建筑学专业英语-unit seven Tall Building
建筑学专业英文词汇
建筑专业英文词汇1建筑面积Construction2建筑用地Building land3容积率Volume ratio4绿地率Green rate5室外透视效果图Outdoor perspective renderings6室内透视效果图Interior perspective renderings7一层平面Layer plan8二层平面Second floor flat9剖面Section10正北面Is north11正南面Is south12正东面Is east13总平面图General Plan14构图分析Composition analysis15设计理念Design:16设计说明Design Notes：17图纸Drawing18。
主入口大门/岗亭（车行&人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE＆PEDESTRIAN ）19.次入口/岗亭（车行&人行）2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ）20。
商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.21。
水景WATER FEATURE22。
小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE23。
迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-124.观景木台TIMBER DECK （VIEWING）25。
竹园BAMBOO GARDEN26.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA27。
露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE28.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-229.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE30.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK’SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE31.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE32。
建筑学英语词汇、句子
UNIT ONEARCHITRCTURE1.edifice大建筑物，体系pressive strength抗压强度3.span 架设，跨度4.tensile strength抗拉强度5.skeleton构架，轮廓，草图6.cantilever悬臂梁7.project 伸出，设计8.nave 正厅9.aisle（注意读音）侧廊10.transept 教堂左右两翼11.chapel 私人祈祷处12.apse 耳室13.Gothic cathedral 哥特式教堂14. module 模数15.balustrade 栏杆16.colonnade柱廊17.ornament 装饰物（decoration)18.column柱子( post, pillar)19.Golden section黄金分割The precise activities to be housed in any specific building, ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home, should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within.翻译：将要容纳在具体建筑物中明确的各种活动，范围从工厂流水线到住宅的起居室，都应限定其中各部分空间的大小和形状。
Furthermore, a structure must be well built , it could have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the materials chosen may allow.此外，一座建筑的结构必须建造良好，必须具有永久性。
这种永久性既是设计意图要求的，也是材料选择许可的。
【英语】建筑专业词汇及短语大全
【英语】建筑专业词汇及短语大全英语建筑专业词汇（分类）a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书planning proposals设计任务书design order标准规范standards and codes条件图information drawing设计基础资料basic data for design工艺流程图process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original data设计进度schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案scheme, draft草图sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判negotiation可行性研究feasibility study初步设计preliminary design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design询价图enquiry drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing竣工图as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照sunshine风玫瑰wind rose主导风向prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电thunder and lightning飓风hurricane台风typhoon旋风cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual rainfall湿球温度wet bulb temperature干球温度dry bulb temperature冰冻期frost period冰冻线frost line冰冻区frost zone室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区region with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室office服务用房service room换班室shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室living room浴室bathroom淋浴间shower更衣室locker room厕所lavatory门厅lobby诊室clinic工作间workshop电气开关室switchroom走廊corridor档案室archive电梯机房lift motor room车库garage清洁间cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting room衣柜间ward robe暖风间H.V.A.C room饭店restaurant餐厅canteen, dining room厨房kitchen入口entrance接待处reception area 会计室accountant room秘书室secretary room电气室electrical room控制室control room工长室foreman office开关柜室switch gear前室antecabinet (Ante.)生产区production area马达控制中心Mcc多功能用房utility room化验室laboratory room经理室manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙parapet雨蓬canopy屋脊roof ridge坡度slope坡跨比pitch分水线water-shed二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic附加油毡一层extra ply of felt檐口eave挑檐overhanging eave檐沟eave gutter平屋面flat roof坡屋面pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe)(R.W.P)汇水面积catchment area泛水flashing内排水interior drainage外排水exterior drainage滴水drip屋面排水roof drainage找平层leveling course卷材屋面built-up roofing天棚ceiling檩条purlin屋面板roofing board天花板ceiling board防水层water-proof course检查孔inspection hole人孔manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick wall砌块墙block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering 抹灰墙rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board 空心砖墙hollow brick wall承重墙bearing wall非承重墙non-bearing wall纵墙longitudinal wall横墙transverse wall外墙external (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙filler wall防火墙fire wall窗间墙wall between window空心墙cavity wall压顶coping圈梁gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断glazed wall防潮层damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板sunshade阳台balcony伸缩缝expansion joint沉降缝settlement joint抗震缝seismic joint复合夹心板sandwich board压型单板corrugated single steel plate 外墙板cladding panel复合板composite panel轻质隔断light-weight partition牛腿bracket砖烟囱brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪grade地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实rammed earth炉渣夯实tamped cinder填土filled earth回填土夯实tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding面层covering, finish结合层bonding (binding) course找平层leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course 混凝土地面concrete floor水泥地面cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面terrazzo flooring马赛克地面mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面 linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面 precast terrazzo floo ring硬木花地面 hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅 joist硬木毛地面 hard-wood rough flooring 企口板地面tongued and grooved floorin g防酸地面 acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete sl ab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面 vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟 drainage trench沟盖板 trench cover活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑 sump pit孔翻边 hole up stand电缆沟 cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门 panelled door夹板门 plywood door铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门 swing door推拉门 sliding door平开门 side-hung door折叠门 folding door旋转门 revolving door玻璃门 glazed door密闭门 air-Tight door保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门 galvanized steel wire me sh door防火门 fire door(大门上的)小门 wicket门框 door frame门扇 door leaf门洞 door opening结构开洞 structural opening单扇门 single door双扇门 double door疏散门 emergency door纱门 screen door门槛 door sill门过梁 door lintel上冒头 top rail下冒头 bottom rail门边木 stile门樘侧料 side jumb 槽口 notch木窗 wooden window钢窗 steel window铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (l ouver, shutter, blind)塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗 hollow steel window固定窗 fixed window平开窗 side-hung window推拉窗 sliding window气窗 transom上悬窗 top-hung window中悬窗 center-pivoted window下悬窗 hopper window活动百叶窗 adjustable louver天窗 skylight老虎窗 dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel 钢筋砖过梁reinforced brick lintel窗扇casement sash窗台window sill窗台板window board窗中梃mullion窗横木mutin窗边木stile压缝条cover mould窗帘盒curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴pivot长脚铰链parliament hinge闭门器door closer地弹簧floor closer插销bolt门锁door lock拉手pull链条chain门钩door hanger碰球ball latch窗钩window catch暗插销insert bolt电动开关器electric opener平板玻璃plate glass夹丝玻璃wire glass透明玻璃clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass) 防弹玻璃bullet-proof glass石英玻璃quartz glass吸热玻璃heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃polished glass着色玻璃pigmented glass玻璃瓦glass tile玻璃砖glass block有机玻璃organic glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯stair楼梯间staircase疏散梯emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane ladder直爬梯vertical ladder踏步step扇形踏步winder (wheel step)踏步板tread档步板riser踏步宽度tread width防滑条non-slip insert (strips)栏杆railing (balustrade)平台栏杆platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手handrail梯段高度height of flight防护梯笼protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing (platform)操作平台operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair landing客梯passenger lift货梯goods lift客/货两用梯goods/passenger lift 液压电梯hydraulic lift自动扶梯escalator观光电梯observation elevator电梯机房lift mortar room电梯坑lift pit电梯井道lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦红砖red brick粘土砖clay brick瓷砖glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire brick空心砖hollow brick面砖facing brick地板砖flooring tile缸砖clinkery brick马赛克mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦glazed tile脊瓦ridge tile石棉瓦asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheetLime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石石膏gypsum大理石marble汉白玉white marble花岗岩granite碎石crushed stone毛石rubble蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩pearlite水磨石terrazzo卵石cobble砾石gravel粗砂course sand中砂medium sand细砂fine sandCement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portlandcement硅酸盐水泥silicate cement火山灰水泥pozzolana cement白水泥white cement水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal mortar防水砂浆water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆bituminous mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar joint素混凝土plain concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete轻质混凝土lightweight concrete细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土foamed concrete炉渣混凝土cinder concreteFacing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石granitic plaster斩假石artificial stone刷浆lime wash可赛银casein大白浆white wash麻刀灰打底hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned板条抹灰lath and plasterAsphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材asphalt felt沥青填料asphalt filler沥青胶泥asphalt grout冷底子油 adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂 asphaltic mastic 沥青麻丝 bitumastic oakum石棉板 asbestos sheet石棉纤维 asbestos fiberTimber 木材裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木 round timber方木 square timber板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松 red pine白松 white pine落叶松 deciduous pine云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨 white poplar桦木 birch冷杉 fir栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木 camphor wood防腐处理的木材 preservative-treated l umber胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板 laminated plank胶合层夹木材 glue-laminated lumber 纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bambooMetallic Materials 金属材料黑色金属 ferrous metal圆钢 steelbBar方钢 square steel扁钢 steel strap,flat steel型钢 steel section (shape)槽钢 channel角钢 angle steel等边角钢 equal-leg angle不等边角钢 unequal-leg angle工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢 T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢 light gauge cold-formed steel shape热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢 alloy steel钛合金 titanium alloy不锈钢 stainless steel竹节钢筋 corrugated steel bar变形钢筋 deformed bar光圆钢筋 plain round bar钢板 steel plate薄钢板 thin steel plate低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯 cold bending钢管 steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe黑铁管 iron pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁 cast iron生铁 pig iron熟铁 wrought iron 镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网 expanded metal锰钢 managanese steel高强度合金钢 high strength alloy stee lNon-Ferrous Metal 有色金属金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 leadAnti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯 polythene, polyethylene尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯 acrylic resin乙烯基酯 vinyl ester橡胶内衬 rubber lining氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆 bitumen paint环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆 zinc oxide primer防锈漆 anti-rust paint耐酸漆 acid-resistant paint耐碱漆 alkali-resistant paint水玻璃 sodium silicate树脂砂浆 resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂 epoxy resinBuilding Hardware 建筑五金钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nai l环纹石膏板钉 annular-ring gypsum boar d nail螺丝 screws平头螺丝 flat-head screw螺栓 bolt普通螺栓 commercial bolt高强螺栓 high strength bolt预埋螺栓 insert bolt胀锚螺栓 cinch bolt垫片 washerPaint 油漆底漆 primer防锈底漆 rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆 anti-corrosion paint调和漆 mixed paint无光漆 flat paint透明漆 varnish银粉漆 aluminum paint磁漆 enamel paint干性油 drying oil稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆 asphalt paint桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹 red lead铅油 lead oil腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水 water supply and drainage总图 plot plan 采暖通风 H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning)电力供应 electric power supply电气照明 electric lighting电讯 telecommunication仪表 instrument热力供应 heat power supply动力 mechanical power工艺 process technology管道 pipingConventional Terms 一般通用名词建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式 architectural style民用建筑 civil architecture城市建筑 urban architecture农村建筑 rural architecture农业建筑 farm building工业建筑 industrial building重工业的 heavy industrial轻工业的 light industrial古代建筑 ancient architecture现代建筑 modern architecture标准化建筑 standardized buildings附属建筑 auxiliary buildings城市规划 city planning厂区内 within site厂区外 offsite封闭式 closed type开敞式 open type半开敞式 semi-open type模数制 modular system单位造价 unit cost概算 preliminary estimate承包商 constructor, contractor现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震 aseismatic, quake-proof防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量 traffic volume货流量 freight traffic volume人流量 pedestrian volume透视图 perspective drawing建筑模型 building model Architectural Physics 建筑物理照明 illumination照度 degree of illumination亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光 natural lighting光强 light intensity侧光 side light顶光 top light眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温 thermal insulation恒温 constant temperature恒湿 constant humidity噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音 sound absorption露点 dew point隔汽 vapor-proofName Of Professional role 职务名称项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理 design manager 首席建筑师 principal architect总工程师 chief engineer土木工程师 civil engineer工艺工程师 process engineer电气工程师 electrical engineer机械工程师 mechanical engineer计划工程师 planning engineer助理工程师 assistant engineer实习生 probationer专家 specialist, expert制图员 draftsman技术员 technicianDrafting 制图总说明 general specification工程说明 project specification采用标准规范目录 list of standards an d specification adopted图纸目录 list of drawings平面图 plan局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图 schematic plan of... ．．．平剖面图 sectional plan of... 留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes剖面 section纵剖面 longitudinal section横剖面 cross (transverse) section 立面 elevation正立面 front elevation透视图 perspective drawing侧立面 side elevation背立面 back elevation详图 detail drawings典型节点 typical detail节点号 detail No.首页 front page图纸目录及说明 list of contents and d escription图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图 load diagram流程示意图 flow diagram标准图 standard drawing．．．布置图 layout of ...地形图 topographical map土方工程图 earth-work drawing展开图 developed drawing模板图 formwork drawing配筋 arrangement of reinforcement表格 tables工程进度表 working schedule技术经济指标 technical and economical index建、构筑物一览表 list of buildings and structures编号 coding序列号 serial No.行和栏 rows and columns备注 remarks等级 grade直线 straight Line曲线 curves曲折线 zigzag line虚线 dotted line实线 solid line影线 hatching line点划线 dot and dash line轴线 axis等高线 contour Line中心线 center Line双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola切线 tangent Line 尺寸线 dimension Line园形 round环形 annular方形 square矩形 rectangle平行四边形 parallelogram三角形 triangle五角形 pentagon六角形 hexagon八角形 octagon梯形 trapezoid圆圈 circle弓形 sagment扇形 sector球形的 spherical抛物面 paraboloid圆锥形 cone椭圆形 ellipse, oblong面积 area体积 volume容量 capacity重量 weight质量 mass力 force米 meter厘米 centimeter毫米 millimeter公顷 hectate牛顿/平方米 Newton/square meter 千克/立方米 kilogram/cubic meter 英尺 foot英寸 inch磅 pound吨 ton加仑 gallon千磅 kip平均尺寸 average dimension变尺寸 variable dimension外形尺寸 overall dimension展开尺寸 developed dimension 内径 inside diameter外径 outside diameter净重 net weight毛重 gross weight数量 quantity百分比 percentage净空 clearance净高 headroom净距 clear distance净跨 clear span截面尺寸 sectional dimension 开间 bay进深 depth单跨 single span双跨 double span多跨 multi-span标高 elevation, level绝对标高 absolute elevation 设计标高 designed elevation 室外地面标高 ground elevation 室内地面标高 floor elevation 柱网 column grid坐标 coordinate厂区占地 site area使用面积 usable area辅助面积 service area通道面积 passage area管架 pipe rack管廊 pipeline gallery架空管线 overhead pipeline排水沟 drain ditch集水坑 sump pit喷泉 fountain地漏 floor drain消火栓 fire hydrant 灭火器 fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器 carbon dioxide extingu isher卤代烷灭火器 halon extinguisher建筑安装工程量 construction work quan tity建筑板材 building board建筑材料表 list of building mater ials建筑材料检验 building material te sting建筑材料行 building material deal er建筑材料运输列车 construction tra in建筑草图 architectural sketch建筑朝向 building orientation建筑成本预算 construction cost es timate建筑承包商 building contractor建筑尺度 architectural scale建筑处理architectural treatment建筑创作architectural creation建筑大五金architectural metalwork建筑大样architectural detail建筑单元building unit建筑费construction cost建筑风格architectural style建筑辅助系统building subsystem建筑钢construction(al) steel建筑钢板building sheet建筑高度building height; height of building建筑高度分区building height zoning; height zoning建筑工程升降机builder’s lift建筑工地选择siting建筑工羊角锤头builder’s claw hammer head建筑工业building industry; construction industry建筑工种building trades建筑构思architectural conception建筑构图compostion on architecture; architectural composition建筑构造building construction建筑估价building cost estimate建筑管理architectural control建筑规程building regulations建筑规范building code建筑机械construction machinery; building machinery建筑及维护规则recommendation建筑结构building structure建筑结构分析语言structural engineering system solver (STRESS)建筑立面elevation of building; building elevation建筑沥青bitumen for building; building asphalt No. 10建筑力学architectural mechanics建筑铝型材生产线architectural aluminium profile production line建筑毛面积gross floor area建筑毛造价gross building cost建筑面积area of structure; covered area建筑面积比floor-area ratio (F.A.R.)之二:1建筑面积Construction2建筑用地Building land3容积率V olume ratio4绿地率 Green rate5室外透视效果图Outdoor perspective renderings6室内透视效果图Interior perspective renderings7一层平面Layer plan8二层平面Second floor flat9剖面 Section10正北面Is north11正南面Is south12正东面Is east13总平面图General Plan14构图分析Composition analysis15设计理念Design：16设计说明Design Notes:17图纸Drawing18.主入口大门/岗亭(车行 & 人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )19.次入口/岗亭(车行 & 人行 ) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )20.商业中心入口 ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.21.水景 WATER FEATURE22.小型露天剧场 MINI AMPHI-THEATRE23.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-124.观景木台 TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)25.竹园 BAMBOO GARDEN26.漫步广场 WALKWAY PLAZA27.露天咖啡廊 OUT DOOR CAFE28.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-229.木桥 TIMBER BRIDGE30.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台 ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE31.吊桥 HANGING BRIDGE32.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )33.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )34.特色踏步 FEATURE STEPPING STONE35.野趣小溪 RIVER WILD36.儿童乐园 CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND 37旱冰道 SLIDE38.羽毛球场 BADMINTON COURT 39.旱景 DRY LANDSCAPE40wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏41aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑42climate zones 气候带43collected rainwater 收集起来的雨水44cold 寒带45ecological impact 生态影响46exotic plant species 外来植物物种47garden pool 花园游泳池48landscape planning 景观规划49natural resources 自然资源50monolithic pavement 整体路面，整体铺装51package plants 丛生植物52plants, herbaceous草本的植物53private garden 私家花园54regional commercial 地区性商业55recycled water 循环水56区域规划分析图；district planning analyse drawing57总平面图；overall plan general layout ;site plan ;siteplan58交通组织分析图；traffic organization analyse drawing59建筑平面图；architectural plan60建筑立面图；architechtural elevation drawing61建筑剖面图：architechtural section drawing 62建筑内部流线分析图；architechrural interior flown line analyse drawing63鸟瞰图aerial view65流线图circulation drawing ；streamline chart66透视图: rendering67外观及主要功能区的透视图outlooking and key functional districts scenograph68正立面透视图the scenograph of vertical planea. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS &IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书planning proposals设计任务书design order标准规范standards and codes条件图information drawing设计基础资料basic data for design工艺流程图process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original data设计进度schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案scheme, draft草图sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判negotiation可行性研究feasibility study初步设计preliminary design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design询价图enquiry drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing竣工图as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照sunshine风玫瑰wind rose主导风向prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning飓风hurricane台风typhoon旋风cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual rainfall湿球温度wet bulb temperature干球温度dry bulb temperature冰冻期frost period冰冻线frost line冰冻区frost zone室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区region with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室office服务用房service room换班室shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室living room浴室bathroom淋浴间shower更衣室locker room厕所lavatory门厅lobby诊室clinic工作间workshop电气开关室switchroom走廊corridor档案室archive电梯机房lift motor room车库garage清洁间cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting room衣柜间ward robe暖风间H.V.A.C room饭店restaurant餐厅canteen, dining room厨房kitchen入口entrance接待处reception area会计室accountant room秘书室secretary room电气室electrical room控制室control room工长室foreman office开关柜室switch gear前室antecabinet (Ante.)生产区production area马达控制中心Mcc多功能用房utility room化验室laboratory room经理室manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙parapet 雨蓬canopy屋脊roof ridge坡度slope坡跨比pitch分水线water-shed二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic附加油毡一层extra ply of felt檐口eave挑檐overhanging eave檐沟eave gutter平屋面flat roof坡屋面pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe)(R.W.P) 汇水面积catchment area泛水flashing内排水interior drainage外排水exterior drainage滴水drip屋面排水roof drainage找平层leveling course卷材屋面built-up roofing天棚ceiling檩条purlin屋面板roofing board天花板ceiling board防水层water-proof course检查孔inspection hole人孔manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick wall砌块墙block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙hollow brick wall承重墙bearing wall非承重墙non-bearing wall纵墙longitudinal wall横墙transverse wall外墙external (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙filler wall防火墙fire wall窗间墙wall between window空心墙cavity wall压顶coping圈梁gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断glazed wall防潮层damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板sunshade阳台balcony伸缩缝expansion joint沉降缝settlement joint抗震缝seismic joint复合夹心板sandwich board压型单板corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding panel复合板composite panel轻质隔断light-weight partition牛腿bracket砖烟囱brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪grade地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实rammed earth炉渣夯实tamped cinder填土filled earth回填土夯实tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding面层covering, finish结合层bonding (binding) course找平层leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course 混凝土地面concrete floor水泥地面cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面terrazzo flooring马赛克地面mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic tile flooring 油地毡地面linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面precast terrazzo flooring 硬木花地面hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅joist硬木毛地面hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡floor with 2% slope集水沟gully集水口gulley排水沟drainage trench沟盖板trench cover活动盖板removable cover plate集水坑sump pit孔翻边hole up stand电缆沟cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled door夹板门plywood door铝合金门aluminum alloy door卷帘门roller shutter door弹簧门swing door推拉门sliding door平开门side-hung door折叠门folding door旋转门revolving door玻璃门glazed door密闭门air-Tight door保温门thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire door(大门上的)小门wicket门框door frame门扇door leaf门洞door opening结构开洞structural opening单扇门single door双扇门double door疏散门emergency door纱门screen door门槛door sill门过梁door lintel上冒头top rail下冒头bottom rail门边木stile门樘侧料side jumb槽口notch木窗wooden window钢窗steel window铝合金窗aluminum alloy window百叶窗(通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind)塑钢窗plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow steel window固定窗fixed window平开窗side-hung window推拉窗sliding window气窗transom上悬窗top-hung window中悬窗center-pivoted window下悬窗hopper window活动百叶窗adjustable louver天窗skylight老虎窗dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced brick lintel窗扇casement sash窗台window sill窗台板window board窗中梃mullion窗横木mutin窗边木stile压缝条cover mould窗帘盒curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴pivot长脚铰链parliament hinge 闭门器door closer地弹簧floor closer插销bolt门锁door lock拉手pull链条chain门钩door hanger碰球ball latch窗钩window catch暗插销insert bolt电动开关器electric opener平板玻璃plate glass夹丝玻璃wire glass透明玻璃clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass) 防弹玻璃bullet-proof glass石英玻璃quartz glass吸热玻璃heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃polished glass着色玻璃pigmented glass玻璃瓦glass tile玻璃砖glass block有机玻璃organic glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯stair楼梯间staircase疏散梯emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane ladder直爬梯vertical ladder踏步step扇形踏步winder (wheel step)踏步板tread档步板riser踏步宽度tread width防滑条non-slip insert (strips)栏杆railing (balustrade)平台栏杆platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手handrail梯段高度height of flight。
建筑学专业英语翻译
翻译一The environmental crisis and sustainable developmentIt has been suggested that the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962 was the start of the modern environmental movement (Dobson, 1991). However, the roots of environmentalism may be muchdeeper. Farmer (1996) has traced the development of ‘Green Sensibility’ in architecture back to folk buildings and the cult of the cottage through the nineteenth century in the writings of Ruskin, the work of the Arts and Crafts movement to the twentieth century and the organic ideas inModern Architecture. The planning profession could also cite its list of planners with green credentials. Amongst these father figures of the planning world would be Geddes (1949), Howard and the Garden City Movement (1965), and Mumford (1938) with his analysis of the ‘Rise and Fall of Megalopolis’. No doubt other disciplines could legitimately cite their own lists of people with deep concerns for the environment, many of them working long before the term ‘sustainable development’was coined. While it is not the intention to downgrade these fine scholarly traditions, nevertheless, for the purpose of this study,and for convenience, the beginnings of the modern environmental movement will be placed in the 1960s. The mood of environmentalism quickened with Rachel Carson’s analysis of the inevitable damage caused by large-scale and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. Carson’s influence was widespread, affecting pressure groups such as Friends of the Earth, in addition to the stimulus she gave to the development of green politics and philosophy. From the USA, Ian McHarg, the Scottish e´migre´, published his seminal work Design with Nature in 1969, seven years after Carson’s warning cry. McHarg’s ecological thesis spans the disciplines of landscape, architecture and planning: he is one of the founding fathers of sustainable development.McHarg argued that human development should be planned in a manner that took full account of nature and natural processes. Design with Nature in addition to articulating a philosophical position also provided atechnique for landscape analysis and design using overlays, a technique which now forms the basis of GIS, Geographic Information Systems, an important tool for current planning and design. While McHarg was writing in the 1960s, the thrust of his argument still applies today in the twenty-first century. ‘It is their (the merchant’s)ethos, with our consent, that sustains th e slumlord and the land rapist, the polluters of rivers and atmosphere. In the name of profit they pre-empt the seashore and sterilize the landscape, fell the great forests, fill protective marshes, build cynically in the flood plain. It is the claim of convenience – or – its illusion – that drives the expressway through neighbourhoods, homes and priceless parks, a taximeter of indifferent greed’.Small is Beautiful by Schumacher (1974) is another milestone in the analysis of the causes of environmental problems and in the development of green principles. One cause of environmental problems according to Schumacher is the notion that we can continue to produce and consume atever-increasing rates in a finite planet. Schumacher warned that the planet which is our stock of capital is being threatened by overproduction: in effect, the human race is consuming its capital at an alarming rate, endangering the tolerance margins of nature, and so threatening the life support systemsthat nurture humankind. A further landmark in green analysis was ‘The Trage dy of the Commons’ (Hardin, 1977). Hardin argued that if everyone maximized his or her own gain from commonly held property, whetherland, sea or air (the commons), the result would be the destruction of those commons. Where populations are comparatively small the ‘commons’ are not under great threat. With rising world populations, the commons now under threat include the air we breathe, the ozone layer that protects us from the sun’s rays, and the ecological systems that deal with the waste we cause. How far The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972) for the Club of Rome’s Project on ‘The Predicament of Mankind’ progressed the aims of the environmental movement is problematical. It attempted to plot the depletion of resources and to warn of the danger of exponential growth, to the ultimate destruction of a global environment fit for human occupation. The book has been described as mechanistic and non-scientific. It has also been criticized for overstating the case, therefore damaging the environmental or green cause. To some extent these criticisms have been addressed in Beyond the Limits (Meadows et al., 1992). The Limits to Growth did attempt, however, to study some aspects of the global environment holistically, concentrating on linkages and adopting a systems approach to environmental analysis, all being common features of a ‘green method’.THE ‘SKEPTICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST’The publication by Lomborg, in Danish, of his book, Verdens Sande Tilstand (1998) –later translated into English as The Skeptical Environmentalist (2001) – was a further landmark in the environmental debate. Acc ording to Lomborg’s assessment, conditions on earth are generally improving for human welfare: furthermore, future prospects are not nearly as gloomy as environmental scientists predict. Those working in the field of sustainable deve lopment cannot ignore Lomborg’s thought-provoking analysis, even though most reputable environmental scientists have rebutted his complacent view of the global environment (see Bongaarts, Holdren, Lovejoy and Schneidr in Scientific American, January, 2002). Like Meadows in his Limits to Growth, Lomborg may have overstated his case. Unfortunately, his thesis has given credence to the views of those advocating an environmental ‘free for all’, par ticularly those to the right of American poli tics (see ‘Bush bending science to his p olitical needs’; Guardian, 19th February, 2004).翻译二POPULATIONAn important contributory factor affecting the deterioration of the environment is population growth. According to Bongaarts (2002), Lomborg’s assertion that the number of pe ople on this planet is not ‘the problem’, is simply wrong. The population of the planet was approximately 0.5 billion in the mid-seventeenth century. It was then growing at approximately 0.3 per cent per annum, which represented a doubling of population every 250 years. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the population was 1.6 billion but growing at 0.5 per cent per annum, which corresponds to a doubling time of 140 years. In 1970, the global population was 3.6 billion, with a growth rate of 2.1 per cent per annum. Not only was the population growing exponentially but the rate of growth was increasing. From 1971 to 2000 the population grew to about 6 billion, but the growth rate fell to 1.5 per cent per annum. This change in population growth rate is a significant improvement and means a reduction in the rate at which total world population grows. The population growth rate is expected to fall further to about 0.8 per cent per annum by 2030. Despite this fall in population growth rate, the absolute growth will remain nearly as high as levels in the last decades of the twentieth century, simply because the population base rate keeps expanding: the global population is expected to be about 8 billion by 2030 and to reach about 10 billion by 2050. These global figures mask details of unprecedented demographic change, which are highly significant for the impact they may have on the environment. The world’s poorest nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America have rapidly growing and young populations, while in the wealthy nations of Europe, North America and Japan, population growth is zero or in some cases negative. By 2030, over 85 per cent of the world’s population will live in these poorer nations of the developing world. Three- quarters of global population growth occurs in the urban centres of these poorer nations, and half of this increase is by natural growth within cities. This urban growth in, and rural-urban migration to, the cities of the poor ‘South’ is occurring in a context of far higher absolute population growth, at extremely low income levels, very little institutional and financial capacity, and few opportunities to expand into new frontiers, foreign or domestic. ‘While urban poverty exists and is indeed growing in all cities of the world, it characterizes aspects of the rapidly growing cities of the developing countries. There, urban poverty disproportionately affects women and children; fuels ethnic and racial tensions; and condemns large sections, and sometimes the majority of urban dwellers to a downward spiral of marginalization, social and economic exclusion and unhealthy living environments’(United Nations, Habitat, 2001). Over 1 billion people live in absolute poverty, living on less than $1 per day. A total of 420 million people live in countries that no longer have enough cropland on which to grow their own food, and 500 million people live in regions prone to chronic drought: by 2025, this number is likely to be 2.4 to 3.5 billion people. Clearly, population pressures will induce migratory movements throughout the world, so that in Europe – including Britain –we can expect to see a continuing influx of economic migrants: some – but not all –in this country would see this immigration of young economically active people as essential to sustain our aging population (Observer, 25 January, 2004). Suchpopulation movements will not be without conflict.‘Poverty and environmental degradation are closely interrelated. While poverty results in environmental stress, the major cause of environmental deterioration is an unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in the industrialised countries, which aggravates poverty and imbalances’ (UN, 1992b). The cause of the problem does not lie in the poor South, but in the ‘over-consumption’in the rich North: over-consumption being a euphemism for the much shorter and more accurate word ‘greed’, as used by McHarg. Nevertheless, a reduction in population growth rates through education and family planning is of great importance in establishing a sustainable future for humankind: alone, however, it is insufficient. It is worth noting that one child born in Europe or the USA will usethe same resources and be responsible for using the same energy and producing the same waste as perhaps thirty or forty born in less advantaged countries. The problems are ‘increasingly international, global and potentially more life-threatening than in the past’ (Pearce, 1989). Fifteen years on from the time when Pearce wrote those words, global conditions have, if anything, deteriorated. The development of a global environment of quality, in addition to the reduction in population growth in the Developing World, is dependent upon establishing sustainable patterns of consumption and production in the Developed World, which in part is related to the way in which we build and use cities.FOOD PRODUCTIONBarring catastrophe, the global population over the next thirty years will grow from 6 billion to 8 billion people. Most of this growth will be in cities of the Developing World. Bongaarts (2002) believes that the demand for feeding this extra population, will be a g reat challenge: ‘The ability of agriculturists to meet this challenge remains uncertain’. He goes on to say that, ‘. . . the technological optimists are probably correct in claiming that the overall food production can be increased substantially over the next few decades’. This agricultural expansion will be costly. The expansion will probably take place on soils of poor quality, located in places less favourable for irrigation, than existing intensively farmed land. Water – as we read constantly in our daily newspapers – is in increasingly short supply, while its demand grows not only for purposes of irrigation.翻译三CLIMATE CHANGEMost weeks we read in the press, that climate change is upon us and that matters can only get worse. The re is even a ‘suspicion abroad’ that conditions are worse than we think. Recently, official pronouncements reported in the press added to the concern: they have led to headlines such as: ‘End of the World is nigh –it’s official’; ‘Human race is killing the planet says Meacher’; and ‘Risk to the environment poses the same dangers as terror, wa rns Blair’ (The Guardian, March 2003). Scientists are, however, more circumspect. As Pearce pointed out as far back as 1989, ‘. . . there is uncertainty about the nature and effect of these changes to climate. For example, there is uncertainty about the exact trace gas emissions which will enter the atmosphere and the precise fuel mix which will be used in the future. There is also uncertainty about the nature and extent of the ecological changes which will be brought about by pollution; in particular, there is uncertainty about the ways in which the climate will respond, either at a global or in a regional context. There is also uncertainty about environmental thresholds–that is, points at which an environmental catastrophe occurs or where particular processes cannot be reversed. Above all, there is great uncertainty about the ways in which man will respond to any changes to the environment that may occur. Human response to a real or perceived environmental threat may be part of a natural adaptation process and include responses at a personal, institutional or governmental level. The response may range from the small-scale installation in the home of more thermal insulation to a process of mass migration from areas of drought or flooding’. More recently, Schneider (2002) also stressed the uncertainty surrounding the whole vexed question of climate change:‘Uncertainties so infuse the issue of climate change that it is impossible to rule out either mild or catastrophic outcomes’. Temperatures in 2100 may increase by 1.4 degrees Celsius or by 5.8 degrees. The first would mean relatively easy adaptable change: the larger figure would induce very damaging changes. The most creditable international assessment body in this field, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) endorse this range of possibilities so that we could be lucky and see a mild effect or unlucky and get catastrophic outcomes. Since a large body of the scientific community believe that climate change in part is due to human activities, a reasonable behaviour would be for humankind to take preventative measures. As Schneider (2002) points out, ‘It is precisely because the responsible scientific community cannot rule out such catastrophic outcomes at a high level of confidence that climate mitigation policies are seriously proposed.’ U ntil the Scientific community, acting on its research findings, advises otherwise, it would seem prudent to propose development strategies, which reduce, as far as possible, the pressures on a fragile global environment. Here it is intended to continue to advocate ‘the precautionary pri nciple’ as a guide for environmental design: this principle is fundamental to the theory of sustainable development, which advocates a cautious approach to the use of environmental resources, particularly those which result in the pollution of the atmosphere with greenhouse gases.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThere seems to be widespread agreement that solving global problems means the adoption of policies and programmes that lead to sustainable development. Sustainable development, however, has many different meanings (Pearce, 1989). The shades of meaning given to sustainable development closely mirror –or perhaps match – the writer’s intellectual or emotional position along the spectrum of green philosophy. There is also a great danger that the concept will become meaningless, or simply be used as another wordy panacea instead of action for dealing with the environmental ills that befall the planet. The pursuit of a sustainable future for the human race in an environment of quality will require the design of effective policies and programmes which directly address the related problems of unsustainable activities and environmental degradation; they must also be politically acceptable in the jurisdiction where they are proposed. If these policies and programmes are grouped beneath the generic term ‘sustainable development’, then that term must have a generally accepted meaning which does not reduce it to an anodyne instrument for political obfuscation. A generally accepted definition of sustainable development, and a good point to begin an exploration of this concept, is taken from the Brundtland Report:‘Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). This definition contains three key ideas: development, needs, and future generations. According to Blowers (1993), development should not be confused with growth. Growth is a physical or quantitative expansion of the economic system, while development is a qualitative concept: it is concerned with cultural, social and economic progress. The term ‘needs’ introduces the ideas of distribution of resources: ‘meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). These are fine sentiments, but in reality the world’s poor are unable to achieve their basic needs of life, while the more affluent effectively pursue their aspirations, many luxuries being defined by such groups as needs. There will naturally be environmental costs if the standards of the wealthy are maintained while at the same time meeting the basic needs of the poor. These environmental costs, furthermore, will increase dramatically if the living conditions in developing countries improve, let alone if the aspiration is to bring those conditions in line with the more affluent developed world. A choice may be inevitable: meeting needs therefore is a political, moral and ethical issue. It concerns the redistribution of resources both within and between nations.翻译四SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: OFFICIAL RESPONSESSustainable development was placed on the political agenda in 1987 with the publication of Our Common Future: The Brundtland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). In Britain, the Government commissioned a report by Pearce et al. (1989) called Blueprint for a Green Economy. Pearce suggested ways in which the constraints could be introduced into the economic system of the United Kingdom. Later, the Government published a White Paper called This Common Inheritance, B ritain’s Environmental Strategy(Department of the Environment, 1990). While full of fine sentiment, the White Paper paid little attention to the argument developed in the Pearce Report. Consequently, no new lead was given in this policy area. The environmental movement was given a European dimension when the European Commission published its Green Paper on the Urban Environment (Commission for the Economic Communities, 1990). The early 1990s in Britain saw the publication of a number of official documents addressing environmental issues. Development Plans: A Good Practice Guide (Department of the Environment, 1992a) has a section on Environmental Issues which attempts to show how concerns about environmental issues can be reflected in a Development Plan. It discusses: ‘achieving a balance between economic growth, technological development and environmental considerations’. It does not attempt to define the point of balance, nor does it enter the thorny argument about development versus growth. The section on energy goes a little further, incorporating some of the ideas on energy-efficient urban form that appear in Energy Conscious Planning (Owens, 1991), a report prepared for the Council for the Protection of Rural England, 1992 saw the publication of Planning Pollution and Waste Management, which formed the basis of planning guidance (Department of the Environment, 1992b), while in 1993 Reducing Transport Emissions Through Planning was published: this was a document prepared jointly by the Department of the Environment and the Department of Transport (1993a). The document states that: In recognition of the problem of global warming the UK Government has signed the Climate Change Convention. This calls for measures to reduce CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by 2000. If the transport sector is to contribute to this reduction, there are three mechanisms through which this could be achieved:(1) Through reductions in overall travel demand;(2) Through encouraging the use of more emissions-efficient modes of travel; and(3) Through changes in the emissions efficiency of transport.Item (1) is simply advocating more energy-efficient urban form, and item (3) is also without political pain –it is the straightforward suggestion to improve transport technology. Item (2) was – and still remains – the area with the greatest potential for short-term reduction in CO2 emissions.This course of action, however, causes the most difficulty for a conservative Government with a prejudice in favour of the road lobby and a propensity to support a roads solution to transport problems.Favoring public transport rather than support for the building of more roads has proved equally problematic for the present Labour Government. Item (2) in essencemeans the development of an efficient, cheap and effective integrated public transport system. The development of such a public transport system means the transfer of resources from the car user to those who use public transport. The transfer of resources may take two forms. First, it may mean higher costs for the motorist in terms of petrol prices, road taxes and road pricing: this will make motoring more costly. Second, the transfer of resources takes the more direct form of the development of costly public transport infrastructure at the expense of road improvements. Competition between our political parties means that no Government, of whatever political persuasion, can afford to alienate too many voters. Most of us living in Britain own a car: we use it daily and with it we conduct a long and tender love affair. How many voters in ‘Middle England’ will gladly accept the undoubted pain accompanying any restriction in car use? One simple and effective way in which the car user in this country was asked to pay for the environmental damage caused by too much petrol consumption was through the mechanism of the ‘price accelerator’: this was introduced by the last Conservative Government in the mid-1990s as a clever procedure to increase the price of petrol annually at each budget by an amount in excess of inflation. The Labour Government of 1997 accepted the ‘accelerator’, but as a policy it floundered with the threatened‘petrol strike’ and the blockading of petrol stations in 1999. The Conservative opposition Party denounced the ‘accelerator policy’of the Government, despite having introduced it during their period in office. The public anger about petrol prices threatened the Gove rnment’s commanding lead in the polls, which caused a re-think of a perfectly reasonable, environmentally friendly, petrol- taxing policy. The Labour Government’s declared moratorium on road building soon after coming to power in 1997 has taken a setback with recent announcements for further motorway-widening and other major road-building projects. For those who believe that it is impossible to build your way out of the present traffic chaos these announcements, along with transport plans, appear to weaken the resolve to tackle the apparently intractable problem of strategic transport. The introduction of road pricing in London however – and its apparent success – has made it more likely that this innovation will be introduced more widely throughout the country. A Framework for Local Sustainability (1993) was a response by UK local government to the UK Government’s first strategy for sustainable development. The report was prepared by the Local Government Management Board setting a framework for considering Local Agenda 21 for the United Kingdom: it built upon Agenda 21 signed by 178 nations (including the UK) at the United Nations Conference on Environmental Development, Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is closer to the Brundtland report than earlier documents originating in the UK, discussing equity in these terms: ‘Fairness to people now living must accompany sustainabi lity’s concern for fairness to future generations’.翻译五POLITICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe meaning of ‘sustainable development’ is largely determined by an individual’s ideological viewpoint. The present Labour Government in this country – and its Conservative predecessor, along with many major parties in Europe, on discovering the environment as a political issue –would consider itself steward rather than master. This vi ew of man’s relationship to the environment and the difficulties the world community faces is shared by the United Nations, the European Union and most of the scientific community, including many in the city planning and design professions. The stewardship perspective is the one that, in the main, has been presented so far in this chapter. It represents the views of those who believe that environmental problems can be solved within the present political and economic system. It is not the only viewpoint. Dobson (1990) distinguishes two diametrically opposed views on sustainability and the environment. The establishment viewpoint he l abels ‘green’ with a lower-case‘g’, while those who believe that sustainability depends on the system being fundamentally changed he describes as ‘Green’ with a capital ‘G’. The literature on the topic however, would indicate a spectrum of greens rather than a strict dichotomy: the ideology of all those shades along the spectrum of greenness is determined by their attitude to the environment. The ‘Green’ ideology or ‘ecologism’ takes The Limit s to Growth (Meadows, 1972) as an axiom: ‘Greens will ad mit that the report’s estimates as to the likely life expectancy of various resources are over-pessimistic and they will agree that the Club of Rome’s worl d computer models were crude, but they will subsc ribe to the report’s conclusion that the days of uncontrolled growth . . . are numbered’ (Dobson, 1991). Green ideology also questions the current dominant paradigm with its foundation in The Enlightenment, science, technology and the objective of rational analysis (Capra, 1985). The Gree n’s world view removes man from centre stage: Green politics explicitly seeks to decentre the human being, question mechanistic science and its technological consequences, to refuse to believe that the world was made for human beings –and it does this because it has been led to wonder whether dominant post-industrial ism’s project of material affluence is either desirable or sustainable. (Dobson, 1990) Ecologism goes beyond human- instrumental or paternalistic care for the natural world, and argues that the environment has an independent value that should guarantee its existence. Green ideology puts forward the idea that a new paradigm is necessary for solving the problems now faced by mankind. Such a paradigm should be based upon holism –a systems view of the world –and interconnectedness rather than the present mechanistic and reductionist view of nature. Two most interesting books – Greening Cities, edited by Roelofs (1996) and Design for Sustainability by Birkeland et al. (2002) – move the tone and content of the discussion of design for sustainable development along the spectrum of greens from the paler tints associated with the establishment view towards the full-bodied saturated hue of Green associated with ‘Eco-f eminism’: ‘Feminist theory delves into the reasons for this marginalisation of people and nature in environmental design. Feminists . . . have explained how physical and social space is shaped by dichotomies in Western thought. Mind, reason, spirit order, public and permanence have been。
Unit7TallbuildingsPartA(课件)闽教版英语五年级下册
数词
Number the order of months.
Speak the order of the months.
基变序，有规律
1，2，3特殊记，加th从4起
8少t，9去e，千万别忘记逢5逢12，ve变f
Which floor does Miss Gao live on
homework
1.课后单词 2.抄写Unit7 PartA课文 3.完成英语新起航Unit7 PartA floor.
Would you like to come for a visit
L:We'd love to.
Would you like to come for a visit 来参观
We'd love to.=We would love go for a visit. 去参观
a tall man
short
a tall tree
high主要高于地面上的垂直高度或借喻性的高。
high反义词
low
a high school
a high mountain
Which floor does Miss Gao live on
（地板） (楼层)
W:Which floor do you live on
W:I can see the bridge from the window.
What can they see from the window They can see the bridge from the window.
Words: ... .
Sentences: I live in a tall building. Which floor do you live on On the…floor.
建筑专业英语课件Unit_7
经济性 最重要的考虑常常是该结构的总
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete 钢筋混凝土的力学
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop（形成）whenever （每当）loads, or restrained shrinkage（收缩限制）or temperature changes, give rise to（导致）tensile stresses in excess of（超过）the tensile strength of the concrete. In the plain concrete（素混凝土）beam, the moments due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tensioncompression couple（拉压力偶）involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars（钢筋）are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.
建筑英语unit7
Unit 7 Tall BuildingText ANew words:●Synonymous. Adj.Having the same or a similar meaning: 同义的：有相同或类似的意思的：Synonymous words: 同义词Equivalent in connotation:内涵相同的：● 2. Landmark. n.A prominent identifying feature of a landscape; 陆标：用来显示景色特征的显著标记A fixed marker, such as a concrete block, that indicates a boundary line.界标：用来指示界限的固定标记，如一块大的水泥石柱An event marking an important stage of development or a turning point in history;里程碑：事物发展过程中重要阶段的事件或历史的转折点A building or site that has historical significance, especially one that is marked for preservation by a municipal or national government.;纪念碑：具有历史意义的建筑物或场所，尤指那些被市政府或国家政府指定为保护对象的建筑物或处所adj.（形容词）Having great import or significance: 有重大意义或影响的：● 3. Marvel n.（名词）One that evokes surprise, admiration, or wonder 令人感到惊奇、钦佩、奇迹的人Strong surprise; astonishment; 惊异；惊讶v.（动词）v.intr.（不及物动词）To become filled with wonder or astonishment; 感到惊讶或感到好奇v.tr.（及物动词）To feel amazement or bewilderment at or about: 惊异于或对…感到好奇、不解：● 4. Stunningadj.（形容词）Causing or capable of causing emotional shock or loss of consciousness;令人晕倒的：使或能使吃惊的或不省人事的Of a strikingly attractive appearance; 相貌出众的Impressive: 令人印象深刻的：Gave a stunning performance; 进行了非常精彩的表演Surprising: 令人吃惊的：● 5. Tauntv.tr.（及物动词）To reproach in a mocking, insulting, or contemptuous manner; 奚落To drive or incite (a person) by taunting; 通过奚落来刺激或激怒（某人）n.（名词）A scornful remark or tirade; a jeer; 嘲弄的话或长篇的激烈言辞；嘲弄● 6. Disconcertv.tr.（及物动词）To upset the self-possession of; ruffle; 使…仓皇失措；使窘迫To frustrate (plans, for example) by throwing into disorder; disarrange; 使混乱●7. Confoundv.tr.（及物动词）To cause to become confused or perplexed; 使困惑：使混乱或使困惑To fail to distinguish; mix up: 混淆：不能区分；混乱：Confound fiction and fact; 把事实与假设混为一谈To make (something bad) worse: 使混乱：使（坏事）更糟：To cause to be ashamed; abash: 使窘迫：使窘困；使羞愧：To damn; 诅咒To frustrate: 挫败：●8. Utilitarianadj.（形容词）Of, relating to, or in the interests of utility: 有效用的，与效用有关的，效用的：Exhibiting or stressing utility over other values; practical; 实用的；实际的：Of, characterized by, or advocating utilitarianism; 功利主义的：实用主义的，n.（名词）One who advocates or practices utilitarianism; 功利主义者：提但或实行实用主义的人●9. Intrinsicadj.（形容词）Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.; 本质的；固有的●10. Spectrumn.（名词）Physics The distribution of a characteristic of a physical system or phenomenon, especially:【物理学】谱：物理体系或现象特征的分布，尤指：The distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, as by an incandescent body, arranged in order of wavelengths;光谱：辐射源（如一白炽物体）放射出的根据波长来排定的能量分布The distribution of atomic or subatomic particles in a system, as in a magnetically resolved molecular beam, arranged in order of masses;能谱：系统（如经磁力分解的分子束）中，原子与亚原子微粒根据质量顺序排定的分布A graphic or photographic representation of such a distribution;光谱相片：上述分布之图解或拍摄的相片A range of values of a quantity or set of related quantities;范围：一数量或一组相关的数量的数值范围A broad sequence or range of related qualities, ideas, or activities:系列，范围，幅度：相关质量、概念或活动的广大范围：●11. Culminatev.intr.（不及物动词）To reach the highest point or degree; climax: 达到高潮：到达最高点或程度；达到高潮：To come to completion; end: 到达终点；告终：v.tr.（及物动词）To bring to the point of greatest intensity or to completion; climax:使到达高潮：使达到最极端或终点；使到达高潮：●12. Fusen.（名词）A cord of readily combustible material that is lighted at one end to carry a flame along its length to detonate an explosive at the other end;导火索：一段易燃材料，一端点燃，火苗通过它传到另一端引爆炸药●13. Upheavaln.（名词）The process of being heaved upward. 被举起：被往上举起的过程A sudden, violent disruption or upset: 突变：突然而猛烈的爆发或错乱：A rising of a part of the earth's crust; 【地质学】地壳某一部分的隆起●14. Minimalismn.（名词）A school of abstract painting and sculpture that emphasizes extreme simplification of form, as by the use of basic shapes and monochromatic palettes of primary colors, objectivity, and anonymity of style.极简抽象主义：抽象派绘画和雕塑的一个流派，强调对形式的极端简化，如使用基本形状、原色中的单色且讲究客观性而不讲究风格Use of the fewest and barest essentials or elements, as in the arts, literature, or design;在艺术、文学或设计中只使用最少的基本成份和要素Music A school or mode of contemporary music marked by extreme simplification of rhythms and patterns, prolonged chordal or melodic repetitions, and often the achievement of a throbbing, trancelike effect.【音乐】极简派音乐：当代音乐的一个流派或形态，以其极端简化的节奏和形式、延长的和弦和旋律重复为特征，其经常能产生一种震颤的使人出神的效果●15. Banalityn.（名词）The condition or quality of being banal; triviality;平庸，陈腐：平庸陈腐的状况或性质；琐事Something that is trite, obvious, or predictable; a commonplace; 平庸之事：平庸陈腐的、明显的或可预见的事；平凡的事●16. Shimmerv.intr.（不及物动词）To shine with a subdued, flickering light;. 闪闪发光：以柔和、闪烁的光线发光To appear as a wavering or flickering image, as in a reflection on water or through heat waves in air; 在水中产生摇曳的投影：以一种闪动或晃动的图象出现，如在水面上或穿透空气中的热流所产生的投影n.（名词）A flickering or tremulous light; a glimmer; 闪烁不定的光线，闪光Architectural terms:●Claddingn.（名词）A metal coating bonded onto another metal under high pressure and temperature.覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层A protective or insulating layer fixed to the outside of a building or another structure.覆面：固定到一座建筑物或其它结构上的保护层或绝缘层Proper names：●Raymond Hood(b Pawtucket, RI, 21 March 1881; d Stamford, CT, 15 Aug 1934) American architect. The son of a prosperous box manufacturer in Rhode Island, he had a strict, religious and inhibiting upbringing that took some years to outgrow. He was educated locally, taking a first degree at Brown University, Providence, RI, before proceeding in 1899 to the architecture school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. In 1901 he joined the office of Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson, where he absorbed from Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue a feeling for the Gothic tradition in American architecture, which was to be an important supplement to his grounding in Beaux-Arts Classicism. In 1904 he went to study in Paris, enrolling in the Atelier Duquesne at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He spent much of the next seven years in Paris or travelling in Europe, apart from an interlude in 1906-8 when he worked in Pittsburgh and New York for his friend Henry Hornbostel (1867-1961). During this period he developed into a sharp, confident, ambitious, worldly and entertaining young architect of much potential, but with a conventional Beaux-Arts approach to style and planning. His early projects are impressive chiefly for their balance of Gothic and classical vocabularies.●Cass Gilbert （November 24, 1859 –May 17, 1934)A prominent American architect.[1] An early proponent of skyscrapers in works like the Woolworth Building, Gilbert was also responsible for numerous museums (Saint Louis Art Museum) and libraries (Saint Louis Public Library), state capitol buildings (the Minnesota, Arkansas and West Virginia State Capitols, for example) as well as public architectural icons like the United States Supreme Court building. His public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and Renaissance humanism.[2] Gilbert's achievements were recognized in his lifetime; he served as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908-09.Gilbert's drawings and correspondence are preserved at the New-York Historical Society, the Minnesota Historical Society, and the Library of Congress.●Chicago Tribune TowerThe Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic building located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. It is the home of the Chicago Tribune and Tribune Company. WGN Radio (720 kHz) also broadcasts from the building, with ground-level studios overlooking nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue. CNN's Chicago bureau is located in the building. It is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District.By 1922 the neo-Gothic skyscraper had become an established design tactic, with the first important so-called "American Perpendicular Style" at Cass Gilbert's Woolworth Building of 1913. This was a late example, perhaps the last important example, and criticized for its perceived historicism. Construction on the actual Tribune Tower was completed in 1925 and reached a height of 462 feet (141 m) above ground. The ornate buttresses surrounding the peak of the towerare especially visible when the tower is lit at night.John Mead Howells●John Mead Howells (August 14, 1868 –September 22, 1959) was an American architect.Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts as the son of author William Dean Howells, he studied architecture at Harvard and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he met his future partners, I. N. Phelps Stokes and Raymond Hood. In 1897 Howells founded, with the former, Howells & Stokes, with which he helped design St. Paul's Chapel at Columbia University.The two went their separate ways, however, after 1913, with Howells choosing to pursue commercial projects and eventually partnering with Raymond Hood, with whom Howells designed the Beekman Tower and the Daily News Building in New York City as well as the Tribune Tower in Chicago.●Art DecoArt Deco is an eclectic artistic and design style that blossomed in Paris in the 1920s and flourished internationally throughout the 1930s, into the World War II era. The style influenced all areas of design, including architecture and interior design, industrial design, fashion and jewelry, as well as the visual arts such as painting, graphic arts and film. The term "art deco" first saw wide use in 1966, after an exhibition in Minneapolis celebrated the 1925 Exposition International des Arts Décoratifs et Industrials Moderns that was the culmination of high-end style modern in Paris. At its zenith, Art Deco embodied elegance, glamour, functionality and modernity.Art Deco's bold, linear symmetry was a distinct departure from the soft pastels and flowing asymmetrical organic forms of its predecessor Art Nouveau; it embraced influences from many different styles and movements of the early 20th century, including Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism and Futurism and drew inspiration from Egyptian and Aztec forms. Although many design movements have political or philosophical roots or intentions, Art Deco was purely decorative.Art Deco experienced a decline in popularity during the late 1930s and early 1940s, but enjoyed a resurgence in the 1960s with the Minneapolis exhibition and the first book on the subject by Bevis Hillier in 1968. [1] It continued with the popularization of graphic design in the 1980s. Art Deco had a profound influence on many later artistic movements, such as Memphis and Pop art. Architectural examples survive in many different locations worldwide, in countries as diverse as China (Shanghai), the UK, Latvia, Spain, Cuba, Indonesia, the Philippines, Argentina, Romania, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Colombia and the United States. In New York, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building and Rockefeller Center are among the largest and best-known examples of the style. Riga, Latvia has the largest collection of Art Deco buildings in Europe.●McGraw-Hill Building (Chicago)The McGraw-Hill Building was a 16-story, 190-foot-tall (58 m) landmark building in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. The facade and its architectural sculpture by Chicago-born artist Gwen Lux was landmarked by the city prior to demolition, then taken down and reinstalled in 2000 on the new Conrad Chicago Hotel building.[1] Its facade was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 7, 1997.[2] The building was demolished in 1998.[3] The Conrad Chicago Hotel was a reconstruction of the McGraw-Hill Building.Text BNew words:●Strayv.tr.（不及物动词）To move away from a group, deviate from the correct course, or go beyond established limits.走离：从人群走开，离开正确的道路或超越已有的限制To become lost; 迷路To wander about without a destination or purpose; roam;闲逛：没有方向或目的四处游荡；漫游To follow a winding course; meander; 绕行：迂回曲折地移动；绕行To deviate from a moral, proper, or right course; err; 偏离：偏离道德的、恰当的或正确的道路；犯错误To become diverted from a subject or train of thought; digress; 分心：偏离一主题或思维；离题n.（名词）One that has strayed, especially a domestic animal wandering about;离群的动物：离群的东西尤指四处游荡的家畜adj.（形容词）Straying or having strayed; wandering or lost; 迷路的或已经迷路的；游荡的或迷失的：Scattered or separate: 散开的或分离的：A few stray crumbs; 一些散落的面包屑● 2. Mercantileadj.（形容词）Of or relating to merchants or trade; 商业的：商人的或商业的或与之有关的Of or relating to mercantilism; 重商主义的：重商主义的或与之有关的● 3. Fortressn.（名词）A fortified place, especially a large, permanent military stronghold that often includes a town;要塞：构筑了堡垒的地方，尤指大的、永久性的军事驻地，常包括一个城镇● 4. Indented adj. 锯齿状的, 犬牙交错的Indentv.（动词）v.tr.（及物动词）Printing To set (the first line of a paragraph, for example) in from the margin;【印刷术】缩入：把（如段落的第一行）从边缘缩进几格书写To cut or tear (a document with two or more copies) along an irregular line so that the parts can later be matched for establishing authenticity.用骑缝线割开：把（一张有两份或两份以上抄本的文件的纸张）按犬牙状割开以备将来并拢验证文件的真伪To draw up (a document) in duplicate or triplicate; 一式两份或三份地起草（文件）To notch or serrate the edge of; make jagged; 做成锯齿状：凿或刻边缘；使成锯齿状To make notches, grooves, or holes in (wood, for example) for the purpose of mortising.中间做成凹痕：在（木头）上作槽口、凹口或眼，使其能榫固To fit or join together by or as if by mortising; 榫接：用榫眼接牢Chiefly British To order (goods) by purchase order or official requisition.【多用于英国】定货：用官方订货单或购买单订（货）v.intr.（不及物动词）To make or form an indentation; 刻成锯齿状Chiefly British To draw up or order an indent; 【多用于英国】起草或发出定单n.（名词）AHD:[¹n-dµnt“, ¹n“dµnt”]The act of indenting or the condition of being indented; 做成刻纹；带有刻纹：A blank space before the beginning of an indented line:【印刷术】缩排：A two-pica indent; 缩进两个铅字的排版方式An indenture; 盖了骑缝章的证书A U.S. certificate issued at the close of the American Revolution for interest due on the public debt; 有息公债证书：美国在大革命即将结束时发行的有息公债的证书An official requisition or purchase order for goods.【多用于英国】购买委托书，订单：购货的官方通知单或订货单● 5. CourthouseLaw A building housing judicial courts.【法律】法院大楼：司法法院所在的大楼A building housing the offices of a county government; 县政府大楼：县政府办公室所在的大楼A county seat; 县城● 6. Transitional adj. 变迁的, 过渡期的●7. Rusticate v.（动词）v.intr.（不及物动词）To go to or live in the country; 下乡：去农村或住在农村v.tr.（及物动词）To send to the country; 把…送至乡下To suspend (a student) from a university; 【多用于英国】罚（大学生）暂时停学To construct (masonry) with conspicuous, often beveled points; 使成粗面石工：使（砖石建筑）具有明显的、通常成斜面的点●8. Continuumn.（名词）【复数】continuumsA continuous extent, succession, or whole, no part of which can be distinguished from neighboring parts except by arbitrary division;统一体：一个连续不断的范围、顺序或整体，除非用硬性分割不能将其中一部分当作邻近部分区分开来Mathematics A set having the same number of points as all the real numbers in an interval.【数学】闭联集：与一个区间内所有实数数目相同的点的集合●9. Streamlinedadj.（形容词）Designed or arranged to offer the least resistance to fluid flow. 流线型的：Reduced to essentials; lacking anything extra. 精简的：Effectively organized or simplified: 有效组织或简单化的：A streamlined method of production; 简单化的生产方法Having flowing, graceful lines; sleek: 流线的：有流体光滑线条的；光滑的：A streamlined convertible; 有流体线条的敞篷车Improved in appearance or efficiency; modernized; 现代化的；现代化的●10. Depictv.tr.（及物动词）To represent in a picture or sculpture; 图示：用画或雕刻表示To represent in words; describe; 描述：用文字表示；描述Architectural terms:●Grotesqueadj.（形容词）Characterized by ludicrous or incongruous distortion, as of appearance or manner;奇形怪状的，奇异的：以滑稽可笑或不协调的扭曲为特征的，如其外貌或举止Outlandish or bizarre, as in character or appearance; 奇怪的，怪诞的：奇形怪状的，如性格或外貌Of, relating to, or being the grotesque style in art or a work executed in this style.奇异风格的：与奇异的艺术风格有关的或与奇异风格的作品有关的n.（名词）One that is grotesque; 奇人，怪物：奇异的事物或人A style of painting, sculpture, and ornamentation in which natural forms and monstrous figures are intertwined in bizarre or fanciful combinations;奇异风格，形状怪诞的图案：一种自然的形式和奇异的图形以一种奇异或古怪的方式结合在一起的绘画雕塑和装饰风格A work of art executed in this style; 奇异风格的艺术品：体现奇异风格的艺术品● 2. Gargoylen.（名词）A roof spouts in the form of a grotesque or fantastic creature projecting from a gutter to carry rainwater clear of the wall;怪形生物状的滴水嘴：外形为一种奇形怪状或有趣的动物的屋顶上的排水嘴，从水槽中升出，装从墙上流下来的雨水A grotesque ornamental figure or projection; 滴水嘴似的装饰：一种奇形怪状的，起装饰作用的画像或图案A person of bizarre or grotesque appearance; 奇形怪状的人：有古怪的或可笑的外表的人● 3. Town hall n.（名词）A building that contains the offices of the public officials of a town and that houses the town council and courts.镇公所；市政厅：包含有城镇政府官员的办公室及镇议会和法庭的建筑物● 4. Turretn.（名词）A small tower or tower-shaped projection on a building; 塔楼，角塔：建筑物上伸出的小型塔或塔状建筑A low, heavily armored structure, usually rotating horizontally, containing mounted guns and their gunners or crew, as on a warship or tank;炮塔：低矮的有厚甲保护的构造，通常能够水平转动，包括架好的枪炮，及炮手班组，如在战舰上或坦克上的炮塔A domelike gunner's enclosure projecting from the fuselage of a combat aircraft;飞机炮塔：战斗机上圆顶形的封闭式结构，炮手的位置，从飞机机身上突出A tall wooden structure mounted on wheels and used in ancient warfare by besiegers to scale the walls of an enemy fortress.围攻城堡的战车：一种高大的安装在轮子上的木质结构，在古代战争中的攻城者用来攀越敌人要塞的墙An attachment for a lathe consisting of a rotating cylindrical block holding various cutting tools; 转动架，转塔：车床上的附属物，由一个可安装各种刀具的可旋转的圆筒组成A rotating device holding various lenses, as for a microscope, allowing easy switching from one lens to another;透镜旋转盘：一种装有各种透镜的可旋转装置，如显微镜上的，可以使转换透镜变得很容易● 5. Cornice n.（名词）A horizontal molded projection that crowns or completes a building or wall.檐口：顶盖或结束某建筑或墙的一种水平的铸造的凸出物The uppermost part of an entablature;檐尖：檐部的最高部分The molding at the top of the walls of a room, between the walls and ceiling.檐：屋子的墙顶上与天花板之间的铸制品An ornamental horizontal molding or frame used to conceal rods, picture hooks, or other devices. 檐板：用来遮盖杆、画钩或其他配件的一种装饰性的水平铸制品或框架v.tr.（及物动词）To supply, decorate, or finish with or as if with a cornice.给…装上檐口：用或好象是用檐口来支撑、装饰或冠以檐口或类似檐口的东西● 6. Hipped adj. 着迷的, 忧郁的Hippedadj.（形容词）Having hips, especially of a given kind; 有…臀部的，多用在复合词中：Slim-hipped; large-hipped; 瘦臀的；大屁股的Hippedadj. Interested or preoccupied to a great degree; 十分感兴趣的，沉迷的，专心的：adj. Melancholy; depressed; 忧郁的；沮丧的●7. Setback. n. 顿挫, 挫折, 退步, 逆流, (疾病的)复发n.（名词）An unanticipated or sudden check in progress; a change from better to worse;退步：进程中未料到的或突然的停止；由好到坏的变化A step like recession in a wall; 缩进：墙上阶梯样的凹陷Any of a series of such recessions in the rise of a tall building;阶梯式后退：高的建筑物象这样的凹陷系列之一An automatically timed setting of a thermostat to a lower temperature, as in the home at night;恒温器：家中夜间使用的自动定时保持低温的恒温器●8. Grid n.（名词）A framework of crisscrossed or parallel bars; a grating or mesh;格栅，网栅：由交叉或平行的条构成的架子；格栅或网格A cooking surface of parallel metal bars; a gridiron;烤架：用平行金属条制成的烹调用具；烤架Something resembling a framework of crisscrossed parallel bars, as in rigidity or organization:网状物：同由纵横交错的条构成的结构一样严谨的或在结构上类似的事物：A pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines forming squares on a map, a chart, an aerial photograph, or an optical device, used as a reference for locating points.网格，坐标方格：在地图、设计图、航空图片或光学仪器上由规则放置的平行和垂直的结构成的，用来作为标明各点位置的参照的图案An interconnected system for the distribution of electricity or electromagnetic signals over a wide area, especially a network of high-tension cables and power stations;输电线路：一个用来在广大地区内传递电力或电磁信号的内部相联的网络，尤指由高压电线和发电站组成的网络A corrugated or perforated conducting plate in a storage battery;极板网栅，蓄电池电极板：蓄电池中呈波纹状或有孔的导电板A network or coil of fine wires located between the plate and the filament in an electron tube.栅极：在电子管中线极和阳极之间的由导电性很好的电线组成的网络或线圈Football The gridiron; 【橄榄球】球场：橄榄球球场The starting positions of cars on a racecourse; 【体育运动】赛车起始位置：在赛车比赛中各赛车的起始位置A device in a photocomposition machine on which the characters used in composition are etched. 【印刷术】字模板：照相排版机中将版面的字蚀刻出来的部件Proper names：●Palazzo VecchioThe Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence, Italy. This massive, Romanesque, crenellated fortress-palace is among the most impressive town halls of Tuscany.[1] Overlooking the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelo's David statue as well the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi, it is one of the most significant public places in Italy.Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria, after the Signoria of Florence, the ruling body of the Republic of Florence, it was also given several other names: Palazzo del Popolo, Palazzo dei Priori, and Palazzo Ducale, in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history. The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti.●The Chicago fireHistorians agree that on Sunday evening, October 8, 1871, the Chicago Fire did indeed start in the barn of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick and Catherine O'Leary. While the blaze ironically spared the O'Leary home, located on the city's West Side at 137 De Koven Street, much of the rest of Chicago was not so fortunate. Before the fire died out in the early morning of Tuesday, October 10, it had cut a swath through Chicago approximately three and one-third square miles in size. Property valued at $192,000,000 was destroyed, 100,000 people were left homeless, and 300 people lost their lives.In November and December of 1871 the Board of Police and Fire Commissioners held an inquiry. The purpose of this investigation was to determine, among other things, the cause of the fire. The board interviewed fifty people, including Mr. and Mrs. O'Leary. A shorthand reporter took down over 1100 pages of handwritten testimony. Despite all this, the board members failed to ascertain the fire's cause, stating merely in their report that "whether it originated from a spark blown from a chimney on that windy night, or was set on fire by human agency, we are unable to determine."So did Mrs. O'Leary and her cow cause the fire, or is this merely a nineteenth-century urban legend? An analysis of the original transcripts of this inquiry, 1871 Chicago real estate records, and other period source materials provide powerful evidence that the latter may be the case. Furthermore, these same records provide a fascinating theory as to who really did cause the fire.Made by Fuyu and HuluEnglish 0801。
【公开课课件】闽教 五下 Unit 7 Tall Buildings Part A 课件
Hello, Miss Gao!
Yes, I am.
Are you going home?
Look. I live in that tall building.
On the twelfth floor.
Which floor do you live on?
Would you like to come for a visit? (来参观)
11 you live on? W: ______ twelfth G: On the ______ floor.
Which floor do you live on, _______? On the ______ floor.
1F 7F
2F 8F
3F 9F
come for a visit G:. Would you like to _______________?
love to. L: We'd _____
would所带的问句常用来提出邀请。 We’d love to. We would
Would you like to come for a visit？
4F 10F
5F 11F
6F 12F
A: Which floor do you live on?
B:On the_______ floor.
A: Which floor do you live on? I live on the first B：On the first ____ floor . floor.
A.On the second floor
B.On the third floor C.On the twelfth floor
Cardinals
建筑专业英语课文翻译
建筑专业英语课文翻译建筑专业英语课文翻译建筑的们，我们的课本上有很多专业的文章大家知道怎么样翻译吗？以下是店铺精心准备的建筑专业英语课文翻译，大家可以参考以下内容哦！建筑专业英语课文翻译【1】一般术语1. 工程结构 building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。
3. 房屋建筑工程 building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
4. 土木工程 civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
5. 公路工程 highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
6. 铁路工程 railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
7. 港口与航道工程 port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的'工程实体。
8. 水利工程 hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
建筑专业英语用词
firmness 坚固commodity实用delight美观architecture建筑学tectonics结构构造construction结构构造engineer（技术类）设计design（形象、视觉类）设计landscape景观technology工业技术interior design室内设计aesthetics美学aesthetic美的architectonics 建筑学结构设计behavior science行为科学sociology社会学anthropology人类学（anthropo）beam 梁（统称）simple support beam简支梁cantilever悬臂梁shear diagram剪力图moment diagram弯矩图shear force 剪力continuous beam连续梁building建筑物bond砌合粘合substructure地下基础superstructure地上基础foundation 地基roof屋顶+ ceiling 天花板+ shell薄壳屋顶，框架，骨架tall building 高层建筑high-rise高层super high-rise超高层skyscraper摩天大楼mid-rise中层multi-storey多层的low–rise 低层loft阁楼mezzanine夹层basement地下室first floor首层cellar地窖portico（有圆柱）的门廊porch门廊colonnade 石柱廊porte-cochere 停车门廊porta 肝门正式的门doorway门口门道patio露台小院courtyard 庭院院子forecourt前院atrium 心房中庭前厅atria中庭前厅（复数）也可直接加ssite plan总平面图master plan 规划总平面图elevation立面图load-bearing荷载interior wall内墙exterior wall外墙partition （wall）隔墙wording行文语气措词whaling 捕鲸shrimping 捕虾业skylight天窗dormer（window）老虎窗flat roof平屋顶pitch斜坡坡度pitch rise坡高pitch run坡长pitched roof坡屋顶gable山墙gable roof双坡顶hip roof四坡顶hipped roof切角双坡顶gambrel roof斜折线屋顶;复折式屋顶mansard roof折线形屋顶;复折式屋顶;双重斜坡的四边形屋顶shed roof单坡屋顶lean-to（小）单坡屋顶butterfly roof蝶形屋顶sawtooth roof锯齿屋顶shed domer gambleroof drain屋顶的雨水口drain排水沟排水管gutter（路边）排水沟（屋顶）天沟eaves屋你檐pavilion roof攒尖式屋顶,亭顶form形式shape形状line线条texture肌理质感手感visual texture 视觉质感tactile texture触觉质感massing体量composition构图additive 加法subtractive减法symbol符号sign标志pattern纹理图案detail细部articulation清晰度突显连接一起（让个体突显出来的）连接方式fabric 构造肌理diagram图表diagraph图文telegraph电报电信telegram电报photograph相片duplex两部分的复式房屋bicycle双轮自行车monocycle独轮车order秩序harmony协调coherent条例清晰地agreement协调similarity类似相似proximity（位置）相似continuity连续alignment对位对齐align对齐使之在一条线上hierarchy ['haiərɑ:ki]层次层级级别opposition对比juxtaposition并列放置并置tension张力uniformity一致单调homogeneous同性质的均质的regular规则的均匀的monotony单调乏味无聊monotonous单调的variety品种多样化contrast对比anomaly异常不规则atypical pneumonia [nju:ˈməunjə] 非典型肺炎severe acute respiratory ['respərə,tɔ:ri:,] syndrome .['sindrəum] 严重呼吸性综合症balance平衡的equilibrium [,i:kwə'lɪbri:əm, ,ekwə-]平均均势symmetric均衡的asymmetric不对称的非均匀的（逻辑上）非对称的bilateral D.J.[bai'lætərəl]双边的bilateral symmetric 左右对称radial辐射状的放射形的axis对称轴（axes）axis of evil country邪恶轴心国rhythm节奏韵律local symmetri c局部对称gradation渐变proportion比例golden section/mean黄金分割scale尺度比例human scale人体比例visual scale视觉比例module 单元模块ergonomics D.J.[,ə:ɡəu'nɔmiks]人体工学human engineering人体工程学anthropology人类学anthropomorphize人格化SD schematic design方案设计DDC design development初步设计（preliminary des）detail详图shop detail用于加工的详图CD construction documents 施工图设计conceive构思synthesis综合synthetic material合成材料refine优化提炼inflection（小）变形transformation（大）变形变质phase 阶段时期phase1第一阶段image构思出来的形creativity创造力originality原创性imagination想象力幻想物concept概念scheme方案typology类型学象征论prototype 原形architype （医）原形Neolithic .[,ni:ə'lɪθɪk]新石器时代prehistoric史前的Stone age石器时代macro-宏观中观Madhyamika Gothic Rerival哥特复兴Carpenter Gothic木工哥特式therm 热Kelvin（加尔文）scale开氏温度thermometer温度计absolute scale绝对温度absolute zero绝对零度phase change相变gaseous phase气态（steam）solid phase固态liquid phase液态conduction传导热传导convection 对流传递radiation辐射radioactive放射性的pedestrian [pə'dɛstriən] circulation 人流vehicular circulation车流autobiography自传wok炒菜锅ketchup番茄汁kowtow磕头kowtow toastronaut D.J.['æstrənɔ:t]太空人taikonaut中国太空人thermal transmission热传导thermal break（barrier）隔热infiltration渗透mineral wool矿棉fiberglass玻璃纤维rock wool岩石棉fiber optic光纤thermal insulation（隔离）绝热thermal comfort热舒适humidity radio湿度计heating ventilation air-conditioning （HV AC）暖通专业central heating中央采暖中央暖气系统thermostat温控器heating load热荷载cooling load 冷荷载heating degree-day增温度日tack通风管（vent-pipe）duck潜入躲闪duckwork管道工infrared红外线ultraviolet D.J.[,ʌltrə'vaiəlit]紫外线wavelength波长x-ray X射线microcosmic 微观的angle of reflection反射角diffus 漫反射（diffusion）transparent透明的translucent半透明（只透光不投影）opaque 不透明的bulb电灯泡fluorescent D.J.[fluə'resnt] lamp荧光灯starter启辉器elliptical D.J.[i'liptikəl] reflector 反光罩diffuser通光板扩散体institution制度institute建立着手institutionalism制度学派Ecore des Beau Arts巴黎美术学院eclecticism折中主义Arts and Crafts Movement工艺美术运动Richardsonian Romannesque 里查德森浪漫主义Art Nouveau D.J.[nu:'vəu]新艺术Stile Libe Sezession 分离派Modernismo 现代主义Jugendstil（德）新艺术青年式Rationalism理性主义唯理论modernisno（西班牙）现代主义De Stijl 风格派brutalism粗野主义modernism现代主义Abstract expressionism 抽象表现主义post-modernism后现代主义Bauhaus包豪斯建筑学派Beaux-Art architecture 巴黎美院cubism.['kju:bizm]立体派synthesis综合ostentation（s）炫耀physical planning实体规划physic物理physics物理学public bads公共败笔goods善品货品drafting制图draftsman绘图员grid iron金属网格（喻街道）object line实线dashed line dashed dot点划线centerline中心线axis轴线elevator电梯facade D.J.[fə'sɑ:d]正立面plan lever 1. 一层平面key plan 索引总图slums贫民窟urban decay城市退化settlement居民点reconstruction and renewal修复更新suburbanize [səˈbə:bənaiz]市郊化land use planning土地利用规划monopoly D.J.[mə'nɔpəli]垄断avant-garde先锋派deconstruction解构主义balcony阳台blue print蓝图government-subsidized housing保障房affordable housing 经济适用房maximize最大化bulldozer推土机恐吓者inclusive design包容性设计conventional常规的accessibility可行性hazard灾害公害traffic calming measure交通舒缓措施utilities市政工程buffer zone缓冲区pedestrianisation 人行道obedience .[əʊ'bi:di:əns]服从environmental determinism环境决定论natural surveillance（盯梢监视）自然监察address对待应对facilities （人行道，公园…）工程decay衰败circulation 流线pedestrian circulation 人行流线vehicular circulation 车行流线tripod 三脚架infrastruction 基础设施super structure 上层建筑urban 城市urbanization 城市化suburban 郊区，近郊countryside 农村urban center---urban area---suburban---countryside---nature---no man zone城市中心---城市地区---郊区---农村---自然区---无人区public transit 轨道交通government subsidize 廉租房economic restructure 经济结构转型structural change 结构转换grass-root-movement 草根运动property line 建筑红线setback 退红线CBD central business district 中央商务区Washington DC Washington District of Columbia neighborhood 邻里monocentric 单中心polycentric多中心edge city 边缘城市urban regeneration城市再造community社区megacity 巨型城市site planning 场地规划master planning总体规划legislation立法legislature立法机构legally biding 依法招标Regulation control控规landscape景观vista指从本人立场往外看sightline /vistas line 视线renew/regeneration/reconstruction 城市更新built environment 人造环境urbanized area 城市建成区municipality 城市regional planning 区域规划Zhu river delta 珠江三角洲地区feasible adj. 可行性feasibility feasibility study 可行性研究Industrialized city 工业化城市citizen 市民human scale 人体尺度sustainable development 可持续发展sustainabilityecosystem 生态系统consumption 消费heat island/bridge 热岛/桥pedestrian friendly 行人友好user friendly 用户友好demography n. 人口统计学demographic adj. demo- 人TND traditional neighborhood development传统邻里开发TOD transit-oriented development 以公共交通为导向的开发模式Industry-oriented 以工业为导向Lane 车道multilane boulevard 多车道林荫道（深南、滨海）rural area----反义----- urban area hinter 内陆、腹地commute 坐车上下班quantity 量quality 质quality design 高质设计quantitative 量化quantitative tools 量化工具developer 开发商，指公司或者法人architect 建筑团队，或其中代表性人物。
(推荐)《建筑系专业英语》PPT课件
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What do we expect out of windows?
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Also we repeat, obviously this figure will vary
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• The fact that openings in naturally occurring membranes are invariably thickened can be easily explained by considering how the lines of force in the membrane must flow around the hole. The increasing density of lines of force around the perimeter of the hole requires that additional material be generated there to prevent tearing.
Imagine: ABneitjainrcgt,icSah,aNnogrhthaei,rHnuNizohrwoua,y,gIutalnyg, zBhroauzi.li.a.n. jungle. . . .
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What is the best approach to
OVERLOOKING LIFE ?
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It is this thickening, around the eyes and mouth,
建筑工程专业英语unit7.
flexural moment axial force
弯矩 轴力
Walls are the vertical enclosures for building frames. They are not usually or necessarily made of concrete but of any material that aesthetically fulfills the form and functional needs of the structural system. Additionally structural concrete walls are often necessary as foundation walls, stairwell wall, and shear walls that resist horizontal wind loads and earthquake-induced loads.
Because of the ways that buildings are made to hold up weight, building structures can be divided into different types, such as framed structure, shear wall structure, wall-framed structure and tube structures[2].
structure dwelling dam
结构 居住 坝体
Building structures are classified many forms according to the different material, such as concrete structure, steel structure and masonry structure. Concrete structure is classified three forms, such as reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and plain concrete.
建筑英语Unit Seven
• One of the ways among them is environmental sanitary engineering, which is concerned with providing clean, safe water supply systems and waste materials by means of drainage and sewer systems[1]. The main equipment in water supply is two reservoirs, a storage reservoir and distribution reservoir, and the pipelines between them. Filtration, aeration, chlorination,sedimentation, activated-sludge are the commonest process of purifying water.
建筑职场英语unit 7
Part B
Plan
First, the teacher let students to discuss and guess the meaning of the construction safety signs. Then, give the answers to each picture. 1) Text A
3im. pToortbanecaebolfectoonsdteruscctriiobnesfaafemtyi.ly members and friends.
单元 概述
Part B: In Text B, students will study some knowledge of how to make the business travel easily. In dialogue B, students will know how to pass the airport security check. The Career Tips Section tells students some skills about
Part A: In Text A, students will learn what is construction project
management, the functions of construction project management and the four
phases of project management life cycle. In dialogue A, students will learn the
sending a business gift. In the Practical Writing Section, students will learn
Construction English T-U_Z 建筑英语词汇
tectonics建筑学
tee三通
tee beam字形梁
tee beam and slab construction形梁板结构
tee hinge t型铰链
teegrid装配式形铺板
telemechanics远动学
telemetering远距离测量
telephone电话机
table表
table of quantities工卓项目表
table vibrator振动台
tack claw钉爪
tack coat粘结层
tackle复滑车
tailbeam梁尾端
tailure in buckling压曲破坏
tall building高层建筑物
tall structures高层结构物
tidal marsh海涂
tidal mud flat海涂
tidal power plant潮汐发电站
tidal wave潮汐波
tides潮汐
tie beam系梁
tie element连系杆件
tie wire绑扎铁丝
tied column箍筋柱
tier building多层建筑物
tight working space有限工住地
theory of plasticity塑性理论
theory of plates板块理论
theory of shells薄壳理论
thermal accumulator蓄热器
thermal balance热量平衡
thermal barrier热障
thermal building insulation建筑物热绝缘
tank箱
土木工程专业英语 4 Tall Buildings
Fazlur Rahman khan
Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan was one of the greatest structural engineers of the twentieth century.
He has been called “the Einstein of the structural engineering” and “the father of the modern skyscraper”
This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.
Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion.
Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads.
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What is a tall building? What is a skyscraper? What is the difference between them?
World Building
Height: 309 feet (94 meters) to the lantern top Original owner: Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the New York World Architect: George B. Post Construction begun October 10 1889 Building opened December 10, 1890
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Wishing to create an architectural symbol to outshine its rivals, in 1892 the Manhattan Life Insurance Company held a competition for its new headquarters at 64-66 Broadway across from Trinity Church, selecting architects Kimball and Thompson.
Columns embedded in the exterior walls carried the floor loads, transferring lateral forces between the frame and the masonry.
The facade was red sandstone, brick and terra-cotta, with red and gray granite at the arched entryway.
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Manhattan Life Insurance Company
Building
Height: 348 feet (106 meters) to lantern top Original owners: Manhattan Life Insurance Company Architects: Kimball and Thompson Engineer: Charles Sooysmith Constructed 1893-4
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纽约世界大楼
The structural system of the World Building was a hybrid "cage" frame.
Steel framing was used to support the interior structure, but the exterior masonry walls contributed lateral stability and some vertical support.
Height: 315 feet (96 meters) to structural top Architect and engineer: George B. Post General contractor: Robinson & Wallace Constructed 1895-98
Architect and engineer George B. Post, designer of the World Building, stacked its twenty-six stories with repeating ionic orders, and terminated the composition of horizontals with a classical cornice rather than a dome or flagstaff.
The Masonic Temple
Height: 302 feet (92 meters) to roof Original owners: Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Illinois Architects: Burnham and Root Constructed: 1891-2
The ornate limestone facade was cantilevered from the floor girders with the main structural members placed within the pier faces protected from heat and moisture.
Arguably the birthplace of the skyscraper, Chicago has held the title of tallest building twice in skyscraper history.
In 1892, the Masonic Temple rose twenty-two stories at the corner of Randolph and State Streets.
When finished in 1894, the granite, terra-cotta, and brick-clad structure rose 348 feet above the sidewalk to the structure lantern top.
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St. Paul Building
Located atБайду номын сангаасthe corner of Park Row and the now closed Frankfort Street, the New York World Building was the tallest of several high-rise structures built for major newspapers in the late 19th century.