毕业设计机电专业英语文章中英文翻译机械加工介绍(中英文对照)
机械加工毕业设计外文翻译--淬硬齿轮的加工
毕业设计中英文翻译英文原文Hard gear processing[abstract ]uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request OutlineUses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request. The gear in the hard heat treatment process, its material organization and the stress change, usually can cause the gear to have the distortion, namely tooth profile, tooth to and tooth pitch error. This this error will cause the tooth profile not correctly to mesh in the transmission time, thus has enlarged the load, will have the gear noise. Therefore, the hard gear after the heat treatment, should increase together the precision work working procedure generally.The hard gear precision work craft may divide into two kinds: A kind is uses non- formed the cutting edge, like the gear rubs truncates the processing; Another kind then is has formed the cutting edge like hard gear (HRC48 ~ 53) to roll truncates the processing.This article strongly will discuss will use in hardly rolling the hard alloy tools forming cutting edge precision work process which the tooth will process. The now hard alloy material, the cutting tool coating and the gear-hobbing machine technology development, has caused the hard gear to roll cuts the processing technology to have the remarkable enhancement, specially is smaller than in the processing or was equal to when 12DP center small modulus gear, may withstand the enormous cutting force which in the hard cutting process produces.Hard alloy hob selectionThe hard alloy hob has the very big progress in the material variety specification. Superfine, is thin, medium or the big pellet hard alloy now all has the product. In addition, the hard alloy hob semifinished materials formed craft technology also had the remarkable enhancement, like uses static pressure and so on heat (HIP) the craft, this craft under the high-pressured high temperature, increased the hard alloy semifinished materials intrinsic binding force, enhanced the hard alloy anti- curved intensity. According to the ISO stipulation, the entity hard alloy material may differently divide into certain kinds according to the application situation: The gear cutting tool divides into K kind and P kind, K kind of hard alloy has a higherresistance to wear, P kind then has the better high temperature red hardness. In the K trademark and in the P trademark hard alloy, each kind of trademark hard alloy granular structure is different, from medium pellet to superfine pellet. Each kind of trademark all has its application situation, this is and the granular structure is connected. Generally speaking, regarding softly rolls truncates, the K analogy P kind of performance is friends with, K kind of hard alloy can obtain a micron level the granular structure (granularity to be smaller than 0.5 mu m), but P kind then is not good. In abrasion aspect, K kind of toughness better, the life is longer.The hob resharpens and renovatesAfter the hob processing certain quantity work piece, its cutting edge failure, this time must resharpen. Sharpens the after hob to have to maintain the original geometry shape; The cutting edge must be sharp; The cutting tool golden phase structure cannot because rub truncates the heat but to destroy. Thus when sharpens the hard alloy hob should use one kind of oil base refrigerant, it does not get up to the chlorine and the sulfur the response. Regarding scrapes the hob, sharpens after the coating not likely to use in hob such which the entity semifinished materials hardly rolls being important again. After the hard alloy hob sharpens in front of the coating, suggested carries on the pretreatment to its cutting edge.The hob rewill sharpen can except the cutting surface original coating, this will be able to reduce the cutting tool life. The cutting tool is may again spread. Usually regarding the TiN coating, may spread 3 ~ 4; Says regarding TiCN and the TiALN coating, because coating itself has the very big internal stress, therefore on cutting edge with difficulty again again coating. After several spreading TiN coating, can have the height non-uniformity condition, and influentials the tendency which the level falls off, therefore the original coating must remove.At present has two methods to be possible to remove the cutting tool coating: Chemistry draws back spreads draws back with physics spreads. Draws back with chemistry spreads removes on the hard alloy tools the coating is one kind of fine craft, requests the operator to have the suitable level of expertise. The excessively chemistry draws back spreads not only removes the coating, moreover also will dissolve washes the cobalt cement, the damage hard alloy material microscopic structure. The cutting edge microscopic damage will produce the zigzag surface. In addition, when draws back spreads must to the hob pillow block, in the hole and the sign carries on the protection, in order to avoid damages. But physics spreads, then must carry on by the original cutting tool factory, it involves to puts in order rerubs the hob tooth profile truncates. Although draws back chemistry spreads must be much more expensive than, but obtains is a new hob, the quality and the life all can obtain the guarantee.To gear-hobbing machine requestIn order to fully displays the hard alloy and the coating craft merit, the gear-hobbing machine should do correspondingly improves. At present all advanced gear-hobbing machines all press high speed roll the tooth to carry on the design, its gear-hobbing machine hob rotational speed surpasses 3000r/Min, usually is5000r/Min, the work piece main axle rotational speed and the hob rotational speed match. In addition, the engine bed has very high moves the rigidity and the hot rigidity. The advanced gear-hobbing machine some main design characteristics are: Uses the compound epoxy resin lathe bed, by improves the engine bed the tendency and the static characteristic; Has the constant temperature installment the high speed hob headstock; High speed work piece main axle; May use does, the wet two kinds rolls truncates the craft; Belt electro-optical sensor digital actuation system; The straight line rolls the guide rail system; High speed automatic high-quality goods (2 ~ 3 seconds); The occupying a land area of is compact; According to man-machine engineering design; Services conveniently.Uses scrapes the craftRegardless of is the mechanical type the CNC gear-hobbing machine all can carry on scrapes, but the condition is the engine bed must equip has the work piece to the cutting tool selsyn train system. This may cause to scrape the craft economically, to has on the automatic yummy treats system the engine bed very to be also important. The electronic non- contact system depends on a simulation quantity sensor to send out the pulse to survey the cutting tool main axle, the work piece main axle and the gear position. The engine bed CNC controller carries on processing to these pulses, then is opposite to the work piece main axle in the cutting tool position carries on the adjustment, causes a work piece turn of tooth and the hob knife tooth relative position relations is correct.In scrapes in the craft to have very many merits with the refrigerant: In scrapes in the process, the refrigerant has provided the lubricating ability; Because scrapes produces is not the normal scrap, the temperature control is extremely important. Blows the scrap small is thin, does not look like normal knife filings such to be possible to carry off many quantity of heats, therefore scrapes time uses the refrigerant to be possible to control the cutting tool, the work piece and the engine bed system temperature; The refrigerant may washes away the scrap from the cutting tool and the work piece; Improved the work piece surface fine roughness; Enhanced the cutting tool life."Rolls in the green truncates" in the craft, correctly chooses the tooth thick remainder is very important. The recommendation choice down milling rolls the tooth, because it may obtain the thickest scrap, this is helpful to the control cutting process dynamic condition, enhances the cutting tool life. The experience proved that, the cutting speed may surpass 200m/Min, enters for the quantity choice is decided by the superficially attractive fineness which must achieve. The model enters for the scope is 0.5 ~ 1.25mm/R. The cutting tool shifts (flees knife) the method very to be also important, because scrapes time only then the rough machining section partial cutting edges only then undergo the attrition. On the contrary, in "the green cutting" in the process, the cutting tool precision work has partially undertaken the main process load. This meant when scraping flees the knife quantity to be supposed to be bigger, when like the gear is 12 ~ 48DP, each time flees the knife quantity is 0.3 ~ 0.4mm.Scrapes the hob the selectionScrapes the hard alloy hob to divide into two big kinds: Uses in 10DP or the bigger modulus hob, usually all designs has a negative rake front the cutting, when the cutting edge contacts to the hard tooth face, reduced to the hard alloy material impact; Regarding the small modulus gear, does not need to have the negative rake. The negative rake hob shortcoming is sharpens the difficulty. After the hob sharpens the outer diameter to reduce, in order to obtain the correct negative rake to be supposed to change the grinding wheel the bias quantity.When scrapes, the big modulus gear, its addendum, the outer annulus diameter and the tooth root spot all are usually not rolled truncates, and has a smooth transition a request turn of tooth to the tooth root. In order to obtain sinks cuts with the integrity transition circular arc radius, enhances the tooth root the anti- curved intensity, uses in the big modulus gear ideal scraping the hob to be supposed to have the flange. Regarding the small modulus gear processing, should use the standard hob. Uses the standard in front of the radial direction the angle hard alloy hob processing to be called "the hard alloy hob to roll again cuts", but is not "scrapes", latter referred has used a negative rake hob.Hardly rolls the specification which truncates and hardly scrapes the specification which, or the hard alloy hob rolls again truncates nearly same, similarity is uses the strategy which flees the knife to shift to be different. When hardly rolls, the scrap excision must spend the massive energies. This energy finally becomes the quantity of heat. Tries to carry off very important these thermal sending out. After the suggestion processes a work piece every time, the hob flees a position entire tooth pitch. When the hob will flee from beginning to end the position from now on, will be supposed to transfer to the hob to the initial position has a bias quantity the spot. This bias quantity is decided by the hob design and the application, its goal is for be helpful to the hob uniform wear. Another one similarity is the attire which uses clamps the system. As a result of the enormous cutting force, the jig must safely clamp the work piece. The processing result indicated that, the identical helical gear when hardly rolls again with the hard alloy hob, its gear quality is very high, the tooth profile approaches the AGMA10 level, the tooth to surpasses the AGMA12 level with the tooth pitch; The entire hard semifinished materials hardly roll cut the processing the helical gear, its gear precision extremely is also high, the tooth profile precision may reach the AGMA10 level, the tooth to may achieve the AGMA12 level with the tooth pitch. ConclusionAt present has explored many economies the method to process the hard gear, including the material choice, the soft processing method, the heat treatment craft and the hard precision work, enable the hard gear to obtain the popularization, has satisfied the high grade transmission device to the hard gear request.Carries on from entity entire hard work piece semifinished materials hardly rolls cuts the processing is one kind of new processing craft. Because has a rigid better engine bed and the high quality hard alloy tools material and performs coating processing, causes hardly to roll slivers is one effective processing method. Indicatedfrom the factory practical application result that, the hard gear rolls cuts (hardly rolls) the craft to have the broad application prospect.译文：淬硬齿轮的加工【摘要】用于动力传动的齿轮和齿轮箱，其尺寸要求更小，齿轮传动的噪音更低，从而导致对淬硬齿轮的需求，也给齿轮制造厂家提出了探索齿轮加工新方法的要求.概述用于动力传动的齿轮和齿轮箱，其尺寸要求更小，齿轮传动的噪音更低，从而导致对淬硬齿轮的需求，也给齿轮制造厂家提出了探索齿轮加工新方法的要求。
机械加工方式作文英语
机械加工方式作文英语Mechanical Processing。
Mechanical processing, also known as machining, is a process of removing material from a workpiece to achieve the desired shape and size. It is an important manufacturing process that is widely used in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics. In this essay, we will discuss the various aspects of mechanical processing, including its history, techniques, and applications.The history of mechanical processing can be traced back to ancient times when primitive tools were used to shape and cut materials. Over the centuries, the process has evolved significantly, with the development of new techniques and technologies. Today, mechanical processingis a highly advanced and precise method of manufacturing, thanks to the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software.There are several techniques used in mechanical processing, including turning, milling, drilling, and grinding. Turning is a process in which a workpiece is rotated while a cutting tool is used to remove material from the surface. This technique is commonly used to produce cylindrical parts, such as shafts and bushings. Milling, on the other hand, involves the use of a rotating cutting tool to remove material from a workpiece. This technique is used to create complex shapes and features, such as slots and pockets. Drilling is a process in which a rotating cutting tool is used to create holes in a workpiece, while grinding is a process in which a grinding wheel is used to remove material from the surface of a workpiece.Mechanical processing has a wide range of applications, from the production of small, intricate parts to the manufacturing of large, heavy-duty components. In the automotive industry, for example, mechanical processing is used to produce engine components, such as pistons and crankshafts. In the aerospace industry, it is used tomanufacture aircraft parts, such as landing gear and wing components. In the electronics industry, it is used to produce precision components, such as connectors and housings.In conclusion, mechanical processing is a vital manufacturing process that is used in a wide range of industries. It has a long history of development and has evolved into a highly advanced and precise method of manufacturing. With the use of modern techniques and technologies, mechanical processing continues to play a crucial role in the production of a wide variety of components and parts.。
机械专业英语文章中英文对照
机械专业英语文章中英文对照作为应用型人才培养的全日制机械工程专业学位研究生,除了具有扎实的理论基础以外,还需要满足机械行业的实际工作需求。
下面小编整理了中英文对照机械专业英语文章，希望大家喜欢!中英文对照机械专业英语文章品析公差系统A system of tolerances is necessary to allow for the variations in accuracy that are bound tooccur during manufacture, and still provide for interchangeability and correct function of thepart.为了允许在制造过程中必然会发生的精度变化并提供零件的互换性和正确功能一个公差系统是必需的。
A tolerance is the difference in a dimension in order to allow for unavoidable imperfections inworkmanship. The tolerance range will depend on the accuracy of the manufacturingorganisation, the machining process and the magnitude of the dimension.公差是为了允许工艺上不可避免缺陷而存在的尺寸上的不同。
公差范围取决于制造机构的精度、机加工过程和尺寸的量值。
The greater the tolerance range, the cheaper the manufacturing process. A bilateral toleranceis one where the tolerance range is disposed on both sides of the nominal dimension. Aunilateral tolerance is one where the tolerance zone is on one side only of the nominaldimension, in which case the nominal dimension may form one of the limits.公差范围越大则制造过程的成本就越低。
机械制造及其自动化专业英语自我介绍
机械制造及其自动化专业英语自我介绍English: Hello, my name is [Your Name], and I am a graduate student majoring in Mechanical Manufacturing and its Automation. I have a strong passion for the field of mechanical engineering and automation, and I am excited to continue expanding my knowledge and skills in this area. Throughout my academic career, I have been exposed to a wide range of courses that have equipped me with a solid foundation in mechanics, materials science, manufacturing processes, and automation technologies. I have also gained practical experience through internships and projects, where I have had the opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to real-world engineering problems. I am proficient in CAD software, such as SolidWorks, and have experience working with CNC machines and robotics systems. I am a detail-oriented and analytical thinker, with a strong problem-solving ability that allows me to effectively troubleshoot and optimize mechanical systems. I am confident that my academic background, technical skills, and passion for mechanical engineering make me a strong candidate for pursuing a career in the field of mechanical manufacturing and automation.中文翻译: 你好，我叫[你的名字]，我是一个主修机械制造及其自动化的研究生。
关于机械加工的英语作文
关于机械加工的英语作文The Essence of Machining: Craftsmanship and Precision.Machining, a fundamental process in the manufacturing industry, encompasses a diverse range of techniques used to shape and form raw materials into precision-engineered components. At its core, machining involves the removal of material from a workpiece using various cutting tools. This process, which dates back to ancient times when simple hand tools were used, has evolved significantly with the advent of modern technology and high-precision machinery.The essence of machining lies in the meticulous attention to detail and the use of high-quality tools and equipment. The selection of the right cutting tool, based on the material being worked on and the desired finish, is crucial. Tools such as lathes, milling machines, anddrilling machines are essential in machining, each serving a specific purpose and requiring a unique set of skills to operate effectively.The machining process starts with the design and planning stage, where engineers create precise drawings and specifications for the workpiece. This planning ensuresthat the final product meets the required tolerances and standards. The workpiece, which can be made of metals, plastics, or other materials, is then mounted on a machine tool, and the cutting process begins.During machining, it is essential to maintain strict control over various parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. These parameters affect the quality of the finished product, and adjustments must be made to ensure that the workpiece is not damaged or deformed. The cutting tools must also be periodically checked and replaced as they wear out, ensuring consistent and accurate cuts.The finished workpiece is then inspected and tested to ensure it meets the specified requirements. Modern machining processes often incorporate automated inspection systems that use precision measuring devices to checkdimensions, surface finishes, and other critical characteristics. If the workpiece meets the standards, it is ready for further processing or assembly into a larger component or product.Machining finds applications in almost every industry, from aerospace and automotive to consumer electronics and medical devices. The precision and accuracy achieved through machining are crucial in ensuring the performance and reliability of these products. As technology continues to advance, so does the capabilities of machining, with new materials, processes, and machines being developed to meet the demands of an increasingly complex manufacturing landscape.In conclusion, machining is a vital component of the manufacturing process, requiring a combination of skilled operators, high-quality tools, and precise technology. The attention to detail and commitment to quality that machining demands ensure that the final product meets the highest standards of precision and reliability. As we lookto the future, the role of machining in driving innovation and progress in manufacturing remains as critical as ever.。
机械专业介绍英语作文
机械专业介绍英语作文Mechanical engineering is a diverse field of study that encompasses the design, analysis, and manufacturing of mechanical systems. It plays a crucial role in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, energy, and robotics. Mechanical engineers are responsible for creating efficient and reliable products and systems, utilizing principles of physics and material science.Mechanical engineering involves a wide range of disciplines, such as thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, mechanics of materials, and dynamics. Students in this field learn how to apply scientific principles to solve real-world problems, design machines and structures, and optimize processes for maximum efficiency.Career opportunities for mechanical engineers are vast and varied. Graduates may work in research and development, manufacturing, project management, or consulting. They may be involved in designing new products, improving existing systems, or ensuring that machinery meets safety and quality standards.In conclusion, mechanical engineering is a challenging and rewarding field that offers opportunities to innovate and make a tangible impact on society through the creation of advanced technologies and solutions.中文翻译：机械工程是一个涵盖机械系统设计、分析和制造的多样化领域。
机械专业英语短文带翻译
机械工程师的关键责任之一是设计与分析机械系统。这涉及使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件创建系统的详细三维模型，并在不同条件下模拟其性能。通过分析作用于系统组件的力、应力和振动，机械工程师可以优化设计，确保安全、可靠和高效。
Case Study: Designing an Automotive Suspension System
案例研究：汽车悬挂系统设计
例如，让我们考虑一下汽车悬挂系统的设计。悬挂系统负责在保持车辆稳定控制的同时提供平稳的行驶。机械工程师使用CAD软件设计悬挂系统的各个组件，例如弹簧、减振器和控制臂。
在完成初始设计后，工程师将使用有限元分析（FEA）软件对系统进行分析。这样可以模拟系统在不同的道路条件下（如坑洼或减速带）的行为。通过分析组件中的应力和位移，工程师可以确定潜在的设计问题，并进行必要的修改，以改善悬挂系统的性能和安全性。
For example, let's consider the design of an automotive suspension system. A suspension system is responsible for providing a smooth ride while maintaining the stability and control of the vehicle. A mechanical engineer would use CAD software to design the various components of the suspension system, such as the springs, dampers, and control arms.
After the initial design is complete, the engineer would then analyze the system using finite element analysis (FEA) software. This allows them to simulate the behavior of the system under different road conditions, such as potholes or speed bumps. By analyzing the stresses and displacements in the components, the engineer can identify potential design issues and make necessary modifications to improve the performance and safety of the suspension system.
【机械类文献翻译】机械加工
Байду номын сангаас
lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances. In some cases, tolerances of ±0.05mm are held in continuous production using
but one cut. Groove width can be held to ±0.0125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to ±0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of ±0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.
【精品毕设】机电专业论文英文文献及其中文译文
毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 《Digital Image Processing》书刊名：作者：Y. Torres J. J. Pavón I. Nieto and J. A.Rodríguez章节：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYINTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable resultthis article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outlineand the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration ofmachinery technology present situation has analyzed the integration of machinerytechnology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，productt，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development impelleddifferent discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage has caused the projectdomain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineeringdomain because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapiddevelopment and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinerycaused the mechanical industry the technical structure the product organizationthe function and the constitution the production method and the management systemhas had the huge change caused the industrial production to enter into quottheintegration of machineryquot by quotthe machinery electrificationquot for the characteristicdevelopment phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in theorganization new owner function the power function in the information processingfunction and the control function introduces the electronic technology unifies thesystem the mechanism and the computerization design and the software whichconstitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has becomeone to have until now own system new discipline not only develops along with thescience and technology but also entrusts with the new content .But its basiccharacteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from thesystem viewpoint synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanicaltechnology microelectronic technology automatic control technology computertechnology information technology sensing observation and control technologyelectric power electronic technology connection technology information conversiontechnology as well as software programming technology according to the systemfunction goal and the optimized organization goal reasonable disposition and thelayout various functions unit in multi-purpose high grade redundant reliable inthe low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value andcauses the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From thisproduces functional system then becomes an integration of machinery systematic orthe integration of machinery product. Therefore quotintegration of machineryquot coveringquottechnologyquot and quotproductquot two aspects .Only is the integration of machinerytechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind ofcomprehensivetechnology but is not mechanical technical the microelectronictechnology as well as other new technical simple combination pieces together .Thisis the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrificationwhich the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanicalengineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machineryelectrification still was the traditional machinery its main function still wasreplaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integrationof machinery micro electron installment besides may substitute for certainmechanical parts the original function but also can entrust with many new functionslike the automatic detection the automatic reduction information demonstrate therecord the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protectionautomatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product ishumans hand and body extending humans sense organ and the brains look has theintellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machineryelectrification distinguishes in the function essence. 2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinerydevelopment may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the firststage this stage is called the initial stage .In this time the people determinationnot on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement toconsummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World Warperiod the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technologyunion these mechanical and electrical union military technology postwar transferscivilly to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and thedevelopment at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yetachieved certain level mechanical technical and electronic technology union alsonot impossible widespread and thorough development already developed the productwas also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stagemay be called the vigorous development stage .This time the computer technologythe control technology the communication development has laid the technology basefor the integration of machinery development . Large-scale ultra large scaleintegrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development has provided thefull material base for the integration of machinery development .This timecharacteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japanprobably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in theworldwide scale ②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtainedthe enormous development ③The various countries start to the integration ofmachinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support.1990s later periods started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction the integrationof machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time optics thecommunication and so on entered the integration of machinery processes thetechnology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the footappeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machineryand so on the new branch On the other hand to the integration ofmachinery systemmodeling design the analysis and the integrated method the integration ofmachinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted thethorough research .At the same time because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology neural networktechnology and optical fiber technology obtain opened the development vast worldfor the integration of machinery technology .These research will urge theintegration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and formsthe integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts fromthe beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilhad been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as quot863plansquot this technology .When formulated quot95quot the plan and in 2010 developed thesummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possiblybrought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities colleges and institutes the development facility and somelarge and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technicaldevelopment and the application does not yield certain result but and so on theadvanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery arethe collection machinery the electron optics the control the computer theinformation and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses its developmentand the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and theprogress .Therefore the integration of machinery main development direction is asfollows: 3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration ofmachinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machineryconstructors research takes the robot and the numerical control engine bedintellectualization is the important application .Here said quottheintellectualizationquot is to the machine behavior description is in the control theoryfoundation the absorption artificial intelligence the operations research thecomputer science the fuzzy mathematics the psychology the physiology and the chaosdynamics and so on the new thought the new method simulate the human intelligenceenable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference logical thinkingindependent decision-making obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeedenable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identicalintelligence is not impossible also is nonessential .But the high performancethe high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to havepreliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences then is completelypossible and essential. In the modern manufacture process the information has become the controlmanufacture industry the determining factor moreover is the most active actuationfactor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become themodern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacturesystem information organization and structure multi-level makes the information thegain the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character informationmeasuremulti-dimensional as well as information organizations multi-level .In themanufacture information structural model manufacture information uniform restraintdissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledgelibrary management all also wait for further break through. Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence methodpromoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespreadapplication .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computationintelligent agent in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technologyreceives the more and more universal attention hopefully completes the combinationoptimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solutionprecision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .Themanufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch the intelligentdesign the intelligent processing the robot study the intelligent control theintelligent craft plan the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough may form the product innovation the basicresearch system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science differentscience overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation the economicaldevelopment and societys progress has had the new request and the expectation tothe science and technology thus will form the front science .The front science alsohas solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front sciencehas the obvious time domain the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The projectfront science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristicis it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actualappeared. Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system for satisfies the manufacturesystem agility the fast response and fast reorganization ability must profit fromthe information science the life sciences and the social sciences and so on themulti-disciplinary research results the exploration manufacture system newarchitecture the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effectiveoperational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structureand the good movement condition is makes the system modeling the simulation andthe optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture tomakes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand responseability to have the vital significance moreover to made the enterprise first floorproduction equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set ahigher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced themanufacture system satisfies the manufacture system new request. The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated systemfrom the biological phenomenon is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut tocracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to livingwhat manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organizationfrom match more from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulatemode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under continuously by ones ownperfect raise on organizing structure and circulating modeand thus to adapt theprocess ofwith ability for the environment .For from descend but the last productproceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born producesystem of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tendautomatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science andlife science ofquotthe far good luck is miscellaneous to hand overquot it will produceto the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
关于机械加工的英语作文 范文
关于机械加工的英语作文范文Mechanical machining is a process of changing the shape, size, and surface of workpieces by removing unwanted materials using various cutting tools. It is one of the most important manufacturing processes in the modern industry and plays a vital role in producing high-quality products.The importance of mechanical machining lies in its ability to create parts with high precision and accuracy. This is achieved through careful planning, tool selection, and machine setup. In order to achieve the desired results, machinists must possess a wide range of skills, including knowledge of different materials and their properties, proficiency in reading technical drawings, and familiarity with various types of machines and cutting tools.There are several techniques involved in mechanical machining, each with its own advantages and limitations. Turning is one such technique that involves rotating the workpiece against a stationary cutting tool to removematerial. This technique is commonly used for creating cylindrical shapes. Milling is another widely usedtechnique that involves moving a cutting tool across the surface of the workpiece to create complex shapes and contours.Other common techniques include drilling, boring, threading, grinding, and honing. Each technique requires specifictools and machines to achieve the desired results.In addition to traditional methods, recent advancements in technology have led to new techniques such as CNC (computer numerical control) machining. This method allows forgreater precision and accuracy by controlling machines through software programs. It has become increasingly popular due to its efficiency and ability to produce complex shapes with ease.Despite its importance in modern manufacturing processes, mechanical machining faces some challenges as well. One major challenge is the increasing demand forenvironmentally friendly processes that reduce waste andpromote sustainability. Machinists are now exploring new methods such as water jet cutting and laser cutting that are more eco-friendly than traditional methods.In conclusion, mechanical machining is an essential process in modern manufacturing that allows for precise shaping of workpieces using various techniques. With advancements in technology leading to new methods such as CNC machining, it will continue to play an important role in producing high-quality products while facing challenges related to environmental concerns.。
机械加工简介(英语版)
Machining: An IntroductionIn terms of annual dollars spent, machining is the most important of the manufacturing processes. Machining can be defined as the process of removing material from a workpiece in the form of chips. The term metal cutting is used when the material is metallic. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared to forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.The Machining section is divided into the following categories:Drilling: IntroductionDrilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metal-cutting material removed comes from drilling operations.Drilling involves the creation of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist drill, something most readers will have seen before. The figure below illustrates a cross section of a hole being cut by a common twistdrill:The chips must exit through the flutes to the outside of the tool. As can be seen in the figure, the cutting front is embedded within the workpiece, making cooling difficult. The cutting area can be flooded, coolant spray mist can be applied, or coolant can be delivered through the drill bit shaft. For an overview of the chip-formation process, see the Chip Formation Section.Drilling CharacteristicsThe characteristics of drilling that set it apart from other powered metal cutting operations are: •The chips must exit out of the hole created by the cutting.•Chip exit can cause problems when chips are large and/or continuous.•For deep holes in large workpieces, coolant may need to be delivered through thedrill shaft to the cutting front.•Of the powered metal cutting processes, drilling on a drill press is the most likely to be performed by someone who is not a machinist.Drill Press Work AreaA view of the metal-cutting area of a drill press is shown below. The workpiece is held in place by a clamp since cutting forces can be quite large. It is dangerous to hold a workpiece by hand during drilling since cutting forces can unpredictably get quite large and wrench the part away. Wood is often used underneath the part so that the drill bit can overshoot without damaging the table. The table also has holes for drill overshoot as well as weight reduction. A three-jaw chuck is used since three points determine a circle in two dimensions. Four-jaw chucks are rarely seen since offset of the bit is not necessary. The next section contains illustrations of drill bit chucks. To get an idea of the differing configurations of three and four-jaw chucks, please see the equivalent lathe chucks.Turning: Engine LatheTurning is another of the basic machining processes. Information in this section is organized according to the subcategory links in the menu bar to the left.ÂTurning produces solids of revolution which can be tightly toleranced because of the specialized nature of the operation. Turning is performed on a machine called a lathe in which the tool is stationary and the part is rotated. The figure below illustrates an engine lathe. Lathes are designed solely for turning operations, so that precise control of the cutting results in tight tolerances. The work piece is mounted on the chuck, which rotates relative to the stationary tool.TurningTurning refers to cutting as shown below.The term "facing" is used to describe removal of material from the flat end of a cylindrical part, as shown below. Facing is often used to improve the finish of surfaces that have been parted.Milling: IntroductionMilling is as fundamental as drilling among powered metal cutting processes.Milling is versatile for a basic machining process, but because the milling set up has so many degrees of freedom, milling is usually less accurate than turning or grinding unless especially rigid fixturing is implemented.For manual machining, milling is essential to fabricate any object that is not axially symmetric. There is a wide range of different milling machines, ranging from manual light-duty Bridgeportsâ…¢ to huge CNC machines for milling parts hundreds of feet long. Below is illustrated the process at the cutting area.Milling: Column-and-Knee Manual MillBelow is illustrated a typical column-and-knee type manual mill. Such manual mills are common in job shops that specialize in parts that are low volume and quickly fabricated. Such job shops are often termed "model shops" because of the prototyping nature of the work.The parts of the manual mill are separated below. The knee moves up and down the column on guideways in the column. The table can move in x and y on the knee, and the milling head can move up and down.Grinding: IntroductionGrinding is a finishing process used to improve surface finish, abrade hard materials, and tighten the tolerance on flat and cylindrical surfaces by removing a small amount of material. Information in this section is organized according to the subcategory links in the menu bar to the left.In grinding, an abrasive material rubs against the metal part and removes tiny pieces of material. The abrasive material is typically on the surface of a wheel or belt and abrades material in a way similar to sanding. On a microscopic scale, the chip formation in grinding is the same as thatfound in other machining processes. The abrasive action of grinding generates excessive heat so that flooding of the cutting area with fluid is necessary.Reasons for GrindingReasons for grinding are:1. The material is too hard to be machined economically. (The material may havebeen hardened in order to produce a low-wear finish, such as that in a bearing raceway.2. Tolerances required preclude machining. Grinding can produce flatnesstolerances of less than ±0.0025 mm (±0.0001 in) on a 127 x 127 mm (5 x 5 in) steel surface if the surface is adequately supported.3. Machining removes excessive material.Chip Formation: IntroductionBecause of the importance of machining for any industrial economy, Machining Theory has been extensively studied.ÂThe chip formation process is the same for most machining processes, and it has been researched in order to determine closed-form solutions for speeds, feeds, and other parameters which have in the past been determined by the "feel" of the machinist.ÂWith CNC machine tools producing parts at ever-faster rates, it has become important to provide automatic algorithms for determining speeds and feeds. The information presented in this section are some of the more important aspects of chip formation. Reasons for machining being difficult to analyze and characterize can be summarized as follows:•The strain rate is extremely high compared to that of other fabrication processes.•The process varies considerably depending on the part material, temperature, cutting fluids, etc.•The process varies considerably depending on the tool material, temperature, chatter and vibration, etc.•The process is only constrained by the tool cutter. Unlike other processes such as molding and cold forming which are contained, a lot of variation can occur even with the same configuration.For all types of machining, including grinding, honing, lapping, planing, turning, or milling, the phenomenon of chip formation is similar at the point where the tool meets the work.Below are illustrated categories of chip types.。
机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译
机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译The engine lathe is an old but still useful metal removal machine with many desirable attributes。
While it is no longer commonlyXXX。
In today's n shops。
it has largely been XXX。
turret lathes。
and automatic XXX of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal。
and the use of form tools for finished products that are on par with the fastest processing XXX.When it XXX for the engine lathe。
it largely depends on the skill of the operator。
Design XXX part for n。
it is XXX.XXX cutting tools。
XXX ns。
as the machine can perform these ns in one setup。
They are also capable of producing parts with high n and accuracy。
XXX industries.Now more than ever。
n machining XXX of a specific method。
the XXX.When designing for low quantities。
such as 100 or 200 parts。
it is most cost-effective to use a XXX。
designers should aim to minimize the number of ns required.Another n for n XXX。
机械专业英语文章中英文对照
英语原文NUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical control(N/C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols, The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. The capability to change the program is what makes N/C suitable for low-and medium-volume production. It is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment.There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring).Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors, with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement, or while only one motor is running. Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring.The N/C system consists of the following components：data input, the tape reader with the control unit, feedback devices, and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N/C equipment.Data input, also called “man—to—control link”,may be provided to the machine tool manually, or entirely by automatic means. Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs. Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials, pushbuttons, switches, or thumbwheel selectors. These are located on a console near the machine. Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer. In most cases, pushbuttons, switches, and other similar types of selectors are digital input devices. Manual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operation. It is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases.In practically all cases, information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards, punched tapes, or by magnetic tape. Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N/C systems. The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks. Each block represents a machine function, a machining operation, or a combination of the two. The entire N/C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks. Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film. Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop. Once installed, the tape is used again and again without further handling. In this case, the operator simply loads andunloads the parts. Punched tapes ale prepared on type writers with special tape—punching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer system. Tape production is rarely error-free. Errors may be initially caused by the part programmer, in card punching or compilation, or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling, etc. Several trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape.While the data on the tape is fed automatically, the actual programming steps ale done manually. Before the coded tape may be prepared, the programmer, often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate N/C machine tool, determine the kind of material to be machined, calculate the speeds and feeds, and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the program. A program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence of operations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specifications.The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated. It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions.The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone, where, as each digit is dialed, it is stored. When the entire number has been dialed, the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed.Silicon photo diodes, located in the tape reader head on the control unit, detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape. The light beams are converted to electrical energy, which is amplified to further strengthen the signal. The signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives.Some photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per second. High reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machine—tool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operations. The reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the data.A feedback device is a safeguard used on some N/C installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine tool. An N/C machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop system. Positioning control is accomplished by a sensor which, during the actual operation, records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unit. Signals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape, and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectified.In an alternative system, called an open—loop system, the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllers. There is one basic type of NC motions. Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements (tools, table, etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performedafter the motions are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, tapping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parallel or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable of point-to-point control.The original N/C used the closed—loop system. Of the two systems, closed and open loop, closed loop is more accurate and, as a consequence, is generally more expensive. Initially, open—loop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motors. Recent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machine load applications.中文译文数控技术数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式,通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。
机床的介绍作文英文带翻译
机床的介绍作文英文带翻译英文，Introduction to Machine Tools。
Machine tools are devices that are used to shape and form metal and other solid materials. They are essential in the manufacturing industry and are used in a wide range of applications, from automobile production to the creation of precision components for aerospace technology.There are various types of machine tools, including lathes, milling machines, drilling machines, and grinding machines. Each type of machine tool is designed for a specific purpose, such as turning, cutting, or shaping materials. For example, a lathe is used to rotate a workpiece against a cutting tool to remove material and create a symmetrical object, while a milling machine uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece.Machine tools play a crucial role in the production process by enabling manufacturers to create complex andprecise parts with high efficiency. For instance, in the automotive industry, machine tools are used to produce engine components, transmission parts, and chassis elements with tight tolerances and smooth surface finishes.In addition to their importance in manufacturing, machine tools also contribute to advancements in technology and innovation. For instance, the development of advanced CNC (computer numerical control) systems has revolutionized the capabilities of machine tools, allowing for greater automation, precision, and flexibility in production processes.Overall, machine tools are indispensable in the modern industrial landscape, and their continued development and integration into manufacturing processes will undoubtedly drive further progress and innovation in various industries.中文，机床介绍。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械专业论文中英文对照
机械专业论文中英文对照第一篇：机械专业论文中英文对照Gearbox Noise Correlation with Transmission Error and Influence of Bearing PreloadABSTRACT The five appended papers all deal with gearbox noise and vibration.The first paper presents a review of previously published literature on gearbox noise and vibration.The second paper describes a test rig that was specially designed and built for noise testing of gears.Finite element analysis was used to predict the dynamic properties of the test rig, and experimental modal analysis of the gearbox housing was used to verify the theoretical predictions of natural frequencies.In the third paper, the influence of gear finishing method and gear deviations on gearbox noise is investigated in what is primarily an experimental study.Eleven test gear pairs were manufactured using three different finishing methods.Transmission error, which is considered to be an important excitation mechanism for gear noise, was measured as well as predicted.The test rig was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measured noise and vibration levels were compared with the predicted and measured transmission error.Most of the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of measured and predicted transmission error.However, it does not seem possible to identify one single parameter,such as measured peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.The measurements also show that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair can change the levels of measured noise and vibration considerably.This finding indicates that other factors besides the gears affect gearnoise.In the fourth paper, the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibration is investigated.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400Nm, with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay, and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results show that the bearing endplay and preloadinfluence the gearbox vibrations.With preloaded bearings, the vibrations increase at speeds over 2000 rpm and decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm, compared with bearings with endplay.Finite element simulations show the same tendencies as the measurements.The fifth paper describes how gearbox noise is reduced by optimizing the gear geometry for decreased transmission error.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque is considered in order to find a gear geometry giving low noise in an appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error, noise, and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations and noise was investigated in speed sweeps from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.Static loaded transmission error seems to be correlated with the ability of the gear pair to excite vibration in the gearbox dynamic system.Keywords: gear, gearbox, noise, vibration, transmission error, bearing preload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna and at the Department of Machine Design at the Royal Institute of Technology(KTH)in Stockholm.The work was initiated by Professor Jack Samuelsson(Volvo and KTH), Professor SörenAndersson(KTH), and rs Bråthe(Volvo).The financial support of the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems –VINNOVA –is gratefully acknowledged.Volvo Construction Equipment is acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to devote time to this work.Professor Sören Andersson is gratefully acknowledged for excellent guidance and encouragement.I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues at the Department of Machine Design, and especially to Dr.Ulf Sellgren for performing simulations and contributing to the writing of Paper D, and Dr.Stefan Björklund for performing surface finish measurements.The contributions to Paper C by Dr.Mikael Pärssinen are highly appreciated.All contributionsto this work by colleagues at Volvo are gratefully appreciated.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Noise is increasingly considered an environmental issue.This belief is reflected in demands for lower noise levels in many areas of society, including the working environment.Employees spend a lot of time in this environment and noise can lead not only to hearing impairment but also to decreased ability to concentrate, resulting in decreased productivity and an increased risk of accidents.Quality, too, has become increasingly important.The quality of a product can be defined as its ability to fulfill customers’ demands.These demands often change over time, and the best competitors in the market will set the standard.Noise concerns are also expressed in relation to construction machinery such as wheel loaders and articulated haulers.The gearbox is sometimes the dominant source of noise in these machines.Even if the gear noise is not the loudest source, its pure high frequency tone is easily distinguished from other noise sources and is oftenperceived as unpleasant.The noise creates an impression of poor quality.In order not to be heard, gear noise must be at least 15 dB lower than other noise sources, such as engine noise.1.2 Gear noise This dissertation deals with the kind of gearbox noise that is generated by gears under load.This noise is often referred to as “gear whine” and consists mainly of pure tones at high frequencies corresponding to the gear mesh frequency and multiples thereof, which are known as harmonics.A tone with the same frequency as the gear mesh frequency is designated the gear mesh harmonic, a tone with a frequency twice the gear mesh frequency is designated the second harmonic, and so on.The term “gear mesh harmonics” refers to all multiples of the gear mesh frequency.Transmission error(TE)is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines transmission error as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” Transmission error may be expressed as angular displacement or as linear displacement at the pitch point.Transmission error is caused by deflections, geometric errors, and geometric modifications.In addition to gear whine, other possible noise-generating mechanisms in gearboxes include gear rattle from gears running against each other without load, and noise generated by bearings.In the case of automatic gearboxes, noise can also be generated by internal oil pumps and by clutches.None of these mechanisms are dealt with in this work, and from now on “gear noise” or “gearbox noise” refers to “gear whine”.MackAldener [2] describes the noise generation process from a gearbox as consisting of three parts: excitation, transmission, and radiation.The origin of the noise is the gearmesh, in which vibrations are created(excitation), mainly due to transmission error.The vibrations are transmitted via the gears, shafts, and bearings to the housing(transmission).The housing vibrates, creating pressure variations in the surrounding air that are perceived as noise(radiation).Gear noise can be affected by changing any one of these three mechanisms.This dissertation deals mainly with excitation, but transmission is also discussed in the section of the literature survey concerning dynamic models, and in the modal analysis of the test gearbox in Paper B.Transmission of vibrations is also investigated in Paper D, which deals with the influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise.Differences in bearing preload influence a bearing’s dynamic properties like stiffness and damping.These properties also affect the vibration of the gearbox housing.1.3 Objective The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge about gearbox noise.The following specific areas will be the focus of this study: 1.The influence of gear finishing method and gear modifications and errors on noise and vibration from a gearbox.2.The correlation between gear deviations, predicted transmission error, measured transmission error, and gearbox noise.3.The influence of bearing preload on gearbox noise.4.Optimization of gear geometry for low transmission error, taking into consideration robustness with respect to torque and manufacturing tolerances.2 AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION −TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION 2.1 Introduction This section briefly describes the activities involved in reducing gear noise from a wheel loader transmission.The aim is to show how the optimization of the gear geometry described in Paper E is used in an industrial application.The author was project manager for the “noise work team” and performed the gearoptimization.One of the requirements when developing a new automatic power transmission for a wheel loader was improving the transmission gear noise.The existing power transmission was known to be noisy.When driving at high speed in fourth gear, a high frequency gear-whine could be heard.Thus there were now demands for improved sound quality.The transmission is a typical wheel loader power transmission, consisting of a torque converter, a gearbox with four forward speeds and four reverse speeds, and a dropbox partly integrated with the gearbox.The dropbox is a chain of four gears transferring the powerto the output shaft.The gears are engaged by wet multi-disc clutches actuated by the transmission hydraulic and control system.2.2 Gear noise target for the new transmission Experience has shown that the high frequency gear noise should be at least 15 dB below other noise sources such as the engine in order not to be perceived as disturbing or unpleasant.Measurements showed that if the gear noise could be decreased by 10 dB, this criterion should be satisfied with some margin.Frequency analysis of the noise measured in the driver's cab showed that the dominant noise from the transmission originated from the dropbox gears.The goal for transmission noise was thus formulated as follows: “The gear noise(sound pressure level)from the dropbox gears in the transmission should be decreased by 10 dB compared to the existing transmission in order not to be perceived as unpleasant.It was assumed that it would be necessary to make changes to both the gears and the transmission housing in order to decrease the gear noise sound pressure level by 10 dB.2.3 Noise and vibration measurements In order to establish a reference for the new transmission, noise and vibration were measured for the existing transmission.Thetransmission is driven by the same type of diesel engine used in a wheel loader.The engine and transmission are attached to the stand using the same rubber mounts that are used in a wheel loader in order to make the installation as similar as possible to the installation in a wheel loader.The output shaft is braked using an electrical brake.2.4 Optimization of gears Noise-optimized dropbox gears were designed by choosing macro-and microgeometries giving lower transmission error than the original(reference)gears.The gear geometry was chosen to yield a low transmission error for the relevant torque range, while also taking into consideration variations in the microgeometry due to manufacturing tolerances.The optimization of one gear pair is described in more detail in Paper E.Transmission error is considered an important excitation mechanism for gear whine.Welbourn [1] defines it as “the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate.” In this project the aim was to reduce the maximum predicted transmission error amplitude at gear mesh frequency(first harmonic of gear mesh frequency)to less than 50% of the value for the reference gear pair.The first harmonic of transmission error is the amplitude of the part of the total transmission error that varies with a frequency equal to the gear mesh frequency.A torque range of 100 to 500 Nm was chosen because this is the torque interval in which the gear pair generates noise in its design application.According to Welbourn [1], a 50% reduction in transmission error can be expected to reduce gearbox noise by 6 dB(sound pressure level, SPL).Transmission error was calculated using the LDP software(Load Distribution Program)developed atthe Gear Laboratory at Ohio State University [3].The “optimization” was not strictly mathematical.The design was optimized by calculating the transmission error for different geometries, and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise, considering not only the transmission error, but also factors such asstrength, losses, weight, cost, axial forces on bearings, and manufacturing.When choosing microgeometric modifications and tolerances, it is important to take manufacturing options and cost into consideration.The goal was to use the same finishing method for the optimized gears as for the reference gears, namely grinding using a KAPP VAS 531 and CBN-coated grinding wheels.For a specific torque and gear macrogeometry, it is possible to define a gear microgeometry that minimizes transmission error.For example, at no load, if there are no pitch errors and no other geometrical deviations, the shape of the gear teeth should be true involute, without modifications like tip relief or involute crowning.For a specific torque, the geometry of the gear should be designed in such a way that it compensates for the differences in deflection related to stiffness variations in the gear mesh.However, even if it is possible to define the optimal gear microgeometry, it may not be possible to manufacture it, given the limitations of gear machining.Consideration must also be given to how to specify the gear geometry in drawings and how to measure the gear in an inspection machine.In many applications there is also a torque range over which the transmission error should be minimized.Given that manufacturing tolerances are inevitable, and that a demand for smaller tolerances leads to higher manufacturing costs, it is important that gears be robust.In other words, the important characteristics, in this case transmissionerror, must not vary much when the torque is varied or when the microgeometry of the gear teeth varies due to manufacturing tolerances.LDP [3] was used to calculate the transmission error for the reference and optimized gear pair at different torque levels.The robustness function in LDP was used to analyze the sensitivity to deviations due to manufacturing tolerances.The “min, max, level” method involves assigning three levels to each parameter.2.5 Optimization of transmission housing Finite element analysis was used to optimize the transmission housing.The optimization was not performed in a strictly mathematical way, but was done by calculating the vibration of the housing for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise.Vibration was not the sole consideration, also weight, cost, available space, and casting were considered.A simplified shell element model was used for the optimization to decrease computational time.This model was checked against a more detailed solid element model of the housing to ensure that the simplification had not changed the dynamic properties too much.Experimental modal analysis was also used to find the natural frequencies of the real transmission housing and to ensure that the model did not deviate too much from the real housing.Gears shafts and bearings were modeled as point masses and beams.The model was excited at the bearing positions by applying forces in the frequency range from 1000 to 3000 Hz.The force amplitude was chosen as 10% of the static load from the gears.This choice could be justified because only relative differences are of interest, not absolute values.The finite element analysis was performed by Torbjörn Johansen at Volvo Technology.The author’s contribution was the evaluation of the results of differenthousing geometries.A number of measuring points were chosen in areas with high vibration velocities.At each measuring point the vibration response due to the excitation was evaluated as a power spectral density(PSD)graph.The goal of the housing redesign was to decrease the vibrations at all measuring points in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 Hz.2.6 Results of the noise measurements The noise and vibration measurements described in section 2.3 were performed after optimizing the gears and transmission housing.The total sound power level decreased by 4 dB.2.7 Discussion and conclusions It seems to be possible to decrease the gear noise from a transmission bydecreasing the static loaded transmission error and/or optimizing the housing.In the present study, it is impossible to say how much of the decrease is due to the gear optimization and how much to the housing optimization.Answering this question would have required at least one more noise measurement, but time and cost issues precluded this.It would also have been interesting to perform the noise measurements on a number of transmissions, both before and after optimizing the gears and housing, in order to determine the scatter of the noise of the transmissions.Even though the goal of decreasing the gear noise by 10 dB was not reached, the goal of reducing the gear noise in the wheel loader cab to 15 dB below the overall noise was achieved.Thus the noise optimization was successful.3 SUMMARY OF APPENDED PAPERS 3.1 Paper A: Gear Noise and Vibration – A Literature Survey This paper presents an overview of the literature on gear noise and vibration.It is divided into three sections dealing with transmission error, dynamic models, and noise and vibration measurement.Transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration.It isdefined as “the differen ce between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfectly conjugate” [1].The literature survey revealed that while most authors agree that transmission error is an important excitation mechanism for gear noise and vibration, it is not the only one.Other possible time-varying noise excitation mechanisms include friction and bending moment.Noise produced by these mechanisms may be of the same order of magnitude as that produced by transmission error, at least in the case of gears with low transmission error [4].The second section of the paper deals with dynamic modeling of gearboxes.Dynamic models are often used to predict gear-induced vibrations and investigate the effect of changes to the gears, shafts, bearings, and housing.The literature survey revealed that dynamic models of a system consisting of gears, shafts, bearings, and gearbox casing can be useful in understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of a gearbox.Forrelatively simple gear systems, lumped parameter dynamic models with springs, masses, and viscous damping can be used.For more complex models that include such elements as the gearbox housing, finite element modeling is often used.The third section of the paper deals with noise and vibration measurement and signal analysis, which are used when experimentally investigating gear noise.The survey shows that these are useful tools in experimental investigation of gear noise because gears create noise at specific frequencies related to the number of teeth and the rotational speed of the gear.3.2 Paper B: Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears Paper B describes a test rig for noise testing of gears.The rig is of the recirculating power type and consists of two identical gearboxes,connected to each other with two universal joint shafts.Torque is applied by tilting one of the gearboxes around one of its axles.This tilting is made possible by bearings between the gearbox and the supporting brackets.A hydraulic cylinder creates the tilting force.Finite element analysis was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes for individual components and for the complete gearbox.Experimental modal analysis was carried out on the gearbox housing, and the results showed that the FE predictions agree with the measured frequencies(error less than 10%).The FE model of the complete gearbox was also used in a harmonic response analysis.A sinusoidal force was applied in the gear mesh and the corresponding vibration amplitude at a point on the gearbox housing was predicted.3.3 Paper C: A Study of Gear Noise and Vibration Paper C reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of gear finishing methods and gear deviations on gearbox noise and vibration.Test gears were manufactured using three different finishing methods and with different gear tooth modifications and deviations.T able3.3.1 gives an overview of the test gear pairs.The surface finishes and geometries of the gear tooth flanks were measured.Transmission error was measured using a single flank gear tester.LDP software from Ohio State University was used for transmission error computations.The test rig described in Paper B was used to measure gearbox noise and vibration for the different test gear pairs.The measurements showed that disassembly and reassembly of the gearbox with the same gear pair might change the levels of measured noise and vibration.The rebuild variation was sometimes of the same order of magnitude as the differences between different tested gear pairs, indicating that other factors besides the gears affect gear noise.In a study of theinfluence of gear design on noise, Oswald et al.[5] reported rebuild variations of the same order of magnitude.Different gear finishing methods produce different surface finishes and structures, as well as different geometries and deviations of the gear tooth flanks, all of which influence the transmission error and thus the noise level from a gearbox.Most of the experimental results can be explained in terms of measured and computed transmission error.The relationship between predicted peak-to-peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 500 Nm is shown in Figure 3.3.1.There appears to be a strong correlation between computed transmission error and noise for all cases except gear pair K.However, this correlation breaks down in Figure 3.3.2, which shows the relationship between predicted peak to peak transmission error and measured noise at a torque level of 140 Nm.The final conclusion is that it may not be possible to identify a single parameter, such as peak-to-peak transmission error, that can be directly related to measured noise and vibration.3.4 Paper D: Gearbox Noise and Vibration −Influence of Bearing Preload The influence of bearing endplay or preload on gearbox noise and vibrations is investigated in Paper D.Measurements were carried out on a test gearbox consisting of a helical gear pair, shafts, tapered roller bearings, and a housing.Vibration measurements were carried out at torque levels of 140 Nm and 400 Nm with 0.15 mm and 0 mm bearing endplay and with 0.15 mm bearing preload.The results shows that the bearing endplay or preload influence gearbox pared with bearingswith endplay, preloaded bearings show an increase in vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm and a decrease at speeds below 2000 rpm.Figure 3.4.1 is a typical result showing theinfluence of bearing preload on gearbox housing vibration.After the first measurement, the gearbox was not disassembled or removed from the test rig.Only the bearing preload/endplay was changed from 0 mm endplay/preload to 0.15 mm preload.Therefore the differences between the two measurements are solely due to different bearing preload.FE simulations performed by Sellgren and Åkerblom [6]show the same trend as the measurements here.For the test gearbox, it seems that bearing preload, compared with endplay, decreased the vibrations at speeds below 2000 rpm and increased vibrations at speeds over 2000 rpm, at least at a torque level of 140 Nm.3.5 Paper E: Gear Geometry for Reduced and Robust Transmission Error and Gearbox Noise In Paper E, gearbox noise is reduced by optimization of gear geometry for decreased transmission error.The optimization was not performed strictly mathematically.It was done by calculating the transmission error for different geometries and then choosing a geometry that seemed to be a good compromise considering not only the transmission error, but also other important characteristics.Robustness with respect to gear deviations and varying torque was considered in order to find gear geometry with low transmission error in the appropriate torque range despite deviations from the nominal geometry due to manufacturing tolerances.Static and dynamic transmission error as well as noise and housing vibrations were measured.The correlation between dynamic transmission error, housing vibrations, and noise was investigated in a speed sweep from 500 to 2500 rpm at constant torque.No correlation was found between dynamic transmission error and noise.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Static loaded transmission error seems tobe strongly correlated to gearbox noise.Dynamic transmission error does not seem to be correlated to gearbox noise in speed 第二篇：机械专业英语词汇中英文对照机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultantmovement of cutting切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face 刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith 锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix 键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead联轴器 coupling 链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor第三篇：机械专业论文中英文摘要摘要本文主要论述了基于PLC的钢管打捆机控制系统的设计思路和设计过程。
介绍机电设备技术的英语作文
介绍机电设备技术的英语作文Mechanical and electrical equipment technology is a crucial aspect of modern industrial development. It encompasses a broad range of disciplines, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, automation, and control systems. This technology plays a vital role in various industries such as manufacturing, construction, transportation, and energy production.One of the key areas within mechanical and electrical equipment technology is the design and development of machinery and equipment. This involves the use of advanced computer-aided design (CAD) software to create innovative and efficient products. Engineers in this field also work on improving the performance and reliability of existing equipment through the use of cutting-edge technologies and materials.In addition to design and development, the installation and maintenance of mechanical and electrical equipment are also essential components of this technology. Skilled technicians are required to ensure that machinery and equipment are properly installed and functioning optimally. Regular maintenance and repairs are crucial to prevent costly downtime and ensure the safety of workers.Another critical aspect of mechanical and electrical equipment technology is the integration of automation and control systems. Automation technologies, such as robotics and programmable logic controllers (PLCs), are used to streamline manufacturing processes and improve productivity. Control systems are utilized to regulate the operation of equipment and ensure consistent performance.Furthermore, advancements in digital technologies have significantly impacted mechanical and electrical equipment technology. The Internet of Things (IoT) and data analyticsare being increasingly used to monitor and optimize the performance of equipment in real-time. This has led to the emergence of predictive maintenance techniques, which help to anticipate and prevent equipment failures.Overall, mechanical and electrical equipment technologyis a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that is essential for driving innovation and efficiency in a wide range of industries. As technology continues to advance, the demandfor skilled professionals in this field will only continue to grow. It is undoubtedly an exciting and rewarding area for those who are passionate about technology and engineering.。
机床的介绍作文英文翻译
机床的介绍作文英文翻译英文：Machine tools are essential equipment in the manufacturing industry, and they play a crucial role in shaping and cutting materials to create various products. There are different types of machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, drilling machines, and grinding machines, each serving a specific purpose in the production process.For example, a lathe is used to rotate a workpiece against a cutting tool, allowing for the shaping of the material into a cylindrical form. On the other hand, a milling machine uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece, creating complex shapes and surfaces. Meanwhile, drilling machines are used to create holes in the workpiece, and grinding machines are used to finish the surface of the material to achieve a high level of precision.In my experience, I have used machine tools to manufacture various components for automotive and aerospace industries. One particular project involved the use of a CNC milling machine to produce intricate components for an aircraft engine. The precision and accuracy of the machine tool were crucial in ensuring that the parts met the stringent quality standards required for aerospace applications.Machine tools have evolved significantly over the years, with advancements in technology leading to the developmentof CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine tools. These machines are equipped with computerized controls thatenable automated and precise machining processes. This has revolutionized the manufacturing industry, allowing for increased efficiency and productivity.中文：机床是制造业中必不可少的设备，它在塑造和切割材料以创建各种产品方面起着至关重要的作用。
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毕业设计机电专业英语文章中英文翻译机械加工介绍（中英文对照）机械加工介绍(中英文对照)1 LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways,usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means ofrotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of ahollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which thespindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes providefrom 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathesall the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle,it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered rolleror ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. Alower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slidelongitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permitaligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that canbe moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper castingby means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum lengthof work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time.In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several otherinnovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile thantheir manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratoriesof the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape.A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape.Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two otherproblems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goesdown, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part thathas been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerancespossible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fallinto several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuousproduction using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.中文译文1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。