Harvard AGPS referencing guide 哈佛文献引用格式
哈佛文献参考格式
哈佛文献参考格式在学术研究和学术论文写作中，正确引用他人的观点和实验结果是非常重要的。
而哈佛文献参考格式是一种常用的引用格式，它可以帮助作者准确地引用其他文献，并提供必要的信息以便读者可以查找到原始文献。
一、基本要求1. 引用的文献应具有学术或专业性，可以是书籍、期刊文章、学位论文、报告等。
2. 引用应准确无误地表达出原文中的内容，使用者应注意避免歪曲引用的原意。
3. 引用时需要标明作者的姓名、出版年份以及相关信息（如书籍的出版社、期刊的卷号、页码等）。
4. 引用格式可以分为直接引用和间接引用两种方式，具体应根据情况选择。
5. 必要时，可以在引用的同时添加自己的评论或观点，但需明确标注。
二、书籍引用格式书籍引用的格式如下：作者姓，作者名/编辑者姓，编辑者名 (出版年份)。
书名。
出版地：出版社。
Smith, J. (2010). The Theory of Everything. London: Publisher.三、期刊文章引用格式期刊文章引用的格式如下：作者姓，作者名 (出版年份)。
文章题目。
期刊名，卷号（期号），起始页码-终止页码。
Johnson, A. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Environmental Science, 10(2), 75-82.四、学位论文引用格式学位论文引用的格式如下：作者姓，作者名 (出版年份)。
论文题目。
学位论文类型，学位授予机构。
Brown, M. (2018). An Analysis of Market Trends. Master's thesis, Harvard University.五、报告引用格式报告引用的格式如下：报告机构或组织名 (出版年份)。
报告题目。
出版地：出版机构。
World Health Organization. (2012). Global Obesity Report. Geneva: WHO Publications.以上就是哈佛文献参考格式的基本要求和具体引用格式的示例。
文献格式 哈佛体系
Referencing - The Harvard System(Download pdf version)As a student, it is important that you identify in your assessment when you are using the words or ideas of another author. The most accepted way of acknowledging the work of another author is to use a referencing system. At the Department of Lifelong Learning you are required to use the Harvard referencing system.The following guide tells you why you need to use a referencing system, shows you how to insert references in the text of your assignments, and shows you how to compile a reference list. While there are many variations on the‘Harvard’ system, the one presented in this guide is the most simple. It does away with most usages of ‘p’ and ‘pp’ to signify page numbers and it replaces some of the commas with colons. Also, this guide is by no means an exhaustive list of all the referencing conventions that you will require in your academic life.As a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone else’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.Plagiarism can have disastrous consequences for students. If youare suspected of plagiarism you may find that your assignmentreceives a grade of zero. In extreme or repeated cases, you mayfind that your enrolment at the university is reviewed. For further information, please consult section 3 of the student handbook.On a more positive note, referencing is important for reasons other than avoiding plagiarism. When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up yourreferences and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accountability.In order to have an accurate record of what you have researched and therefore an accurate reference, it is important that you write down the details of your sources as you study. When taking notes, use a separate page for each new book, journal article, or electronic source. At the top of each page, clearly record the following information for future reference.For books, record:∙The author’s or editor’s name (or names)∙The year the book was published∙The title of the book∙If it is an edition other than the first∙The city the book was published in∙The name of the publisherFor journal articles record:∙The author’s name or names∙The year in which the journal was published∙The title of the article∙The title of the journal∙The page number/s of the article in the journal∙As much other information as you can find about the journal, for example the volume and issue numbersFor electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record:∙The date you accessed the source∙The electronic address or email∙The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW page, etc)In addition to these details, when you are taking notes, if you copy direct quotations or if you put the author’s ideas in your own words, write down the page numbers you got the information from.When you are writing your assessment, be sure to type in reference information as you add in the ideas of other authors. This will save you time and will ensure that you reference all sources properly. Whenever you use someone else’s ideas or wo rds, you must put in a reference. The only exception to this rule is when the information you have read somewhere is common knowledge or ‘public domain’ information. For example, you would not need to include a reference if you stated in an assignment that Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets in Elizabethan times.Always reference:∙Direct quotations – this is when you copy anotherauthor’s material word-for-word. You should showthe reader that it is a direct quote by placing thematerial in inverted commas. Traditionally, doubleinverted commas have been used (“) but it is nowacceptable, and preferable to use single inverted commas (‘).Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as the author’swords may precisely describe the point you are trying to make.However, do try to avoid the overuse of direct quotations; try toparaphrase the author’s work where possible. Please note thatwhen you use direct quotations, you must reproduce the author’swords exactly, including all spelling, capitalisation, punctuation, anderrors. You may show the reader that you recognise an error andthat you are correctly quoting the author by placing the term ‘sic’ inbrackets after the error.∙Paraphrasing –this is when you take another author’s ideas and put the m into your own words. You are still copying someone else’swork, so you must reference it. You do not need to use invertedcommas when you paraphrase, but you must clearly show thereader the original source of your information.The following section shows you a number of different examples when quoting and paraphrasing in the text of your assessment. In all references, you will need to list the author/editor name/s and the year of publication. The year of publication can be found on the first couple of pages of the book, along with the other bibliographic information. Look for the author’s name, a copyright symbol and then a date. This will be the date of publication. In most references you will also need to list the page number/s where you found the specific information. The only type of reference where this is not required is when you paraphrase a summary of an entire piece of work. As a hypothetical example, fictitious author John Phillips might have written a history book in 1999 thatexamines generational changes. You might summarise and correctly reference the entire gist of his book in the following way.In all other circumstances, please follow the guidelines below and be sure to include the author, date and page number/s. The formats are similar for each example so please note the use of punctuation, spacing and the order of information.In these ex amples, ‘Adair’ is the author, ‘1988’ is the year of publication and ‘51’ is the page number where the direct quote can be found.In these examples, the quote went over two pages therefore the page numbers were represented as 69-70, rather than as a single number. Also notice from the examples so far, that when the quote ends the sentence, the full stop comes after the inverted comma.If hypothetical authors Morris, Ling, Brown, Smith, and Diaz wrote a book published in 2000, a direct quote would look like this. Note that in the next example, ‘et al’ means ‘and others’.When you paraphrase, it will look much the same as the direct quotation examples, but without the inverted commas. For example, if we paraphrased an example from the McCarthy and Hatcher book, it would look like this.When paraphrasing, use the same referencing style and conventions as you would for direct quotes, but with the material from the source put into your own words, and the inverted commas omitted. Below is another comparative example of the direct quote versus paraphrasing.You might also like to rearrange the quote so that the reference comes at the end, as you have been shown in previous examples.When you are researching, you may come across a situation where the same author has written two books in the same year. To distinguish one title from another in your referencing, place a lower-case letter after the publication date, with ‘a’ signalling the first reference, and ‘b’ signalli ng the second, and so on. Sometimes the author you are quoting from will quote another author to support his or her argument, much in the same way that you do when writing assignments. Sometimes you want to use the same quote that the author of the source has used. When you do this, use the format below.In the case above, Bolton in his 1996 publication has quoted Eisenberg’s and Smit h’s research to prove a point he was making about non-verbal communication.If the author of a source is anonymous, replace the author’s surname with the title of the work in the brackets containing the reference. Consider the following fictitious example.Reference newspaper and magazine articles in the same way you would for other books and journals. However, when the author is anonymous, use the system below (adapted from Lewis, 1999: 26).When you paraphrase, sometimes you might be rephrasing the words and ideas you have found in more than one book or journal article. If you find that a number of sources say similar things about a topic, an example of the correct referencing style is demonstrated below. Notice in the example below how the listed sources are separated by a semicolon.Sometimes you may wish to use material from lectures, discussio ns, interviews, or distance learning courses to supplement your assignments. Use the following conventions to ensure that your referencing is correct (adapted from Lewis, 1999: 26).Electronic sources such as WWW pages, electronic databases and electronic journals are cited in the text in much the same way as traditional print sources, with the exception of page numbers. The author’s name is followed by a publication date, but no page numbers are listed. If no publication date is available, and this might be the case for WWW pages, then where the date should go, insert (n.d.) which stands for ‘no date’. If no author is listed for an electronic source, use the title of the publication in the same way as you would for any other anonymous source.All of the sources you refer to in the main body of yourassignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment ina reference list. In a reference list, you only need to list thosesources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased.For example, you do not have to list books you used forbackground reading purposes.When creating a reference list, the sources should be listed alphabetically by author’s surname, should be left justified, and the references should never be preceded by a bullet-point or number. Where the author is anonymous or unknown for any one source, insert that source in the alphabetical list using the title of the source instead of the author’s name. All sources should be listed together; there should not be separate lists for books versus journal articles versus electronic sources. The reference list should be on a separate page from the rest of the assignment and should be simply titled ‘References’ or‘Literature Cited’ and the title should be in the same font and size as the other headings in your assignment.When you use the Harvard System, you are only usually required to produce a reference list. However, some lecturers and tutors may want you to produce a bibliography instead of a reference list. In cases where you are asked to produce a bibliography, you must list all sources you have consulted, regardless of whether you cited from them or not. Also, some lecturers or tutors may ask you to produce an annotated bibliography or reference list. This simply means that after each source listed, you write a couple of sentences that appraise the book’s usefulness in relation to the topic.The following is a guide to how to list references in a reference list. If you have an example that is not covered by the list below, please check with your tutor or the Student Support Officer regarding the correct technique.Unpublished, verbal sources such as interviews and lectures are not reproduced in the reference list. However, you must put any published course materials that you have used in the reference list using the conventions below.The conventions for listing journal articles are similar to books, but note the extra information required in the example below and apply this to all journal article listings.In this example, Muller has written the journal article ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity’ and it has appeared in the jo urnal‘Australian Feminist Law Journal, in it’s 3rd volume that was published in August of 1994. The article appears on pages 103 to 107 of the journal. Please note that sometimes, instead of ‘volume’ there may be an ‘issue’ number, and instead of a month of publication, there may be a season. Sometimes there will be a volume number and an issue number. In those cases, list both the volume and issue numbers as has been done below.Electronic and web based references can be listed in the following ways.In this example, [Electronic] refers to the type of media that you found the source on. If you found the source on a CD-ROM, you would put [CD-ROM] in the square brackets instead of ‘Electronic’. As with a normal journal example, the volume number, issue number and page numbers are listed. At the end of this example, note that the name of the database has been listed, along with the identification/access number of the article, and an access date (in square brackets).Examples of other electronic references are listed in the box below.In the WWW page example, sometimes the author’s details or the date of publication/update might be missing. When the author’s name is missing, use the name of the web page to list the reference, as you would with any other anonymous source. If the date of publication or update is missing, omit this information, but be sure to still include in square brackets the date you accessed the information.It is extremely important that students correctly reference all paraphrasing and direct quotations. While there are many referencing rules and conventions under the Harvard system, in most cases it is generally important in the text of an assignment to show the reader the author’s name, date of publication and page numbers of the original source. In the reference list, it is important that the author’s name, the year of publication, relevant titles, and other access information is faithfully reproduced. At first, the referencing system may seem time-consuming and fussy but it will soon become second nature to you and will become part of the long list of skills you will have gained as a university student.The author would like to acknowledge that certain citation and reference examples were taken from the following publications and that these publications influenced that way in which the author arranged the document. Central Queensland University ESLS Unit (2001) Referencing: The Harvard referencing system, [Online], Available:.au/edserv/undegrad/clc/content/resources.htm [14 Aug 2001]Lewis, D. (ed.) (1999) The written assignment, Brisbane: QUT Publications. Wells, D. (2001) Harvard referencing, [Online], Available:.au/guides/handouts/harvard.html [14 Aug 2001]. (Samantha Dhann, 2001)。
哈佛_论文引用格式!
哈佛_论文引用格式!1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is thein-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author‟s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note thatfor a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from. This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list sometimes known as a Bibliography. This is an alphabetical list by the author‟s last name which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the author‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below. Citations in the text in-text reference All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged whether the work is directly quoted paraphrased or summarised. Not referencing Plagiarism Plagiarism a fancy word for stealing Citations in the text should give the author‟s name with the year of publication then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation as laid out below. 2 For a single author In a study by Murthoo 1999 treatment compliance was examined….. In a study Seedhouse 1997 treatment compliance was examined …. When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by addinglower cased letters after the year within the brackets. Beattie 2000a argued that public h ealth issues were ignored… Two authors: In the book by Kearney and Rainwater 2001 …. More than two authors: Singer et al 1996 contend that ….只写一个作者其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence list them all in the following form by date and then alphabetically: There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity Wybourn and Hudson 2002 Acheson 1998 Lewis 1998 Online sources: When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health 2006 the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities. Harvard method of quoting in the text: Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. Short quotations up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn 1999 states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” p.19. Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:- Smaje 1995 when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding anti- 3 racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society” If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje 1995 states “…the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” p.17 Secondary referencing Where one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget 2002 cited in Wybourn 2003. Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can. The Reference List – the Harvard method of listing references at the end of the text List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date earliest first If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter 1995a 1995b etc. Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover which may be different. Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary. The title of thepublication should either be in italics or underlined. A book by a single author: Baggini J 2002 Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A book by two authors: Searle John and Chomsky N 1997 The meaning of sense: critique arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn. A book by more than two authors Singer Mandela et al. 1995 Health care in a multiracial society. London: Open University Press A book by a corporate author eg a government department or other organisation: Nursing and Midwifery Council 2003 Patient-centred care: a NMC position statement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. 4 An edited book: Baumeister R. ed. 1999 The self in Social Psychology: Key readings in social psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis. A chapter in a book Burnard P. 1997 …The self and self awareness.‟ In: K. Burns et al. eds. The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28. An article in a journal: Valkimaki A. 1993 …Patient information systems.‟ British Journal of Nursing 131 pp.43-5. An article in a newspaper: Sabo M. 2003 …Fear of gun crime rising.‟ Guardian 26 October 2003 p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead. Guardian 2003 Public health in decline. Guardian 24 October 2003 p11. An online source: Department of Health2006 Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHuman Rights/fs/en Accessed: 15 May 2006. A television programme Julie through the looking glass. 1992. BBC 2 4 July A video 12 Angry Men. 1957 Directed by Sidney Lumet Videocassette. Hollywood: MGM Entertainment CD ROMS Institute of Cancer Research 2000 A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide to managing breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. CD Rom. Sutton: Institute of Cancer Research Government publications White Papers contain statements of Government policy Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way. A White paper Department for Education and Skills 2002 14-19 next steps: the future. Cm.3390. London: Stationery Office A Green paper Department for Education and Skills 2003 Extending Opportunities: raising standards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office. An Act of Parliament Great Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: The Stationary Office.。
哈佛制文献注引规范
文中的注引格式
• 直接引用书籍或期刊（两位作者） 直接引用书籍或期刊（两位作者）
• 董学文、伍蠡甫(2005: 76) 指出：卡斯特尔 董学文、伍蠡甫 指出： 从诗的题材、语言和效果等方面， 维屈罗 “从诗的题材、语言和效果等方面， 凸显出诗的自性特征。 凸显出诗的自性特征。” • 或 • “‘雷雨’作为一种‘郁闷、压抑、触目 “‘雷雨 作为一种‘郁闷、压抑、 雷雨’ 惊心’为特征的意象在《雷雨》 惊心’为特征的意象在《雷雨》中具有多 重象征意义。 陈霞、 重象征意义。” (陈霞、杨虹，2006) 陈霞 杨虹，
• When organising our time, Adair (1988: 51) states that ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’. • OR • When organising our time ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’ (Adair, 1988: 51).
查阅文献需记录的信息
• 电子资源
• 查阅或下载的日期 • 精确的 精确的UCL（网址）或email （网址） • 电子资源的各类（email、论坛、网页等） 电子资源的各类（ 、论坛、网页等） • 此外，阅读时对可能会需引用的内容应做 此外， 笔记，做笔记时应标明页码。 笔记，做笔记时应标明页码。
文中的注引格式
• 直接引用书籍（两位作者） 直接引用书籍（两位作者）
• McCarthy and Hatcher (1996: 69-70) insist that with presentations ‘structure must be clear and precise’. • OR • With presentations, ‘structure must be clear and precise’ (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996: 69-70).
Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。
如何引用参考文献哈佛格式
如何引用参考文献哈佛格式
在引用参考文献时，哈佛格式要求在文中引用处注明，并在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明。
以下是一些具体的引用步骤：
1.在文中引用处注明：在文中引用处，需要提供作者姓名和出版年份。
如果作者姓名
已经在句子中出现，只需要在括号内给出出版年份。
如果作者姓名没有在句子中出现，需要先给出作者姓名，再在括号内给出出版年份。
2.在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明：在全书或全文最后的参考书目处，需要按照
规定的格式提供更为详细的信息，包括作者姓名、发表年份、标题、出版社、页码等。
具体格式可能因不同的学科领域而有所差异，建议查阅相关领域的引用格式规范。
需要注意的是，哈佛格式要求参考文献列表中的引用按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
如果同一作者有多个来源，按照发表时间顺序排列；如果同一来源在不同时间多次出版，按照版本的时间顺序排列；如果同一来源同时出版，按照标题的字母顺序排列。
以上信息仅供参考，具体情况可能会因具体领域和格式要求而有所不同，建议咨询相关人士获取帮助。
在引用参考文献时，哈佛格式要求在文中引用处注明，并在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明。
以下是一些具体的引用步骤：。
Harvard Referencing 和 中文的文献引用
University of Tasmania Harvard Referencing
no author, no date In-text (Anonymous n.d.)
and / & Zikmund and D’Amico (1987) stated … The …… cannot be justified in this way (Zikmund & D’Amico 1987).
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
University of Tasmania Harvard Referencing
Secondary source In-text Whitely, cited in Chambers 1983, p.25 Or Whitley(cited in Chambers 1983, p.25) stated… Or Chambers(1983, p.25) gives Whiteley’s (1979)… Reference list Chambers, PK 1983, Your emotions revealed, Lacrima and Ductule, New York. Whiteley, BC 1979, ‘Emotional response’, Brain Talk, vol.2, no.12 pp. 234-5 Note: A reference list entry must be for the author who has done the citing e.g. Chamber. References can be made for both works if that is helpful to the reader.
University of Tasmania Harvard Referencing
论文哈佛大学引用标准格式
Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。
英文论文参考文献哈佛格式
Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。
哈佛风格引用格式
哈佛风格引用格式
哈佛风格（Harvard referencing style）是一种常用的学术引用格式，主要用于文献引用和参考文献列表的编写。
以下是哈佛风格引用格式的示例：
1. 引用书籍：
单一作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名。
(出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Handbook of Research Methods. London: Academic Press.
多位作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名., 姓，名., & 姓，名. (出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。
例如：Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Anderson, L. (2018). Statistics for Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. 引用期刊文章：
单一作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号（期号），页面范围。
例如：Jones, M. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Nature, 523(7560), 418-421.
多位作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名., 作者姓，名., &。
harvard referrencing 参考格式
Harvard referencing - Library quick guideUpdated: 19 October 2012In-text references- examplesSingle authorTwo or three authorsFour or more authorsEdited bookMore than one citation is provided in your sentenceList all citations alphabetically, with a semi-colon (;) to separate them.Secondary citationThis is when you refer to the work of one author cited by another.In the Reference List, refer to the author of the book, not the cited work. For instance, in the example below, Hosany & Martin 2012 would be in the Reference List.Encyclopedia or dictionaryThese are only cited in the text, and are NOT included in the Reference List.Website documentsMany electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or paraphrasing from a website that is NOT a PDF, then the in-text reference is either: ∙ a section heading (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, Body image problems in Australian men section)∙ a paragraph number (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, para. 5).Reference List - examplesBook – single authorCarroll, AB 2012, Business & society: ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management, 8th edn, South-Western/Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.Book – more than one authorNote: List all authors, in order of appearance on the title page of the book, and use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.Chalkley, T, Brown, A, Goodman, M, Cinque, T, Warren, B, Hobbs, M & Finn, M 2012, Communication, new media and everyday life, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic.Book – no authorStyle manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.Edited bookLubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.E-book from a databaseBenavides, EM 2012, Advanced engineering design: an integrated approach, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, viewed 1 October 2012, Knovel database.Journal articleTaylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, …Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries‟, Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.E-journal article from a databaseHosany, S & Martin, D 2012, …Self-image congruence in consumer behavior‟, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection. Newspaper article from a databaseCarney, S 2012, …Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers‟, The Age, 26 May, viewed 29 May 2012, Factiva database.Website documentsBetter Health Channel 2012, Body image and diets, Better Health Channel, viewed 16 July 2012,<.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Body_image_and_diets?open>.。
哈佛_论文引用格式
A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes t he author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….只写一个作者，其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultur al traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。
reference哈佛格式
reference哈佛格式
哈佛格式是一种常用的学术引用格式，它要求在论文中对引用
的来源进行详细的标注，以便读者可以查证。
在哈佛格式中，引用
的来源包括作者的姓名、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号、
页码等信息，具体格式如下：
书籍引用格式：
作者姓氏，作者名字年份，书名，出版地点，出版社。
期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓氏，作者名字年份，文章标题，期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
网页引用格式：
作者姓氏，作者名字年份，文章标题，网页名称，网页地址，（访问日期）。
在哈佛格式中，每个引用都需要在论文的引用部分列出，并按照字母顺序排列。
此外，引文中的作者姓名和出版年份需要在引用部分的列表中以及正文中进行标注。
总体来说，哈佛格式要求对引用的来源进行详细的标注，并且要求标注的信息能够帮助读者准确地找到引用的原始来源。
这种格式的引用方法可以帮助提高论文的学术可信度，同时也是学术界广泛接受的引用格式之一。
哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛参考文献格式，也称为哈佛引用格式，是一种常见的文献引用格式。
它最早发源于清华大学发行的“黑塞和黑塞词典”，由麻省理工学院的著名的文献管理专家拉尔夫罗素提出，被广泛应用于学术论文中。
哈佛参考文献格式在拉尔夫罗素引用文献格式基础上，加入了更多关于电子出版物、计算机程序和图片等新媒体的参考文献，能够照顾到当代多样化的文献参考需求。
二、哈佛引用格式的特点
1、引用格式具有一致性：哈佛引用格式坚持只使用一种引用格式，使文献引用更加统一，使其他人更容易理解文章中的引用。
2、引用格式更新迅速：哈佛参考文献格式与不断发展的新媒体保持同步更新，以适应当今多样化的文献引用需求。
3、引用融入文本：哈佛引用格式要求引用内容融入文章的段落中，而不是单独引用，使文献引用更加紧凑，更加有说服力。
4、引用格式清晰明了：哈佛引用格式用字母或数字表示出文献引用顺序，使文章中的引用顺序更加清晰明了。
三、哈佛引用格式的应用
1、学术论文：哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文中应用十分普遍，论文作者可以使用此格式对文献引证进行统一管理，使参考文献更加规范完整，使文章表达更加严谨。
2、科技文凭：在科技文凭的课程描述中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使文凭更具可信度。
3、会议论文：在各类会议发布的论文中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使论文的引用内容更加严谨。
四、结论
从上面可以看出，哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文、科技文凭、会议论文等文献参考方面的应用十分普遍，值得我们深入学习和掌握。
哈佛参考文献格式采用统一的格式进行引用，能够使文献引用更加规范，使参考文献的内容更加完整，也为文献参考带来了很大的便利。
哈佛参考文献格式
维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。
与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。
[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。
哈弗参考文献格式harvardreferencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoMstudents IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academicjournals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s oreditor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except forthe 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary ofnutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followedby the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at:(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication areincluded in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary ofnutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing,79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronageintentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing,79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb.Available at:(Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal ofRetail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, thetitle can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:(Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So checkthat the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular,double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
哈佛参考文献格式具体写法
哈佛参考文献格式具体写法more often in the future (and if you are sure that that is what the studentis doing)—then (and only then) you should praise the student for it(p.46). [3]在书后参考书目处的注释规范1(所有参考书目以作者姓名的字母顺序排列，一个作者有多本著作时，则按年份先后排列顺序，一个作者一年内有多本著作出版或论文发表，在年份后按月份先后加小写字母a. b. c.等加以区别。
这样排列的好处是:只有一个按字母顺序排列的参考书目，便于读者查阅;整个文档不需要脚注;便于修改，即使是最后一刻要删去或增加某条注释，可随时增删，不需要重新排序;每个注释只在参考书目中出现一次，而无论它在文中被引用过几次。
2(参考书目信息应从书名页上获取而不是从封面获取。
3(每一项参考文献注释应包含一定的内容或要素(element)，并按一定的顺序排列。
著作的注释内容要素和顺序。
作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).书名.出版地:出版商.比如，White,R.(1988). Advertising: What it is and How to do it. 2nd ed. London: McGrawhill. 注意:英语人名书写的顺序一般为名在前，姓在后，比如，Mark Wolery，和汉语正好相反。
当姓放在名前面时，姓的后面紧跟逗号。
换句话说，只要后面紧跟了逗号，说明逗号前面的就是姓，而不是名，比如，Wolery,M.。
同一著作中有多位作者时的要素和顺序。
作者姓，名的首字母大写(出版年份)..章节标题.In: 主编名首字母大写.姓，ed. 或者eds. 书名.再版著作注明版次.丛书注明卷次.出版地:出版商.出版年份.论文所在页码.如，Wright,P.(1986). Reactions to an Ads contents versus judgments of Ads impact. In: J. Olsen,&K. Sentis,eds. Advertising and consumer psychology. Vol. 3. New York: Praeger,1986,108-117.学术期刊、学报参考文献注释要素和顺序。
哈佛系统论文引用格式(harvard system)
Information Resources Harvard systemIn-text references,reference lists and bibliographiesStyle manual for authors,Harvard SystemContentsDefinitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5Steps to referencing6Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books111.Book with one author122.Book with two or three authors123.Book with organisation as author124.Book with government department as author125.Book with more than three authors126.Book with no author127.Book with an editor138.Book in a series139.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report1310.More than one place of publication1311.Chapter or article from a book1312.Entries in an encyclopedia13Periodicals141.Articles with an author142.Articles with no author143.Individual volumes/issues14plete run of a periodical155.Newspaper articles156.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.157.Annual reports16Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material171.Videorecording e.g.videotapes172.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes173.Slides174.Kit binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material185.Radio and television broadcasts18Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information191.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.192.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases201.Article with an author212.Article without an author213.Conference paper21Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages221.Web document with an author232.Web page without an author233.Web page of a company or organisation234.Australian standards online235.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23Email241.Email with permission to cite the email address242.Email without permission to cite the email address24Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27DefinitionsAnnotated bibliographya bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains orevaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.Bibliographya list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to eachother—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It mayinclude items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.Citationformal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.Endnotelike a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.Footnotea note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the samepage in front of the footnote.In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.In-text referenceused in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in bracketsimmediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.Periodicalspublications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.Reference lista list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotatedbibliography) with your essay or report.IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for yourassignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the AustralianGovernment style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised bySnooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you furtherinformation and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can viewa guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists andbibliographies at:.au/lib/infogate/citing.htmYour department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your workare actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can bepenalised.2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you tosubstantiate the statements you make in your assignment.3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by readingsome of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.Steps to referencingStep 1:When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.Step 2:Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.Step 3:Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:I the librarian at the Consultation DeskI your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjectsI language support teachers at the Access Department.Organising a bibliography or reference listWriting a bibliography or reference listAlways be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can beimportant in interpreting a reference.a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish booksfrom articles:I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marksNote: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usuallypreferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computerswhich produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused withhypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten ortypewritten material.e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequencearranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is themost common.Alternatives include:I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass mediadivided into general,television and radio)I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)Collecting referencesAs you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.In-text referencesIn the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report toacknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These briefreferences are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by areference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’(Miller 2000,p.174)Using volume and page numbersIf it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)Barr (1995,p.29) described…(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.DatesSometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on thecombination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:n.d.=no known datec.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)?1995 = a dubious dateforthcoming = a work to be published shortlyOne author or one organisation as authorThe name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities receivedgreater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).More than one workMore than one work may be cited in a single reference:(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).More than three authorsWhen a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:(Gajski et al.1993)However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.Parts of a work written by someone other than the authorWhen someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…(Block,in Gallway 2000)In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.More than one work by the same authorWhen you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)(Robertson 1988a,1988b)Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisationSometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…One author citing another authorWhen one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not awarethat such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)In the reference list give details of the citing author:Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.Encyclopedias and dictionariesIf there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the datee.g.(Japanese language and people1991)In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…Web pagesIf there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Done 2002)If there is no author,use the title of the web page.e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)Unpublished worksIf there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Florey 1925)If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.e.g.(Using online databases 2002)Personal communications,including emailPersonal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails andletters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have usede.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis1986,pers comm.,29 May).In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)Reference lists and bibliographiesIn the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-textreferences and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-textreferences.BooksFor books,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)b) Year of publicationSee note on Dates on p.8c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is oned) Title of series and volume number—if applicablee) Edition—if it is not the firstf) Publisherg) Place of publication—cityYou can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.Book titles are e minimal capitalisation for book titles.You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.1.Book with one authorler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.2.Book with two or three authorse.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.3.Book with organisation as authore.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAsguide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.4.Book with government department as authore.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationsbetween Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.5.Book with more than three authorsNames should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design ofembedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.6.Book with no authorUse the title of the work.Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,Melbourne.7.Book with an editore.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in associationwith Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.8.Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson reportThe reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.10.More than one place of publicationIf more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.11.Chapter or article from a bookGive the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to careerdevelopment’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,New Jersey.12.Entries in an encyclopediae.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Chicago,p.796.For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.PeriodicalsMaximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisationis minimal.Periodical titles are italicised.In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.1.Articles with an authorFor articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:a) Author(s)—if givenb) Year of publicationc) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marksd) Title of periodicale) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same titlef) Volume and/or issue numberg) Day,month and season—if applicableh) Page number(s)e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,no.10,October,pp.23–26.2.Articles with no author‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.3.Individual volumes/issuesFor a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Year of publicationc) Volume and/or issue number(s)d) Month and day of month or season—if applicablee.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.plete run of a periodicalIf you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Date(s) of publicationc) Name of publisherd) Place of publication (city,state)e) Volume and/or issue number(s)f) Frequency of publicatione.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified PracticingAccountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.5.Newspaper articlesReplace the volume/issue number by the day and month:e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,1August,p.6.‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.Include:a) Name of reviewerb) Yearc) Title of the reviewd) Description of what is being reviewed and its authore) Periodical in which the review appearedf) Day and month—if applicableg) Page numberse.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppardby Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.7.Annual reportsThese are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications ofgovernment bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:a) Name of organisationb)Date of publication—if applicablec)Short descriptive titled)Year(s) coverede.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.Conference papers—published proceedingsPapers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of theInternational Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.Australian Bureau of Statistics documentsInclude the ABS catalogue number after the title.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.Acts of ParliamentAdd the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.Electoral Act 2002(Vic).StandardsStandards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.For standards,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)b)Year of publicationc)Titled)Standard Numbere)Publisherf)Place of publicatione.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software userdocumentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-levelflying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.Audiovisual materialYou may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:a) Author (if there is one)b) Year of productionc) Titled) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)e) Name of producer/directorf) Place of production1.Videorecording e.g.videotapese.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,Sandy Hook,Conn.2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettese.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.3.Slidese.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.。
哈佛文献引用标注harvard referencing
Harvard referencing guideHSL-DVC1A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for someone else or yourself to trace the item in a library. It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. Citations in the text should give the author's name with the year of publication and then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation.This guide aims to outline how to reference using the Harvard method. The Harvard method is not the only standard of referencing and you should consult with your lecturers which they recommend. For a more interactive tutorial on how to reference correctly refer to the …Tutorials by department‟ tab on the Information Skills Resource website.Harvard method of citation in the textAll statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in one of the forms shown below:Single author:-In a study by Seedhouse (1997) coping with illness was investigated ....In a study (Seedhouse,1997) coping with illness was investigated ....When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets. Burnard (1992a) wrote about communication for health professionals that ....Two authors :-In the book by Basford and Slevin (1995) .....More than two authors:-Benner et al (1996) conclude that ....If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:-There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health.......... ( Francome and Marks, 1996; Bunton, 1995; Lupton, 1995)Harvard method of quoting in the textWhen quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:-Weir (1995) states that "defining roles and their remits is not simple"(p.10).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Thomas and Ingham (1995) in discussing staff development state that: "Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others"(p.33).If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:-Weir and Kendrick (1995) state that "networking is no longer solely within the male domain . . ."(p.88).Secondary referencingSecondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (Fiedler and Chemers, 1974, cited in Douglass, 1996). Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible.Harvard method of listing references at the end of the textReferences should be listed in alphabetical order by author's name and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc). Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors' forenames can be included if given on the title page but they are notrequired to be. The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined. The examples given are in italics:A book by a single author:Seedhouse, D. (1997) Health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. Chichester, John Wiley.A book by two authors:Burns, Nancy and Grove, Susan K. (1997) The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique & utilization. 3rd edition. London, Saunders.A book by more than two authors:Mares, Penny et al. (1995) Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge, Health Education Council.A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or other organisation):Health Visitors' Association (1992) Principles into practice : an HVA position statement on health visiting and school nursing. London, Health Visitors' Association.An edited book:Basford, Lynn and Slevin, Oliver (eds) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care. Edinburgh, Campion.A chapter in a book:Weir, Pauline (1995) Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection. In: K. Kendrick et al. (eds) Innovations in nursing practice. London, Edward Arnold. p. 5- 22.An article in a journal:Allen, A. (1993) Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior Nurse, 13(1), 43-5.An article in a newspaper:White, M. (1998) £68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. If no author name is given then anon should be used instead.Anon (1998) Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. Government publicationsIn broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way.A White paper:Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future.Cm.3390. London, Stationery Office.A Green paper:Department of Health (1998) Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health. Cm 3854. London, Stationery Office.An Act of Parliament:Great Britain (1990) National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Chapter 19. London, HMSO.Conference proceedings:Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):Banks, S. et al (1998) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Paper from published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):Proctor, P. (1998) The tutorial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S. et al. Networked Lifelong Learning: innovativeA thesis or dissertation:Stones, Marian (1995) Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, University of Sheffield.A secondary reference:Fiedler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974) Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foresman & Co. Cited in: Douglass, Laura Mae (1996) The effective nurse: leader and manager. 5th edition. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby. Acknowledgements:The following documents have been used in the compilation of this guide and further information can be obtained from them.Bournemouth University. Academic Services Group. Library and Information Services.(1996) Harvard System. [online] Bournemouth, Bournemouth University. [Accessed 9th June 1996].British Standards Institution (1989) BS Recommendations for references to published materials. BS.1629:1989. London, BSI.Citing electronic sources of informationThere is a separate guide giving details of how to cite electronic sources of information: “Citing electronic sources of information”.Citing online and audio visual sources ofinformationHSL-DVC2Data is available in various formats apart from printed documents such as books and journals. Increasingly information is becoming available electronically. This guidesets out to provide examples of how to cite these electronic sources of information in the Harvard style. There is a separate document outlining how to cite printed material. The standard copyright law applies equally to electronic sources and any referenceto other people's work should be acknowledged with citations in your text and inclusion in your reference list.The Information Skills Resource includes interactive tutorials on how to reference correctly. Select the ‘Tutorials by department’ tab for tutorials tailored for your subject area. Always check which referencing method your department recommends before submitting finished work.INTERNET SOURCESIndividual worksAuthor/editor surname, Initial. (Year) Title [online].Edition. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URL[Accessed date].Example:Marieb.E. (2000) Essentials of Human anatomy and Physiology: AWL Companion Web Site.[online]. 6th edition. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Available from: /bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials/ [Accessed 4th July 2001].Include the year of publication in brackets. Most Web pages are updated on a regular basis. Date of publication is the date the pages were last updated. If you are not sure of the date click on View and page source to check when last modified. If no publication date is given write (No date).Only mention an edition statement if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated.The accessed date is when you viewed, downloaded or printed the Web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available.The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University of Sheffield. If the place of publication is not stated and cannot be ascertained then leave out.Often information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specificauthor. In such cases, ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method of citing works produced by a corporate body) or start with the title.Example:The University of Sheffield Library (2001) Nursing and Midwifery in the Library and on the Internet. [online]. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Available from:/library/subjects/subnurse.html [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Citing electronic journalsAuthor surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title[online], Volume (part), location within the host. Available from:URL [Accessed date].The "location within host" is the equivalent of page numbering used with printed sources. If the document does not include pagination an alternative may be used eg date, labelled part, or the the total number of lines, paragraphs or screens. Example of an article from a journal available in print and electronic form: Handwashing Liaison Group (1999) Hand washing. BMJ[online], 318 (7185),686. Available from: /cgi/content/full/318/7185/686 [Accessed 4th July 2001].Examples of articles from journals only available online:Snyder, M. (2001) Overview and Summary of Complementary Therapies: Are TheseReally Nursing? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing [online], 6(2), 31st May 2001. Available from: http://www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm [Accessed 4th July 2001.Peterson, M. (1997) Skills to enhance problem-based learning. Medical Education Online [online], 2,3. Available from: http://www.med-ed-/f0000009.htm#reference [Accessed 4th July 2001].Citing a full text item from an online bibliographical databaseAuthor surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title.Volume (part), pages. Full-text [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].Example of full text article from CINAHL via the Ovid online service:Newens, Andrew J. et al (1997). Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6(2), 153-160. Full-text [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc.[Accessed 28th May 1998].Citing an abstract from an online bibliographical databaseAn abstract should only be cited if it has proved impossible to obtain the full text of the article and it is essential to your work to do so.Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal title. Volume (part), pages. Abstract [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].Example of abstract from CINAHL via the Ovid online service:Redman, G. M. (1997). LPN-BSN: education for a reformed healthcare system. Journal of Nursing Education 36(3), 121-7. Abstract [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. [Accessed 28thMay 1998].Citation from a database that includes citation instructionsSometimes the database instructs you on how to cite references. This might be at the end of the article. You must cite the reference as they state. Put in brackets at the end of the citation that this is the case.Example of such a citation:Renfrew MJ and Lang S. Early initiation of breastfeeding. (Cochrane Review) In: the Cochrane Library, issue 2. Oxford:Update Software;1998. Updated quarterly. (Citation as instructed)JISCmail/Listserv email listsThese discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Many lists will archive the messages sent. References to these messages should be treated in a similar fashion to journal references; using the list name in place of the journal title and the subject line of the message in place of the article title.For "Available from" use the email address of the list administrator. These details,together with the author, will appear in the message header.Author, (Day Month Year). Subject of message. Discussion list [online]. Available from: JISCmail/Listserv email address [Accessed date].Examples:Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000) Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric- nursing [online]. Available from: /lists/psychiatric-nursing.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].Sandall, J. (24 May 2001) Free web-based virtual midwifery library. Midwifery-research [online]. Available from: /lists/midwifery-research.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].Please note that items may only be archived on discussion group servers for up to a year. A local copy could be kept by the recipient, who is giving the citation, but a note should be given to this effect. It is also in your interest to print a copy of potentially temporary sources in case you need to prove a source after it has beendeleted/moved/changed.Usenet newsgroups/Bulletinboards/BlogsUsenet newsgroups allow people with similar interests to read and post messages in a common location on the Internet.Author (Day Month Year). Subject heading of message. Newsgroup [online].Available from: Name of Usenet newsgroup [Access date].Clark, D. & Young, J. (8 June 2001) Substance Misuse resource. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001].If the author's name and initial is not given, use the email/username.Example:news@ (7 June 2001) UK Learning Difficulty Website. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001]. Example:Doctorow, C. (17 Jan 2010) Britain’s Business Secretary wants to turn the nation’s back on basic science [online]. Available from:/2010/01/17/britains-business-se.html [Accessed 19th January 2010].Personal emailIf you wish to make reference to personal email messages then the following format is recommended. You should get a sender's permission to quote a message especially if you quote their email address.Sender (Sender's Email address) (Day Month Year). Subject of Message. Email to recipient (Recipient's Email address).Example:McConnell, D. (D.McConnell@) (28th November 1997) Follow up to your interview. Personal email to L.Parker (l.a.parker@).Audio visual materialsAudiocassettes, CD-ROMs, film, microform, radio broadcasts,television, and videos When citing one of the above items information about the nature of the item should be given where necessary after the title.Example:Peters, T. (1991) Tom Peters Live. [Audiocassette]. Boulder,USA, CareerTrack Publications.Many CD-ROMs, films, videos and broadcasts are the co-operative work of many individuals. These should either be cited with the title as the first element, or if there is an individual with clear responsibility for the intellectual content his name should be used e.g. the director.Examples:Pride and Prejudice. [Video]. (1997) London, BBC.Encarta 98 Encyclopaedia. [CD-ROM]. (1998) New York, Microsoft Ltd. Henderson, David. (1985) Reith Lectures. BBC Radio 3 and 4. Nov - Dec 1985. Individual items within a programme should be cited as contributions.Example:Thatcher, Margaret. (1986) Interview. In: Six O'Clock , BBC 1. 1986 Jan 29.18.00hrs.。
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∙APAreferencingguide ∙AustralianGuidetoLegalCitation(AGLC)∙HarvardAGPSreferencingguide Harvard AGPS referencing guideAcademic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation.To help you get started have a look at a short Breeze presentation a guide to Harvard AGPS(requires Flash) and the accompanying printable version brief guide to Harvard AGPS referencing (PDF 350 KB).On this page:∙List of references∙How to cite references within the text of an assignment ∙Additional HelpList of referencesAt the end of your essay, place a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and chronologically (earliest publication date first) for each author, where more than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more than one item published by the same author in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a). These are ordered alphabetically by title disregarding any initial articles (a, an or the).∙Books (print and online)∙Journal and newspaper articles∙Web documents and sites∙Micfroforms, patents, standards and maps∙Audiovisual examples∙Legislation and legal authorities∙Unpublished works∙USQ course materials∙Lists, weblogs, wikis and podcastsBooks (print and online)Journal and newspaper articlesFor journals, include the volume number, issue number or other identifier, and page numbers separated by commas where allthese elements are available. If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently. If there is no volume number, the issue number or identifier should follow the journal title.Web documents and sitesMicroforms, patents, standards and mapsAudiovisual examplesThe following details should be provided in a reference list - title, date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording. Any special credits and other information that might be useful can be noted after the citation.Legislation and legal authorities∙Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work(preferably in a separate list under the subheading'Legislation').∙The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should bealtered to suit the referencing style. Articles (a, anor the) should not be omitted.∙Even if viewed electronically, legislation is generally referenced as if in print (unless only availableelectronically).∙Legal authorities (cases) are only included in a listof references if they are important to the understandingof the work under the subheading 'Legal authorities'.Unpublished worksUSQ course materialsLists, weblogs, wikis and podcastsHow to cite references within the text of an assignmentThese are also called in-text references. When you use another's ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. Use the author-date method of citation for quotations and paraphrasing.QuotesQuotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of another author. Quotations must always be referenced with page numbers.ParaphrasingParaphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work or one or more authors.Please note:changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing.Additional helpHelpful hints for Web documents∙You must specify the date on which you accessed the item, since Web documents can change or disappear at any time.∙If a Web document includes both a date of creation anda date it was last updated, use only the date it was lastupdated.∙If you find a document on the Web which is a series of linked pages, use the information from the main or "home"page.∙If you have trouble identifying the title, look at the top of the Web page above FILE on your browser.∙The date a Web document was created is usually listed right at the bottom of the document.More information and additional guidesPlease note: University policy mandates the use of the HarvardStyle (AGPS) defined by the USQ Library's referencing guides. Other guides are available at:∙University of Tasmania Library 2009, Referencing and assignment writing: Harvard, online guide, Universityof Tasmania, viewed 25 February 2009,</content.php?pid=27520&sid=199808>.∙University of Melbourne Library 2005, Harvard (author/date) style, online guide, University ofMelbourne, viewed 25 March 2008,<.au/cite/harvard_dis/>.Need additional help applying these guides?Contact the Library or refer to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, Wiley Australia. Call number 808.02 Sty. Copies held in the Main Collection and Reference (also held at Fraser Coast and Springfield campus). Please note:The Library is not responsible for checking lists of references. We can, however, refer you to our referencing guides and the published manuals listed to help you ensure the accuracy of your referencing.Assignment helpHelp with assignment writing and referencing is also available from The Learning Centre.。