人文地理学导论

̥݊ήଣٝᗆٙৎᓃfఱνΝኪߵ˖d Ⴉᗆɚɤʬࡈο͎̥݊ৎᓃiኪ୦ʷኪɰ݊ɓᅵٙ༸ଣdʩ९‫ڌ‬ɰ̥݊ਿᓾϾʊfήଣኪһ ᄿ‫ع‬ٙ޼Ӻၾኪ୦ࠠᓃd݊ί‫ܝ‬٫dɰఱ̴݊ࡁ‫މ‬Оπί‫׵‬ԟ༁ ˸ʿήଣତ൥೯͛ၾ೯࢝ཀ ೻ٙীሞၾʱؓf
̤̮dΪ‫މ‬ٟึɽ଺࿁ήଣਖ਼ุٝᗆٙॹ˶ႩᗆdึᏕ၈ήଣኪ٫݊‫ה‬ፗٙήଣࢪd வʔ݊‫͍ࠦܘ‬ٙ൙ᄆdΪ‫މ‬Ϙಂٙήଣࢪ‫ה‬ಔਿٙٝᗆӻ୕ࠬ˥d݊ˢ༰ʔ஗ٟึ‫ה‬Ⴉ̙ ٙՈ߅ኪ‫׌‬ٙٝᗆӻ୕dԫྼɪdήଣኪ݊޴຅ՈϞІ್ၾɛ˖ٟึኪ߅तሯٙၝΥ‫׌‬ኪ߅f
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Fra Baidu bibliotek
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ə٤ගʱ̺dԷνdϘಂٙ϶߅e‫߅ی‬Ցତίٙʕ߅dʕ߅Չྼ݊݁‫ط‬ٙӔഄ‫ה‬ᅂᚤdɦԷ νʕ਷ɽ௔ٙ߅ኪ෤ਜdɰ݊Ϊ‫ط݁މ‬ٙක‫׳‬ҷࠧϾጳৎfՑə 20 ˰ߏɨ̒໢dतй݊ 2000 ϋவࡈϋ˾dɛᗳٟึٙ༶Ъ൳Ը൳աՑจᗆۨ࿒‫ה‬ᅂᚤdԷνͦ‫ޢ˰ۃ‬௰ɽٙላ߉dԸІ ‫׵‬ਿຖ઺ձͺ౶ᚆ઺ٙ࿁ͭdତί൳Ը൳εᗫ‫׵‬ͺ౶ᚆ઺ٙ੬ᗆ‫ݴ‬ෂdщ‫ڗۆ‬ಂ˸ԸҢࡁே ݊ீཀਿຖ઺˰‫ޢ‬ʧୗͺ౶ᚆ઺ɓʲdϾϞ‫ה‬ᖞᇱfவԬᔷᜊே༧ɛᗳٟึٙኪ߅˸ʿʔΝ ࣛ˾˴‫ݴ‬ٙࡪኪeᄆ࠽ᝈٙᔷۨϞᗫdΪϤήଣኪձՉ˼ኪ߅ٙ೯࢝ᆓ‫݊ݴ‬ΝӉආБdᒱ್ Ңࡁί‫ͭܔ‬࿁‫׵‬ІҢٙႩΝชdШɰйҙাҢࡁ݊ኪஔٟึٙɓ໊dኪஔٟึٙ೯࢝ேึ࿁ Ңࡁପ͛ላᏘdΝᅵήҢࡁɰึᅂᚤՉ˼ኪ߅fᑘԷԸႭdί 1980 ϋ˾ٙ݁‫ط‬຾᏶ኪ՟Σd Ϟɓ˕၈ਂٟึ߅ኪٙ٤ග࢝Σd˴ࠅٙላᏘఱ݊ԸІ‫׵‬ɛ˖ήଣኪٙᅂᚤf1990 ϋ˾d˖ ʷ޼Ӻٙ‫ܠ‬ᆓ࿁‫׵‬ήଣኪପ͛ᅂᚤf
ʔཀd຅ʦ຅Ңࡁίᔖุ‫ڿ‬ɪࢪٙࣛࡉdу݊ɓ၇ਖ਼ุٙ൙ᄆdԷνᔼࢪe‫ࢪܛ‬e ஝ྌࢪeᚐଣࢪeٟʈࢪഃd݊Ոਖ਼ุᗇ๫ٙᔖุfఱ݊л͜ɓࢁٝᗆӻ୕Ը޶‫ܙ‬ԫ‫ي‬dΪ
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Ϥd߰ࠅ੽ˢ༰ਖ਼ุٙԉ‫֛ޢܓ‬ήଣٝᗆٙʫ଄ٙ༑dҢࡁ̙˸ᔊఊٙႭήଣኪఱ݊͜٤ග ٙᝈᓃԸ޶‫ܙ‬Ңࡁ‫͛ה‬πٙ˰‫ޢ‬dҢࡁ݊٤ගʱؓࢪ(spatial analysts

ྡɓ ήଣኪ່֛ٙ
ɚήଣኪ٫੽ԫٙʈЪ݊ʡჿ ʡჿ݊ήଣኪdՉྼɰ̙݊˸੽ήଣኪ٫੽ԫ‫ܣ‬ᅵٙʈ Ъʫ࢙dɰఱ݊ήଣኪ٫ίਂԬʡჿkԸႩᗆၾə༆fɓছɛ࿁ήଣኪϞ‫ܣ‬ᅵٙႩٝճ ήଣ ٝᗆ࿁ɓছɛԸႭd˾‫ڌ‬ٙ݊ɓ၇｢ϵ߅Όࣣόٙήଣٝᗆ｣fෂ୕ɪdɽ࢕࿁‫׵‬ήଣኪ٫ٙႩ ٝdே݊Ⴉ‫މ‬ήଣኪ٫݊ᆞٝήଣԫྼٙdԷνdήଣኪ٫್̀ᆞ̨ٝᝄඊᕄe‫ޢ˰݊א‬त ֛਷࢕ٙɛɹeࠦጐe༟๕eІ್ᐑྤeၾዝ̦˖ʷतЍഃdவ၇࿁‫׵‬ήଣٝᗆၾήଣኪ٫ ਖ਼‫ڗ‬ٙႩٝd̙˸၈ʘ‫މ‬ϵ߅Όࣣόٙήଣٝᗆf
ήଣኪਂ‫މ‬ɓ‫ژ‬ə༆ɛᗳ͛πᐑྤٙኪ߅dίኪ߅ٙʱʈɪdɓছ݊஗ᓥᗳίਿᓾኪ߅ ຅ʕdतй݊І್ήଣٙ௅΅dɓছேਗ਼ʘྌᓥίήଢ߅ኪኪ‫ژ‬dɛ˖ήଣٙ௅΅d‫ۆ‬຾੬ ஗ྌʱ‫׵‬ɛ˖ኪ߅‫א‬ٟึ߅ኪኪ߅ჯਹ຅ʕdͦ‫ۃ‬ί਷ʫ‫୕ۆ‬ᓥίਜਹ޼Ӻٙɽ௮ʘɨfШ ݊ʔሞ݊І್‫݊א‬ɛ˖ήଣdɗЇ዆᜗ٙᐑྤӻ୕ٙଣ༆ၾٝᗆdί˚੬͛‫ݺ‬ٙᏐ͜ฏԸฏ ᜑ੻ࠠࠅdவ݊Ϊ‫މ‬ҢࡁԒஈίɓࡈΌଢʷٙࣛ˾dɰ͛‫ݺ‬ίɓࡈᐑྤᜊମฏԸฏ฽၌ʷٙ ࣛ˾dΪϤdձҢࡁ͛πᐑྤࢹࢹ޴ᗫٙٝᗆdఱϞ޴຅ࠠࠅٙᏐ͜ᄆ࠽fʔཀd຅ਿᓾኪ ߅ٙᏐ͜ᄆ࠽ฏ৷ٙࣛࡉd̴ٙٝᗆʫ࢙ձ޴ᗫ‫׌‬༰৷ٙਖ਼ุኪ߅ࠠᛌ‫ܓ‬ɰึᎇʘ౤ʺdԷ ν຅ʦήଣኪٙ޼Ӻࠠᓃʊձே̹ၾਜਹࠇྌeᐑྤʈ೻eᝈΈ;ඝ޼Ӻഃኪ߅ٙࠠᛌ‫ܓ‬ฏ Ըฏ৷dᐽ್νϤd͟‫׵‬Ңࡁٟٙึʊආɝ৷‫ܓ‬ਖ਼ุʱʈٙࣛ˾dΪϤ࿁‫׵‬ਖ਼ุʫ଄ٙ‫܁‬၈ Ϟ̀ࠅһආɓӉٙᔾ૶d˸࿎ᜑኪ߅πίٙत‫׌‬ၾᄆ࠽f
ᗫᒟ฿ׂ
ήଢ߅ኪEarth-science, ɛ˖ήଣኪHuman geography, ٤ගspaceeή౻landscapeeਜЗlocationeή˙placeeၣഖnetwork ɛɹpopulatione٤ගʝਗspatial interaction ٤ගᓒ౳spatial diffusioneே̹ʷurbanizationeᐑྤenvironment
வԬਿ͉ٙήଣٝᗆ‫݊א‬ήଣԫྼਿ͉ɪ޴຅ᐿိdீཀ༟ࣘٙฤණၾᏨቡɰఱ̙˸ᐏ ੻dԟவԬᗳۨٙήଣٝᗆॆٙ࿁‫׵‬ήଣਖ਼ุٝᗆϾԊ݊ʔࠠࠅٙ෗kԫྼɪdήଣኪ٫݊ Ϟ̀ࠅᆞٝɓԬਿᓾٙήଣԫྼၾٝᗆdШ݊dҢࡁࠅə༆ٙ݊ήଣԫྼ ɛeԫe‫ي‬ၾ‫ݺ‬ਗ
ٙ‫ה‬ίၾʱб ˸ʿ̴ࡁ‫މ‬Оπί‫׵‬ԟ༁ ΪϤdҢࡁ̥ঐႭϵ߅Όࣣόٙήଣٝᗆ̥Цήଣ ኪ٫ʈЪʫ࢙ٙ฽ˇ௅΅dΪ‫މ‬də༆ԫ‫ي‬ٙ‫ה‬ί ʱ̺
f ৰə΍Νٙٝᗆձጳሳʘ̮dήଣኪ٫ձήሯኪ٫eɽं߅ኪ٫ٙʔΝdί‫׵‬Ңࡁึत йഹࠠɛձІ್ᐑྤٙᗫ‫ڷ‬dतй݊ɛᗳ‫ݺ‬ਗ࿁‫׵‬ήଢᐑྤӻ୕‫ה‬ପ͛ٙᅂᚤfήଣኪ٫ձ ٟึ߅ኪ٫ʔΝʘஈdί‫׵‬Ңࡁһଉɝ̘ə༆ٟึ༧٤ගʝਗٙᗫ‫ڷ‬f
ɛ˖ήଣኪ̬ٙɽෂ୕ၾ‫ࠬ˾ڐ‬ᆓ
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ୋʬ௝ ɛ˖ήଣኪኬሞ
‫݂ࠦ܆‬ԫ
‫ږ‬Ѝᅙ˂ቃj੽อ϶߅ኪ෤ਜٙซ྅ၾତྼሔήଣኪٙᗫᕿ ᅙ˂ቃί̨ᝄ౧ৎɓ৬ࠬᆓdց٤ʕʔ৾༶ᔷٙᅙ˂ቃ൥ᅄྫྷซ઼ٙ೻ʔ;ࢹiʃʃٙ ٤ග‫ו‬༱ೌֱࠢٙ၅ၾҎૐdૐ଻း݊ईဘၾᅏᅓfอ϶߅ኪ෤ਜ੽ e ϋ˾Їʦdɰ྅ ɓࢭ̨ᝄ຾᏶ᅙ˂ቃd੭ਗ̨ᝄอɓቃ຾᏶೯࢝ٙփᔴdΝࣛd࿁ʫϓ‫઼މ‬ਗή˙ϓ‫ڗ‬ٙࠠ ࠅዚՓd϶̏‫ג‬ήପԫุί೵ࣛගʫٙԘ஺ৎ࠭݊௰ԳԷᗇdՉɛɹଡ଼ϓɰձࡡԸٙඊӀഐ ࿴࿚್ʔΝi࿁̮‫݊ۆ‬ਗ਼̨ᝄၾ˰‫߅ࠅࠠޢ‬Ҧࠠᕄ޴ஹഐdϓ̌ਞၾΌଢ຾᏶ʱʈၾএਗd ϓ‫ࠅࠠޢ˰މ‬৷߅Ҧ͛ପٙኽᓃʘɓfఱவᅵdอ϶߅ኪ෤ਜϓ‫މ‬Ό̨ᝄɛٙᛨශdԨ෧ி ̈৷߅ҦʈุɨЭϮ‫ݑ‬eЭঃঐٙߕλจ൥f੽Ϥdɽ۬ʃᕄ୽ʔ‫ن‬ഹ՟੻ϓ‫߅϶މ‬ୋ ɚٙԄዚdΆྡீཀ৷߅Ҧପุٙˏɝd੭ਗή˙ٙ຾᏶ᐿ࿲ၾూ೤f ್Ͼdอ϶߅ኪ෤ਜॆٙ݊வჿҁߕϾ࠽੻ϵʱϵဂ཰ٙϓ̌຾᜕෗kᙊ੻؇˙ٞԋߕ Τٙߠ‫ܝ‬dҢࡁӺ௞˹̈əεˇೌ̙࣐Ϋٙᙼ‫ޒ‬ၾ˾ᄆk‫఻ڐ‬ϋԸd϶߅‫ڐڝ‬ٙࠠɽᐑ‫ڭ‬ၾ Ϯ‫ݑ‬ԫ΁௔ᚃίద᜗ɪ஗‫מ‬ᚣdν৷ၯ༩ٟٙਜၡቌ϶߅ɓᐍʘཞdИ˒᎖᎖ၲՑ੽϶߅ᙗ Ըٙెঔdɦνඩ‫܄‬๣ٙ৷Ϯ‫ݑ‬ኬߧ࠰ʆӫᚈўϞՈඎ‫ݭ‬९ഃഃiΝࣛdኪ٫ࡁɰක֐੭᎘ ᓑॎሯဲ৷߅ҦཧϮ‫ݑ‬ٙ৿൥dᅂᚤ‫ה‬ʿdή˙֢͏ʔΎνϘಂছँँಂ޸߅ኪ෤ਜٙணͭd ˀϾϞࣛࡉ೯ਗҤ‫לن‬ഒᜫ৷Ϯ‫ݑ‬ପุආɝϾॎᕸࡡϞٙλʆλ˥f ɪࠑɓஹЕٙԫྼীሞʕdՉྼʊ຾ᄿ‫ع‬ή଄ႊəɛ˖ήଣኪʕࠠࠅٙϣჯਹdܼ̍ၳ ໝήଣe຾᏶ήଣeᐑྤ༟๕ၾ‫ڭ‬ԃeɛɹήଣe݁‫ط‬ήଣഃഃdே̙੽ʔΝٙԉ‫ܓ‬Ըஈଣ อ϶߅ኪ෤ਜٙʔΝࠦΣfԫྼɪdʔ̥݊อ϶߅ኪ෤ਜdҢࡁ͛‫ݺ‬մቊࣛࣛπίഹ࠽੻Ң ࡁଉɝઞ॰ٙତ൥ၾਪᕚdϾήଣኪٙ޼Ӻ฿ׂၾ˙‫ج‬d̙˸౤ԶҢࡁႩᗆeଣ༆˸ʿ՘п ҷഛٟึ၇၇ਪᕚٙٝᗆၾʈՈf
ɓʡჿ݊ήଣኪ ήଣኪ(geography)ٙο࣬݊๕‫׵‬Ҏᖳο geo ၾ graphein ٙଡ଼Υdgeo ܸ݊｢ήଢ｣dɰఱҢࡁɛᗳၪ͛ٙᐑྤၾ͛πٙႀ̨dgraphein ‫｢݊ۆ‬౜ᄳ(graphy)｣dɰఱ݊ Ⴍήଣኪٙʫ଄ఱ݊｢౜ᄳ‫ࣣ݊א‬ᄳήଢ｣fϘಂ‫ה‬ፗࣣٙᄳήଢdఱ݊Ҫήଢɪ‫ה‬೯͛ٙ၇ ၇ԫ‫ࣣي‬ᄳၾা፽ɨԸdԫྼɪdࣣᄳཀ೻͉Ԓఱ݊ɓࡈٝᗆ‫ܔ‬࿴ٙཀ೻fఱʕ਷ෂ୕Ը޶d Ϙಂήଣၾዝ̦݊ΥϾ‫މ‬ɓٙdΪϤϞ‫ה‬ፗٙ｢̦ήɓ࢕｣வ၇ᝈᓃπίdˢ༰݊˸ࣛගၾԫ΁ ‫ࣨމ‬ːԸা፽ή‫ڌ‬ٙԫ‫ي‬fᔊԊʘdࣣᄳήଢɪ೯͛ٙ၇၇ତ൥dఱ݊ήଣኪவࡈኪ߅‫֐ڋ‬ ٙࣨːʫ࢙dʔཀ຅ʦҢࡁ‫݊ۆ‬ආɓӉήҪவࡈኪ߅ΎЪһ༉းٙӻ୕‫׌‬ʱ߅f
ᐝ ༆ήਜၾਜਹٙ౜ࠑfਜਹήଣኪٙూ೤jอਜਹήଣኪf
ɚΌଢʷɨήਹٙዹत‫࣬ ׌‬ಔ‫׵‬ήଣኪٙෂ୕੽ήଣԫྼٙᅺাeՑʱؓ(scientific)eՑ˸ɛ‫މ‬ʕː(humanistic)eՑ੶ሜՉ݁‫ط‬຾᏶এഖ(political economy)eՑሞࠑόٙ (discursive)f
Ͼ 80 ϋ˾d٤ග޼Ӻ࿁ٟึ߅ኪପ͛ᅂᚤf1960 ϋ˾d຾᏶ኪٙࠇඎࠧն࿁‫׵‬ήଣኪ ପ͛ᅂᚤfவԬᅂᚤ੬੬݊ᕐΣٙd‫א‬٫݊εΣٙf
ኪ୦࿁༑࣪ ήଣኪٙ޼Ӻ˴ᕚ݊ʔᓙήᜊਗٙdவ၇ᜊਗɰ݊ɓ၇༧ෂ୕࿁Ҥٙཀ೻f ฆᝈٙ࢕ਕ௶ਗၾ٤ගeභ࠮ၾ଒ሜ ̶ᝈٙΌଢᜊቋၾ͑ᚃ೯࢝eΌଢʷ
٤ගʱؓٙෂ୕ ϋ˾‫ܝ‬j͵уਜЗʱؓٙෂ୕dྒྷ༊‫މ‬ԫ‫ي‬٤ගʱбٙत‫׌‬ ҬՑ౷ཁٙ‫ۆج‬ၾ༆ᙑٙଣሞfνj‫ׂړ‬ุ༵ٙਜЗଣሞeࠨЬٙʈุਜЗଣሞe дԢ̡ࢯਔٙʕήଣሞա຾᏶ኪʕٙਜਹ߅ኪʿࠇඎࠧնᅂᚤ‫̶ޟ‬
ਜਹ޼Ӻٙෂ୕j݊Ϙಂήଣኪ೯࢝ٙࣨːd੶ሜ࿁ɓήਜٙΌᝈ‫ ׌‬IPMJTUJD
ɓήଣኪ̬ٙɽෂ୕ ήଣኪ̬ٙɽෂ୕νɨj
ήଢ߅ኪٙෂ୕j ޼ӺІ್ၾ‫ي‬ሯ˰‫ޢ‬ٙЪ͜ཀ೻eృᐑeʿՉӻ୕ʱؓ ༆ᙑeʱؓʿཫ಻ή౻ٙᜊቋ І್ήଣኪ٫ٙ޼Ӻ࿁൥jήଢjҢࡁ֢Иʿ፠˸ၪ͛ٙήଢ
ɛήʝਗٙෂ୕j ઞীɛᗳٟึձᐑྤٙʝਗᗫ‫ڷ‬ ᐑྤٙᅂᚤɢkᐑྤӔ֛ሞ ɛᗳ࿁ᐑྤٙ౛છk߅ҦӔ֛ሞ
Ϙಂٙήଣኪ݊ሔήଣԫྼࣣٙᄳeߏ፽d‫ܝ‬Ըနနᔷᜊϓ‫݊މ‬ʱؓ‫׌‬d༰ՈϞ߅ኪٙ ၚग़d੶ሜՈϞ‫ۆج‬e஝‫ܛ‬ٙ޼ӺdԷνႭ޼Ӻ຾᏶ήଣٙԉ‫ܓ‬dึਗ਼̨ɽ຅Ъ݊߅Ҧପุ ٙ޼೯ɛʑٙ੃ԃʕːdԸ޶̨ɽٙᘩ‫ن‬ɢe޼೯ϓ؈d޼Ӻ̨ɽνОආБପุٙ޼Ӻ೯࢝d வ݊᙮‫׵‬ଣ‫܄׌‬ᝈٙ௅ʱd̨̙݊ɽɰ݊ਗ਼‫ ڐ‬4-5 ຬɛ‫ݺ͛ה‬ٟٙਜdҢࡁ̙˸͜ 1970 ϋ ˾˸ɛٙԉ‫ܓ‬Ըীሞ̨ɽٟٙਜ೯࢝d˸ʔΝૄ໊Ъ‫͉މ‬ЗԸ‫ܠ‬Ͻf̙݊ί 1980-1990 ϋ˾d ዆ࡈ˰‫ޢ‬ᜊϓ˸̹ఙ຾᏶‫˴މ‬ٙࣛ˾dٟึ೯࢝൳Ը൳‫ي‬ʷdɓʲே݊˸‫ږ‬፺Ըፅඎdᜊϓ ɓࡈ˸༟͉‫˴މ‬ٟٙึʿ٤ග೯࢝ٙҖόdே݊Ͻᅇeᐄிɓࡈᐑྤd̀඲Ϟٙ‫ܠ‬ၪdա݁ ‫ط‬຾᏶এഖٙᅂᚤdɛ˖ήଣኪٙ೯࢝൳Ը൳݊੶ሜ݁‫ط‬ձ຾᏶ٙཀ೻ʿЪ͜ɢdνОᅂᚤ
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ήኪஷሞٙሙ೻ͦᅺၾኪ୦ͦٙdఱ݊ࠅ౤Զഗήଣኪٙ‫ڋ‬ኪ٫੽ɓ၇ɓছɛ࿁ήଣኪ ٙႩٝdᔷΣɓ၇ՈϞήଣਖ਼ุٝᗆٙႩٝfɰఱ݊ீཀ༰Ոӻ୕‫׌‬ٙٝᗆ᜗ӻԸኪ୦ήଣ ኪdШ݊dኪ୦ٙʫ࢙ਿ͉ɪᒔ݊ϔΥഹήଣԫྼ(geographical facts)dɰఱ̘݊ə༆ή‫ڌ‬ ɪٙɛeԫe‫ي‬e‫݊א‬ή‫ڌ‬ɪٙ‫ݺ‬ਗഃf ‫ڐ‬ɤ఻ϋԸdήଣኪٙ೯࢝ձɛᗳٟٙึԐΣ߅Ҧʷeл͜ʷdᒱ್ήଣኪ݊ਿᓾኪ߅d ٝᗆٙͦٙ݊ᜫɛࡁٙ͛‫ݺ‬ཀٙһλdΪϤνО஝ྌʿ຾ᐄҢࡁ‫ݺ͛ה‬ٙήଢʿ༟๕݊ήଣ ኪอጳᏐٙ͜ᇍᖚf
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