南京大学2010年考博英语答案

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[考研类试卷]2010年南京大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc

[ 考研类试卷 ]2010 年南京大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷一、名词解释0 For the definition given in each item in questions 11 to 15, find a matching word in the specified paragraph. The number given after each definition indicates the paragraph in which the word appears.(1x5)1pretension to knowledge not possessed(2)2adjustment(3)3appearing periodically(4)4display of narrow-minded learning(7)5bodies invisible to the naked eye(13)二、阅读理解6THE STUDY OF MANIrving S. Lee1The study of man—even, the scientific study—is ancient and respectable. It goes back to Aristotle, to Hippocrates, and beyond them to obscure beginnings. Today, it is one of the chief studies of the learned. Like our other activities, it may be divided into two parts, the successful part and the unsuccessful part. Speaking very generally and with due regard to numerous and important exceptions, it may be said that the successful part of the scientific study of man is related to medicine, the unsuccessful part to philosophy and to the social sciences. These relations are not only historical, they are also to be seen in methods, attitudes, and traditions.2The successes of medicine and the medical sciences have not been lightly won; from a multitude of failures, they are the survivals and the fortunate productions of tile best or the most-favored men among an endless succession of skillful physicians though pedantry, incompetency, and charlatanry have often hindered and, in evil times, even arrested the accumulations of medical science for long periods, since Hippocrates, at least, the tradition of skillful practice has never been quite lost the tradition that combines theory and practice. This tradition is, especially in three elements,indispensable.3Hippocrates teaches, first, hard, persistent, intelligent, responsible, unremitting labor in the sickroom, not in the library;the all-roundadaptation of the doctor to his task, anadaptation that is far from being merely intellectual. This is adaptation chiefly through the establishment of conditioned reflexes. Something like it seems to be a necessary part of the mastery of any material or of effective work in any medium.4Hippocrates teaches, secondly, accurate observation of things and events; selection, guided by judgment born of familiarity, of the salient and the recurrent phenomena; and their classification and methodical exploitation.5Hippocrates teaches, thirdly, the judicious construction of a theor—y not a philosophical theory, nor a grand effort of the imagination, nor a quas—i religious dogma, but a modest pedestrian affair, or perhaps I had better say, a useful walking stick to help on the way.6All this may be summed up thus: The physician must have, first, intimate habitual intuitive familiarity with things; secondly, a systematic knowledge of things; and thirdly, an effective way of thinking about things.7Experience shows that this is the way to success. It has long been followed in studying sickness, but hardly at all in studying the other experiences of daily life. Let us, therefore, consider more carefully what Hippocrates did and what he did not do. He was in reaction chiefly against three things: firstly, against the ancient, traditional myths and superstitions which still prevailed among the physicians of his day; secondly, against the recent intrusion of philosophy into medical doctrine; thirdly, against the extravagant system of diagnoses of the Cnidian School, a body of contemporary physicians who seem to have suffered from a familiar form of professional pedantry. Here, Hippocrates was opposing the pretentious systematization of knowledge that lacked solid, objective foundation—the concealment of ignorance, probably more or less unconsciously, with a show of knowledge. Note well that such concealment is rarely altogether dishonest and may be practised in thorough good faith.8The social sciences today suffer from defects that are not unlike the defects of medicine to which Hippocrates was opposed. Firstly, social and political myths are everywhere current, and if they involve forms of superstition that are less apparent to us than the medical superstitions of long ago, that may well be because we recognize the latter class of superstitions for what they are while still accepting or half accepting the former class. Secondly, there is at least as much philosophy mingled with our current social science as there was at any time in the medical doctrines ofthe Greeks. Thirdly, a great part of the social science of today consists of elaborate speculation on an insufficient foundation of fact.9Hippocrates endeavored to avoid myths and traditional rules, the grand search for philosophical truth, the authority of philosophical beliefs, the concealment of ignorance with a show of systematic knowledge. He was concerned, first of all not to conceal his own ignorance from himself.10Experience shows that there are two kinds of human behavior which it is ordinarily convenient and often essential to distinguish.11One is the thinking, talking, and writing, by those who are so familiar with relevant concrete experiences that they cannot ordinarily forget the facts, about two kinds of subjects. These are;firstly, concrete observation—s observations and experiences which are representable by means of sharply defined or otherwise unambiguous words; and secondly, more general considerations, dearly and logically related to such concrete observations and experiences.12The other kind of behavior is thinking, talking, and writing about vague or general ideas or "concepts" which do not clearly relate to concrete observations and experiences and which are not designated by sharply defined words.13In the social sciences, special methods and special skills are few. It is hard to think of anything that corresponds to a mathematician's skill in performing mathematical operations or to a bacteriologist's skill in cultivating microorganisms or to a clinician's skill in making physical examinations.14Classificatory, descriptive knowledge, which is so conspicuous in the medical sciences and in natural history and which has proved so essential to the development of such sciences, is relatively lacking in the social sciences. Moreover, there is no common accord among social scientists concerning the classes and subclasses of the things they study, and there is even much disagreement about nomenclature.15The theories of the social sciences seem to be in a curious state. One body of theory, that of economies is highly developed, has been cast in mathematical form, and has reached a stage that is thought to be in some respects definitive. This theory, like those of the natural sciences, is the result of the concerted efforts of a great number of investigators and has evolved in a manner altogether similar to the evolution of certain theories in the natural sciences. But it is hardly applicable to concrete reality.16The reasons why economic theory is so difficult to apply to concrete events are that it is an abstraction from an immensely complex reality and that reasoning from theory to practice is here, nearly always vitiated by "thefallacy of misplaced concreteness. " Such application suggests the analogy of applying Galileo's law of falling bodies to the motion of a falling leaf in a stiff breeze. Experience teaches that under such circumstances it is altogether unsafe to take more than a single step in deductive reasoning without verifying the conclusions by observation or experiment. Nevertheless, many economists, some cautiously and others less cautiously are in the habit of expressing opinions deduced from theoretical considerations concerning economic practice. There is here a striking contrast with medicine, where it is almost unknown for a theorist inexperienced in practice to prescribe the treatment of a patient.17In other fields of social science, theories are generally not held in common by all investigators, but, as in philosophical systems, tend to be sectarian beliefs. This is true even in psychology where the conflicts of physiological psychologists, behaviorists. Gestaltists, and others sometimes almost suggest theological controversy.18On the whole, it seems fair to say that the social sciences in general are not cultivated by persons possessing intuitive familiarity; highly developed, systematic, descriptive knowledge; and the kind of theories that are to be found in the natural sciences.19There is not a little system-building in the social sciences but, with the striking exception of economic theory, it is of the philosophical type rather than of the scientific type, being chiefly concerned in its structural elements with words rather than with things, or in old fashioned parlance, with noumena, rather than with phenomena.20A further difference between most system-building in the social sciences and systems of thought and classification of the natural sciences is to be seen in their evolution. In the natural sciences, both theories and descriptive systems grow by adaptation to the increasing knowledge and experience of the scientists. In the social sciences, systems often issue fully formed from the mind of one man. Then they may be much discussed if they attract attention, but progressive adaptive modification as a result of the concerted efforts of great numbers of men is rare. Such systems are in no proper sense working hypotheses; they are "rationalizations" , or, at best mixtures of working hypotheses and "rationalizations".21Thinking in the social sciences suffers, I believe, chiefly from two defects:One is the fallacy of misplaced concreteness; the other, the intrusion of sentimen—tsof Bacon's Idols—into the thinking, which may be fairly regarded as an occupational hazard of the social scientists.22Sentiments have no place in clear thinking, but the manifestations of sentiments are among the most important things with which the social sciences are concerned. For example, the word "justice" is out of place in pleadingbefore the Supreme Curt of the United States, but the sentiments associated with that word and often expressed by it are probably quite as important as the laws of our country, not to mention the procedure of the Supreme Court. Indeed such sentiments seem to be in many ways and at many times the most important of all social forces.23The acquired characters of men may be divided into two classes. One kind involves much use of reason, logic, the intellect; for example, the ordinary studies of school and university. The other kind involves little intellectual activity and arises chiefly from conditioning from rituals and from routines; for example, skills, attitudes, and acquired sentiments. In modified form, men share such acquired characters with dogs and other animals. When not misinterpreted, they have been almost completely neglected by intellectuals and are frequently overlooked by social scientists. Their study seems to present an opportunity for the application of physiology.24The conclusions of this comparative study are as follows: Firstly, a combination of intimate, habitual, intuitive familiarity with things; systematic knowledge of things; and an effective way of thinking about things is common among medical scientists, rare among social scientists. Secondly, systems in the medical sciences and systems in the social sciences are commonly different. The former resemble systems in the other natural sciences, the latter resemble philosophical systems. Thirdly, many of the terms employed currently in the social sciences are of a kind that is excluded, except by inadvertence, from the medical sciences. Fourthly, sentiments to not ordinarily intrude in the thinking of medical scientists; they do ordinarily intrude in the thinking of social scientists. Fifthly, the medical sciences have made some progress in the objective study of the manifestations of sentiments; the social sciences, where these things are particularly important, have neglected them. This is probably due to the influence of the intellectual tradition " Sixthly" in the medical sciences, special methods and special skills are many; in the social sciences, few. Finally, in the medical sciences, testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous. Thus, theories and generalizations of all kinds are constantly being corrected, modified, and adapted to the phenomena; and fallacies of misplaced concreteness, eliminated. In the social sciences, there is little of this adaptation and correction through continuous observation and experiment.25These are very general conclusions to which, as I have already said, there are numerous and important exceptions. Perhaps the most important exceptions may be observed in the work of many historians, of purely descriptive writers, and of those theoretical economists who scrupulously abstain from the application of theory to practice.6Hippocrates was chiefly concerned with .（ A）not concealing his own ignorance from himself（ B）combining philosophy with medical doctrine（ C）the system of diagnosis of the Cnidian school（ D）pretentious systematization of knowledge（ E）incorporating tradition with systematic knowledge7Most social science systems are, at best, .（ A）mixtures of working hypotheses and rationalizations（ B）results of concerted efforts of men at adaptive modification（ C）adaptations of experience and increasing knowledge to experiments（ D）highly developed systems of knowledge（ E）studies of the structural elements of things8One branch of the social sciences considered in some respects definitive is .（ A）history（ B）philosophy（ C）sociology（ D）politics（ E）economics9The social sciences today suffer from defects similar to the defects of medicine in Hippocrates' day, as evidenced by all but one of thesestatements. Which one?（ A）Forms of superstition are less apparent today because we half accent them.（ B）The concealment of ignorance is as thoroughly dishonest today as it was before.（ C）Elaborate speculation is based on poor foundation of fact.（ D）Much philosophy is mingled with current social science.（ E）Social and political myths are everywhere current.10The tradition of skillful medical practice since Hippocrates' time combines theory and practice. Which description inaccurately represents this tradition?（ A）Hard, persistent, intelligent, unremitting labor in the sickroom.（ B）Evidence of accurate observation, selection, classification, and methodical exploitation of phenomena.（ C）Judicious construction of a modest workable theory.（ D）Hard, responsible, intelligent, unremitting labor in the library.（ E）All-round adaptation of the doctor to his task as a type of master workman.11The author firmly believes the scientific study of men .（ A）comparative religion（ B）natural philosophy（ C）social science（ D）medical science（ E）theoretical economics12Which of the following is NOT a conclusion of the author based on his comparative study?（ A）Effective thinking is rare among social scientists.（ B）In the medical sciences, testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous.（ C）Sentiments ordinarily intrude in the thinking of medical scientists.（ D）Social sciences have neglected the objective study of the manifestations of sentiments.（ E）Terms employed in the social sciences are of a kind excluded from the medical sciences.13By "the fallacy of misplaced concreteness" , the author means .（ A）apprenticeship in a hospital is the only effective preparation for practice（ B）the expressing of opinions deduced from theoretical considerations rather than experiment and observation（ C）the prescribing of treatment for a patient by an experienced intern（ D）treatment of illness by specialists in each field（ E）theoretical deductions verified by observation and experimentation14According to the writer, the social sciences suffer from both the fallacy of misplace concreteness and .（ A）excessive experimentation（ B）judicious theory construction（ C）intrusion of sentiments（ D）too much observation and checking（ E）ancient myths15One may infer that the author's views are .（ A）universally accepted by medical students（ B）accepted by social scientists（ C）not acceptable to Gestaltists（ D）parallel to those of economists（ E）disputed by many professions15For the given word in each item in questions 16 to 20, decide which semantic variation best conveys the meaning of the author. The number given after each word indicates the paragraph in which the word appears.（1x5）16prevailed（7）（ A）existed widely（ B）produced the desired effect（ C）gained the advantage17 pretentious（7）（ A）assumptive of dignity（ B）making exaggerated show; ostentatious（ C）claiming importance or title18 conspicuous（14）（ A）readily attracting attention; striking（ B）plainly visible; manifest（ C）undesirably noticeable19 fallacy（16）（ A）false idea（ B）deceitfulness（ C）erroneous reasoning 20 sectarian（17）（ A）pertaining to a particular school of thought（ B）member of a sect（ C）bigoted三、句子改错21All high schools attach great importance youngster's performance in the College Entrance Examinations.22He could not say "hippopotamus" and "pomegranate" , and we had to help him to pronounce.23"How to open the door?" , he asked as he turned the key, but the door did not open.24This was a farm where you could find all kinds of birds: chickens, quails, turkeys, ducks and geese and so on.25The boy biked to school but realized that he has forgotten his homework.26It was bad news that all boys in the class were caught skipping the PEclass. Another news, however, was encouraging:all of them passed the math exam.27The teacher got impatient that after explaining the past tense many times and giving many examples, the pupils still wrote "I play football yesterday".28All the sophomores said that they wanted to be a good student.29The teacher found it dissatisfied that students failed to hand in their homework on time.30 A wrong information he gave me is that our shuttle bus leaves at 3. As a result, I missed it.四、汉译英31Translate the following passage into English.（25）建城近2500年来，南京一直是中国多元文化交融共进的中心城市之一。

南京大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

南京大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析directions：in the following article，some sentences have been removed.for questions1-5，choose the most suitable one from the list a―g to fit into each of the numbered blank.there are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the gaps.it seems to me there are two aspects to women.there is the demure and the dauntless.men have loved to dwell，in fiction at least，on the demure maiden whose inevitable reply is：oh，yes，if you please，kind sir！the demure maiden，the demure spounse，the demure Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mother―this is still the ideal.a few maidens，mistresses and mothers are demure.a few pretend to be.but the vast majority are not.and they don‘t pretend to be.we don’t expect a girl skilfully driving her car to be demure，we expect her to be dauntless.what good would demure and maidenly members of parliament be，inevitably responding：oh，yes，if you please，kind sir！―though of course there are masculine members of that kidney.―and a demure telephone girl？or even a demure stenographer？demureness，to be sure，is outwardly becoming，it is an outward mark of femininity，like bobbed hair.but it goes with inward dauntlessness.1）with the two kinds of femininity go two kinds of confidence：there are the women who are cocksure，and the women who are hensure.a really up-to-date woman is a cocksure woman.she doesn‘t have adoubt nor a qualm.she is the modern type.whereas the old-fashioned demure woman was sure as a hen is sure，that is，without knowing anything about it.she went quietly and busily cluciking around，laying the eggs and mothering the chickens in a kind of anxious dream that still was full of sureness.but not mental sureness.her sureness was a physical condition，very soothing，but a condition out of which she could easily be startled or frightened.it is quite amusing to see the two kinds of sureness in chickens. the cockerel is，naturally，cocksure.he crows because he is certain it is day.，then the hen peeps out from under her wing.he marches to the door of the henhouse and pokes out his lead assertively：ah ha！daylight，of course，just as i said！―and he majestically steps down the chicken ladder towards terra firma，knowing that the hens will step cautiously after him，drawn by his confidence.so after him，cautiously，step the hens.he crows again：ha-ha！here we are！―it is indisputable，and the hens accept it entirely.he marches towards the house.from the house a person ought to appear，scattering corn. why does the person not appear？the cock will see to it.he is cocksure. he gives a loud crow in the doorway，and the person appears.the hens are suitably impressed but immediately devote all their henny consciousness to the scattered corn，pecking absorbedly，while the cock runs and fusses，cocksure that he is responsible for it all.so the day goes on.the cock finds a tit-bit，and loudly calls the hens.they scuffle up in henny surety，and gobble the tit-bit.but when they find a juicy morsel for themselves，they devour it in silence，hensure.unless，of course，there are little chicks，when they most anxiously call the brood.but in her own dim surety，the hen is really much surer than the cock，in a differenty way.she marches off to lay her egg，she secures obstinately the nest she wants，she lays her egg at last，then steps forth again with prancing confidence，and gives that most assured of all sounds，the hensure cackle of a bird who has laid her egg.the cock，who is never so sure about anything as the hen is about the egg she has laid，immediately starts to cackle like the female of his species.he is pining to be hensure，for hensure is so much surer than cocksure.nevertheless，cocksure is boss.when the chickenhawk appears in the sky，loud are the cockerel‘s calls of alarm.then the hens scuffle under the verandah，the cock ruffles his feathers on guard.the hens are numb with fear，they say：alas，there is no health in us！how wonderful to be a cock so bold！―and they huddle，numbed.but their very numbness is hensurety.just as the cock can cackle，however，as if he had laid the egg，so can the hen bird crow.she can more or less assume his cocksurensess.2）it seems to me just the same in the vast human farmyard.only nowadays all the cocks are cackling and pretending to lay eggs，and all the hens are crowing and pretending to call the sun out of bed.3）so the women step forth with a good loud cock-a-doodle-do！the tragedy about cocksure women is that they are more cocky，in their assurance，than the cock himself.they never realize that when the cock gives his loud crow in he morning，he listens acutely afterwards，to hear if some other wretch of a cock dare crow defiance，challenge.to the cock，there is always defiance，challenge，danger and death on the clear air；or the possibility thereof.but alas，when the hen crows，she listens for no defiance or challenge.when she says cock-a-doodle-do！then it is unanswerable. the cock listens for an answer，alert.but the hen knows she is unanswerable.cock-a-dooodle-do！and there it is，take it or leave it！4）it is the tragedy of the modern woman.she becomes cocksurem，she puts all her passion and energy and years of her life into some effort or assertion，without ever listening for the denial which she ought to take into count.she is cocksure，but she is a new all the time.frightened of her own henny self，she rushes to mad lengths about votes，or welfare，or sports，or business：she is marvellous，out-manning the man.but alas，it is all fundamentally disconnected. it is all an attitude，and one day the attitude will become a weird cramp，a pain，and then it will collapse.and when it has collapsed，and she looks at the eggs she has laid，votes，or miles of typewriting，years of business efficiency―suddenly，because she is a hen and not a cock，all she has done will turn into pure nothingness to her.5）[a]if women today are cocksure，men are hensure.men are timid，tremulous，rather soft and submissive，easy in their very henliketremulousness.they only want to be spoken to gently.[b]the girl who has got to make her way in life has got to be dauntless，and if she has a pretty，demure manner with it，then luck girl.she kills two birds with two stones.[c]conventional ideas about women seems pretty much cut and dried in the modern society.[d]and yet she is never so easy，cocksure，as she used to be when she was hensure.cocksure，she is cocksure，but uneasy.hensure，she trembles，but is easy.[e]and it is this that makes the cocksureness of women so dangerous，so devastating.it is really out of scheme，it is not in relation to the rest of things.so we have the tragedy of cocksure women.they find，so often，that instead of having laid an egg，they have laid a vote，or an emply ink-bootle，or some other absolutely unhatchable object，means nothing to them.[f]but the women pointed out the men had not produced anything，and the human race was pretty much starving.[g]suddenly it all falls out of relation to her basic henny self，and she realizes she has lost her life.the lovely henny surety，the hensureness which is the real bliss of every female，has been denied her：she had never had it.having lived her life with such utmost strenuousness and cocksureness，she has missed her life altogether. nothingness！答案及解析1）b.为生计所打拼的女孩子不得不勇敢无畏，如果她举止又温驯娴淑，那么她就是个幸运的女孩子。

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension:1. A2. A3. B4. B5. C6. C7. C8. D9. D 10. B11. A 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C21. B 22. A 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. CPart Ⅱ. Vocabulary31 . A 32. D 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. C41. A 42. C 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. CPart ⅢCloze51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. A 59. D 60. CPart Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension61. D 62. A 63. D 64. C 65. D 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. D 70. C71. C 72. D 73. A 74. B 75. C 76. A 77. A 78. D 79. C 80. D81. B 82. C 83. C 84. C 85. B 86. A 87. A 88. C 89. C 90. BPart Ⅱ. Vocabulary31. A 本句大意：一些黑人青年投诉说受到了警察骚扰。

选项A. 骚扰；B. 分散注意力；C. 判刑；D. 释放。

选项A符合原句意思，是正确答案。

32. D 本句大意：他迅速沉湎于他的权力。

选项A. irrigated灌溉；B. irradiated照射；C. inoculated接种过疫苗的；D. intoxicated沉湎于。

南京大学考博英语真题2006-2008年答案

南京大学考博英语真题2006年答案Section 1Part 11-5 AABCC 6-10 CBDDCPart 211-15 BCDDC 16-20 DDCACPart 321-25 ADAAC 26-30 CBDCD31-35 DAAAC 36-40 BBABBSection 241-45. D A C A B 46-50 B A C C C 51-55 C A B A C 56-60 B C B D DTranslationPart A放弃对于获得幸福至关重要，其重要性并不逊于努力。

面对我们可以阻止的不幸，明智的人不会屈服，但对于那些不可避免的甚至是可以避免的事情，若时间和经历要求他们放弃以追求更加重要的东西，他们不会浪费时间和感情而是选择顺从。

很多人常常为鸡毛蒜皮的琐事而大发脾气，并因此浪费了大量原本可以有大用处的大量精力。

在追求真正重要的目标中太过沉溺，导致潜在失败的可能性时时威胁我们的思维，这是不明智的。

工作效率往往和我们所投入的感情并不对称。

事实上，情感偶尔会妨碍效率。

我们在服从命运安排的同时应当竭尽全力。

顺从分两种：其一是源于绝望，其二则源于不可征服的希望……前者坏，后者好。

Part B1.In a populous city, the idea that a man must know his neighbors has been extinct. But it is stilltrue of that in small towns and villages.2.People living as long as each other may have quite different lifestyles. Some go far away andenjoy fantastic scenery while others are incarcerated in a small room and until death does them not know how far-flung the world is.3.The biggest falsehood of humans is they take for that social and political problems are sosimple that they can be judged and solved with practical experience, instead of strict training with scientific methods. Unfortunately, it is quite contrary in the case.4.You can’t get rid of jealousness merely through being successful because there are someone inhistory who are more successful than you. Enjoy the happiness at hand and do what you are supposed to do. Don’t compare what you imagine or even entirely wrong with those who are more lucky than you. Then, you can cast off jealousness.5.So, this is the true spiritual civilization: make the most of human’s brightness and wiseness tofind truth, to control nature, to change matters for human’s use, to relieve human of needless hardships, to liberate human’s spirit from blindness and superstition.南京大学考博英语真题2007年答案Section 1Part 11-5 AAABC 6-10 BCCDAPart 211-15 ABCBA 16-20 CDCAAPart 321-25 CADBA 26-30 BAAACSection 231-34 B D B C 35-38 D A B D 39-42 B C A B 43-46 D D D C 47-50 B A C BTranslationPart A可以肯定的是，今天的人们对于成功的渴望以及其为我们带来的好处绝不亚于过去。

2009年度江苏南京大学考博英语试卷及解答

2009年江苏南京大学考博英语试卷及解答题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and Vocabulary1． The government has to decide whether cost or concern for the environment should take______ when choosing the route for the new road crossing the well-known scenic spot.A．solutionB．sightC．intellectD．precedence正确解答：D解析：句子大意为：当准备穿过这个著名的风景区修建一条道路的时候，是成本第一还是环境第一，政府必须做个决定。

在给出的选项中：solution“解决方案”；sight“视力、景象”；intellect“智力”：precedence“优先”。

所以，正确解答是D。

2． Trimmer is known as a tough manager who demands ______results.A．credibleB．undeniableC．dynamicD．tangible正确解答：B解析：句子大意为：特里默是一位严厉的经理，他只要无可争辩的好结果。

在给出的选项中：credible“可信的”；undeniable“大家公认的、无可争辩的”；dynamic“动态的”；tangible“有形的、可感的”。

所以，正确解答是B。

3． He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a ______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualtyB．criteriaC．dissectionD．necessity正确解答：C解析：句子大意为：他正在阅读林登·约翰逊的传记和亨利·基辛格的解析。

2003~2006年南京大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2006年南京大学考博英语真题及详解SECTION I STRUCTUREANDVOCABULARY (40%)Part ADirections: Questions 1-10 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four choices, marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (10%)1. You don’t object ______ you by your first name, do you?A. that I callB. for callingC. that I am callingD. to my calling【答案】D【解析】object to (doing) sth.不赞成，反对做某事。

句中my是calling的逻辑主语。

object that结构中，that引出的部分应该是反对某事的理由，本题表达的不是反对理由，因此A项不符合。

2. ______ initial recognition while still quite young.A. Most famous scientists achievedB. That most famous scientists achievedC. Most famous scientists who achievedD. For most famous scientists to achieve【答案】A【解析】根据句子结构判断，空缺部分应该是句子主句部分，while引导的是时间状语，四个选项中，只有A项是独立、完整的句子。

2013年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2013年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Shoes of this kind are______to slip on wet ground.A．feasibleB．approprateC．aptD．fitting正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。

feasible“可行的”；appropriate“适当的，恰当的”；apt “恰当的，有……倾向的”；fitting“适合的，适宜的”。

根据语义“这样的鞋子在湿地上很容易打滑。

”可知，C选项意为“有……倾向的”，符合句意，因此本题选C。

2．I bought an alarm clock with a(n)______dial which can be seen clearly in the dark.A．supersonicB．luminousC．audibleD．amplified正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

supersonic“超音速的，超声波的”；luminous“发光的，明亮的”；audible“听得见的”；amplified“放大的，扩充的”。

根据空格后部分“在黑夜里也可以看得很清楚”可以判断空格处应填入与光亮相关的词，故答案为B。

3．Her jewelry______under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball.A．glaredB．glitteredC．blazedD．glowed正确答案：B解析：近义词辨析。

四个选项都有“发光”的意思，但glare强调发炫光，发耀眼的强光，通常指光亮平滑的表面发出的光；glitter指闪闪地发光，发光点较小；blaze指猛烈燃烧所发出强烈的光；glow多指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。

2010年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2010年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her ______A．whirlB．shiftC．shiverD．shake正确答案：C解析：句子大意为：这个小女孩穿了一件很薄的外套。

一阵冷风让她发抖。

本题考查近义词辨析。

在给出的选项中：whirl“打旋”；shift“移动”；shiver “发抖”，因寒冷、恐惧、兴奋等发抖；shake“摇动、震动”。

所以，正确答案是C。

2．Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a man with a strong______A．philosophyB．idealismC．moralityD．personality正确答案：D解析：句子大意为：经历过生活中的种种艰难困苦，他成了一位名人。

在给出的选项中：philosophy“哲学”；idealism“理想主义”；morality“道德”；pei ‘sonality“品格、名人”。

所以，正确答案是D。

3．All was dark in the district except for a candle ______ though the curtains in one of the houses.A．glimmeringB．glitteringC．flamingD．blazing正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：这块区域一片漆黑，只有一间房子的窗帘透出微弱的烛光。

南京大学考博英语模拟试题解析

南京大学考博英语模拟试题解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1（10points）The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1this is largely because,2animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are 3to perceiving those smells which float through the air,4the Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact 5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of7human smells even when these are8to far below one part in one million.Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,9others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate10smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send11to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell12can suddenly become sensitive to it when13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it14to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can15new receptors if necessary.This may16explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not17of the usual smell of our own house but we18new smells when we visit someone else's.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors19for unfamiliar and emergency signals20the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at larg[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1（40points）Text1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it all too monkey,as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,and they share their food tardily.Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.Such characteristicsmake them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnan's and Dr.de waal's；study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods（and much preferable to cucumbers）So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to；accept the slice of cucumber Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber（without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions,in the wild,they are a co-operative, groupliving species,Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone,Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stemsform the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago, is,as yet,an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic byA.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.22.The statement“it is all too monkey”（Last line,paragraph l）implies thatA.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys'nature.C.monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers'instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.D.more generous than their male companions24.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.25.What can we infer from the last paragraph？A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure？That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain？That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way？Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this keypoint in te preface to the panel's repor“Science never h all the answers But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base importantpolicies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.this is a dangerous game：by the100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research-a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.C.people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27.According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve asA.a protector.B.a judge.C.a critic.D.a guide.28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”（Last line,paragraph4）A.Endless studies kill action.B.Careful investigation reveals truth.C.prudent planning hinders.D.Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do aboutA.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservation.C.Press for further scientific research.D.Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with thatof smoking becauseA.they both suffered from the government's negligence.B.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C.the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D.both of them have turned from bad to worse.Text3Of all the components of a good night's sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears,by the late1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brainis“off-line”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better,“It's your dream”says Rosalind Cartwright,chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center.“If you don't like it,change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as active during REM（rapid eye movement）sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake,says Dr,Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.But not all parts of the brain are equallyinvolved,the limbic system（the“emotional brain”）is especially active,while the prefrontal cortex（the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet.“We wake up from dreams happy of depressed,and those feelings can stay with us all day”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr,William Dement.And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead,the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course.With much practice people can learn to,literally,do it in their sleep.At the end of the day,there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of“we wake u in a panic,”Cartwright says Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome of neural repairs.中国考博辅导首选学校32.By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to showA.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex.33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend toA.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.34.Cartwright seems to suggest thatA.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.C.dreams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。

2010年南京大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分46, 做题时间90分钟)1. 区分题1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemySSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, that is, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones, such as rain/reign. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs, such as tear v. /tear n. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they **plete homonyms, such as fast adj. /fast v. Polysemy refers to the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning. Such a word is called a polysemic or polysemous word. The **monly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has many meanings, such as(1)a piece of furniture.(2)orderly arrangements of facts, figures, etc.解析：(考查同音／同形异义现象与一词多义现象)2.entailment vs. presuppositionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y. Analyzing the relation of entailmentin terms of truth condition, we come to the following conclusions: If X is true, Y is necessarily true. If X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. Similar to entailment, presupposition is a semantic relationship or logical connection. Analyzing the relation of presupposition in terms of truth condition, we can conclude: If X is true, Y must be true. If X is false, Y is still true. For example, X; John"s bike needs repairing. Y; John has a bike.解析：(考查语义学中的蕴涵与预设)3.surface structure vs. deep structureSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：There are two levels of syntactic structure. The one formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head"s sub-categorization properties, is called deep structure. The other one, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure. The organization of the **ponent of the grammar can be depicted below; The XP Rule ↓ DEEP STRUCTURE←(Sub-categorization restricts choices of complements) ↓ Transformations ↓ SURFACE STRUCTURE For example; Would **e tomorrow? Deep structure;/Surface structure;/解析：(考查句法学中的表层结构与深层结构)4.endophoric reference vs. exophoric referenceSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：An endophoric reference refers to something inside the text in which the reference is found. It includes two types; anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. An anaphoric reference refers to something within a text that has been previously identified. For example, in "Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly" , the word "it" refers to the phrase "the plate". A cataphoric reference refers to something within the text that has not yet been identified. For example, in "He was very cold. David promptly put on his coat" , the identity of the "he" is unknown until the individual is referred to as "David". An exdophoric reference refers to language outside of the text in which the reference is found. For example, the meaning of the phrase "the Queen" may be determined by the country in which it is spoken. Because there are many Queens throughout the world, and the location of the speaker provides the extra information that allows an individual Queen to be identified.解析：(考查言内照应与言外照应)2. 单项选择题1.For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.SSS_SINGLE_SELAex p ensiveBre p eatCs p ringDcons p iracy[Focus on the pronunciation of "p"]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：The pronunciation of "p" is aspirated in B, while in the other three words, "P" is unaspirated because it is after the sound /s/. (考查字母p在音位／s／后的发音)2.SSS_SINGLE_SELAco n siderateBto n icityCpoi n tlessDi n consistency[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：The pronunciation of "n" is transformed into the sound // when it is followed by the sound /k/, while in the other three words, it is pronounced as /n/. (考查字母n在音位／k／前面的软腭化)3.SSS_SINGLE_SELAnumber sBclassroom sCisland sDlaptop s [Focus on the pronunciation of "s"]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析："s" in D is pronounced as /s/, while in the other three words are all pronounced as /z/.(考查字母s在名词复数中的发音)4.SSS_SINGLE_SELA competentB principalC individualD animate[Focus on the location of the stress]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：The stress in C is on the third syllable, while in the other three words, they are on the first syllable.(考查单词的重音)5.SSS_SINGLE_SELA /f/B /p/C /d/D /g/[Focus on the classification of consonants]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：The sound /f/ is a fricative, while the other three sounds are all stops.(考查辅音的分类)6.SSS_SINGLE_SELA provideB supplyC offerD accuse[Focus on transitivity]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：Offer can be followed by two objects; the direct object and the indirect object, while the other three words cannot be followed by two objects.(考查动词的及物性)7.SSS_SINGLE_SELAre ceiveBen ableCre vol utionaryDpro ceed [Focus on the type of morphemes]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：Able in B is a free morpheme, while the morphemes in the other three words are all bound morphemes.(考查粘着语素和自由语素的区别) 8.SSS_SINGLE_SELA aboardB beyondC beneathD without[Focus on word types]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：A is an adverb, while the other three words are used as prepositions.(考查词类)9.SSS_SINGLE_SELA parent/childB teacher/studentC tree/forestD buyer/seller[Focus on the type of semantic relation]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：Tree/forest have a semantic relationship of hyponymy, while the others are antonymy.(考查语义关系)10.SSS_SINGLE_SELA locutionary actB illocutionary actC perlocutionary actD elocutionary act[Focus on Austin"s trichotomy of speech act theory]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：A, B and C are the three senses of Austin"s Speech Act Theory, while D is not. (考查奥斯汀的言语行为理论)11.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Quality MaximB Method MaximC Quantity MaximD Relation Maxim[Focus on Grice"s Cooperative Principle]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：A, C and D are the three maxims in Grice"s Cooperative Principle, but B is not.(考查格赖斯的合作原则的四条准则)12.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Content of discourseB Mode of discourseC Tenor of discourseD Field of discourse[Focus on Halliday"s Register Theory]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：B, C, and D are aspects of Halliday"s Register Theory, while A is not.(考查韩礼德的语域理论)3. 分析题1.Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of thefollowing.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：inconsistency 1 st cutting; in/consistency 2 nd cutting;in/consist//ency 3 rd cutting; in/con///sist//ency2.The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.(8/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：The scholar also argues that the spread of English isnothing neutral. 1 st cutting: The school/also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 2 nd cutting; The school/alsoargues//that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 3 rd cutting; The school/also argues//that///the spread of English is nothing neutral. 4 th cutting; The school/also argues//that /// the spread of English////is////nothing neutral. 5 th cutting; The school/alsoargues//that///the spread /////ofEnglish////is////nothing/////neutral. 6 th cutting:The//////school/also//////argues//that///the//////spread/////of/Engli sh////is//// nothing/////neutral.3.What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few examples toillustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：In traditional rhetoric, metaphor refers to the process of transferring qualities from one thing to another. In a metaphor, words like like and as do not appear. A metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike elements, and **parison is implied rather than stated.(4 points) In cognitive linguistics, metaphor involves**parison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of the other. It"s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.(4 points) Therefore, we can say that in traditional rhetoric, metaphor emphasizes the transfer of qualities, and the omission of words like like and as; whereas in cognitive linguistics, it emphasizes the different functions of the two domains.(2 points) For example, the sentence We"re wasting our time here. This sentence is based on a metaphor " Time is money" in which the target domain, TIME, is conceptualized in terms of the source domain of MONEY. Thus, we can understand abstract experiences in terms of more concrete ones. In cognitive linguistics, metaphors are represented by a simple formula; X is Y, in which X is the target domain and Y is the source domain. Take "Inflation is backing us into a corner" as another example. Regarding inflation as an entity allows human beings to refer to it, quantify it, identify it, treat it as a case, act with respect to it, and even believe that we understand it. It can help us deal with our experience.(10 points)解析：考查暗喻(隐喻)的定义，及其在认知语言学与传统修辞学中的不同。

南京大学考博英语-5_真题-无答案

南京大学考博英语-5(总分78,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularyPart A1. The editorial described drug abuse as the greatest calamity of our age.A. catalystB. disasterC. casualtyD. retaliation2. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that in most humans the left half of the brain controls language.A. fields of studyB. groups of expertsC. seminarsD. regulations3. The new administration will adopt a policy of laissez-faire toward industry.A. encouragementB. limitationC. noninterferenceD. interference4. Even after ten years her name conjures up such beautiful memories.A. covers upB. revealsC. brings to mindD. makes up5. The conquerors stole not only the gold and silver that were needed to replenish the badly depleted treasure but also the supplies that were vital to the nation.A. substituteB. recollectC. restockD. resume6. The Chisos Mountains in Big Bend National Park in Texas were created by volcanic eruptions that occurred ______.A. the area in which dinosaurs roamedB. when dinosaurs roamed the areaC. did dinosaurs roam the areaD. dinosaurs roaming the area7. Until she was 11 years old, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was confined to her home by her tyrannical father.A. constrictedB. drawnC. tiedD. restricted8. ______ three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting.A. Because having been defeatedB. Because being defeatedC. Having been defeatedD. Having defeated9. ______ initial recognition while still quite young.A. Most famous scientists achievedB. That most famous scientists schievedC. Most famous scientists who achievedD. For most famous scientists to achieve10. Human population growth is a menace to nonhuman life forms on our planet.A. hindranceB. misfortuneC. catastropheD. threatPart B1. Geologists (at) the Hawaiian V olcano Observatory (rely on) (a number of) instruments to (studying) the volcanoes in Hawaii.A. atB. rely onC. a number ofD. studying2. (Depictions) of animals and hunting scenes (can found) (in) the prehistoric cave paintings of (nearly every) continent.A. DepictionsB. can foundC. inD. nearly every3. Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height).A. in sizeB. from small rock barriers toC. many feetD. height4. (After having studied) (so hard) for more than two months, he (felt confidently) of (success).A. After having studiedB. so hardC. felt confidentlyD. success5. Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height).A. in sizeB. from small rock barriers toC. many feetD. height6. (Depictions) of animals and hunting scenes (can found) (in) the prehistoric cave paintings of (nearly every) continent.A. DepictionsB. can foundC. inD. nearly every7. Some (research) suggests (what) there is a (link between) the body"s calcium balance (and) tooth decay.A. researchB. whatC. link betweenD. and8. Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height).A. in sizeB. from small rock barriers toC. many feetD. height9. Perhaps the most typically American (types) of feature movie, the western, (has been) a resurgence (in) popularity (in recent years).A. typesB. has beenC. inD. in recent years10. Crustaceans, (alike) insects, are invertebrate animals (that) (possess) external (skeletons).A. alikeB. thatC. possessD. skeletonsPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionAs a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn"t the stuff of gloomy philosophicalcontemplations, but a fact of Europe"s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century. **munications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans" private byes.Europe"s new economic climate has largely fosterd the trend toward independence, the current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe"s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today"s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage-twentysometing professionals or widowed senior citizens, while pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative-dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn"t leave much room for relationships. Pirnpi Arroyo, a 35-year-**poser who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn"t got time to get lonely becanse he has too much work. "I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult. Only an Iddeal Woman would make him change his lifestyle," he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called "The Single Woman and Prince Charming", thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expext morn and more of mates, so relationships don"t last long--if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbarthes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she"d never have wanted to do what her mother did--give up a career to raise a family. Instead, "I"ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life."1. More and more young Europeans remain single because ______.A. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier ageB. they are pessimistic about their economic futureC. they have embraced a business culture of stabilityD. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism2. What is said about Europan society in the passage?A. It is getting closer to American-style capitalismB. It has limited consumer"s choice despite a free marketC. It is being threatened by irresistible privatizationD. It has fostered the trend towards small families3. According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are ______.A. negative and gloomyB. on either side of marriageC. healthy and wealthyD. warm and lighthearted4. The author quotes Eppendorf to show that ______.A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedomB. most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptableC. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonelyD. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day, Europe5. What is the author"s purpose in writing the passage?A. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualismB. To examine the trend of young people living aloneC. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationshipsD. To review the impact of women becoming high earnersIs language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand **mands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man"s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is **plex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain"s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child"s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child"s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.6. The purpose of Frederick II"s experiment was______A. to prove that children are born with the ability to speakB. to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speechC. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language7. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that______A. they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB. they are exposed to too much language at onceC. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them8. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?A. The faculty of speech is inborn in manB. Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learningC. Human brain is capable of language analysis at very early ageD. Most children learn their language in definite stages9. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ______ in the future.A. have a high IQB. be insensitive to verbal signalsC. be less intelligentD. not necessarily be backwardThe growth of cell-phone users in the U.S. has tapered off from the breakneck pace of 50% annually in the late 1990s to what analysts project will be a 15% to 20% rise in 2002, and no more than that in 2003. To some extent, numerous surveys have found, slower growth in demand reflects consumer disillusionment with just about every aspect of cell-phone service—its reliability, quality, and notorious customer service.The cooling off in demand threatens to cascade through the industry: The big four U.S. cell-phone carders—Verizon Wireless, Cingular Wireless, AT&T Wireless, Sprint imperil their timetables for becoming profitable, not to mention their efforts to whittle down their mountains of debt. As the carders have begun to cut costs, wireless- equipment **panies such as Lucent, Nokia, and Ericsson—have been left with a market that"s bound to be smaller than they had anticipated. Handset makers have been insulated so far, but they, too, face a nagging uncertainty. They"ll soon introduce advanced phones to the U.S. market that will run on the new networks the carders are starting up over the next year or two. But the question then will be: Will Americans embrace these snazzy data features—and their higher costs—with the wild enthusiasm that Europeans and Asians have?Long before the outcome in clear, the industry will have to adopt a new mind-set. "In the old days, it was all about connectivity." says Andrew Cole, an analyst with wireless consultancy Adventis. Build the network, and customers **e. From now on, the stakes will be higher. The new mantra: Please customers, or you may not survive.To work their way out of this box, the carders are spending huge sums to address the problem. Much of Sprint PCS"s $ 3.4 billion in capital outlays this year will be for new stations. And in fact, the new high-speed, high-capacity nationwide networks due to roll out later this year should help ease the calling-capacity crunch that has caused many **plaints. In the meantime, **panies are using better training and organization to keep customers happy.The nation"s largest rural operator, Alltel (AT), recently reorganized its call centers so that a customer"s query goes to the first operator who"s available anywhere in the country, instead of the first one available in the customer"s home area. That should cut waiting time to one minute from three to five minutes previously.10. What is the text mainly about?A. The bad service in the UB. The crisis in the UC. The conflicts among cell-**panies in the UD. The price of the U11. The growth of cell-phone users declines because______.A. cell-phones are unreliableB. cell-phones usually have poor qualityC. the customer service is badD. customers are not satisfied with cell-phone service12. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A. the price war will reverse the present situationB. the wireless equipment makers will try to improve the original networksC. the handset makers will produce new phones with high technologyD. the Europeans are enthusiastic about the new advanced cell-phones13. According to the author, the cell-phone industry must adopt a mind-set in order to______.A. have better training and organizationB. become an indispensable part in people"s lifeC. build more advanced and efficient networksD. help customers to choose proper service14. In order to work their way out of the box, Sprint PCS and Alttel are taking measures to______.A. design new advanced cell-phones in attractive formB. reduce costs and improve the efficiency of networksC. offer the customers better services and satisfy their needsD. arrange the call centers to reduce the customer"s waiting timeAsk an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don"t bother, here"s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy store book rack, next to typical kids" books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy Is Dysfunctional." It"s a teacher"s guide called "Happy To Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem."Self-esteem, as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when ! was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject," be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out. For one thing more important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modem kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modem kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, 23 per cent facial expression, 20 per cent tone of voice, and 50 per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn me at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in How to Win Friends and Influence People. Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in diaries searching their souls and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy To Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great" or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves," which is good, because all that reviling didn"t make me feel particularly good about anything.15. which of the following does the writer imply in paragraph 5 (starting with "Schools have changed.")?A. Self-criticism has gone too farB. Communication is a **prehensive category than language skillsC. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadaysD. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today16. Which of the following does the writer suggest in this passage?A. Grades should not be used to discourage studentsB. Reviling does not inevitably result in low self-esteemC. School subjects are treated more seriously todayD. Kids nowadays are encouraged to be self-critical17. How would you describe the writer"s attitude towards the new idea about journal writing?A. ApprovingB. IndifferentC. SarcasticD. Curious18. The writer"s intention in writing the passage is to______A. criticize the lowering educational requirements on kids todayB. introduce the educational reforms in the past generationC. make a comparison of the old curriculum and the new oneD. commend the progress achieved in school educationPerhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions ofscience; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because **monsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into **bination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.19. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Difficulties of writing satiric literatureB. Popular topics of satireC. New philosophies emerging from satiric literatureD. Reasons for the popularity of satire20. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?A. They are famous examples of satiric literatureB. They **monsense solutions to problemsC. They are appropriate for readers of all agesD. They are books with similar stories21. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?A. Newly emerging philosophiesB. **bination of objects and ideasC. Abstract discussion of morals and ethicsD. Wholesome characters who are unselfish22. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be______A. informed about new scientific developmentB. exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC. reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD. told how they can be of service to **munitiesPart Ⅲ TranslationPart A1. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes, European vacations, travel, BMW"s -- such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit their dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, "Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many **e from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious.Part B1. 当时我们所面临的最关键的问题是熟练劳动力的缺乏，用以培训这种劳动力的大学师资不足，以及我们的大学中由于用于教育和科研的师资和现代化设备短缺造成和研究能力衰退。

[考研类试卷]2010年南京大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、区分题1 Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemy2 entailment vs. presupposition3 surface structure vs. deep structure4 endophoric reference vs. exophoric reference二、单项选择题5 For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（A）expensive（B）repeat（C）spring（D）conspiracy[Focus on the pronunciation of "p"]（A）considerate（B）tonicity（C）pointless（D）inconsistency[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]（A）numbers（B）classrooms（C）islands（D）laptops[Focus on the pronunciation of "s"] （A）competent（B）principal（C）individual（D）animate[Focus on the location of the stress]（A）/f/（B）/p/（C）/d/（D）/g/[Focus on the classification of consonants] （A）provide（B）supply（C）offer（D）accuse[Focus on transitivity]（A）receive（B）enable（C）revolutionary（D）proceed[Focus on the type of morphemes]（A）aboard（B）beyond（C）beneath（D）without[Focus on word types]（A）parent/child（B）teacher/student（C）tree/forest（D）buyer/seller[Focus on the type of semantic relation]（A）locutionary act（B）illocutionary act（C）perlocutionary act（D）elocutionary act[Focus on Austin's trichotomy of speech act theory] （A）Quality Maxim（B）Method Maxim（C）Quantity Maxim（D）Relation Maxim[Focus on Grice's Cooperative Principle]（A）Content of discourse（B）Mode of discourse（C）Tenor of discourse（D）Field of discourse[Focus on Halliday's Register Theory]三、分析题17 Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)18 The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.(8/150)19 What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few examples to illustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)20 What do Brown and Levinson(1987)mean by "positive face" and "negative face"? Study the following utterances and decide which type of face is being attended to in each utterance. Support each of your decisions with a brief explanation.(20/150)(1)Come here, Johnny.(2)Passengers please refrain from smoking.(3)I just want to ask you if I can use your bike.(4)You must be tired after the long flight. Shall we talk about the contract tomorrow?21 Academic writing is supposed to be formal in style. However, colloquialisms of various kinds abound in Chinese learners' theses. Study the following excerpt from a postgraduate student's B. A. thesis. Point out those linguistic forms that are too colloquial to be appropriate. What might be the major causes for the use of the inappropriate language style? What advice do you have for teachers of English?(22/150)Presidents' inaugural address is an art that maybe includes all the skills of public speaking. How do American Presidents make their addresses attractive and persuasive? Do they have some skills or secrets of success on public speaking? Yes, I think so. I think many people who have great talent in public speaking make concerted effort to construct such a perfect text. That is to say, they check wording and phrasing, use all kinds of figures of speech as long as they need. So inaugural addresses show their especial charm to appeal to millions of fellow citizens.In this research, I'll try to prove that rhetoric techniques are frequently used in the speeches and play indispensable roles in making a good inaugural address. But it's obviously a "mission impossible" to study the whole family of rhetoric techniques ininaugural addresses. So I'll only choose one important and active member in the rhetoric family—metaphor, because it's used most frequently in presidents' inaugural addresses, and I'll use three American presidents' inaugural addresses as my samples.I hope that through my research I can find out the usage of metaphors in those addresses, and what effects they make respectively on the theme the addressers want to deliver. And I also hope that the comparison and contrast among the three different speeches will give us some clues about the change of American's political, economic, municipal, and diplomatic tactics in different periods.22 What is euphemism? Define it briefly in your own words. Then, study the following euphemistic expressions carefully and write out their non-euphemistic equivalents in the thirdcolumn.(16/150)23 The following statements are some items listed in a questionnaire designed to investigate Chinese high school students' motivation in learning English. Read these statements and fulfill three tasks: 1)provide your definition of motivation in language learning; 2)categorize the statements in relation to different types of motivation; and3)based on your definition of motivation, add at least TWO more items to the questionnaire(You can write the items in Chinese).(16/150)1．我学英语是因为英语是必修课。

南京大学考博英语阅读理解及其解析

南京大学考博英语阅读理解及其解析A.Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and si gnificant risks.Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks,Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is th at they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts tha t are generated by large companies.Now Congress,in apparent agr eement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contr acts of more than$500,000do their best to find minority subcon tractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with th e government.Indeed,some federal and local agencies have gone s o far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial.Accordin g to figures collected in1977,the total of corporate contracts Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu sa n qi with minority businesses rose from$77million in1972to 1. 1billion in1977.The projected total of corporate contracts wit h minority businesses for the early1980's is estimated to be ove r$3billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decad e.Promising as it is for minority businesses,this increased pa tronage poses dangers for them,too.First,minority firms risk e xpanding too fast and overextending themselves financially,since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses,they often need to make substantial investment in new plants,staff,equipm ent and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If,thereafter,their subcontracts are for some reason reduced,s uch firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.The worl d of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entreprene urs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.Bot h consume valuable time and resources,and a small company's effo rts must soon result in orders,or both the morale and the financ ial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ven tures with minority-owned concerns.Of course,in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures;clearly,White a nd minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neit her could acquire alone.But civil right groups and minority busi ness owners have complained to Congress about minorities being se t up as“fronts”with White backing,rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third,a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent.Even in the best of circumstances,fierce com petition from larger,more established companies makes it difficu lt for small concerns to broaden their customer bases;when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benef actor,they may truly have to struggle against complacency arisin g from their current success.(469words)Notes:civil rights activists公民权利激进分子。

南京大学考博英语真题2011年

南京大学考博英语真题2011年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、SECTION Ⅰ STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Freud derived psychoanalytic knowledge of childhood indirectly; he ______ childhood processes from adult memory.（分数：1.00）A.reconstructed √B.incorporatedC.obstructedD.fostered解析：[解析] 各选项的意思是：reconstructed重建，重现，重整；incorporated包含，吸收，把……合并；obstructed阻塞，阻碍；fostered培养，促进。

根据句意可知，答案是A。

2.Some social critics took a dim view of the industrialism of the nineteenth century, believing that it ______ a harsh, crude life-style.（分数：1.00）A.eradicatedB.facilitated √C.releasedD.imagined解析：[解析] 各选项的意思是：eradicated摧毁，完全根除；facilitated促进，使容易，助长；released 释放，放开，发布；imagined想象，设想，猜想。

take a dim view of意为“不赞成，不乐观”。

根据句意可知，答案是B。

3.The spelling of many Old English words has been ______ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.（分数：1.00）A.preserved √B.preemptedC.revisedD.improved解析：[解析] 各选项的意思是：preserved保留，留存；preempted先占，取代；revised修订，修改；improved改善，提高。

南京大学考博英语-1

南京大学考博英语-1(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.You can ______your story by leaving out some unimportant details.（分数：1.00）A.abridge √B.rewriteC.revealD.change解析：[解析] abridge节略；rewrite重写；reveal展现；change改变。

根据句意，A最合适。

2.The young man was so bashful that he did not speak to the pretty girl.（分数：1.00）A.haughtyB.shy √C.indifferentD.upset解析：[解析] 题中bashful“害羞的”，B项的shy“怕羞的，畏缩的”与之相符。

其他三项都不正确：haughty傲慢的；upset心烦意乱的；indifferent不关心的，冷淡的。

3.John's ideas about how to solve the problem were so cogent that I had to agree with him. （分数：1.00）A.chronic √B.cavernousC.convincingD.choral解析：[解析] 题中cogent意为“令人胆寒的”，C项的convincing“令人恐惧的”与之相符。

其他三项不正确：chronic有希望的；cavernous严寒的；choral发人深省的。

4.He has got too much ______to worry about your problem.（分数：1.00）A.on his mind √B.out of mindC.off his mindD.to his mind解析：[解析] on sb's mind压在某人心头；out of one's mind精神不正常；off one's mind不再在某人心头；to one's mind据某人意见。

2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

2008年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Until the constitution is ______, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.A．correctedB．amendedC．remediedD．revised正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：任命部长的权利将一直属于总统，除非宪法修改。

本题考查近义词辨析。

在给出的选项中：correct“改正”；amend“修正”，可与表示法案的词搭配；remedy “纠正”；revise“修改”。

所以，正确答案是B。

2．Several experts have been called in to______plan for boating, tennis, refreshments and children’s game in the projected town park.A．equipmentB．instrumentsC．implementD．facilities正确答案：D解析：句子大意为：已经召集了一些专家设计拟建的城市公园的划船、网球、休息和儿童游乐设施。

本题考查近义词辨析。

在给出的选项中：equipment“设备”；instrument“仪器”；implement：“工具”；facilty“设施”。

所以，正确答案是D。

3．You can try ______ with the landlord for more time to play the money.A．pleadingB．requestingC．demandingD．dealing正确答案：D解析：句子大意为：你可以试着和房东多玩一会儿。

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