语言学-期末复习资料-整理版
语言学纲要期末复习重点
1、语言学的三大发源地中国、印度、希腊—罗马。
最初的语言学是是为了给遗留下来的政治、哲学、历史、、文学等古典文献作注解，而不是探索语言的规律。
这时候的语言学还不是一门独立的学科。
2、语言符号的特点语言符号具有任意性和线条性的特点。
〔1〕任意性是指语言符号的声音形式和意义内容的结合是任意的，二者没有必然联系。
比方：粤方言中读"人〞，读作[zen]，新会话读作[ngæ n]，开平话有的读作[ngæn] 、[ngin]，台山话读作[ngin]，闽南话读作[n^ng]，但是表达的意义是一样的。
〔2〕线条性指的是语言符号的能指在时间上呈线性排列。
在交际过程中，语言符号只能一个跟着一个按时间顺序出现，形成延续的线性序列，绝不可能在同一时间说出两个符号。
如："庄〞的语音形式就是由zh-u-a-ng四个音素依次出现而形成的。
3、组合关系和聚合关系〔1〕组合关系是指构成线性序列的语言成分之间的构造关系。
即两个或两个以上同一性质的构造单位〔例如音位与音位、词与词等等〕，按照线性的顺序可以前后连接起来的横向关系。
〔2〕聚合关系是指同一构造内一样位置上可以互相替换的语言成分之间的纵向关系。
即在语言的组合构造的*一个位置上能够互相替换的几个具有一样作用〔组合能力〕的单位符号之间的关系。
〔3〕不仅各级语言符号处在这两种根本的关系之中，构造符号的音位和意义同样也处于这两种关系之中。
4、语音四要素〔1〕音高：声音的上下，取决于发音体〔人的发音体是声带〕的振动频率。
音高在语言中的作用：构成声调和语调。
〔2〕音强：声音的强弱，取决于发音体振幅的大小。
对于语音而言，就是由发音时用力的大小决定的。
音强在语言中的作用：构成语调、轻重音。
〔3〕音长：声音的长短，取决于发音体振动持续时间的长短。
音长变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。
音长在语言中的作用：构成长短音、轻音。
如英语中的pool[pu:l]〔水池〕与pull[pul]〔拖、拉〕。
语言学纲要期末复习资料
语言学纲要重点第一章语言的功能一、语言的社会功能（给出句子，判断属于哪一个？）P71. 语言的信息传递功能信息传递功能是语言的最基本的社会功能。
这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达。
信息的传递是社会中人与人的基本交流方式。
通过星系的交流，人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知，更好地分工协作。
人类还借助语言之外的其他形式传递信息，它们是文字，旗语，信号灯，电报代码，数学符号，化学公式等等。
语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段，是最重要的交际工具。
2. 语言的人际互动功能语言的社会功能的另一个重要方面是建立或保持某种社会关联，这就是语言的人际互动功能。
互动包括两个方面：一个是说话者在话语中表达自己的情感、态度、意图，另一方面这些又对受话者施加了影响，得到相应的语言或行动上的反馈，从而达到某种实际效果。
第二章语言是符号系统一、语言与符号（符号的性质与特征、征候）P221.语言是符号系统，这是语言本身的性质和特点。
2.符号：就是用甲事物简单地来代表乙事物。
符号都由形式和意义两个方面组成，如：形式：红灯红绿灯（符号）意义：禁止通行3.征候：征候是事物本身的特征，它传递的某种信息，可以通过它自身的物质属性来判断。
如：在山里赶路，看到远处炊烟袅袅升起，就可以知道那里有可以邪教或者投宿的人家。
二、语言符号的层级系统（哪几层，哪几级？）P28语言的符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙，而是有组织、有条理的系统。
语言的系统是什么样的？这个问题很复杂，语言学家在不断地探索。
多数学者的看法可以概括成：语言是一种分层装置，这种装置靠组合和替换来运转。
这里先讲语言的分层情况。
语言的底层是一套音位，一种语言的音位的数目虽然只有几十个，却能构成数目众多的组合。
这些组合为语言符号准备了形式的部分。
语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级。
音系层：音位（几十个）→音节→音步→…语调段语法层：语素（几千个）→词→词组/短语→小句→句子三、组合关系和聚合关系（理解）P30语言链条上由符号组成的每一个环节都可以卸下来，换上另一个环节，组成新的链条。
语言学纲要复习资料
语言学纲要期末复习资料导言部分1.文字、音韵、训诂之学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。
2.20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出，存在于语言社团中每个人头脑中的共同的语言形式结构是语言学研究的真正对象，是现代语言学的标志著作。
3.结构主义语言学：20世纪30至50年代，在欧美形成的语言学流派。
布龙菲尔德的《语言论》是该派的奠基之作。
4.生成语言学：创始人是美国语言学家诺姆-乔姆斯基，《句法结构》的出版标志着转换生成语言学的诞生。
其研究对象是语言能力而不是语言行为。
是欧美语言学理论中最有影响的一种。
5.共时和历时语言学共时：研究相对静止的状态——横向研究历时：探索语言在不同阶段的演变——纵向研究同：都是研究语言的时角，二者是对立统一的，共时体现历时，历时是共时的不同表现。
异：语言的不同时期的先后变化属于历时问题，语言在同一时期的不同变化属于共时问题。
6.历史比较语言学：对不同语言或同种语言的不同发展阶段做比较研究，拟构语言的原始基础形式，确定语言间的亲缘关系，以展现语言的发展变化规律。
第一章语言的功能1.语言是最重要的信息传递工具，语言是第一性，最基本的手段，文字是第二性，辅助性的，文字是对语言的再编码系统。
2.人的大脑分为左右半球，语言功能是由左半球控制的。
3.运用语言进行传递信息，大致分为五个部分编码、发出、传递、接受、译码阶段。
4.思维方式的差异更多地体现在不同语言在表达思想时语法方面的特点。
5.思维能力的普遍性和思维方式的特殊性，与语言的性质是密切相关的。
6.语言和言语的区分是索绪尔提出的，言语不稳定，语言是稳定的。
7.语言是符号系统，是最重要最典型的符号，符号的形式和意义是约定，无必然联系。
征候是事物本身的特征，它传递的某种信息，可以通过它自身的物质属性来推断。
（远处的炊烟、病人的脉象、气色、舌苔、口气，罪犯的指纹，脚印）8.音————义————心理现实————客观现实语言符号指称反映客观现实：是四维时空中外在于人的所有存在，当下和历史上所有的人物、事物、现象以及他们的相互关系及其变化。
期末语言学复习重要资料
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language design features:1.Arbitrariness 2.Duality3.Productivity4.Displacement5.Cultural transmissionLinguistics is the scientific study of language.The scope of linguistics:phonetics语音学the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified.(Phonetics studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. ) Phonology音系学the study of how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning(It identifies the set of speech sounds for each language, how they are arranged to form meaningful units, and the function of each sound.)morphology 形态学:the study of the form of words(It identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and looks into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words)syntax 句法学the study of how words and phrases are combined to form sentences(It investigates the rules governing the combination of words into sentences and identifies the permissible sequences in a language and the relationships between elements in sentence structure.)semantics语义学:the study of meaning pragmatics 语用学:the study of meaning in context of use(It looks into the relation between linguistic expressions on the one hand and objects, persons and events to which the words refer on the other. It also studies the ways in which the meaning in a language is structured and distinguishes different types of meaning.)historical linguistics 历史语言学:the study of language change (It is concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.)Parole 言语---- the realization of langue in actual use. Competence 语言能力---- the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language二Phonetics：A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription Articulatory phonetics发音语音学----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”;Auditory phonetics声学语音学----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”;Acoustic phonetics听觉语音学---from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to anotherSpeech organs: three important areas：Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat; The oral cavity ---- the mouth; Nasal cavity ---- the nose.Phonology音系学Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics & phonology：Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answerquestions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.四Syntax句法学：a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Morphology形态学refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Derivational morphemes派生语素---- are affixes added to an existing form to create a word.Inflectional morphemes曲折语素---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaningMorphological rules：The rules that govern the formation of words。
语言学纲要_期末复习资料（题库）
语言学纲要_期末复习资料（题库）语言学概论试题(1)一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、选择题１０%1 、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（D ）Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学2、汉语属于（B ）Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B ）Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节4、文字的前身是（C ）Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事5、派生词中包含（B ）Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（C ）Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位7、汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（C ）Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（D ）Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（C ）Ａ、初Ｂ、视Ｃ、人Ｄ、民10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（D ）Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系三、名词解释２０%1、专语语言学: 以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
2、组合关系: 指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。
语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)
题型：填空题10，20%；选择题10，20%；判断4，20%（3句话解释原因）；简答3，18%（四句话作答）；论述1，22%（1/4页纸作答）。
导论1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就，是语言学的三大发源地。
2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。
3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸，已经发展成为一门独立的学科。
4、20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点，语言学从此成为一门现代学科。
5、理论语言学，也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。
第一章语言的功能1、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着紧密联系。
2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。
3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号，却能找得到。
相反，如果大脑右半球受损，尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号，却找不到，能说出家的位置却找不到，这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。
4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。
5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础，也离不开外界的社会条件。
6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制，最迟到十二三岁，如果在此之前没有机会学习语言，那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。
十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期，之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。
第二章语言是符号系统1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。
（能指形式，形指意义，符号构成的两个方面，语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。
形式也叫能指，是符号的外壳，是可以被人的感觉器官感知的，因而形式具有物质性。
意义也叫所指，是符号形式所代表的内容，也就是现实现象事物。
）2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系，在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。
3、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。
语言学期末复习资料
语⾔学期末复习资料语⾔学复习纲要说明：1.此份材料最多只考80%，还有20%不在范围内2.请务必结合教材复习，例⼦没列举的请看教材3.匆忙整理，答案有不够完整的，请⾃⾏补充更正4.语⾔学太抽象请保证有充⾜的时间来复习祝⼤家考试顺利加油1、语⾔的作⽤是什么？) 语⾔是⼈类最重要的交际⼯具。
⼈类传递信息，进⾏交际和交流思想，除了使⽤语⾔外，还可以使⽤⽂字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及⾝势、表情等，在⼀定场合使⽤，可以弥补语⾔的⼀些不⾜，但是这些交际⼯具使⽤范围有限，有的仅⽤于特定的范围，最重要的是，这些交际⼯具，都离不开语⾔，都是在语⾔的基础上产⽣的，是辅助语⾔进⾏交际的，没有语⾔，这些⼿段的存在没有任何意义。
（即为什么说语⾔是⼈类最重要的交际⼯具。
）2) 语⾔是⼈类的思维⼯具。
语⾔不但是⼈类的交际⼯具，同时也是⼈类思维的⼯具，是认识成果的贮存所。
思维过程离不开语⾔，需要借助语⾔来进⾏⽐较、分析、综合等⼀系列活动，需要借助语⾔来形成思想，利⽤语⾔把它储存在头脑中，再借助语⾔把思想表达出来，传达给听话⼈，同时使听话⼈产⽣思想。
⽽且⼈类思维的成果－概念，还可以通过词语固定下来。
总之，思维活动的过程不可能离开语⾔⽽单独进⾏，思维离不开语⾔，必须借助语⾔材料才能进⾏。
语⾔也离不开思维，⼆者是互相依存，共同发展的。
（即语⾔和思维的关系）2、为什么说语⾔是⼈类最重要的交际⼯具？1) 语⾔存在于说话和所说出来的话中，说明语⾔在社会⽣活中具有⾮常重要的作⽤，因为不会说话⼈就失去了它的本质，与动物⽆异。
⼈们⽤语⾔进⾏交际，交流思想，以便在认知现实、改造现实的过程中协调相互之间的⾏为，以取得最佳的效果。
所以，语⾔是⼈们的⼀种交际⼯具。
2) ⼈类的交际⼯具不⽌语⾔⼀种，其它如⽂字、⼿势表情等也都能实现交际的任务，也是交际⼯具，但它们与语⾔相⽐重要性就要差多了。
根本上说⼈类各种辅助性交际⼯具，都是在语⾔基础上制定的，没有语⾔基础，这些⼯具也就失去了存在的意义。
语言学纲要期末复习参考资料
导言一、填空题1.语言学是研究语言的学科，语言是语言学的研究对象。
语言学的基本任务是研究人类语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。
2.中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
3.我国传统语言学包括文字学、音韵学、训诂学等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。
二、判断题1.综合各种语言的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，这是具体语言学的任务。
（错）2.世界上有几千种语言，有些语言的研究已经比较深入，大部分语言的研究还很不够，甚至还没有人去研究。
（对）·三、名词解释1.普通语言学以人类一般语言为研究对象，探究人类语言的起源、发展、本质。
探究人类语言内部结构的共性及普遍规律的语言学门类。
2.应用语言学狭义的应用语言学指语言教学、文字的创制和改革、正音正字、词典编纂等，广义的应用语言学还包括与计算机有关的及其翻译、情报检索、语音识别、自然语言处理等。
3.小学在中国古代，小学先从教授字的形、音、义开始，就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。
小学一直是经学的一部分，包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科。
第一章?一、填空题1.从语言的社会功能上看，语言是人类独有的最重要的交际和思维的工具；从语言的内部结构上看，语言是一套音义结合的符号。
2.文字是建立在语言基础之上的最重要的辅助交际工具，旗语之类是建立在语言和文字基础上的特殊领域的辅助交际工具。
二、判断1.从理论上来说，句子的长度是可以无限的。
（对）2.语言是文字基础上产生的人类最重要的交际工具。
（错）3.文字始终是从属于语言的。
（错）4.思维离不开语言，语言也离不开思维。
（对）—5.语言和思维互相依存共同发展。
（对）6.在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。
（错）7.文字也是人类最重要的交际工具。
（错）8.语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。
（对）9.会不会说话是人类和动物的根本区别之一。
（对）10．思维能力是全人类共同的，语言是各民族不同的。
语言学纲要期末复习
语言学纲要重点要看的题目第一章语言的功能一、填空1、语言的功能包括（社会）功能和（思维）功能。
2、语言的社会功能包括（信息传递）功能和（人际互动）功能。
3、在各种信息传递形式中，（语言）是第一性的、最基本的手段。
4、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由（左）半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由（右）半球制约。
5、儿童语言习得一般经过（独词句）阶段和（双词句）阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。
二、思考题2、儿童语言习得的临界期指什么？临界期的存在说明语言的哪些特性？临界期：是语言习得术语。
指的是儿童比成人习得语言又快又成功的生长期。
有语言学家认为从2岁开始至青春期，有的认为大脑优势在5岁左右就定下来了。
在临界期内，大脑的可塑性大，儿童可自然而又轻松地完成语言习得。
语言开发最迟12、13岁，过后原功能消退、弱化。
临界期的存在说明儿童语言的习得不仅需要具有先天生理基础（其中最重要的就是大脑的结构和功能），而且也离不开外界的社会条件。
儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制，这正和大脑语言区的确定时间是大致平行的。
3、不同语言思维方式的特殊性体现在哪些方面？思维能力是全人类普遍的，但使用不同语言的民族在思维方式上会有所不同。
每一种语言都包含着一个民族认识客观世界的特殊方式，我们学会一种语言也就学会了该民族的独特的思维方式。
不同语言背景的人进行思维时常常呈现出不同的特点：A 不同民族的不同语言对事物的分类可能不同。
英文中的“uncle”，与汉语中伯父、叔父、姑父；堂伯、堂叔、堂姑父、姨父、舅父、表姑父、表叔……等词对应。
B 相同语素构成的词，可能表示不同的概念。
手+纸汉：手纸日：信汽+车汉：汽车日：火车7、张三说，“我们先发明了电视，然后才给电视命名，所以思维不需要语言。
”张三的错误在哪里？【答】发明本身也需要语言的帮助。
在发明电视的过程中，所有的思维活动都离不开语言。
第二章语言是符号系统思考题1、听到一个熟人在说话，就能判断出是谁在说话，这个过程是语言符号在传递信息吗？为什么？这是语言符号在传递信息。
语言学概论期末复习
语言学概论期末复习一、语言学的定义与分类1.语言学的定义：语言学是研究语言的科学，主要研究语音、语义、词汇、语法、语用等方面。
2.语言学的分类：一般分为描述性语言学和理论性语言学。
描述性语言学关注语言事实的描写和整理，而理论性语言学着重于推理和解释这些语言事实。
二、语音学与音系学1.语音学：研究语音的发音、感觉和认知等方面。
2.音系学：研究不同语言中具有区别意义的音位和音位组合。
三、语义学与词汇学1.语义学：研究词语和句子的意义。
2.词汇学：研究单词的构成、意义和使用。
四、句法学与语法学1.句法学：研究句子结构、句法关系和句法规则等。
2.语法学：研究一种具体语言的结构和规则，包括形态学、句法学和语义学。
五、语用学研究语言在特定说话情景中的使用规则和效果，以及语用上的意义和功能。
六、语言变异与语言变化1.语言变异：指在同一语言系统中，由于不同地区、社会阶层、年龄、性别、职业等因素的影响而导致的语言差异。
2.语言变化：指随着时间的推移，语言的音、词、句结构等方面发生的变化。
七、语言习得与语言教学1.语言习得：指儿童在自然环境中学会和使用语言的过程。
2.语言教学：指通过教育和训练，使学习者能够掌握一门或多门语言的过程。
八、语言研究方法1.实证研究方法：通过观察和实验来收集语言数据，运用统计学和计量学的方法进行分析和解释。
2.理论分析方法：运用逻辑推理和归纳方法，通过对语言现象的分析和解释来推导出理论。
九、跨学科研究十、未来发展趋势1.数字化语言研究：随着科技的发展，数字化语料库的建立和分析方法的创新将对语言研究提供更多资源和方法。
2.跨学科研究的深入发展：语言学与其他学科的交叉合作将带来新的理论和方法的发展。
3.语言多样性的保护和研究：对于濒危语言和语言多样性的保护和研究将成为未来的重点。
以上是对语言学概论课程的复习内容的总结。
通过对这些内容的学习和理解，我们可以更加深入地了解语言学的研究领域和方法，为进一步深入学习语言学提供基础。
语言学-期末复习资料-整理版
语言学-期末复习资料-整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
语言学-期末考试-复习材料
语言学-期末考试-复习材料一、选择（20个）二、判断（10~20个）三、填空（5分）四、词语解释（3个，各5分）五、简答（2个，各10分；其中一个是语用学）六、句子分析（4个）IC analysis 是倒着的树形图Chomsky 是有S, NP,VP…与其中的树形图。
1. Phonetics & Language Introduction:1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is __B____one of the design features of language.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is __B__ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. __C___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement4. ___D__ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn?t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement5. ___D___ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ___C___ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you. ”“Hi”to your friends is the ___C____of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic function (adj. 交流感情/交际应酬的)D. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.”If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the ___B__ function of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. natural C. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in _______.A. speech sounds onlyB. all soundsC. vowels only C. consonants only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [t]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate?A. [y]B. [t∫]C. [z]D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. [ ? ]B. [ i ]D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ?A. [ s ]B. [∫]C. [ l ]D. [θ]15. In the following sounds , ______ is a voiceless affricative ?A. [dЗ]B. [ v ]C. [t∫]D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words”listed below, _____ is not an English word ?A. [r∧b ]B. [ l? b ]C. [m?sta:∫]D. [lm?p]18. _____ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released.A. Back vowelsB. StopsC. Fricatives C. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in ______.B. 1957C. 1888D. 178820. ____ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. SoundII. Tell which statements are true or false.1. [ f ] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methodsfor their description, classification and transcription.3. Phoneme is a phonological unit.4. Phone is a phonetic unit.5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]”, they are similarphones which belong to phonetics.6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /.7. The three / p / are allophones.8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’isunaspirated （不送气的）phonetically[ p=].9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /.10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /,which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme.key: BACDD CCACA DDABC DDBCB FFTTT FTTFTI. Choose the best choice(语音)1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]2. Which is a voiceless affricate?A. [w]B. [f]C. [t∫]D. [n]3. Which is monophothong?A. [i]B. [au]C. [ai]D. [ei]4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]5. Which is a voiced affricate?A. [j]B. [z]C. [t∫]D. [dЗ]6. Which is a central vowel ?A. [i]B. [?:]C. [ou]D. [a:]7. In English if a word begins with [l] or [r] , then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel8. Which is a palatal fricative?A. [s]B. [k]C. [∫]D. [l]9. Which is not a English word?A. [r ?b]B. [l?b]C. [sta:∫]D. [ lm?p]10. Which is a unaspirate?A. skyB. killC. likeD. kite2. Semantics 练习1._______ is not included in Leech?s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech?s seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship betweena word and the thing it refers to _______.A. conceptualB. affectiveC. reflectedD. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ______.A. meaningB. referenceC. conceptD. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable opposites B, converse opposites C. co-hyponymsD. synonyms6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic compone nts of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as ___.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultA. +animate, -male, +human, -adult D. + animate, -male, +human, +adult8. _____ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of themeaning of each constituent word.A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD. Synonym9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is____A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in _____.A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is t he meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are _____.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called____.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/youngDACBB _BBBB BACBA AII. Answer the questions with “Yes”or “No” .1.Is reference tied to a particular time and place? Y2.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ?N3.Can different expressions have the same referent? Y4.Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? NIII.State the following sentences “True” or “False”.1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the samesense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and theobjective world. T6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that betweendenotation and sense. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate,e.g. …bus?. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate.F17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semanticcomponents so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and a selection of case ---categories. T19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed set of relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases).4. Exercises to Chapter 4 SyntaxI. General view of syntax1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate.3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher?s , kiss him宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格4．Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other.5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系6. langue and paroleLangue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity. StabilityParole: actual speech7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image)1. 所指 2 能指之间的关系是任意的8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSyntagmatic: what precedes or follows9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics10. “Rheme” “Theme”负载交际能力最小的是主位。
语言学概论期末复习要点
名词解释:1、历史比较语言学：是运用比较的方法来发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系, 构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始语言。
它为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础, 是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
2.“小学”: 中国传统的语文学, 围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究, 从而诞生了分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、解释字义的训诂学, 因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。
3.语言: 是一种特殊的社会现象, 是人类作为必不可少的思维工具和最重要的交际工具来使用的一种音义结合的符号系统。
4.言语: 是对语言的运用, 它有两个意思: 一是指人的说和写的过程, 是人的一种行为, 叫言语活动, 也叫言语行为；一是指人说出来的话, 写出来的东西, 也叫言语作品。
5.符号: 一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。
它包括了形式和意义两个方面的要素, 是一定的形式和一定的内容的统一体, 二者缺一不可。
6.组合关系: 符号和符号组合起来的关系。
符号和符号的组合形成语言的结构。
7、聚合关系: 在链条的某一环节上能够相互替换的符号具有某种相同的作用, 它们自然聚集成群。
它们彼此的关系称为聚合关系。
8、音素: 按一定规则组合成音节的最小语音单位。
是从音质角度划分出来的。
9、国际音标: 由《国际语音协会》1888年8月制订公布,被各国语言工作者采用的,不带民族特色的记录语音的语音符号。
10、音位变体: 是同一个音位的不同的变异形式, 是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。
11.对立和互补: 是语言里音与音之间的两种重要关系, 是考察一个音素在具体语言中的作用的根据。
彼此对立的音素,起着区别词的语音形式的作用；彼此相似而互补的音素, 可能被语言社会当作同一个语音使用。
12.语法: 词的构成, 变化和词构成词组和句子的规则。
13.语法范畴: 语法意义的类。
14.语法手段: 根据语法形式的共同特点把它们归并为几个基本类别, 这种语法形式的类就叫做”语法手段”。
语言学纲要期末复习材料(叶蜚声 徐通锵编)-精华.
语言学概论导言部分中国、印度、希腊－罗马是语言学的三大发源地我国传统小学包括文字、音韵、训诂三门分支学科。
语言交际过程可分“编码－发送－传递－接收－解码”五个阶段。
20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出，存在于语言社团中每个人头脑中的共同的语言形式结构是语言学研究的真正对象。
语言学从此成为一门现代科学。
第一章语言的功能信息传递功能语言的社会功能人际互动功能语言的功能语言的思维功能说话中枢（布洛卡区）-左半球前部-失语症（丧失说话能力，听得懂）书写中枢-靠近布洛卡区-失写症（失去写字绘画等精细动作能力）人类大脑特有的语言功能分区视觉性语言中枢-左半球后部-失读症（无法阅读理解）听觉型语言中枢（韦尼克区）-左半球后部-感觉性失语症（听得到但听不懂，也表达不清）为什么说语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的，最基本的手段？①人类传递信息，进行交际和交流思想，除了使用语言外，还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等。
在一定场合使用，可以弥补语言的一些不足，但是这些交际工具使用范围有限，有的仅用于特定的范围。
②最重要的是，这些交际工具，都离不开语言，都是在语言的基础上产生的，是辅助语言进行交际的，没有语言，这些手段的存在没有任何意义。
A.语言是第一性的，文字是第二性的，文字是对语言的再编码系统，只有几千年历史。
B.旗语之类的则是建立在语言或文字基础之上的再编码形式。
C.身势所能传递信息十分有限，还可能被错误理解。
加第二章语言是符号系统1、为什么说语言是符号？语言符号和一般符号有什么不同？符号是由形式和意义两个部分构成的结合体。
说语言也是一种符号，是因为语言具有符号的一切特点：①语言之所以是一种符合，就是因为它能代表或指称现实现象。
②语言具有符号的一般特点，也有形式和意义两个方面：语言符号的第一性的形式是人类发出的声音，语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心理现实的概括。
③同一般符号一样，语言符号的音义结合是社会约定俗成的。
英语专业语言学期末复习资料
英语专业语言学期末复习资料Phonetics (sound)语音学；phonology(sounds) 音系学；morphology(word) 形态学；syntax(words, sentence)句法学；semantics(meaning)语义学；pragmatics(meaning ina context)语用学1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive (modern). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.2. Synchronic static state grammer; diachronic dynamic historical development/doc/1618092964.html,ngue (language): the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, stable.; Parole (speaking): the realization of langue in actual use, concrete, specific, changeable. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole.sociological or sociolinguistic point of view4. American linguist N. Chomsky Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,stable,prerequisite; Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations,changeable.psychologically or psycholinguistically.5.Traditional grammar ---- prescriptive, written, Latin-based frameworkModern linguistics ----- descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework/doc/1618092964.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features of Language.1:Arbitrariness2:duality:The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e. g. words in written language) and meaningless segments (e. g. sounds, letters in spoken language).1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic units/doc/1618092964.html,bine small units into big units3.productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.4.Displacement: which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.5.cultural transmission7.Six Functions of language:Addresser---Emotive the addresser expressed his attitude to the topic or situation of communication; Addressee---Conative使动xx aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking；Context---referentia所指, xx conveys a message or informationl;Message---Poetic xx uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself;Contact--Phatic communication寒暄, xx tries to establish or maintain good interpersonalrelationships with the addressee；Code--Metalingual xx uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself.8.M. A. K. Halliday.Metafunctions of Language:Ideational function:About the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness; Relates to the context of culture. Interpersonal function:About the social world, especially therelationship between speaker and hearer ; Relates to the context of situation. Contextual function:About the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text; Relates to the verbal context.9.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. But a phone doe sn’t necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t. A phoneme is a phonological unit;It is a unit that is of distinctive value;It is an abstract unit;It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.10. phones are placed within square brackets: [ ], and phonemes in slashes: / /.11./p/ in [pi:k] (peak) : an aspirated [ph]12./p/ in [spi:k] (speak): an unaspirated [p]13.Both [ph] and [p] are called as allophones of /p/14. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. [p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.15. Minimal pairs: Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound; More precisely: two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.16.Sequential rules The patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules;The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.Refer to the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.17.Assimilation rule—assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in-18. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tried to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone.19.单元音monophthongs 双元音diphthongs20.Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning. It is the smallest unit that carries grammatical and /or semantic meaning.Morphs:The smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Allomorphs:A member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.21.Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s”in “dogs”, “-al”in “national”, “di s-”in “disclose”, “-ed”in “recorded”, etc.22.Derivational morphemes—the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class,or meaning of words. e.g. modern —modernizeInflectional morphemes:purely grammatical markers;signifying tense, number, and case;not changing the syntactic category; never adding any lexical meaning /doc/1618092964.html,pounding (合成词) blackboard; Derivation(派生词) --ful ---able;Back-formation逆构词法television televise; Borrowing—loanwords (外来词); Clipping（缩略词）labtory lab; Blending（混成法）motel; Acronym（词首字母）APEC；Coinage/Invention (Neologism) 创新词nylon24.Open: n. V. Adj. Adv. Bound morphemes :roots and affixes25.①traditional categories: n., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., aux., pronoun….②non-traditional categories: determiner (Det限定词), degree words (Deg程度词), qualifier (Qual修饰语).26.Three criteria are used to determine a word’s category: meaning, inflection, distribution.27.the structure or elements of phrases:XP rule specifier+head+complement28.NP (Det) + N + (PP)…29.VP (Qual) + V + (NP)…30.AP (Deg) + A + (PP)…31.PP (Deg) + P + (NP)…32.S →NP VP33.Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called ds. Surface structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called ss. Do insertion, WH movement.34.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformation. A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.35.Head: A V N P36. Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.37. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form And what it refers to (i.e.between language and real world ); rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Semantic triangle by ogden and richards: symblo/form, thought/ reference/, refrent.38.Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ---- elements closely linked with language behavior. JR forth39.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. The relationship between sense and reference:And, if等只有sense, 而无reference.一个sense可以有许多reference同一referenece可有不同的sense，Mrs Thatcher, & the Iron Lady. Morning Star & Evening Star.40.Major sense relations: Synonymy (同义关系)Antonymy (反义关系)Polysemy (多义关系)Homonymy (同音/形异义) Hyponymy (上下义关系)41.Antonymy: Complementary antonyms (互补反义词)非A即B; Gradable antonyms (程度反义词) :AB有中间, very .. How..; Relational opposites （关系对立词）丈夫妻子42.Sense relations between sentences: Synonymy (同义关系) inconsistency (自相矛盾)Entailment (蕴涵)Presupposition (预设)X is a contradiction (自相矛盾)X is semantically anomalous (反常的43.man [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] women [+HUMAN +ADULT －MALE]girl [+HUMAN －ADULT －MALE] child [+HUMAN －ADULT OMALE]father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x)x is a parent of y, and x is male.take: CAUSE (x, (HA VE (x, y)))x causes x to have y.give: CAUSE (x, (~HA VE (x, y)))x causes x not to have y.44.predication analysis: G.leech: argument 名词predicate 动词45. Pragmatics --- the study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration). Pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.Semantics --- the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language. Essential difference is that whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 不senmantics.46.Sentence meaning: It is abstract and context-independent; it’s the literal meaning of a sentence. Utterance meaning: It is concrete and context-dependent; It’s the intended meaning of a speaker.It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.47.John Austin’s speech act theory.Performatives (行事话语):I promise Constatives (述事话语)48.A locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying words, phrases, clause; it is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act of expressing thespeaker’s intention; it i s the act performed in saying something. 关注A perlocutionary act (言后行为) is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.act performed by saying sth.49.Searle’s classificati on of speech acts:Representatives (陈述) Directives (指令)Commissives (承诺) Expressives (表达) Declarations (宣布)50.CP Grice:The maxim of quality: /doc/1618092964.html,ck adequate evidence.The maxim of quantity信息充足; The maxim of relation 继续下去; The maxim of manner方式表达清楚模糊词绕口1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Pragmatics2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.context3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.abstract4. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Performatives1. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the actperformed in saying something.illocutionary2. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some futurecourse of action.commissive3. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.expressive4. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.quantity4. ____C______ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is _B_____.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to someth ing’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. T3. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F4. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F5. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T7. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing t he speaker’s intention. F1. A __bound_____ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. On, before and together are__close_____words—they are words which do not take inflectional endings.3. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __affix__ and __root__ root.4. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions and articles are all_close__class items.5. handsome consists of 2 morphemes, one is the _free___ morpheme hand, the other is the __bound__ morpheme some.1.There are _C__ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. 3B. 4.C. 5.D. 62. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called___A_ morphemes.A. inflectionalB.freeC. boundD. Derivational1. Major lexical categories are___N__, __V__,__adj__and____prep_.2. The deep structure refers to ____.3. when the affirmative sentence "Jack sold his textbooks to jill after the final examination' is transformed into "When did jack sell his textbooks to Jill?", three transformational rules are applied. they are__Do insertion__, subject-aux inversion and __Wh movement__.4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called __transformation______.5. The head is the word __n v a p___.1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.F2. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F3. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.T1. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F )2. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T )3. In English, pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, pin and ping. ( T )4. The phoneme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, therefore they’re in phonetic complementary distribution. ( F )5. The sequential rules in English can apply to all the other languages. For example, the velar nasal /N/ never occurs in the initial position in English nor in Chinese.( F )The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of the __C____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords2. A sound produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration is said to be___B__.A. resonantB. voicelessC. voicedD. vowel3. The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sound ___A___.A. /t/ and /d/B. /k/ and /g/C. /p/ and /b/D. / N/ and / W/4. The phoneme is an abstract ___B_ unit.A. phonicB. phonologicalC. phoneticD. grammatical5. The sound /k/ and /g/ are separate __B____.A. allophonesB. phonemesC. morphemesD. Allomorphs。
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Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a periodof time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
2.几种观点和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家 Saussure Saussure:Langue和parole的区别⑵ linguist 美国语言学家in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.⑷ Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett提出了语言的识别特征design featuresword ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。
order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。
三、问答题are major branches of linguistics what does each studyPhonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the s ounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal stru cture of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.do we say language is arbitraryLanguage is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammarModern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。