跨文化交际 课件3

Same gesture, different interpretations
country in some eye-contact countries in other countries in most making a circle countries in Japan with one’s thumb and in France index finger in Brazil and Germany gesture meaning showing interest being rude or disrespectful OK money zero being rude
Believe it or not
• In face-to-face communication 65% of the information is communicated through nonverbal means (Samovar, 1981; Ross, 1974)
– Support : Charlie Chaplin swept the world with his silent films
Say what you do when you…
Meaning 1. Meet a friend. 2. Show sb. the way. 3. See a friend in the distance. 4. Say yes. 5. Say no. 6.Say who?me? 7.say goodbye. Action
sad proud
scared
angry
Testing Universialities
• Look at the following faces.
• Can you decide who is the angriest?
Differences in NVC
• You may have just found some differences between how you interpreted the previous faces and how others did. • Differences in interpretation can be even more marked between cultures. In other words, different cultures may be socialised to interpret faces differently.
Believe it or not
• In the communication of attitudes, 93% of the message is transmitted by the tone of the voice and facial expressions, whereas only 7% of the speaker’s attitude was transmitted by words (Levine, 1981) – Support: Lovers express emotions with sparkling eyes and blushing faces or touching, hugging and kissing. Words are too pale for them!
The way people use to communicate with each other: ---verbal language Spoken ---Written language ---Non---Non-verbal language Non
Definition of NVC
• Nonverbal communication is communication without words. • Nonverbal communication is the study of facial expressions, touch, time, gestures, smell, eye behavior, and so on.
Can you show some universal gestures?
gesture _______ one’s palms together and pressing resting _____ one’s head on the back of one’s hand while _______ the eyes closing meaning I am tired. __________
• You should find that you interpreted the emotions similarly to other people. Indeed, research suggests that you would interpret them similarly to people from other cultures too. • However, …
•In most of Europe and in the USA, the sign symbolises the word ‘ok’.
• However, in other cultures it means something different. • For example, in Japan it can mean ‘money’. • In countries such as Germany, it is used offensively (in the same way 2 fingers are in the UK). • In Brazil the sign has a sexual meaning.
What do they mean?
good
come here
bad
What do they mean?
me
good luck
What does the following sign mean to you?
Well-done
quiet stop
victory
Ok
Universialities in NVC
Universialities of facial expressions What is the feeling of the baby?
happy
Central Africa surprise Australia
angry
fear
happy surprised
Facial Expressions
Module
Content
• • • • Lead-in Definition of non-verbal communication (NVC) Classifications of NVC Cross-Cultural Differences in NVC
1) body language 2) time language 3) spatial language 4) object language
gesture
country
meaning
源自文库
shaking one’s in many countries no and yes head and nodding one’s in Bulgaria, parts of yes and no Greece and Iran head in France a kiss on the and Russia cheek to greet each a firm handshake other a loving hug in other countries a bow a nod of the head
Cross-Cultural Differences in Non Verbal Communication
• In the same way that different cultures may interpret hand gestures differently, they may also interpret facial expressions differently. • Not all psychologists agree with this. Some argue that facial expressions are universal. By this, they mean facial expressions are perceived in the same way by everybody around the world.
gesture thumbs-up
country in the US in Nigeria
meaning great or good job being rude
moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear
in Germany the number one and Japan in some crazy countries in Brazil You have a phone call.
Discussion
• When you speak, you communicate. When you don’t speak, you may still be communicating. Do you agree? Why or why not? • Conclusion: speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others.
Classification of NVC
• Body language: posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement etc. • Object language: clothing, personal artifacts, hair, etc. • Environmental language: time language, spatial language, color, light, signs and symbols, architecture, etc. • Paralanguage: sound, pitch, tempo of speech, turn-taking, silence
Definition of NVC
• Nonverbal communication will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context. (L. A. Malandro, 1983)
Shake hands and say:pleased to meet you Point in the direction.
Wave one’s hand. Nod one’s head up and down. Shake one’s head from side to side. Point to myself and put on a surprised expression. Shake one’s hand and say:goodbye.
It’s not what he said, but the way he said it.
--- English Saying
There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lips.
---William Shakespeare
Universialities of NVL
moving the hand ________ over the __________ in circles I am full. stomach after a meal patting I am hungry. ______ one’s stomach before a __________ meal