演。
3. star:扮演主演，以..为主演。
二、如object,suspect, protest等词。
object to:反对;object that clause:提出异议suspect of :怀疑;suspect that clause:猜想，觉得I suspect that she is right.;protest that clause:明言assert三、attempt, venture,volunteer等词。
attempt, venture,volunteer+to do something.attempt, venture,volunteer + noun. 翻译时需添加动词。
Step2: 注意否定的运用一、形式否定，意义肯定1. 反问句2.why not？3. nothing like +noun, gerund没有什么比得上4. nothing but=merely, only5. nothing short of :简直可以说6. cannot...too, cannot over +verb.Impossible; scarcely;Hardly; never二、形式肯定，意义否定Seldom; little; rarely;few;too...to;scarcely; hardly三、双重否定双重否定表示肯定 too...not to双重否定表示否定there is no reason to doubt that his statement is not true. there is no reason to doubt that his statement is true.四、否定的强调表示法1. not half,与其比not强，远不比。
英语：英语词汇学： 英语词典
原创力文档是网络服务平台方若您的权利被侵害侵权客服qq
英语词汇学
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries
英语词典
❖ Dictionary〔词典〕: Dictionary is a book which presents in an alphabetical order ( 字母顺序〕the words of English with information as to(关于〕 their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology〔 词源〕.
respective standard pronunciation. ❖ 3). Definition. The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words. ❖ 4). Usage. Most desk dictionaries provide usage information.
❖ Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into encyclopedia〔百科全书〕 and encyclopedic dictionaries〔百科词典〕.
❖ 10.1.3 Unabridged， desk and pocket dictionaries大型〔非节略〕词典、案头词典和袖珍 词典
10.2.2 Content of the Dictionary 词典的内容
❖ 1). Spelling. It gives the accepted spelling for all words. ❖ 2). Pronunciation. Just like spelling, British and American Dictionaries present their
英语词汇学
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries
英语词典
❖ Dictionary〔词典〕: Dictionary is a book which presents in an alphabetical order ( 字母顺序〕the words of English with information as to(关于〕 their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology〔 词源〕.
respective standard pronunciation. ❖ 3). Definition. The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words. ❖ 4). Usage. Most desk dictionaries provide usage information.
❖ Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into encyclopedia〔百科全书〕 and encyclopedic dictionaries〔百科词典〕.
❖ 10.1.3 Unabridged， desk and pocket dictionaries大型〔非节略〕词典、案头词典和袖珍 词典
10.2.2 Content of the Dictionary 词典的内容
❖ 1). Spelling. It gives the accepted spelling for all words. ❖ 2). Pronunciation. Just like spelling, British and American Dictionaries present their
“英语词汇学”课件7-10章剖析
Chapter 9 English Idioms
• Expressions that are not readily understandable from the literal meanings of individual elements. (set phrases and sort sentences)
• 2) help define referents • This/that, now/then, etc.
• 3) provide clues for inferring word-meaning
• example:
• Kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird-whistell.
communism.human
rights)
and
psychological
reason(garbage
collectorsanitation engineer)
2) Linguistic factors
(1)Internal factors cause the change gold medal- gold; light bulb bulb (2) Influence of alien words Deerrefers to animal, but “animal”from
2) Specialization/narrowing (缩小）
Originally, they mean: garage-安全的地方 poison- 饮料 hospital- 休息娱乐场所
3) Elevation （升格）
a. 贬义/中性义-- 褒义（或高级别） Marshall--马夫-元帅 Executive一般执行者-行政官员
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Semantic changes result as a rule in meanings being added to the ones already existing in the semantic structure of the word.
Polysemy
Synchronically we understand polysemy as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of the development of the English language.
Polysemy
Relationship between meaning and concept • Word concept referent
word
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3
Referent 1 Referent 2 Referent 3
Polysemy
crane
Internal linguistic factors external linguistic factors
Lecture X
Semantic Relatiip
1. Polysemy 2. Homonymy 3. Synonymy 4. Antonymy 5. Hyponymy
1. Change of Meaning 2. Types of Change
Meaning Extension Meaning Narrowing Meaning Elevation Meaning Degradation Meaning Transference
3. Motivations of Change
Polysemy means a plurality of meaning. In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
With words, it may be said that polysemy is the rule, and monosemy is the exception.
Homonymy
Homonyms are words different in meaning and either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
Homonymy
Classification of English homonyms: a. Perfect homonyms are identical both in sound and
English Lexicology
Readings Task IX Check
• Chapter 7 & 8 of A Survey of English Lexicology
• Key points in the book will be discussed next week
Review of Lecture IX
Homonymy
(In a restaurant) A: Waiter! B: Yes, sir. A: What’s this? B: It’s bean soup, sir. A: No matter what it’s been, what is it now?
Polysemy
If polysemy is viewed diachronically, it is understood as the growth and development or, in general, a change in the semantic structure of the word.
in a particular direction in order to see or hear something better. e.g. She craned her neck to get a better view...
Polysemy
Please compare the following: • He is a father of two girls. • He is over 30 now. Why not have a girl? • I’ll have a girl help you.
Semantic Relationship
Semantically, all words are related in one way or another.
In light of meaning relations, words can be classified semantically.
Polysemy
in spelling but different in meaning, e.g. bear (n.)/bear (v.) b. homographs are identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. tear (n.)/tear (v) c. homophones are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear/deer.
1. A crane is a kind of large bird with a long neck and long legs.
2. A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
e.g. The little hut was lifted away by a huge crane. 3. If you crane your neck or head, you stretch your neck
Polysemy
Synchronically we understand polysemy as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of the development of the English language.
Polysemy
Relationship between meaning and concept • Word concept referent
word
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3
Referent 1 Referent 2 Referent 3
Polysemy
crane
Internal linguistic factors external linguistic factors
Lecture X
Semantic Relatiip
1. Polysemy 2. Homonymy 3. Synonymy 4. Antonymy 5. Hyponymy
1. Change of Meaning 2. Types of Change
Meaning Extension Meaning Narrowing Meaning Elevation Meaning Degradation Meaning Transference
3. Motivations of Change
Polysemy means a plurality of meaning. In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
With words, it may be said that polysemy is the rule, and monosemy is the exception.
Homonymy
Homonyms are words different in meaning and either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
Homonymy
Classification of English homonyms: a. Perfect homonyms are identical both in sound and
English Lexicology
Readings Task IX Check
• Chapter 7 & 8 of A Survey of English Lexicology
• Key points in the book will be discussed next week
Review of Lecture IX
Homonymy
(In a restaurant) A: Waiter! B: Yes, sir. A: What’s this? B: It’s bean soup, sir. A: No matter what it’s been, what is it now?
Polysemy
If polysemy is viewed diachronically, it is understood as the growth and development or, in general, a change in the semantic structure of the word.
in a particular direction in order to see or hear something better. e.g. She craned her neck to get a better view...
Polysemy
Please compare the following: • He is a father of two girls. • He is over 30 now. Why not have a girl? • I’ll have a girl help you.
Semantic Relationship
Semantically, all words are related in one way or another.
In light of meaning relations, words can be classified semantically.
Polysemy
in spelling but different in meaning, e.g. bear (n.)/bear (v.) b. homographs are identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. tear (n.)/tear (v) c. homophones are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear/deer.
1. A crane is a kind of large bird with a long neck and long legs.
2. A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
e.g. The little hut was lifted away by a huge crane. 3. If you crane your neck or head, you stretch your neck