2007年英语一真题翻译
2007年考研英语真题及解析.pdf
2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4.[A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10.[A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13.[A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer pl ayer in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increasessoccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccermania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept impr oving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startlingassertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numericalsequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s t he difference between love and fondness? Or what is thenature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both com e in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at t he side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ futurehealthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B] Build Your Kids’ Work Skills[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G] Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school toYou can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also,Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They canTeachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizationalThey should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links theseconcepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.Thesecan only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsWrite a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文主要论述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立以后面临的各种问题。
2007年考研英语一完型选项全翻译
[C] attained
[D] rejected
分享
忘记
得到
排斥
4.[A] related
[B]close
[C] open
[D] devoted
与有联系
接近
对开放
关于的
5.[A] access
[B] succession
[C] right
[D] return
机会
继承
权利
返回
6.[A] Presumably
传播
干涉
排斥
影响
15.[A] support
[B]cry
[C] plea
[D] wish
支持
叫喊
请愿
愿望
16.[A] urged
[B] intended
[C] expected
[D] promised
敦促
打算
指望
承诺
17.[A]controlling
[B] former
[C] remaining
[D] original
自由
起源
影响
改革
9.[A] therefore
[B] however
[C] indeed
[D] moreover
因此
然而
的确
而且
10.[A] with
[B]about
[C] among
[D]by
和
关于
在之间
通过
11[C] granted
[D] funded
允许
宣扬
同意
为提供资金
12.[A] Since
[B]If
[C] Unless
2007年考研英语真题答案及解析
2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文主要论述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立以后面临的各种问题。
第一段指出独立运动领导人对于新国家理念的共同之处。
第二段指出领导人存在分歧的方面。
第三段是总结，指出平等主义在新国家的实现比较缓慢。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]natives本地人[B]inhabitants居民[C]peoples民族[D]individuals个人【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【难度系数】0.422【解析】空的前句指出西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地成为了独立的国家。
空所在的语境为：大约200万这些国家的看到未来。
显然这里填的词应该表示这些国家的居民。
四个选项中B项最能准确表达此项含义，故答案为B。
2.[A]confusedly困惑地[B]cheerfully快乐地[C]worriedly焦虑地[D]hopefully有希望地【答案】D【考点】逻辑搭配【难度系数】0.569【解析】显然这里填的一个词是形容民众是如何看待未来的状况的。
文章首句已经说明这些前殖民地相继独立，对于刚脱离殖民统治的民众来说，这是应该一个令人欣喜的事件，因此，后文的论述也应与此一致。
D项最能反映这一情形，故答案为D。
3.[A]shared分享[B]forgot忘记[C]attained获得[D]rejected拒绝【答案】A【考点】词汇搭配【难度系数】0.418【解析】空所在的语意为：许多独立国家的领导者典型的政府理念，……，以及把个体的信仰作为社会的基础。
显然典型政府、职业、和自由贸易等都是对这一理念的具体说明，应该是这些领导人共同持有的。
能表现一个群体拥有共同想法的动词只有A，故答案为A。
4.[A]related与……有联系[B]close接近[C]open开放的[D]devoted专心致志于做……【答案】C【考点】词汇辨析【难度系数】0.273【解析】我们已经判断出文章对这些领导人行为描述都是正面的，那么职业对有才能的人开放应该符合这种态度，故答案为C。
2007年英语一真题翻译
2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Section I Use of English到1830 年,前西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地变成了独立的国家。
大约2000万居民满怀信心地展望未来。
出生于旧的社会政体和伊比利亚殖民主义的危机之中，许多独立的国家领导人共享的信念包括成立民选政府、人尽其材、商业和贸易自由、拥有私有财产的权利，并且相信个人是社会的基础。
人们普遍认为新的国家应该是主权国家以及独立的国家，国家足够强大有经济实力能存活下去并且有一套共同的法律所控制。
然而，在宗教自由和教会地位的问题上，领导人之间的观点就不那么一致了。
罗马天主教一直是国教，并且是西班牙国王允许的唯一宗教。
大部分领导人要求维持天主教作为新国家的正式宗教，而另一些人却要设法结束其他信仰被排斥的局面。
保护教会成了保守势力的战斗口号。
早期的独立领导人的理想通常是平等主义，把一切事物看作是平等的。
玻利瓦尔曾接受过海地的援助并且作为回报承诺在他解放的地区废除农奴制。
到1854 年，除了西班牙残存的殖民地以外，农奴制已经被废除。
先前做出的结束印第安人进贡和停止向混合血统人征税的承诺变得越来越难以实施，因为这些国家仍然需要这些政策产生的财政收入。
因为害怕大多数人民还没准备好自治和民主，这些平等主义观点经常被缓和了。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1如果你查一下2006 年世界杯足球赛参赛队员的出生证明，你会发现一个令人注目的奇怪现象：杰出的足球队员大多出生于一年的前几个月而不是后几个月。
如果你再仔细观察一下为世界杯和著名职业球队培养队员的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一现象更加突出。
是什么原因导致了这种奇怪现象的发生呢？人们有如下猜测：a) 某些星座的人被赐予优秀的足球才能；b)冬天出生的孩子吸氧能力更强，踢足球的耐力好；c)热衷于足球的夫妇更可能在春季怀孕，因为此时是足球热的高潮；d)以上观点都不对。
2007英语阅读真题翻译
2007年Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.如果你打算调查一下2006年世界杯锦标赛上所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。
如果你再调查一下那些为世界杯和各大职业联赛提供球员的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一奇怪的现象更为明显。
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;d) none of the above.什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种星象学的征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往有较高的血氧含量，这增加了踢足球所需要的耐力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不对。
2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案
2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案IntroductionIn this article, we will provide an analysis of the 2007 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (English language) paper, commonly referred to as Exam 1, along with the respective answers. The purpose of this article is to help students gain a better understanding of the exam format, content, and potential approach to tackling the questions. Each section will be discussed separately, guiding the readers through the exam paper and highlighting key points for consideration.Section I: Cloze (15 points)The first section of the exam paper focused on a passage with a series of missing words or phrases, requiring candidates to select the best option to complete each gap. This section aimed at assessing candidates' language comprehension and vocabulary usage. The passage for this particular paper revolved around the topic of environmental protection.Section II: Error Correction (10 points)Section II of the exam required candidates to identify and correct grammatical errors in a given passage. It aimed at evaluating candidates' grammatical knowledge, as well as their ability to identify and rectify common errors in sentence structure, word choice, and verb tense agreement.Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)The third section of the exam consisted of four reading passages, with each passage followed by a set of questions. Candidates were required to read the passages carefully and answer the questions based on their comprehension and interpretation of the text. The passages covered a variety of topics, such as literature, history, science, and social issues.Section IV: Translation (15 points)The fourth section tested candidates' translation skills, requiring them to translate a given Chinese text into English. This section aimed at assessing candidates' grasp of both languages and their ability to convey meaning accurately and effectively.Section V: Writing (20 points)The final section of the exam required candidates to write an essay on a given topic within a specified word limit. It tested candidates' ability to formulate and present coherent arguments, as well as their written language proficiency.Exam AnswersUnfortunately, it is not possible to provide the exact questions or answers from the 2007 exam paper due to copyright restrictions. However, we encourage candidates to review the exam paper independently and refer to past papers and study materials to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions that may be asked.ConclusionIn conclusion, the 2007 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (English language) Exam 1 covered various aspects of English language proficiency, including vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, translation, and essay writing. Understanding the exam format and content is vital for candidates to effectively prepare and perform well. We hope this article has provided valuable insights and guidance for tackling the exam successfully. Good luck to all candidates!。
2007年考研英语阅读解翻译与解析
2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题解析文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。
因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。
文章首段主题句叙述到By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。
本文的中心思想为前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。
本文的中心思想为前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。
本文的中心思想为前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。
题目解析：By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.1．［A］natives ［B］inhabitants ［C］peoples ［D］individuals 2．［A］confusedly［B］cheerfully ［C］worriedly ［D］hopefully1. 语意辨析题本题目选择名词，在句子中充当主语。
句子叙述到The roughly 20 millionof these nations looked to the future. “这些国家大概有2000万…对未来…。
”选项A. natives 本地人；B. inhabitant居民;C. peoples 民族；D. individuals个体。
不难发现，选项A. natives 本地人，“这些国家大概有2000万本地人…”，符合句子含义；选项B. inhabitant居民，“这些国家大概有2000万居民…”，符合句子含义；选项C. peoples 民族，“这些国家大概有2000万个民族”，显然有悖于常理，不符合句子含义；选项D. individuals个体，“这些国家大概有2000万个体…”，不符合句子含义，个体一般用于区分于集体时使用。
2007年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析
2007年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析真题：Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. （46）Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. （47）On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable comp onent of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.（48）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. （49）In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. （50）While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.解析：1、Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institution as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. be viewed as 被视为institutions 大学，学院educated 受教育的legal learning 法律学习；学习法律the special preserve（of lawyers）律师的特权；律师的特有领域intellectual equipment 知识体系；知识储备【译文】长久以来，法律知识在这类大学里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
[实用参考]2007年考研英语(一)完型填空重要单词整理
![[实用参考]2007年考研英语(一)完型填空重要单词整理](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/795a30b68762caaedc33d406.png)
20PP年考研英语（一）完型填空重要单词整理本文主要介绍了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地在获得独立后再政治宗教以及信念等各个方面对未来的展望。
07年完型较历年完型而言是比较难的，难度体现在这篇文章的语言材料方面，广大考生对政治宗教方面的题材感到陌生，所以在考场上短时间里读不懂这篇完型在讲什么。
但是依据考研大纲的要求，完型填空考查学生们的还是词汇、语法、结构三个方面的知识，词汇辨析是考查的重点，下面让我们看一下这篇文章里出现的高频重点词汇。
1.8inhabitant[ɪn'hæbɪtənt]n.居民，居住者【词根记忆】：inhabitant(habitat栖息地)+ant(人)→居住在某地的人→居住者(动物)栖【真题例句】：TheroughlP20millioninhabitantsofthesenationslookedhopefullPtothefut ure.这些国家大约两千万居民满怀希望地展望着未来。
(20PP年完型)2.2confusedlP[kən'fju：zlɪ]ad.混乱地，困惑地【词根记忆】：con(一起)+fuse(熔)→混了→混乱confuse的副词形式【例句】：HeshookhisheadconfusedlP.他迷惑不解地摇了摇头。
(柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典)3.2regime[reɪ'ʒi:m]n.政治制度，政权【词根记忆】：reg(规则)+ime(名词后缀)→由规则建立起来的→政治制度【短语搭配】：waterregime水情;水文状况militarPregime军事政权【真题例句】：BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manPoftheleaders ofindependencesharedtheidealsofrepresentativegovernment.很多独立国家的领导人出生于旧政权以及伊比利亚殖民主义统治岌岌可危的时期，他们都具有共同的治国理念。
2007年考研英语一阅读翻译
2007年考研英语一阅读翻译2007年的考研英语一阅读部分，其翻译题目对于许多考生来说是一个不小的挑战。
在这一年的考试中，阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，包括社会问题、科学研究以及文化现象等。
考生需要具备扎实的英语功底和良好的翻译技巧，才能在有限的时间内准确、流畅地完成翻译任务。
首先，考生需要仔细阅读原文，理解文章的主旨和细节。
这不仅要求考生有较高的词汇量和语法知识，还要求他们能够把握文章的逻辑结构和作者的意图。
在阅读过程中，考生可能会遇到一些生僻词汇或者复杂的句子结构，这时候就需要运用上下文线索和已有的英语知识来推测词义和理解句意。
接下来，考生需要将理解的内容转换成中文。
这个过程需要考生具备良好的双语转换能力。
在翻译时，考生需要注意保持原文的意思不变，同时使译文符合中文的表达习惯。
这就需要考生在忠实原文的基础上，对语言进行适当的调整和润色，使之更加符合中文读者的阅读习惯。
此外，考生在翻译过程中还需要注意一些常见的翻译错误，比如逐字逐句的直译、忽视文化差异、滥用成语等。
这些错误不仅会影响译文的质量，还可能导致读者对原文意思的误解。
因此，考生在翻译时应该力求准确、自然，避免这些常见的错误。
最后，考生在完成翻译后，应该再次检查译文，确保没有遗漏或错误。
这包括检查词汇的使用是否恰当、句子结构是否合理、标点符号是否正确等。
通过仔细的校对，考生可以提高译文的质量，从而在考试中取得更好的成绩。
总的来说，2007年考研英语一的阅读翻译部分对考生的英语水平和翻译技巧提出了较高的要求。
考生需要通过大量的练习和不断的学习，提高自己的语言能力，才能在考试中取得优异的成绩。
2007年考研英语真题(英一二通用)-高清版含答案
2007年考研英语真题（英一二通用）-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)By1830the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly20million1of these nations looked2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism,many of the leaders of independence3the ideals of representative government,careers4to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the5to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a7set of laws.On the issue of8of religion and the position of the Church,9, there was less agreement10the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11by the Spanish crown.12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the14of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian,valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s17colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzled by[B]hostile to[C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly 30years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about 200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son.”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of228–the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as,What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does it mean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional tests are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis,or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback–a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen–and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance–have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According to the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them–especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite:data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year–from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California,Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed,just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP),perhaps it is time for GASP,Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged–though not justified–by the lack of legal penalty(in America,but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray.That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations.[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.41You can start this process when they are 11or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models –as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds 200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kids’Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids’Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or Not,Here Life Comes ,that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically.Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to your university library,making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2007年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B 10.C11.A 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.CText 2 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.BText 3 31.C 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.BText 4 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.DPart B41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C 45.EPart C46.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2007英语考研真题翻译
2007英语考研真题翻译2007年英语考研真题翻译In recent years, many stories about international adoptions have appeared in the media. These stories often portray international adoption as a positive and heartwarming experience, highlighting the joy of bringing a child from a different culture into a loving home. However, there is another side to this practice that is often overlooked - the challenges faced by both the adoptive parents and the adopted children.One of the main challenges in international adoption is the issue of cultural and racial identity. When a child is adopted from another country, they are often separated from their birth culture and heritage. This can result in a sense of loss and confusion for the child, as they struggle to find their place in their new environment. Similarly, the adoptive parents may also face difficulties in helping their child navigate their dual cultural identities.Language barriers can also pose a problem in international adoptions. Many adopted children do not speak the language of their adoptive country, and may have limited access to their birth language as well. This can impede their ability to communicate and integrate into their new community. Adoptive parents must be prepared to provide language support and resources to help their child develop fluency in both languages.Another challenge in international adoption is the potential for medical or psychological issues. Some adopted children may have experienced neglect or trauma in their birth countries, which can result in long-term health or emotional problems. It is important for adoptive parents to beaware of this possibility and to seek appropriate medical and psychological support for their child.Additionally, the process of international adoption itself can be complex and time-consuming. It often involves extensive paperwork, background checks, and legal procedures. Adoptive parents must be prepared for the financial and logistical challenges that come with navigating the adoption process, which can vary greatly depending on the countries involved.Despite these challenges, international adoption can also be a rewarding and life-changing experience for both the adoptive parents and the adopted children. It provides an opportunity for children to find a loving and stable home, and for parents to fulfill their dreams of parenthood. However, it is crucial for prospective adoptive parents to educate themselves about the potential challenges and responsibilities involved in international adoption.In conclusion, international adoption is a complex and multifaceted process that brings together children from different cultures and countries with adoptive parents. While it can be a positive and transformative experience, it is important to acknowledge and address the challenges faced by both the adoptive parents and the adopted children. By providing support, resources, and understanding, we can ensure that international adoption is a successful and enriching journey for all involved parties.请注意，以上正文已经按照给定的题目“2007英语考研真题翻译”进行撰写。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
2007年考研英语阅读解翻译与解析
2007年考研英语阅读解翻译与解析D2 to the future.1．［A］natives ［B］inhabitants ［C］peoples ［D］individuals2．［A］confusedly［B］cheerfully ［C］worriedly ［D］hopefully1. 语意辨析题本题目选择名词，在句子中充当主语。
句子叙述到The roughly 20 millionof these nations looked to the future. “这些国家大概有2000万…对未来…。
”选项A. natives 本地人；B. inhabitant居民;C. peoples 民族；D. individuals个体。
不难发现，选项A. natives 本地人，“这些国家大概有2000万本地人…”，符合句子含义；选项B. inhabitant居民，“这些国家大概有2000万居民…”，符合句子含义；选项C. peoples 民族，“这些国家大概有2000万个民族”，显然有悖于常理，不符合句子含义；选项D. individuals 个体，“这些国家大概有2000万个体…”，不符合句子含义，个体一般用于区分于集体时使用。
选项A和B都可以在句子中做主语，确定该题目为语意辨析题。
前面相邻语句（或文章中心思想）叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。
”本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。
因此，正确答案为B。
2. 语意辨析题本题目选择副词，在句子中做状语。
句子叙述到The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked to the future. “这些国家大概有2000万居民对未来…。
2007年考研英语（一）真题及答案
2007年考研英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read Read the the the following following following text. text. text. Choose Choose Choose the the the best best best word(s) word(s) word(s) for for for each each each numbered numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) . (10 points) By By 1830 1830 1830 the the the former former former Spanish Spanish Spanish and and and Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese colonies colonies colonies had had had become become independent independent nations. nations. nations. The The The roughly roughly roughly 20 20 20 million___1___ million___1___ million___1___ of of of these these these nations nations looked looked ___2___ ___2___ ___2___ to to to the the the future. future. future. Born Born Born in in in the the the crisis crisis crisis of of of the the the old old old regime regime regime and and Iberian Iberian Colonialism, Colonialism, Colonialism, many many many of of of the the the leaders leaders leaders of of of independence independence independence ___3___ ___3___ ___3___ the the ideals of representative government, careers ___4___ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the ___5___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. ___6___ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a ___7___ set of laws. On the issue of ___8___ of religion and the position of the church, ___9___, ___9___, there there there was was was less less less agreement agreement agreement ___10___ ___10___ ___10___ the the the leadership. leadership. leadership. Roman Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one ___11___ by the Spanish Spanish crown. crown. crown. ___12___ ___12___ ___12___ most most most leaders leaders leaders sought sought sought to to to maintain maintain maintain Catholicism Catholicism ___13___ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the ___14___ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying ___15___ for the conservative forces. The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti Haiti and and and had had had ___16___ ___16___ ___16___ in in in return return return to to to abolish abolish abolish slavery slavery slavery in in in the the the areas areas areas he he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Sp ain’s ___17___ ___17___ colonies. colonies. colonies. Early Early Early promises promises promises to to to end end end Indian Indian Indian tribute tribute tribute and and and taxes taxes taxes on on people people of of of mixed mixed mixed origin origin origin came came came much much much ___18___ ___18___ ___18___ because because because the the the new new new nations nations still still needed needed needed the the the revenue revenue revenue such such such policies policies policies ___19___. ___19___. ___19___. Egalitarian Egalitarian Egalitarian sentiments sentiments were were often often often tempered tempered tempered by by by fears fears fears that that that the the the mass mass mass of of of the the the population population population was was ___20___ self-rule and democracy. 1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals 2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully 3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected 4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted 5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return 6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally 7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical 8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform 9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover 10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by 11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded 12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While 13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against 14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence 15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish 16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised 17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original 18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher 19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred 20. [A] puzzled by，[B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about，[D] unprepared for Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; commonly commonly call call call talent talent talent is is is highly highly highly overrated. overrated. overrated. Or, Or, Or, put put put another another another way, way, way, expert expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born. 21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to [A] stress the importance of professional training. [B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup. [C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance. [D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others. 22. The word ―maniaǁ (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement. 23. According to Ericsson, good memory [A] depends on meaningful processing of information. [B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. [C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors. [D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that [A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. [B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance. [C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture. 25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey? [A] ―Faith will move mountains.ǁ[B] ―One reaps what one sows.ǁ[C] ―Practice makes perfect.ǁ[D] ―Like father, like son.ǁText 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called ―Ask Marilyn.ǁPeople are invited to query Marilyn Marilyn vos vos vos Savant, Savant, Savant, who who who at at at age age age 10 10 10 had had had tested tested tested at at at a a a mental mental mental level level level of of someone someone about about about 23 23 23 years years years old; old; old; that that that gave gave gave her her her an an an IQ IQ IQ of of of 228 228 228 –– the the highest highest score score ever ever ever recorded. recorded. recorded. IQ IQ IQ tests tests tests ask ask ask you you you to to to complete complete complete verbal verbal verbal and and and visual visual analogies, analogies, to to to envision envision envision paper paper paper after after after it it it has has has been been been folded folded folded and and and cut, cut, cut, and and and to to deduce deduce numerical numerical numerical sequences, sequences, sequences, among among among other other other similar similar similar tasks. tasks. tasks. So So So it it it is is is a a a bit bit confusing confusing when when when vos vos vos Savant Savant Savant fields fields fields such such such queries queries queries from from from the the the average average average Joe Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best best poets poets and philosophers. Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what what does does does it it it mean mean mean to to to be be be smart? smart? smart? How How How much much much of of of intelligence intelligence intelligence can can can be be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). version). Generally Generally Generally costing costing costing several several several hundred hundred hundred dollars, dollars, dollars, they they they are are are usually usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wid e Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are are no no no longer longer longer possible, possible, possible, because because because scoring scoring scoring is is is now now now based based based on on on a a a statistical statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental mental age age age by by by the the the chronological chronological chronological age age age and and and multiplying multiplying multiplying by by by 100. 100. 100. Other Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests. Such Such standardized standardized standardized tests tests tests may may may not not not assess assess assess all all all the the the important important important elements elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article ―How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?ǁ, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity creativity and and and practical practical knowledge, knowledge, components components components also also also critical critical critical to to to problem problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations populations or situations or situations change. change. Research has Research has found found that that that IQ IQ predicted predicted leadership leadership leadership skills skills skills when when when the the the tests tests tests were were were given given given under under under low-stress low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through through SA T SA T will will will testify testify testify that that that test-taking test-taking test-taking skill skill skill also also also matters, matters, matters, whether whether whether it`s it`s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. 26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test? [A] Answering philosophical questions. [B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes. [C] Telling the differences between certain concepts. [D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones. 27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3? [A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence. [B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet. [C] [C] The The The test test test contents contents contents and and and formats formats formats for for for adults adults adults and and and children children children may may may be be different. [D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence. 28. People People nowadays nowadays nowadays can can can no no no longer longer longer achieve achieve achieve IQ IQ IQ scores scores scores as as as high high high as as as vos vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures. [B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now. [C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed. 29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that [A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated. [C] testing involves a lot of guesswork. [D] traditional test are out of date. 30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive. [B] Skeptical. [C] Impartial. [D] Biased. Text 3During During the the the past past past generation, generation, generation, the the the American American American middle-class middle-class middle-class family family family that that once once could could could count count count on on on hard hard hard work work work and and and fair fair fair play play play to to to keep keep keep itself itself itself financially financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In In just just just one one one generation, generation, generation, millions millions millions of of of mothers mothers mothers have have have gone gone gone to to to work, work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback setback –– a a back-up back-up back-up earner earner earner (usually (usually (usually Mom) Mom) Mom) who who who could could could go go go into into into the the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This ―added -worker effectǁ could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad bad times. times. times. But But But today, today, today, a a a disruption disruption disruption to to to family family family fortunes fortunes fortunes can can can no no no longer longer longer be be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During During the the same same period, period, period, families families families have have have been been been asked asked asked to to absorb absorb much much more more risk risk risk in in in their their their retirement retirement retirement income. income. income. Steelworkers, Steelworkers, Steelworkers, airline airline airline employees, employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must must worry worry worry about interest about interest rates, rates, stock stock stock market market market fluctuation, fluctuation, fluctuation, and the and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable fashionable health-savings health-savings health-savings plans plans plans are are are spreading spreading spreading from from from legislative legislative legislative halls halls halls to to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investme investment nt nt risk risk risk for for for families’ families’ families’ future future future healthcare. healthcare. healthcare. Even Even Even demographics demographics demographics are are working working against against against the the the middle middle middle class class class family, family, family, as as as the the the odds odds odds of of of having having having a a a weak weak elderly elderly parent parent parent –– and and all all all the the the attendant attendant attendant need need need for for for physical physical physical and and and financial financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks looks far far far less less less like like like an an an opportunity opportunity opportunity to to to exercise exercise exercise more more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration acceleration of of of the the the wholesale wholesale wholesale shift shift shift of of of financial financial financial risk risk risk onto onto onto their their their already already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind. 31. Today’s double Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that -income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. [B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. [D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. 32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments. [C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future. 33. According to the author, health-savings plans will [A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class. [C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. [B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems. [D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. 35. Which of the following is the best title for this text? [A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff [C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins Text 4It It never never never rains rains rains but but but it it it pours. pours. pours. Just Just Just as as as bosses bosses bosses and and and boards boards boards have have have finally finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their their feeble feeble feeble corporation corporation corporation governance, governance, governance, a a a new new new problem problem problem threatens threatens threatens to to to earn earn them –especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to to odd, odd, odd, low-level low-level low-level IT IT IT staff staff staff to to to put put put right, right, right, and and and seen seen seen as as as a a a concern concern concern only only only of of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection protection is is is now now now high high high on on on the the the bos bos boss’s s’s s’s agenda agenda agenda in in in businesses businesses businesses of of of every every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from from organizations organizations organizations as as as diverse diverse diverse as as as Time Time Time Warner, Warner, the the American American American defense defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into into their their their intricate intricate intricate IT IT IT systems systems systems and and and business business business processes processes processes in in in search search search of of potential vulnerabilities. ―Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,ǁ says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. school. ―The ―The ability ability to to to guard guard guard customer customer customer data data data is is is the the the key key key to to to market value, market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.ǁIndeed, just as as there there there is is is the the the concept concept concept of of of Generally Generally Generally Accepted Accepted Accepted Accounting Accounting Accounting Principles Principles (GAAP), (GAAP), perhaps perhaps perhaps it it it is is is time time time for for for GASP GASP , Generally Generally Accepted Accepted Accepted Security Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. ―Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,ǁ he says . The The mystery mystery mystery is is is that that that this this this should should should come come come as as as a a a surprise surprise surprise to to to any any any boss. boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore restore –– and and that that that few few few things things things are are are more more more likely likely likely to to to destroy destroy destroy trust trust trust than than than a a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change change fast: fast: fast: lots lots lots of of of proposed proposed proposed data-security data-security data-security legislation legislation legislation is is is now now now doing doing doing the the rounds rounds in in in Washington, Washington, Washington, D.C. D.C. D.C. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Meanwhile, the the the theft theft theft of of of information information information about about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th , overshadowed overshadowed a a a hugely hugely hugely important important important decision decision decision a a a day day day earlier earlier earlier by by by America’s America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. 36. The statement ―It never rains but it poursǁ is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations. [C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage. 37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out [A] whether there is any weak point. [B] what sort of data has been stolen. [C] who is responsible for the leakage. [D] how the potential spies can be located. 38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that [A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention. [C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security. [D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized. 39. According According to to to Paragraph Paragraph Paragraph 4, 4, 4, what what what puzzles puzzles puzzles the the the author author author is is is that that that some some bosses fail to [A] see the link between trust and data protection. [B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data. [C] realize the high cost of data restoration. [D] appreciate the economic value of trust. 40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that [A] data leakage is more severe in Europe. [B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation. [D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage. Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A —G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There There are are are two two two extra extra extra headings headings headings that that that you you you do do do not not not need need need to to to use. use. use. Mark Mark Mark your your idea.ǁThey idea.ǁThey can can can change change change their view of the future is of little good. 41 42 43 skills, such as managing time and setting priorities. 44 45 universities. (46) (46) (46) Traditionally, Traditionally, Traditionally, legal legal legal learning learning learning has has has been been been viewed viewed viewed in in in such such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily, the older and ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists journalists forge forge forge on on on a a a daily daily daily basis basis basis as as as they they they cover cover cover and and and comment comment comment on on on the the news.For news.For example, (48) (48) But the But the idea idea that that that the the the journalist journalist journalist must understand the must understand the law law more more profoundly profoundly than than than an an an ordinary ordinary ordinary citizen citizen citizen rests rests rests on on on an an an understanding understanding understanding of of of the the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics media.Politics or, state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. lawyers. (50) (50) (50) While While While comment comment comment and and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of Part A51. Directions:Write Write a a a letter letter letter to to to you you you university university university library, library, making making suggestions suggestions suggestions for for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. . Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Mingǁ instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) write the address. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) support your view with an example/examples. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) . (20 points) 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B 36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. D 41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. E Section III: Writing(30 points)Part A(10 points)51. 参考范文January 20th, 2007 Dear Sir or Madam, I’m a student in the university and a loyal reader of this library. I’m writing to tell some of my ideas, which I hope to be helpful for you. I notice that many magazines in our library are out of date. It would be be beneficial beneficial beneficial to to to us us us students students students if if if they they they could could could be be be updated updated updated in in in time. time. time. And And And I I suggest introducing some new journals so as to bring new fresh air to the library. Furthermore, since we have a huge number of books, it is not easy to to find find find the the the right right right one one one easily. easily. easily. However, However, However, if if if we we we can can can introduce introduce introduce some some some new new searching searching means, means, means, such such such as as as implementing implementing implementing new new new information information information management management system that would be useful. Thank Thank you you you for for for taking taking taking time time time reading reading reading this this this letter letter letter and and and I’m I’m I’m looking looking forward to seeing some new changes soon. Sincerely Yours, Li Ming Part B(20 points)52. 参考范文As can be seen from the cartoon, different ideas may come from the same thing. In the picture, while trying to catch the upcoming soccer, the goal-keeper goal-keeper says says says to to to himself himself himself why why why it it it is is is so so so big. big. big. And, And, And, the the the striker striker striker simply simply thinks in a different way, that is why it is so small? What makes such a big contrary on the same tournament at the same moment? moment? It It It is is is no no no doubt doubt doubt that that that they they they are are are facing facing facing the the the very very very same same same goal goal goal and and experiencing experiencing the the the very very very same same same moment. moment. moment. However, However, However, the the the subjective subjective subjective views views result result in in different different impression impression impression on on on the the the same same same object. object. object. Many Many Many of of of us us may may still still remember the story of a pony crossing the river, which we learned from the textbook in primary school. The squirrel tells him, the river is deep; and the cow tells him, the river is not deep at all. However, in the end, he 。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
2007英语考研真题翻译
2007英语考研真题翻译2007年英语考研真题翻译2007年的英语考研真题是考生们备考过程中的一大挑战。
这份考题涉及到不同领域的内容，要求考生具备广泛的知识储备和翻译能力。
在这篇文章中，我们将对2007年英语考研真题进行分析和解读，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。
首先，让我们来看一下2007年英语考研真题的具体内容。
这道题目的原文如下："Over the past decade, the Internet has brought about drastic changes in theway people communicate and conduct business. But it has also given rise to a host of new security threats. As a result, a new industry has emerged that is dedicated to providing protection against these threats. This industry is knownas the cybersecurity industry.The cybersecurity industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. With an increasing number of individuals and organizations relying on the Internet for their daily activities, the demand for cybersecurity services has skyrocketed. As a result, cybersecurity companies have sprung up all over the world, offering awide range of products and services to protect against cyber threats.One of the key challenges facing the cybersecurity industry is the constantly evolving nature of cyber threats. Hackers and cybercriminals are constantly finding new ways to exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks. This means that cybersecurity companies must constantly adapt and innovate in order to stay one step ahead of the hackers.In addition to the technical challenges, the cybersecurity industry also faces ashortage of skilled professionals. As the demand for cybersecurity services continues to grow, there is a need for more individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge to fill these roles. This has led to a surge in the number of cybersecurity training programs and courses being offered by universities and other educational institutions.Despite these challenges, the cybersecurity industry remains a vital and important part of the modern world. Without adequate cybersecurity measures in place, individuals and organizations are at risk of falling victim to cyber attacks and data breaches. The cybersecurity industry plays a crucial role in protecting sensitive information and ensuring the integrity and security of computer systems and networks.In conclusion, the cybersecurity industry has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by the increasing reliance on the Internet and the constant evolution of cyber threats. However, it also faces challenges such as the shortage of skilled professionals and the need for constant innovation. Nevertheless, the importance of the cybersecurity industry cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role in safeguarding individuals and organizations from cyber attacks."以上就是2007年英语考研真题的内容。
考研英语一真题手译翻译2007
2- If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.
For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.
Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.
2007英语一翻译
2007英语一翻译2007年英语一翻译试题是众多英语学习者在备考过程中关注的重要资料。
以下是对该试题的详细解读，希望对您的学习有所帮助。
2007年英语一翻译试题分为两部分，第一部分为英译汉，第二部分为汉译英。
以下是对这两部分内容的详细解析。
一、英译汉1.文章主题：该部分文章主题为美国高等教育的发展历程。
2.难点分析：（1）长难句：文章中出现了多个长难句，如“Furthermore, the development of American education has been influenced by the nation"s history, culture, and social structure, which have all contributed to the diversity of educational institutions and the flexibility of the educationa l system.”这句话中包含了多个从句，需要考生在翻译时理清句子结构。
（2）专有名词：文章中出现了一些与美国高等教育相关的专有名词，如“Community College”、“Ivy League”等，需要考生在翻译时准确理解其含义。
3.翻译策略：（1）在翻译长难句时，可以先将句子分解成若干部分，然后逐一翻译，最后整合成完整的句子。
（2）在翻译专有名词时，可以先查找相关资料，了解其背景和含义，然后进行准确翻译。
二、汉译英1.文章主题：该部分文章主题为中国传统文化的特点。
2.难点分析：（1）成语和典故：文章中出现了一些成语和典故，如“画龙点睛”、“滴水穿石”等，需要考生在翻译时准确传达其含义。
（2）文化背景：文章涉及到的文化背景较为丰富，如儒家、道家等，需要考生在翻译时对这些文化背景有所了解。
3.翻译策略：（1）在翻译成语和典故时，可以采用直译或意译的方式，使译文既能传达原文含义，又能符合英文表达习惯。
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2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Section I Use of English到1830 年,前西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地变成了独立的国家。
大约2000万居民满怀信心地展望未来。
出生于旧的社会政体和伊比利亚殖民主义的危机之中，许多独立的国家领导人共享的信念包括成立民选政府、人尽其材、商业和贸易自由、拥有私有财产的权利，并且相信个人是社会的基础。
人们普遍认为新的国家应该是主权国家以及独立的国家，国家足够强大有经济实力能存活下去并且有一套共同的法律所控制。
然而，在宗教自由和教会地位的问题上，领导人之间的观点就不那么一致了。
罗马天主教一直是国教，并且是西班牙国王允许的唯一宗教。
大部分领导人要求维持天主教作为新国家的正式宗教，而另一些人却要设法结束其他信仰被排斥的局面。
保护教会成了保守势力的战斗口号。
早期的独立领导人的理想通常是平等主义，把一切事物看作是平等的。
玻利瓦尔曾接受过海地的援助并且作为回报承诺在他解放的地区废除农奴制。
到1854 年，除了西班牙残存的殖民地以外，农奴制已经被废除。
先前做出的结束印第安人进贡和停止向混合血统人征税的承诺变得越来越难以实施，因为这些国家仍然需要这些政策产生的财政收入。
因为害怕大多数人民还没准备好自治和民主，这些平等主义观点经常被缓和了。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1如果你查一下2006 年世界杯足球赛参赛队员的出生证明，你会发现一个令人注目的奇怪现象：杰出的足球队员大多出生于一年的前几个月而不是后几个月。
如果你再仔细观察一下为世界杯和著名职业球队培养队员的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一现象更加突出。
是什么原因导致了这种奇怪现象的发生呢？人们有如下猜测：a) 某些星座的人被赐予优秀的足球才能；b)冬天出生的孩子吸氧能力更强，踢足球的耐力好； c)热衷于足球的夫妇更可能在春季怀孕，因为此时是足球热的高潮；d)以上观点都不对。
Anders Ericsson,弗罗里达州立大学58 岁的心理学教授说,他坚决相信“以上观点都不正确”。
Ericsson成长于瑞典,研究过核工程学,后来意识到只有把专业转向心理学他才能有更多的机会来完成他的实验。
他的第一个实验，完成于30 多年前，涉及到记忆力：训练一个人听一串数字，然后重复任意排列的数字。
在第一个目标的训练中，经过20 个小时的训练后他的数字记忆从7 位增加到20 位。
Ericsson回忆说，他不断地改进，在200 个小时的训练后，记忆力增加到 80位数字。
这一实验的成功以及后来的研究工作表明记忆本身不是遗传所决定的，这使得Ericsson得出结论：记忆是一种认知行为，而不是直觉行为。
换句话说，不管两个人天生的记忆能力有多大差异，它们都将被个人的信息编码能力所掩盖。
Ericsson认为：对信息进行有意义编码的最佳方式是有意识地练习。
有意识地练习不仅仅包括简单地重复某一任务，它涉及到确立特定的目标，获得即时反馈以及集中精力于技巧和结果。
Ericsson和他的同事们就这样开始了范围广泛的（包括足球）对于优秀专业成就获得者的研究。
他们尽可能地搜集材料，不仅仅包括他们的专业成就统计数字和个人传记细节，也包括他们对于高成就获得者的实验结果。
他们的实验得出了令人惊讶的结论：人们常常称之为天赋的因素被大大地高估了，或者，换句话说，优秀人士，不管涉及记忆还是做手术，跳芭蕾舞还是计算机编程，都是后天培养的的，而不是天生的。
Text 2在过去的几年中，星期日报的增刊Parade开设了一个专栏，专栏的题目叫“问问Marilyn”。
该增刊邀请读者对年仅10岁却经测试具有23岁智力水平的Marilyn vos Savant提问。
经测试他的智商高达228——是有史以来最高的数字。
智商测试一般要求你完成文字和图象类推、想象出纸张经过折叠并剪切过以后的形状，同时还有推导数列以及其他类似的任务。
所以当vos Savant被Joe（智商水平为100）问到“喜欢和爱有什么区别”；“幸运和巧合的本质是什么”这样的问题时，她显得有些迷惑。
具有形象思维和推导数列的能力是否就能解答许多最优秀的诗人和哲学家都无法解答的问题，这一点尚不清楚。
人的智力很明显地是不能用一次智商测试的分数来决定。
那么聪明意味着什么呢？智力在多大程度上可以被详细说明？我们又能从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其它科学领域对它了解多少？虽然智商测试不像以前那样使用频繁了，但是对人类智力进行定义的标准似乎仍然是智商的分数。
这种测试主要有两种形式：Stanford Binet和Wechsler智力量表（两者都分别有成人和儿童两种版本）。
一次测试一般需要几百美元，通常是由心理学家来进行，虽然书店里和互联网上有不少从这两种形式演变而来的测试。
想在测试中得到像vos Savant那样超高的分数已不再可能，因为现在的分数是基于统计的同龄人人口分布之上，而非简单地用心理年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100所得。
其它的一些标准化测试，比如学业能力测试（SAT）和研究生入学考试（GRE），都具有智商测试的主要特征。
Robert J. Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试不一定能评估出在学业或者生活中获得成功所必须的所有重要因素。
在他的一篇题为《智商测试有多少智慧？》的文章中，他指出传统的测试能很好的评估分析能力和语言能力，但是测试不出他们的创造力和实践水平，而这些对解决问题和获得成功至关重要。
而且，一旦人口状况或环境出现了变化，智商测试就不一定能给予准确的判断。
研究发现，若在压力不大的情况下进行智商测试，可以测试出领导才能，但是在巨大的压力之下进行，智商与结果呈负极联系，即测试结果正好相反。
任何一位曾经参加SAT考试的人都可以证实，考试技巧也很重要，它可以帮你判断何时应进行猜测，或哪道题可以略去不做。
Text 3在过去的一代人中，曾经靠着勤奋工作和公平竞争使自己在经济上获得保障的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。
如今一张解雇通知书，一种疾病或者是失去配偶都会在几个月之内使一个稳固的中产阶级家庭沦落为贫困家庭。
在仅仅一代人的时间里，数以百万计的母亲参加了工作，改变了基本的家庭经济结构。
学者，决策者和各类评判员对这些变化的社会影响展开辩论，但是很少有人注意到这些变化所带来的负面影响:家庭风险也增大了。
当今家庭的预算全都到了家庭收入的极限，而这样做的结果是使家庭失去经济衰退时曾经拥有过的保护伞：储备的劳动力（通常是母亲），她可以在父亲被解雇或者是生病的时候出去挣钱贴补家用。
这种“额外劳动力”再加上失业救济或者伤残保险金就可以帮助一个家庭度过难关。
但是现在一旦家庭收入出现问题，就再也没有平时赋闲在家的家庭成员赚取工资进行补救。
在同一时期里，家庭退休金被要求承担更多风险。
钢铁工人，航空公司员工，还有汽车产业工人都正在加入数百万的这样的家庭之中：他们必须担心利率、股票市场的波动，以及寿命可能超过退休金保障年限的严峻现实。
在过去的大半年时间里，布什总统致力于把社会保障体系转变为储蓄帐户模式，让退休人员将多数或全部有保障的退休金转变为依赖于投资回报的退休金。
对于比较年轻的家庭，情况同样不容乐观。
医疗的绝对支出和家庭应该承担的部分都有所增加——新型时髦的健康储蓄计划正在从立法大厅向沃尔玛的员工实施，扣除的部分增加了，给家庭的医疗前景增加了更大的投资新风险。
甚至连人口统计学统计数据也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为家里有一个病弱老人的几率，以及随之而来的对身体和经济援助的需求，在过去一代人的时间里增长了八倍。
从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，这些大部分是可以理解的，它们看起来不像是履行更多的经济责任，而更像是令人担忧地将经济风险加速完全转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上。
经济上的影响已经开始，政治上的影响可能也不会太远了。
Text 4雨不下则已，下则倾盆。
正当老板和董事会最终解决了最糟糕的会计问题和违规问题，并增强了他们脆弱的公司管理机制时，一个新的问题——特别是在美国——可能使他们难堪地登上新闻头条，也肯定会让管理者们头晕脑涨：信息的不安全。
这个问题迄今为止一直由低级IT人员来处理，人们也仅仅将其视为银行业、电信业、航空旅行业等信息密集型行业关注的问题。
可是现在，信息保护问题已经成为各行各业老板们的头等大事。
今年发生的几次重大的客户和职员资料泄露事件——它们发生在时代华纳、美国国防承包商科学应用跨国公司以及加州大学伯克利分校等不同的机构——促使管理者们迫不及待地检查他们复杂的IT 系统和业务流程，以找到潜在的薄弱环节。
“信息正在成为一种资产，需要对它进行保护，正像保护其他资产一样。
”斯坦福大学商学院的海姆·门德尔逊说到，“保护客户资料的能力是市场价值的关键，董事会应该代表股东对此负责。
”的确，就像存在通行会计准则（GAAP）一样，也许现在应该有GASP，通行安全行为准则。
纽约大学商学院的艾利·诺姆建议说：“为安全、备份恢复制定适当的投资标准是一个管理问题，而不是技术问题。
”难以理解的是，这是会让任何老板都感到惊讶的事情。
即使是对于最愚笨的管理者来说，这一点无疑都是显而易见的：信誉是价值最高的经济资产，很容易受到损害，恢复起来需要极其高昂的代价，几乎没有什么比让敏感的个人资料落入不该得到它的人手中更有可能损害信誉。
法律（在美国而非欧洲）缺少对泄露资料的制裁规定可能使目前的情况更加恶化——尽管未说明其合理性。
直到最近加利福尼亚州通过了一项法律之前，美国公司在资料泄露时不需要告知任何人，甚至受害者。
这种情况可能很快得以改变：很多信息安全法律提案正在华盛顿特区论证。
与此同时， 6 月17 日批露的美国4000万信用卡账户信息被盗窃的消息，使得美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）前一天做出的一个重要决定黯然失色。
该决定是要使美国的公司注意，如果公司不能提供足够的信息安全保障，监管机构将采取行动。
Part B父母如何帮助孩子？父母可以做很多事情以确保帮助孩子顺利进入成年。
哪怕一份工作的起始薪水看起来太少，不能满足刚刚成年的年轻人快速如愿的要求，然而，如果刚进入成年期的孩子能对人生的转变有所准备的话，那么从学校到工作的转变是可以减少挫折感的。
下面是一些相关建议，摘自我的《人生的转变，准备好了吗》一书，父母们可以利用它们来预防我所说的“工作、生活的无准备状态”。
41.【F】帮助孩子认清自己当孩子们十一二岁的时候，你就可以开始做这项工作。
定期和他们一起回顾他们表现出来的忧缺点，和他们一起改掉任何缺点，比如交流或合作方面的困难。
同时，注意发现孩子身上一再出现的兴趣点，因为这些兴趣能透漏出他们最适合从事什么职业。
42.【D】经常讨论未来孩子们都需要一些真实的榜样——与他们圈内的成员、流行明星以及受吹捧的运动员形成对比。