《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造开题报告修订版
英语毕业论文)弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性(开题报告 论文)
英语毕业论文)弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性（开题报告论文）本文旨在探讨弥尔顿的史诗诗作《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性。
___的《失乐园》是一部伟大的文学作品，通过描绘与人类之间的冲突以及人类的堕落与救赎，引发了许多人对于宗教和人性的思考。
而其中最令人瞩目的角色之一就是撒旦。
___的《失乐园》是一部史诗诗作，于1667年出版。
它讲述了___和___被从伊甸园驱逐的故事，探讨了人类的自由意志、道德选择和堕落的主题。
在这部作品中，___作为反派角色扮演了重要的角色。
___在《失乐园》中被描绘为一个既具有魅力又邪恶的角色。
他是的叛逆者，背叛了天堂，引诱了___和___堕入罪恶。
然而，___也展现出一些令人深思的特质。
他具有坚定的决心和无可动摇的意志，寻求自由，并为人类的自由而战斗。
他的形象既具有黑暗的一面，又有一种可怜和悲壮的英雄气概。
___的双重性体现在他既是邪恶的诱惑者，又是人类内心的探索者。
他代表了人类的欲望、野心和自由意志，也象征着对于权威和束缚的反抗。
同时，他也是一个具有矛盾情感的复杂角色，深受读者的关注和探索。
总之，撒旦在___的《失乐园》中是一个多维的形象，既具有邪恶的一面，又有一种坚定和勇敢的一面。
通过对撒旦形象的深入研究，我们能更好地理解弥尔顿的作品，以及其中蕴含的关于人性、道德选择和自由意志的思考。
本篇论文旨在探讨《失乐园》中撒旦作为反抗者和自由斗士的形象。
___在《失乐园》中被描绘为反抗的力量，他是那些不满于被束缚的人们的象征。
他不仅展现了坚定的意志力和决心，还代表了追求自由和独立的渴望。
作为一个反抗者，他敢于挑战的权威，因此被赞颂为自由斗士。
___通过撒旦的形象探索了人类对权力和自由的渴望，以及对道德价值观和道德责任的挑战。
撒旦的正面形象向我们展示了一个复杂而多维的人物，同时也引起了读者对于善恶和道德选择的思考。
本论文将通过分析《失乐园》中撒旦的言行举止，揭示他正面形象的重要性，并进一步探讨他对故事情节和主题的影响。
《失乐园》中撒旦的形象分析
的双亲 ， 然而他们却始 终处在蒙 昧之 中而 不 自知 。为了破坏 上帝的统治 ， 也 出于对 二人 的 同情 ， 撒旦 最终 选择 通 过使 他 们离开伊甸园从而逃脱上帝 的掌控 。
（ 二） 堕落形象。英 国作家 和评 论家 刘易斯 曾言 ： “ 从英 雄 到将领 ， 从 将 领到 政 客 ， 从 政 客到 密 探 ， 从 密探 到 一 个无 赖， 从卧室或浴室 的窗 口向内窥视 ， 又 到蟾蜍 ， 最后 到蛇——
故事 。这部 史诗体现 了弥尔顿作 为虔诚 的清教徒 和激进的革命者之 间的 冲突， 表 达 了他对独裁统 治的厌 恶和 对 自 由平等的渴望 。这部作品 带给读者启迪 与思考 ， 也具有很 高的研 究价值 ， 值得深 究。
【 关键词 】 失 乐园； 撒旦 ； 英雄 ； 堕落； 矛盾
【 作者简介】 田雨佳（ １ ９ ９ ５ ． ５～ ） ， 河北张家口 人； 河北大学外国语学院学生
这就是撒 旦的发展过程 。 ” ＿ ２
经中 ， 他是反抗上 帝的堕天使。他在上 帝面前 控诉信 徒的过
错， 他将 百姓 们陷入贫穷困苦之 中。他 变成古 蛇引诱 亚 当和
夏娃偷食禁果 ， 使 他们 被逐出伊甸 园。他也 曾和米迦 勒争夺
神最忠诚 的Βιβλιοθήκη 人——摩西 的尸 体 。总而 言之 ， 他是反 抗世界
一
、
引 言
名的一段诗反映 了撒旦 的心声 ： “ 打败 了又有什 么？ 并不是一切都完 了！ 不屈 的意志 ， 复仇 的决心 ， 永恒 的仇恨 ， 绝不低头认输 的勇气 ， 都没有被压倒 ， 此外还有什 么？ 他发火也 好 ， 用武也罢 ， 都难 以从我身上夺得 胜利 的光 荣。 ” 【 １ 尽管看起来撒 旦屡 屡 挑起 战争 ， 不 好 和平 ， 可是 他 却是
浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造开题报告
开题报告论文题目：On Image-building of Satan in Paradise Lost一、论题的背景和目的以及研究现状1．背景知识：约翰•弥尔顿是伟大的诗人、散文家，也是激进的思想家，真正的革命者。
弥尔顿出生于一个清教徒家庭，接受了代表资产阶级先进思想的人文主义教育，成长为坚定的资产阶级共和派战士。
弥尔顿的作品中处处体现了对于自由、平等的不懈追求。
以圣经为题材的几本著作尤其体现了作者的人文主义精神。
在其代表作《失乐园》中，作者以自由、勇敢且极具想象力的文笔赋予了圣经中的原型新的内涵。
2．论文目的：本文首先研究了《失乐园》中作者要表达的自由观思想在学界引起的争议，并通过对作品诞生时代的分析解释了争议的原因。
而后通过对失乐园中两大堕落主人公形象——人类和撒旦的分析，来研究弥尔顿在长诗中表达的人类充分享有自由意志的主题思想，以及本篇诗歌中表达的自由观的进步性。
3．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况：约翰·弥尔顿是英国伟大的诗人、政论家。
他在文学上的代表作品是3首长诗：《失乐园》、《复乐园》和《力士参孙》，其中成就最大、研究者最多的是《失乐园》。
这部长诗从《圣经创世纪》引申而来，有非常浓厚的古典主义风格以及神秘的宗教氛围。
他对圣经进行的改编，对人物的重新塑造，引起了评论者对作者思想、对作品形象价值争论的狂潮。
威廉·布莱克(William Blake，1757—1827)在《天堂与地狱的结婚》中说，“弥尔顿与魔鬼同党而不自知”[1]，这一断言引起了诗人华兹华斯、拜伦、雪莱和济慈的附和，而这种争议也一直持续到了当代。
二、研究方案1．论题研究的主要内容和重点主要内容：1. 《失乐园》中撒旦形象的具体描写和塑造2.作者经历与撒旦形象刻画的潜在关系3.撒旦形象前后变化的原因及理解4.作者如何塑造撒出旦形象及性格的矛盾性5.撒旦形象与作者所表达的自由观的联系和意义重点：一.《失乐园》中对作者表达的自由观思想争议的原因二.《失乐园》中撒旦形象与自由观的关系三.《失乐园》中人类形象与自由观的关系四.《失乐园》中自由观的进步性2．拟采用的研究方法主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
《失乐园》中对撒旦人物形象的全面分析
A comprehensive analysis of Satan in Parasise Lost张煜婷西北师范大学外国语学院甘肃省安宁区西北师范大学蓝天公寓1号楼302室 730070AbstractIf ancient Greek mythology can be compared to the rich soil of western literature, the Bible can definitely be regarded as the rhizome of western literature, which has absolutely influenced the western literature extensively and profoundly.Literary outputs about the characters and their stories in the Bible also appeared in the English literature of the 17th century, among which John Milton's long verse-- Paradise Lost undoubtedly becomes the most holy name. The role of Satan has become a stylish symbol of complex connotation in the literature history after Milton’s recreation. This thesis aims to try to analyze the character comprehensively from the following several angles.Key words: Paradise Lost Milton Satan character AnalysisForeword:The political circle of England the in 17th centry was under a turbulent condition thus the comparatively tempestuous political status turns out to be nutrient-rich soil which suitably breeds the literature. We can safely draw the conclusion from certain perspective that litterateurs prefer to put their faith in the pursuit of the spiritual realm when they cannot make their ideal demands cannot be fulfilled in the real world. In a manner of speaking ,Milton can definitely be included in this category，which contains all these writers who have run their heads against a stone wall in the real world and then indulge themselves in the spiritual realm to get themselves satisfied and entertained. Milton is just such kind of persons,He exactly created and finished the work –Paradise Lost of his literary outputs when the Republic is bombed into oblivion because of Charles II’s vast and mighty restoration of dethroned monarch and he has to finish such a great work despite of his blindness. So to speak, Paradise Lost is not just the masterpiece among Milton’s literature work, but also the representative works of significanceof the English literature in the 17th centry. The rebellion of Adam and Eve and also the rebellion of Satan composed the two plot lines of the narration, but as the only man alive in the entire article, Satan has absolutely been regarded as the definite representative of Soul Man in English literature of this period. John Milton has shaped diversity of outstanding images in his long verse Paradise Lost , among which, the image of Satan has got the most praise from all around and has been regarded as the most controversial character at the same time.For different people tend to choose different ways to interpret and get various conclusions, this thesis will set forth the image interpretation in the following ways.First: the embodiment of evil natureThere used to be some kind of Erroneous zone when analyzing the image of Satan, these analyzers turned out to tend to magnify the heroism of Satan without limitation. They always hold the point that Satan is nothing but a definite hero without any disputes. Any interpretation of an image in literature should not be separated from the text itself and surmise wantonly, we should analyze the characters based on the original, only in this way can we get scientific and reasonable interpretation.At the beginning of the story in Paradise Lost, Satan has once said that: “Our task is definitely not doing good, and do you want to find the only way to get pleasure? Let us do evil! Even if it has to suffer, I am still sure that it is the only way.”It not difficult to get the perspective that John Milton had drew a final conclusion of Satan, he is no means a hero no matter what kind of heroic deeds he had done. Because Satan as himself, the embodiment of evil, all the starting points of all his behaviors are based on evil, and all the final objectives of his actual deeds are to achieve the evil goals. And also the figure of Satan, his embodiment of evil expression also can be found in what he does and how he behaves. In most parts of the paradise lost most description of Satan focus on how he takes advantage of human beings and then take revenge to the almighty God. Just like the image of Zeus in the Greek mythology whose daughter Athena was born from his head, Satan gave birth to his daughter from his head and named her Crime. It seems that his daughter Crime represents the word “evil”, she always appears together with the crime and evil, and was presented to all the human beings exactly before their eyes. Perhaps all these indicated that it is inevitable to become the crime as the daughter of Satan，theembodiment of the devil nature. Bad things usually cannot be stopped easily. Things happened much worse than what you can imagine. Satan committed incest with his charming daughter and gave birth to the one called Death. Milton by means of shape the character of Satan as the nature of guilty, tends to deliver such a message that if you cannot resist tempt of the evil, you are doom to suffer the death because of the crime that comes along.Second: The history of a hero’ corruptionThere used to be many significant comments from a lot of professionals in varety of disciplines.Among all these comments,the comment of the English wirter and reviewer,C. S. Lewis has commented in cassic words:from a hero to a general,then from the general to a politician,then from the politician to a nark,and then from the nark to a rascal ,who can only take a furtative glance from the bedroom or bathroom, and then becomes a toad and at last he turns to be the snake –that is the corruption process of Satan. Satan used to be an angel origrnally but he was endowed the complex emotions and eversating human desire. That exactly is what makes him possess intense human nature.He can put up with rosing the battle, but when he saw his companions were burned by the fire,his tels run like a bubbling spring .Even if he can not resist the weakness from his inner heart , he can not take control his own emotions at this moment and he can not help to letting the human nature which hides deep his tough body break out .He is bold and generous, but he sometimes can allso feers his regret and des peration. He hate the brilliant sun,because the bright and shining sun reminds him of his quondm glory.All these reflects his human sense.But at the same time he wanted to take the place of the god and build his own empire. He used to regard himself as benchmark of measuring all the things on the earth and treated himself as the core centre of the universe,and whatever he does and no matter he behaves, he should be forgiven obvilusly, the character of Satan is not a hero without faults.It is not difficult to get the meassage he is a contradictory image.The image of Satan, which was depicted John Milton was not only an outstanding and distinct character filled with rebellion spirit but also a trahic charater.Conceit brutallity and indulgence have made his life totally out of control. Satan himself has to live in tragedy.The corruption of Satan makes himeself suffer and he can never be forgiven. He can not turn to anybody to confess his guilty and he has no means to liberate himself and that is the destiny of the tragic image of Satan.In the end parts of the long verse, the image becomes more negilible ,insignificant and obscene,until he becomes a disgusting nuisance snake with his mouth chewong bitter ashes in his mouth. But what we have to point out is that ,Satan is a betrayer with nobel beauty. He is a typical representative who are unwilling to become a lacker, who are reluctant bowing to the authorites. He doed not want to comply with the God without any principles. He wants to be the God of himself and is filled with the spirit of rebellion. When he was driven out of th paradise and thrown into the fire of hell, he is still suffused with persevering spirit, he is still brimming with tough will, he is also full of resentment. And he has swore to continue to omnipoten with the almighty God who can never be challenged and suspected.Reading all his barve words and seeing his behaviors to conquer all these difficulties by taking advantage of his unbending volition, we can not help ourselves to come to realize that Satan maybe is the real leading character in this long verse and may have reflected the image with the freedom of will.Satan belongs to such kind of people, who has unswerving will and the fervent heart of revenge, who never give up struggle and rebellion. he is indomitable ,emulative and he is never discouraged. He is a rebellion hero who fight for equalty and liberty and a revolutionist who dares to set up with the unyieling and unbending fight towards the majesty paramountcy. and we also can not deny the fact that his a man who lusts for power, who is self-important and presumptuous and there is no doubt that he is a reprobate who has fallen dowm. He is the mixture of both rational principles concurrent ideology. He indeed was fighting for equalty and liberty and he is also gets his behaviors restrained by the truth.John Milton’s Paradise Lost can definitely be defined as profundity ,dignity, rectification and exquisiteness. The long verse was regarded as the greastest art work in the English literature, and it is the art work which is seldom can be encountered. And in the world literature history ,the Paradise Lost can compare favorably with Divine Comedy and Faust. This masterpiece bring the image of Satan to the eyes of all these people, vividly and integratedly. This image seems to haveheen paid more attention to and he is so mature, with flesh and blood. He was shining at first and started to dink down when he was evicted from the Garden of Eden. In a word, his image is so vivid and unforgettable.Under Milton’s writing,Satan at first was a real hero, that is what has nothing to be doubted. His heroism lies in the fact that he dares to challenge the majesty paramountcy and the struggling spirit that has left out. He lead these rebellion angels to do battle towards the God in order to overturn his dictatorial rule. Satan was the first person who have the minds to doubt the God’s authority. He do not want submit to someone blindly ,he is unwilling to submit ,he doed not throw in the sponge and what more he always keeps his chin up. He has a long head and has planned in advance ,aiming to get the best results.Satan was depicted as the embodiment of evil nature, we cannot overlook the quality of heroism shined on him, especially in the first two volumes in Paradise Lost, even when he was expelled out from the Garden of Eden after his failure of rebellion Satan still raised his arm and shouted to his followers:”Even if we are swallowed by the flames of hell, our will, our stubborn vengeance, our burning hatred which is rather hotter than the hell fire, they will continue to be our spear and shield, and make us all-conquering and invincible!”It is terribly hard for us to imagine such impassioned manifesto comes out from the mouth of Satan, the embodiment of evil. If we examine this paragraph of words vindicating himself separately, it much more seems like that a hero are still righteously indignant while speaking despite of his meeting with a misfortune. It is also strange that but it deliberately happens that the appropriate verse which was widely used to praise these heroes who fight for freedom and liberty and turns out to set themselvesin the adverse situation precisely comes out from the mouth of Satan who was the embodiment of evil nature. So we can safely draw the conclusion that there do exist some shining points on the character of Satan, which in deed has some effect in cheering us up. This image embodied not only heroic spirit but also lofty beauty. Satan has been shaped to the real hero. Some scholars think that Satan represents erotic feeling and imaginative soul. They hold the point that the writer portrayed Satan incisively and vividly when compared to the description of the angels and the God. Maybe this can be definitely regarded as the proof that the writer stand on the side of the devil while he was not aware of that himself. No matter how many comments on the image of Satan, and no matter how fierce these comments conflict, we have to admit that this character of Satan was shaped successfully as an artistic image. Especially when he was expelled out of the paradise and thrown into the hellish sea of fire, he was still suffused with persevering spirit and swore to continue to confront with the almighty God. But the image of evil hero exists only in the first two volumes in the Paradise Lost, with the plot development going on, when the key point of this poetry has been transferred to the Garden of Eden,all these shining points in Satan diminished without leaving even a track, because the head-on confrontation with the God has been changed to the indirect revenge to the God by attacking the human beings created by the God. Satan, he used to be tall and strong, pretty and handsome, he was the king among the angels. He has the illustrious status , only inferior to the God. Even he was expelled out of the Garden of Eden to the hell, his declaration of fighting against the God continuously still shocked the whole world.When he determines to change the Garden of Eden to the second battle ground, his image changed dramaticly, he becomes a toad, which was uglyand nasty, and at last he turned to be a disgusting snake. The previous image which was gallant and stalwart died away, leaving no evidence of his once existence. There is no doubt that definitely how a glittery hero transforms himself and come down in the world to a “coward” that everybody feels shamed to mention. In the same manner, the original praise of the rebellious spirit was taken place by the sad calls of the hero in his late life.And all these forms the best Portrayal of one hero’s corruption history. And all these make Satan a dominant one among all the representative individuals who were the most completed and detailed and that is also where the charm lies in.Conclusion:In a manner of speaking, hundreds of year later, the writer-Milton had passed way and he cannot speak any more , he cannot unscramble the character images any longer to the live people. Then the text becomes the only analysis foundation. The image of Satan comes into our eyes visually with the intrinsic quality of evil and also together with the corruption of a hero. That’s what we should regard as the principle and benchmark when we try to interpret the image comprehensively.参考文献：[1]弥尔顿.失乐园[M].上海:上海译文出版社.1984.[2]李进超.撒旦:丑恶的魔鬼与叛逆的英雄——从《圣经》到弥尔顿的《失乐园》[J].天津大学学报(社会科学版).2010(04)[3]郝春雨.约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》撒旦的人物性格浅析[J].佳木斯教育学院学报.2011(05)[4]施密特. 基督教对文明的影响[M].北京: 北京大学出版社,2004.[5]哈罗德·布鲁姆.西方正典[M].江宁康译.南京: 译林出版社,2005.[6]弥尔顿.失乐园[M].长沙: 人民出版社,1987.[7]威廉·布莱克.布莱克诗集[M].上海: 上海三联书店,1999.[8]唐梅秀.布莱克对弥尔顿的误读[J].天津外国语学院学报, 2005(6).[9]常艳莉.浅析约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》的创作目的和革命主题[J].东北农业大学学报,2007(5).[10]马克思恩格斯. 论文学与艺术[M].北京：人民出版社,1982。
弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象及长诗主题
长 诗 主题 的 撒 旦 是 一 个 自 由 的 勇 者 ，透 过 对 上帝 的反叛 ，为 了追逐 自 由 ， 将 这 种 反 叛 进 行 到 底 ，在 他 的 部 是 撒 旦 内 心 不 断 地 扭 曲 ，是 一 个
诗人 、政 论家 以及 民主斗 士 ，英 国文学史 上最伟大 的六大 诗人之
点。
一
自由的不屈精 神 。绝不 屈服 ，就 算永在 地狱 ，也 要斗争 到底 的坚 决意 志 。这样崇 尚 自由 、高 大独
立 的英 雄 形 象 ，彻 底 颠 覆 了 经》 中撤旦 的 “ 罪 恶 ” 形 象 ，此 时 的 撒 旦 隐 约 中 凸 显 着 天 使 般 的
从 本 质 上 看 ，弥 尔 顿 塑 造 的
是 亚 当与 夏 娃 的故 事 ，二 是 撒 旦 对 抗 上 帝 的 故 事 。 其 中引 用 了 大 量 圣 经 中 的 人 物 ，通 过 丰 富 的 语 言描 述 将 各 个 人 物 刻 画 得 更 为 生
主 义的快 速 发展 。在 《 失乐 园》 中 ，撒旦 与上帝 的对 战喻 示着资
撒旦形象
（ 一 ） 悲 情 英 雄 ，抗 争 的 反 叛者 ？
索 ，这便 是 《 失乐 园》 长 诗的 主
题所 在 。
在 《 失乐 园》 中 ，开篇 撒旦 以革 命失败 后 的悲 情英雄 形象开 始 ，从撒旦反 叛上 帝的故 事情节 来 看 ，不 仅 反映 出撒 旦 的野 心 ，
产 主义 对封 建 主义 的最 后反 抗 ， 突 出 两 级 内 战 的 属 性 与 必 然 结 果。 同时 ， 《 失 乐 园》 中 ，弥 尔 顿 通 过 刻 画 亚 当 与 夏 娃 的 角 色 来 折 射 历 史 事 件 ，人 民 群 众 作 为 历
论《失乐园》中satan的形象
论《失乐园》中satan的形象商业故事ＢＵＳＩＮＥＳＳＳＴＯＲＹ１３０企业文化?Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ摘要：本文以《失乐园》作品中的satan 为研究对象，首先介绍了《失乐园》这部作品的主要内容；接着综合分析了satan 的人物形象；接着又展现出satan 的转变过程；最后揭露出satan 具有的隐喻意义，包括诗人自身的隐喻意义，社会背景下的隐喻意义。
希望可以为satan 的人物形象研究提供有价值的参考意见，为《失乐园》这部作品的阅读进行一定的点拨。
关键词：《失乐园》 satan 人物形象转变过程隐喻意义引言：文通过详实的论述，揭示了失乐园中不一样的撒旦形象。
作品《失乐园》中的撒旦形象具有太多争议，有人说他是自由主义的代表，有人说他终究改变不了是恶魔的本质，他的反抗与抗争，只是他权利与野心的外加战袍，他狂妄的言辞，虚假光辉的外表，哗众取宠的主张无一不说明他虚弱而又邪恶的本质，其的堕落与原罪，则体现的是内心深处的野心和欲望，是劣根性的外在表现。
作为读者，只有抓住人物形象的本质，才能更好地理解作品。
一、《失乐园》中主要内容《失乐园》是十七世纪著名诗人弥尔顿所著具有史诗级意义的长诗，与其其他两篇《复乐园》《力士参孙》并称为其代表作，而其中《失乐园》是世所公认的具有代表性的充满反抗意识追求自由主义的新时期作品。
其以《圣经》作为原型，借用其中的上帝、撒旦、亚当和夏娃作为原型，讲述了原为大天使的撒旦不满于上帝的统治，与上帝进行了长达三天三夜的斗争，在斗争失败被投入地狱之后决心复仇，引诱人类始祖亚当和夏娃偷食禁果从而被投入地狱的故事。
在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿在前六卷中具体详尽的描述了上帝与撒旦的矛盾与斗争，并在第六卷中描述了上帝与撒旦长达三天三夜的大战过程；而在后半部分中则讲述了上帝创造人类万物的过程以及撒旦决心报复的心理过程的产生，最后亚当和夏娃没有经受得住诱惑，无视上帝的警告偷食禁果被逐出乐园的全过程。
浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造
浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造【摘要】弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部享有世界级声誉的文学作品。
作品中的撒旦作为与上帝的对抗者是历来受到争议最多的形象之一。
撒旦经历了一个从藐视到反抗到最终无奈的过程，也正是在这个过程中，我们可以分析出撒旦作为反抗者所展示的勇气和魄力，但撒旦毕竟是邪恶的，他一次次挑起了战争。
撒旦可以被看作是英雄，但他又不简单的算英雄，他是一个结合体，一个立体化的魔鬼式英雄。
【关键词】撒旦，魔鬼，英雄，立体化一、引言一直有人认为：撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根，因为撒旦的的诱惑，人类最终受到上帝的惩罚。
作为一个魔鬼，撒旦不是一个一击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜，他身上有一种英雄的气魄，撒旦本来就是一位大天使。
撒旦是聪明的，也可以算是狡猾的，对付人类，撒旦一计不成又生一计，所以人类上了他的当，从天使到魔鬼，撒旦最终堕落了。
撒旦是失乐园故事的核心，他推动着整个故事的发展，也体现作者众多的资产阶级革命理念。
二、英雄撒旦弥尔顿笔下的撒旦首先是位伟大的英雄，代表着弥尔顿的资产阶级革命思想，这是毋庸置疑的。
撒旦的英雄气魄体现在他具有敢于向最高权威抗争的精神：为争取自由和平等，推翻上帝的独裁统治，他领导一部分反叛天使与上帝进行斗争。
这种反叛意识正好结合当时资产阶级革命思想的核心，追求社会平等与自由，打破神权和独裁。
在诗中，撒旦敢于首先怀疑毫无道理却非让人盲目服从不可的绝对命令，面对上帝的强大的权力，撒旦毫无畏惧，率部反抗，大闹天堂。
第一次反抗失败了，他不服气，也不认输，不气馁，发挥自己的聪明才智，很像中国传统小说中描绘的那些英雄，面对强大的对手，敢于亮剑，险些儿搞得天兵天将对阵中措手不及，万分狼狈，连上帝在天国也担心撒旦的反叛会成功。
当然，撒旦还是失败了，被打落地狱。
但是他崇尚自由，他让反对者闭口而去，地狱议会上他发扬民主风格，征求大家的意见。
历经千辛万苦在新创造的伊甸乐园中寻找到人类先祖双亲的是他，利用时机促成全诗主题的展现的也是他。
约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦人物性格分析
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象， 预示 着会 发生变 乱 。 ” 弥 尔 顿 把撒 旦塑 造 成一 个 黯淡 却 雄伟 的形 象 。
难道你们准备永远就这样颓废安逸着 ， 仿佛这
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进 的思想家和真正 的革命者。弥尔顿 于 １ ６ ０ ８年 出 生于一个清教徒家庭。他十六岁进入学校 ， 二十三 岁拿到硕士学位 ， 紧接着去霍顿进修。二 十九岁 又
去意大 利旅 游 。 十三 年 的时 间 ， 让 弥 尔顿 越 来 越 多 的向往 并 渴望着 人 文主义 。所 谓人 文 主义就 是反 对
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论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象【优质】
An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost摘要约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。
他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。
在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。
他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动，更加具有人性，并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。
弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。
撒旦追求自由，但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。
这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。
尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦，但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。
他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。
这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。
本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象，使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。
他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由，同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败，这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。
关键词：撒旦；自由；英雄；失败AbstractJohn Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes.By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit.Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure安阳师范学院人文管理学院本科毕业论文Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (1)2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost (1)2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different Classes (1)2.2 The Theme of the Whole Book (2)2.3 The Doomed Ending of Satan (2)3. The Changes of Satan (3)3.1 Satan in the Bible (3)3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in Bible (3)3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion (3)3.2 Satan in Paradise Lost (4)3.2.1 Satan as an Independent Image (6)3.2.2 Satan’s Contradiction (7)3.2.3 The Eloquent Satan (7)4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic Image (8)4.1 The Heroic Image of Satan (8)4.2 The More Humanized Satan (9)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgements (12)1. IntroductionWhile Shakespeare was still writing his great plays, another excellent English poet was born in London. He was John Milton. John Milton, one of the greatest poets of the English language, was a political commentator of the English Bourgeois Revolution, whose importance was acknowledged around the world. Although Milton’s father was a puritan, he was a music and book lover. Puritans refer to the people who assert themselves the most rigid believers of God. What’s more he taught little Milton to enjoy music and books. Milton has received humanistic thoughts from 16th century and accepted the great science achievements of the 17th century, at the same time he had a critical attitude towards his life. He thought that science was not everything. Without justice and science, people couldn’t get peace and real happiness. Milton’s literary ambition was to write an epic and he wanted his epic to be read by people in different countries. It took Milton seven years to finish the great epic Paradise Lost. Among all of John Milton’s great works, paradise Lost was the most complex and most impressive one, which won him everlasting honor. This book told the story of how Satan fought against God and how Adam and Eve were banished from the Eden. Satan was the major character in Paradise Lost. His images were impressive and powerful. The main character of this book was intricate and contradictory. After finishing his famous poem, John Milton wrote Paradise Regained and a play telling the story of Samson.2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different ClassesIn this epic, Milton gave detailed description of every image, and as we know, the epic reflected the society Milton lived, so each image had its own presentation.Milton was a puritan, who was very loyal to his beliefs. From this book, we can sense the strong will of freedom from Milton. Obviously, God was on behalf of the authority, and he was another best description of Milton’s personalities. Some peopleagreed with Satan and regarded God as a tyrant and egoist. While other people who condemned Satan, took God as a merciful, just and lenient authority. The author also told us something from Abdiel’s mouth that the compliance with God was not servility, but the only way of getting freedom. These people who defied their superiors and stirred up a new rebellion were not servile and inferior. And as to Adam and Eve, they were tempted by Satan and punished by God, like all the common people, all the civilian class, they didn’t have the power or courage to fight against the authority, so they chose to adapt themselves to it. Because of the prominent background, the story in Paradise Lost and the Bible had a lot in common. That’s a very important reason why Paradise Lost became so popular.2.2 The Theme of the Whole BookIf you have known Milton very well, you may find out that before he wrote this epic his life was not that positive. When he lived in this world, he loved freedom very much and tried his best to get freedom. Freedom as a topic is throughout the whole masterpiece.The book has something to do with Milton’s own life experience. He was a tough guy, who never gave up his own belief and would stick to his will forever. Milton didn’t agree with the old way of teaching, which reflected his disobedience to feudalistic force, just as Satan’s rebellion against God and the conflict from heaven. “We may with more successful hope resolve to wage by force or guide eternal war, irreconcilable to our grand foe, who now triumphs, and in the excess of joy. Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.”(Milton, 1667:1608)Instead of withdrawing from society, Milton still played an active role in political affairs. Although he was not going to take part in politics directly, he continued to work with friends and colleagues closely. Satan’s rebellious and heroic images were presented in Milton’s thoughts. He always sought for freedom, like Satan always took some measures to get rid of God’s control.2.3 The Doomed Ending of SatanMilton was a loyal puritan and he knew that freedom was the only way to gethappiness. And revolution was a good way to get freedom. But at last, Milton realized that the revolution at that time couldn’t get real freedom. So, to some degree, the revolution must be a failure in his opinion. What’s more, from this book we can see that Satan was the typical representative of the revolutionary class, so we can say that failure was the doomed ending of Satan. By studying English history, we knew that the puritan revolution was a failure just like Milton implied in Paradise Lost. Violence is not a good way to solve problems. Milton was a puritan. Although he was not satisfied with the Crown, he didn’t agree to use the violence way to solve the conflict, either.Maybe this point of view was not that right in reader’s eyes, but in fact, we all know that war will never bring happiness.3. The Changes of Satan3.1 Satan in the Bible3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in the BibleThere were two major reasons which made Satan a complete monster in Bible. The first reason was that he seduced good people into doing evil things. The second one was his betrayal of God. If we didn’t know something about Satan and his forces, we would not have a clear understanding of basic spiritual realities of the universe. The reason why Satan became the biggest enemy of God was that he was against the foundation of the earth. His main purpose was to get the worship that only belonged to the originator, God. To most people, Satan’s major work was to be against human beings. He would try his best to destroy the mankind. What’s more, he would do it for good and without specific reasons. Fear and pride were the major motivations in Satan’s kingdom. That’s why Bible directed people to regard Satan as a devil in this universe.3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and EmotionSatan’s wisdom as an important aspect was worthy to be mentioned. To temptAdam and Eve to eat apple from the tree of knowledge, which was forbidden by god, Satan disguised himself as a snake. He waited silently for a good time. Once Eve worked by herself and Adam wasn’t around her, Satan would come out and approach her. Satan knew what women prefer to hear, so he normally started the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty. Then he could get what he wanted and made the emotional Eve lose her last line of protection and couldn’t wait to eat the fruit. What’s more, Satan was also emotional. For example, when he found out Adam and Eve were in love, he was moved by their pure feelings. And he would burst into tears at the sight of the suffering of his followers. After reading this epic, we could also sense that Satan had the dream to share happiness and tears together with his beloved followers.3.2 Satan in Paradise LostJohn Milton was a great poet, thinker and political commentator of Englandin the 17th century. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was a long epic with 12 books, written in blank verse. These stories were taken from the Old Testament, such as the making of the earth, the love stories between Adam and Eve, the fallen angelsin hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the leasing of Adam and Eve from Eden. Although Satan and his adherents were driven out of heaven into hell, Satan and his followers were not discouraged. The miserable punishment, instead of rubbing off their will, makes them much angrier. The purpose of this poem was to tell people to justify the manner of God towards people. This outstanding work was the product of Puritanism, which has shown Milton’s own will and beliefs of freedom. Satan in his masterpiece was not the same as the one in the Bible and other books.In Paradise Lost, Satan was an independent image which can be studied and be discussed from a different perspective. I think the unique image of Satan was the reflection of the writer, who loved freedom and at the same time, expressed a kind of contradiction, and also the representation of the society at that time. This kind of idea has appeared in lots of articles written by Chen Weihong and professor XiaoMinghan’s two articles. (1999&2011) They both think that:1. The Satan in Paradise Lost was full of heroism, because of his defiant personality and the pursuit of freedom.2. These characteristics made Satan an eclectic image, and made God a little bit pessimistic.Xiao’s two articles showed that the unique image didn’t come from the Bible, but came from Milton himself. The words and actions Satan did in the hell and the main reason of his betrayal were the distinctive characteristics which helped Milton to describe Satan into a personalized image. The most important point in Satan’s characteristic was his strong will. No matter what kind of situation he was in, he had never changed his nature.Another writer’s composition also expressed this kind of idea, which showed that the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid and impressive. Satan’s betrayal, in other words, was the indomitable will to seek for freedom, and rejection of God’s slavery. And the contradiction was also shown by him. His image was the mixture of optimism and pessimism. We all thought that the most evil person in the Bible was Satan or we can say that Satan was the aggregate of all the sins. In the Bible, Satan’s name meant obstruction and separation. He was the public enemy number one of God and he was a pervert in God’s eyes. Something like this has mentioned in Paradise Lost. According to this epic, we knew that Satan wasn’t born with sins. His sins and his resentment were coming from his free choice.Adam and Eve’s betrayal was the result of the wish for knowledge. After the punishment, they realized how to distinguish right from wrong, and started to beg the forgiveness of God. It was after the baptism of evil that the good would be more valuable. The last part was about Milton’s own idea, which has combined with Satan. Every image he had created was a reflection of different classes in the society of that time. In the paper of Huang Delin (2004), he has pointed out that Satan was Milton’s own presentation, and also, in Chen Jinxi’s article (2008), he said that the epic was thereflection of the People’s spiritual condition. Milton combined his epic with thepuritan revolution. God presented the Cromwell government or the dictatorship of England; Satan presented the force of revolution. It was Milton, who was a loyal puritan and had realized that freedom must be the basis to get the freedom, but the revolution couldn’t get the real freedom. From Milton’s point of view, the revolution must be a failure. That’s why Satan had a kind of contradiction, he loved and sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by the means of violence. These opinions have appeared at the beginning of a translation version which was translated by Jin Fashen.Lots of researches have been conducted on the images of Satan in Paradise Lost. It has left a profound and impressive influence on literature history. The author of this thesis will do a lot of stuff to do an analysis on this famous epic.3.2.1 Satan as an Independent ImageIn this masterpiece, the image of Satan was the most controversial image. The disputation about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost related to the inner nature of Satan was whether he was the hero in the epic or not. During all the literature history, tons of people thought Satan in Paradise Lost was a different image. In the first two volumes of Paradise Lost, some of Satan’s words showed he was a hero from time to time. John Milton’s Paradise Lost had a vivid description of a defiant Satan. He was banished from heaven and driven into the hell. Later, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost had been popular among people. The reason Satan could be an independent image in the epic, mostly due to his courage to show his indomitable will. After reading this masterpiece, we felt that Satan was like a hero in the earlier part of the epic. We could sense that through majesty in Satan’s appearance and fearless in his personality. However, with the story developed Satan’s image changed greatly. The most impressive nature of Satan was his contradiction. This element made the image of Satan glitter from the whole book, and became an actual part which is worth being studied.3.2.2 Satan’s ContradictionThere was a very interesting point in the whole personality of Satan, which washis contradiction, combined with wickedness and the strong will of freedom. Although Satan showed the positive character of his image, he still had some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. In this epic, although Milton was in favor of some traits of Satan, he had never tried to change Satan from a monster into a real hero: a monster is a monster.To readers, after reading the first several books of Paradise Lost, they could sense that the writer tried to describe Satan into a sympathy and friendly charac ter. On the content of this epic, besides the analysis of God’s and Satan’s personalities, there were also two points from the content of this book, which may reflect the aspects of disagreement in reader’s opinion. In the first two books of Paradise Lost, although Satan has made a good impression of hero on readers, he was still a monster as the initial story had told us. Adam and Eve made a mistake under the seduction Satan, and they suffered a lot from their mistake. The reason made Satan become such a kind of evil angle was his indomitable courage of chasing freedom.3.2.3 The Eloquent SatanIn Paradise Lost, Satan was written as a hero who insisted on his own belief and he had the courage to seek for his beloved freedom. These pro-Satanists admired Satan’s high superior nature and regarded him as the actual hero of this masterpiece.At the beginning of Paradise Lost, Satan made a wonderful speech which attracted many readers for a very long time. “That glory never shall his wrath or might. Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace with supplicant knee, and deify his power who, from the terror of his arm. Doubled his empire: that were low indeed. That was an ignominy and shame beneath. This downfall, since, by fate, the strength of God. And this substance cannot fail.”(Milton, 1667:1608)These words were powerful and clear which made Satan’s ambition became so apparent, and also reflected his fighting spirit and independent personality.Puritanism and the English Revolution were the distinguishing features of the seventeenth century. Milton realized it and he cleverly put political ideas to his pieces of art and also the images he created. Milton’s own life experiences and his pursuit of freedom caused him to endow Satan more or less with revolutionary spirit. Milton’s passion and feelings for revolution were reflected in the description of Satan and his rebellion.4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic ImageThe reason why people thought Satan in Paradise Lost as sort of a hero was due to his fearless. What’s more, he dared to fight against God. He always stuck to his own will, just like Milton himself. John Milton was born in a puritan family. What’s more, his childhood and the society that time gave him energy and resistance in his character, which was also easy to find from the words of Satan: “Princes, potentates, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost. If such astonishment as this can seize eternal spirits! Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.”Though failed, Satan never gave up his unconquerable will. Here, Satan was more than just a leader in military accepting the rebel angles from angelic state, but also a smart politician using the powerful language of resistance as his weapon to fight against God.4.1 The Heroic Image of SatanPeople normally thought Satan in Paradise Lost has given a heroic impression to them. But it was a little bit of misunderstanding because of the words that Satan said in the following epic. “In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the strait of Messina. Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.” (Paradise Lost: 1243-1245)“Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech, Garcia 2 friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my witsto find a way out for us? We must now obey orders as I give them.”( Milton, 1667:1294-1302 ) Here Odysseus expressed the real capability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity.Satan as any other leaders would do, quickly reduced his partners’fear with much more powerful speeches. During the speeches, Satan talked his doubts about God’s supremacy and daringly stated they were better off where they were. “Here at least we shall be free. Here we may reign secure. Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.’’ (Milton, 1667: 258-263)These were the most powerful nature points of Satan in the whole masterpiece. What’s more he always insisted on his personalities, such as tough bosom, independent spirit, intelligence, and the power of his own. These four points all took effectiveness on Satan, which made Satan look like a hero.4.2 The More Humanized SatanIn Bible, and from most people’s points of view, Satan was the aggregate of all the sins, but in Paradise lost, Satan became a vivid image. What he said or did touched the readers profoundly. Milton wrote Paradise Lost to show people the source of misfortune. He thought the reason why Adam and Eve made a huge mistake and lost their beautiful home was that they were not strong enough to withstand the temptation of strangers. At the end of the story, we could know that, since Adam and Eve were lured into breaking the rules of Eden by Satan and they were all published by God and were driven out of Eden, Satan began to think about what he had done to the people, and he felt so sorry about what he had done. He blamed himself for a very long time. This kind of description made Satan look not that bad, but more humanized than the Bible said.From what we have read or learned in Paradise Lost, Satan may be a devil. But he had ambitious and dreams, even sometimes he was a hero. He was a person with strong will and he delivered some powerful speeches to his followers from time to time. Undoubtedly, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was more vivid than ever before. To sum up, the image of Satan was of dual personality. By learning from thismasterpiece, Satan’s evil behaviors and heroism were crossed. On the one hand, he tried his best to fight bravely for freedom and liberty with his wisdom and passion. On the other hand, he had a wrong opinion of freedom and power even though he expressed his ambition and satisfaction.5. ConclusionThe words in Milton’s Paradise Lost reflected the Bible not only as a source of literature in western countries, but also influenced Milton greatly. we can learn something through the words of Milton. As a matter of fact, the Bible was often used to back up points of view on controversial things by poets. Since the Bible was studied by most of the people. And they used it as an authoritative source. Milton quoted a lot of things from the Bible and put them into his pamphlets.Through the history, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, particularly his description of the image of Satan has been studied by lots of people and understood in many different ways. Until now, it has been developed into all kinds of new interpretations. On the one hand, some people say that Satan was the true hero of the epic and Milton was on the monster’s side secretly. On the other hand, there are those who said Satan was a monster and Milton showed deep sympathy for God and the angels. There are also some people who interweave the two interpretations.But from the analysis of the above chapters, the changes of Satan’s character were obvious to see. And these changes make us get a much more different and much clearer picture of Milton’s own attitudes toward Satan. Milton spent all his life putting his political purpose into action.From my point of view, although Satan was a heroic image, he was not a hero. The spirit he expressed through the everlasting fighting against God made him a real fighter. And the love for freedom was the main theme which I have learned from this book. It is more than just a passage or a kind of study, but in the end, a sympathetic chord appeared during the reading. To sum up, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters.Bibliography[1] Grant, N. History of literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.[2] John, Milton. Paradise Lost. England: Penguin Classics Press, 1667.[3]陈敬玺.论失乐园对西方史诗传统的继承与发展[J].世界文学评论，2008,21(5):58-60.[4]陈薇红.失乐园中撒旦性格的探析[J].北京科技大学学报,1997,5(4):18-23.[5]黄德林.失乐园中撒旦形象的重新审视[J].上海大学外国语学院学报，2004,6(9):33-35.[6]李颖.雄辩与双重撒旦[M].云南:云南师范大学出版社,2006:31-34.[7]刘雯.失乐园中的撒旦形象对圣经原型的变异[J].文学评析，2008,3(12):22-23.[8]陶丹玉.失乐园中的撒旦形象浅析[J].高等函授学报,1997,6(2):52-55.[9]王朝杰.浅析失乐园中撒旦的英雄气概[J].外国文学研究,1999,11(9):13-15.[10] 肖明翰.失乐园中的自由意志与人的堕落与再生[J].外国文学评论1999,5(1):13-15.[11] 朱维之.失乐园译本[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1984:57-59.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the teachers in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I would finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.以下是附加文档，不需要的朋友下载后删除，谢谢班主任工作总结专题8篇第一篇:班主任工作总结小学班主任特别是一年级的班主任，是一个复合性角色。
《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析
《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象分析【摘要】《失乐园》中塑造的复杂的撒旦的形象，一直被人们从不同的视角来解读，一般的观点认为撒旦是反抗专制统治和暴政的英雄形象，本文通过对弥尔顿的《失乐园》进行深层的探讨与分析，对撒旦的堕落过程进行思考与分析，揭露了其“恶”的本质。
【关键词】失乐园;撒旦;英雄;原因前言弥尔顿是英国十七世纪著名的作家、政治家和思想家。
其诗作《失乐园》因其对主角撒旦的复杂形象的成功塑造一直被人们津津乐道，可以与《伊利亚特》、《神曲》相提并论，其深刻的思想内容和复杂的人物形象的塑造使其长期以来成为了评论界评论的焦点。
一、《失乐园》内容概述《失乐园》全书共有十二卷，主要是来自于圣经故事，运用史诗的形式来表现人类最初始的演变过程以及人类的历史上不断地进行的革命斗争。
全书的内容可以用两条线索来概括：一条是亚当和夏娃的故事，他们抵挡不住被撒旦操控的蛇的诱惑，悄悄地偷吃了分辨善恶树上的禁果，结果将地上乐园即伊甸园白白的失去的故事;另外一条线索是以撒旦为首，聚众来反抗上帝，被逐出天上乐园，打入地狱的故事，但是他们并没有放弃而是经受住了炼狱般的磨练，他们不忘初衷，反抗的欲望更加的强烈。
《失乐园》中引用了许多圣经中的人物，并且将其刻画的更加的生动鲜明，将诗歌的主题表达的淋漓尽致。
在众多的人物中，撒旦的形象刻画的最为成功，这就使的撒旦在文学的殿堂上被久久的铭记，这也是《失乐园》受欢迎的主要原因。
二、撒旦的艺术形象及其成因1、具有叛逆精神的英雄形象前两卷撒旦是受人敬仰的大天使，他仪表伟岸，声音高亢，意志顽强，富有冒险精神和谋略，有帝王般的尊严，他在地狱发表演讲时，整个地狱都能响起回声。
因此在史诗的前两卷撒旦是具有反叛精神的英雄。
他在反叛上帝失败之后，深陷地狱之中，他的王者风范仍然令人生畏。
撒旦不服输的意志和不屈的精神正常长期以来支持诗人度过了风风雨雨的革命生涯以及能够经受住晚年凄惨命运的精神力量，同时也是出于革命低迷时期时的革命者应具备的基本素质，因而可以使诗人充分发挥抒情的诗才，把撒旦刻画的活灵活现。
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视作者：杜艳红来源：《青年文学家》2009年第02期摘要：长期以来，《失乐园》中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点，其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行阐释。
有人把弥尔顿比作撒旦，即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者，撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。
本文从英国资产阶级时代背景出发，来说明作为革命的清教徒弥尔顿决非撒旦。
而诗中那个坚持正义、大义凛然的人物形象——亚必迭才是作者内心情感的真正“客观对应物”。
关键词：《失乐园》弥尔顿撒旦弥尔顿作为文艺复兴的殿军，启蒙运动的启蒙者，生于伦敦一个信奉新教的家庭。
他幼受人文主义的庭训，成年后积极投身革命，用笔为武器，同反动势力进行英勇的斗争。
因为辛劳过度，终至双目失明。
又值王政复辟，受到迫害。
在许多文人墨客纷纷变节的情况下，在双目失明，疾病缠身，生活拮据的恶劣环境中，他以沉痛的心情将一腔孤愤，泻之于诗，以巨人的魄力和悲剧精神写下了辉映百代的不朽之作《失乐园》。
这部打动了我们灵魂的艺术瑰宝，由两条线索交叉而成：一条是亚当、夏娃触犯禁忌，偷食禁果，而失去地上乐园的故事。
另一条是撒旦携众天使反抗上帝，溃败而失去天上乐园的故事。
在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中，那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。
本文基于文本，结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教因素，来说明撒旦并非弥尔顿。
这个充满矛盾的恶魔形象不过是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映，同时也是弥尔顿自己身上复杂矛盾的折射。
一、撒旦在英国十九世纪的一些浪漫主义批评家笔下，就形成了一种唯撒旦论的观点：即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者，撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。
正如布莱克所说的：“弥尔顿写起天使和上帝来，仿佛手戴镣铐，但是写起魔鬼和地狱来，却是挥洒自如。
这是因为他是一个真正的诗人，他和魔鬼是一帮的，只是他自己没意识到罢了。
”[1] 当然，在浪漫主义批评家眼中，这种强烈的主观印象与当时的时代有着很大的关系。
从内聚焦叙事谈《失乐园》中撒旦复杂形象的塑造
从内聚焦叙事谈《失乐园》中撒旦复杂形象的塑造作者：谢金来源：《赤峰学院学报·哲学社会科学版》2017年第05期摘要：文学巨擘约翰·弥尔顿于1667年创作的史诗《失乐园》自出版便受到文学评论界的关注，尤其是对作品中撒旦所表现出来的英雄式与阴暗形象的分析褒贬不一。
本文运用法国结构主义批评家热拉尔·热奈特的叙事聚焦理论对《失乐园》中撒旦进行分析，探讨内聚焦叙事在撒旦复杂矛盾形象塑造中发挥的重要作用。
关键词：《失乐园》；撒旦；内聚焦中图分类号：I561 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2596（2017）05-0112-03《失乐园》是英国文学巨擘约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton）于1667年创作的史诗，它与《荷马史诗》、《神曲》并称为西方三大诗歌，在英国文学史上享有举足轻重的地位。
《失乐园》共分十二卷，长约一万行，主要讲述了人类始祖亚当和夏娃如何被诱惑偷吃禁果、堕落，最后被赶出伊甸园的圣经故事。
弥尔顿在这首诗歌中塑造了众多人物形象，但作品中的撒旦人物形象自作品问世以来一直备受文学界关注，对其形象塑造的剖析意见不一，如以威廉·布莱克与威廉·华兹华斯为代表的浪漫主义时期文学家提出了“唯撒旦”理论，高度赞扬了撒旦表现出的反叛精神、自由意志、雄辩能力等英雄式形象，而以艾略特、序弗·雷·利维斯为首的抨击派则认为他满肚子谎话、欺骗引诱夏娃偷吃禁果，为了个人私欲带领众天使反叛，是个满腹诡计的卑鄙小人。
本文将运用法国结构主义批评家热拉尔·热奈特的内聚焦叙事理论对《失乐园》中撒旦的形象进行解读，指出内聚焦叙事在作品人物矛盾形象塑造中发挥的重要作用。
一、叙事聚焦理论叙事学是对叙事文本或叙事作品研究的理论，即对作品或文本意义构成单位进行切分的基础上，探讨叙事文本内在的构成机制，以及各部分之间的相互关系与内在的联系。
自西方文学界用叙事理论对文本或作品进行解读以来，用什么角度观察故事一直是学界关注的焦点。
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析
文学评论·外国文学《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性论析董亚楠 郑州职业技学院摘 要：弥尔顿的作品《失乐园》完成在十七世纪的英国，那时的英国宗教信仰色彩非常浓厚，人们都信奉上帝是完美的、不容置疑的。
《失乐园》中撒旦的形象却是要与上帝斗争到底的一个神灵，在失败之后不反省自己，还继续与上帝抗争，最后把灾难带去人间。
但是对于撒旦形象的认识很多人的观点都不一致，有称赞其抗争精神的，也有反对其对抗上帝行为的，因此撒旦的形象是很复杂的，很难有统一的定论。
本文就《失乐园》中撒旦形象的复杂性进行论析。
关键词：《失乐园》；撒旦；形象；复杂作者简介：董亚楠（1987-），女，汉族，河南省郑州市荥阳人，郑州职业技术学院助教，研究方向：语言文学。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2019)-23-088-02弥尔顿，英国的政治家和学者，著有史诗《失乐园》，和荷马的《荷马史诗》、但丁的《神曲》并列称为西方的三大诗歌。
弥尔顿生长在一个生活富足的家庭里，父母也都是清教徒。
这样的成长环境为弥尔顿的文学作品提供了很多灵感，让他对文学充满热爱，对宗教文学更是迷恋，他的文学作品里都包含着宗教的成分。
在他的史诗作品《失乐园》里面主要描述了撒旦先是聚集一部分天使来对抗上帝，失败后被逐出天堂。
随后又通过各种手段潜入伊甸园，通过诱骗，成功使得亚当与夏娃偷吃了伊甸园里知识树上面的禁果，导致亚当和夏娃被上帝责罚赶出伊甸园的故事。
还有撒旦与上帝强烈的对抗行为也是《失乐园》中的精彩部分，最后撒旦的结局就是和其同伙一起被变成了蛇，受到了应有的惩罚。
在作品里，撒旦的形象塑造是非常复杂与多面性的，我们要全面分析才能更好地来解读这一人物形象。
一、弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象撒旦在《失乐园》里的形象不能从一个角度进行单一的定论，不同的人就有不同的理解角度，有人持肯定态度，有人持否定态度，也有人保持中立。
从肯定的角度来看，撒旦身上散发着一种贵族气概，有一定的领袖精神，带领着众人开启革命的道路，也许不一定会有收获，但是也能够笼络人心，有着很强的斗争反抗的精神，可以描述为一个英雄的形象。
《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析
2021-06文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE世界文艺《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析王宁（河南师范大学，河南新乡453007）摘要:作为一部宏伟史诗，弥尔顿的《失乐园》主要是对恶魔撒旦堕落史的讲述，其所描写的就是堕天使带领反叛天使来对抗上帝，希望能够获取自由。
这一部史诗所表现的是激进革命者与清教徒之间的一种冲突，其本身也是表达了对于独裁统治的厌恶，对于自由平等的一种渴望，以此来产生无限启迪与思考，其本身的研究价值非常可观。
本文主要就《失乐园》中的撒旦形象进行分析，希望能进一步加深对《失乐园》的理解和认识。
关键词:《失乐园》；撒旦；形象中图分类号：I561.072文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：1005-5312（2021）18-0052-02DOI：10.12228/j.issn.1005-5312.2021.18.026一、前言阅读弥尔顿《失乐园》时发现撒旦这一人物形象仿佛与之前人们对于撒旦形象的认知有一定差异，主要是因为对于撒旦的感情存在一定的变化。
所以，本文重点分析撒旦的形象，从英雄与恶魔两个层面阐述，对弥尔顿笔下的撒旦形成更清晰的认识。
二、《失乐园》和撒旦不管是在学术界还是在读者心目中，弥尔顿的《失乐园》的地位是其他作品无法超越的，无论是刻画人物方面，还是对于情节的具体安排，都是让后人难以企及的。
整部作品之中对于上帝、撒旦、亚当夏娃等人物的塑造，让人们对此产生了浓郁的兴趣。
在这几个人物之中，对撒旦的争议是最大的。
撒旦的文学形象主要包含了两个方面：一个是评价的悲剧英雄，另一个是评价的恶魔形象①。
《失乐园》最后的结局是亚当夏娃失去了伊甸园，很多人都认为这属于一个喜剧结局，主要是因为虽然他们失去了伊甸园，但是心中却已经发到了自己希望的伊甸园。
如果基于撒旦的角度来进行分析，那么可以将其看成悲剧，原本一个单纯的、善良的天使，因为各种因素的影响，最终变成了恶魔，导致最后被上帝直接贬为一条蛇。
作为一个悲剧人物，撒旦的经历与结局是让读者同情的，这也使得撒旦形象具有悲剧英雄的色彩。
(英语毕业论文)弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性(开题报告 论文)
弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性引言弥尔顿的史诗诗作《失乐园》被誉为英国文学史上的经典之作。
该作品以创世纪中所描述的亚当和夏娃的堕落故事为蓝本，探讨了人类的自由意志与上帝的主权之间的关系。
然而，在这个史诗中，撒旦的形象却备受关注。
本文将以撒旦形象的双重性为研究对象，探讨他在《失乐园》中的角色与意义，揭示其中所蕴含的深刻思想。
1. 撒旦的自由意志和反叛精神撒旦是《失乐园》中的主要角色，他起源于圣经中的撒旦，代表着邪恶与诱惑。
然而，在《失乐园》中，撒旦不再是一个简单的反派角色，而是具有复杂性的人物形象。
弥尔顿通过描绘撒旦坚定的自由意志和反叛精神，传达了他对自由和个体意识的强烈追求。
撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象展示了他对于上帝的统治的不满和宣扬个人选择的权利。
他拒绝了上帝的权威，坚信人类应该拥有自由的意志，能够决定自己的命运。
这种反叛精神使得撒旦成为史诗中的一个重要角色，引发了读者对于人类自由意志与上帝主权之间冲突的思考。
2. 撒旦的矛盾性格与动机然而，撒旦的形象并非完全正面。
虽然他试图推翻上帝的统治，但他的目的为何，却是一个复杂的问题。
一方面，撒旦可以被视为英雄，他为人类带来了知识和自由。
另一方面，撒旦也是陷害亚当和夏娃堕落的凶手，使他们失去了乐园中的美好生活。
这种矛盾性格和动机使得撒旦的形象更加复杂、深入人心。
他既是诱惑与邪恶的象征，同时也是对人类权利与自由的维护者。
撒旦的形象在《失乐园》中呈现出一种多层次的双重性，引发了读者对于道德、正义和自由的思考。
3. 撒旦的双重性与现实世界撒旦的双重性不仅仅体现在《失乐园》的故事情节中，它也反映了现实世界中的人性和社会问题。
弥尔顿通过撒旦的形象表达了对于权力和压迫的反思，探讨了个体在集体中的地位和权利。
正如撒旦试图推翻上帝的统治，人类社会中的个体也时常面临着权威与自由的冲突。
撒旦的形象提醒我们，个体不仅仅是被动接受集体意识的主体，也应该有权利去追求自己的梦想和理想。
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象
2014.11英国诗人弥尔顿(John Mil-ton,1608-1674)的长篇史诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost,1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”，是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制，在世界文学史上可与《神曲》、《浮士德》相媲美。
对于其作品中的撒旦形象，国内学界一直以来也较为关注，且一般认同《失乐园》中的撒旦是作为一个悲情英雄形象出现；也有学者认为《失乐园》中的撒旦拥有双重性性格，一方面是一位悲情英雄，另一方面是丑恶恶魔；除此之外，也有学者认为，弥尔顿笔下不同面的撒旦的描写，是为了用前文的崇高来衬托出后文中撒旦的猥琐，即揭露撒旦在其坚强高大的外衣下，隐藏的那一个虚伪、狡诈的恶魔形象，从而达到更深层次的批判，借此来彰显上帝的权威。
本文将用发展的眼光来看待《失乐园》中的撒旦形象，审视撒旦的形象是如何从悲情英雄堕落为猥琐恶魔，将撒旦形象融入到不同的时空环境当中去考虑、分析。
撒旦在西方传统文化中是地狱的君王和主宰，但他最初却是上帝座前的六翼天使，负责在人间放置诱惑，以检验地上的人对于上帝的信仰是否忠诚且坚定。
直到后来他在野心的驱使下，率领天堂中三分之一的天使反叛上帝，失败后被放逐地狱，堕落成为魔鬼，被看作与光明力量相对的邪恶、黑暗之源，并且逐渐演变成了“魔鬼”的代名词。
在《圣经·旧约》当中，撒旦曾与上帝约赌，检验信徒约伯对神的信仰是否真的那么坚定且忠诚。
质疑上帝，这是撒旦最终敢于起兵反叛上帝的原因之一。
同时，撒旦在《圣经》还有着“古蛇”的形象，“古蛇”的形象出现于“蛇引诱夏娃吃智慧树的果子”一段中，普遍的研究都认为，《旧约》这里出现的蛇的形象，也即寓意着堕落为魔鬼后的撒旦。
撒旦从天使堕落为恶魔，具有不同的表现形象，《圣经·旧约》中的撒旦形象也由此化身在弥尔顿的《失乐园》中。
如果说《圣经》中的撒旦形象还是典型化的，那么在《失乐园》中，撒旦形象经历了一个发展变化的过程。
【撒旦形象下的艺术：谈《失乐园》】 失乐园撒旦形象分析
17世纪英国伟大的诗人约翰·弥尔顿的代表作《失乐园》经常被人们拿来与鸿篇巨制《荷马史诗》相提并论。
在《失乐园》这部作品中，有一个饱受人们关注与争议的人物形象——撒旦。
很多人都觉得撒旦形象是反抗专制强权与追求自由独立的化身，但不少人也认为作者结合了圣经中的一些形象——堕落和高贵这两种贯穿了整部作品的情感，塑造出了撒旦复杂的性格。
本文探讨的主要话题是撒旦形象艺术之下的艺术——《失乐园》。
一、撒旦形象的复杂性产生的历史背景《失乐园》是作者弥尔顿借用了圣经里面的故事，利用史诗一般的形式将人类最初的演变以及历史上出现的各种变革斗争刻画得淋漓尽致，相当精彩。
作者弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒，基督教所信仰的就是上帝的绝对权威，因此在弥尔顿的意识里是不会允许有任何亵渎上帝的语言和行为的，他们始终认为上帝是公平而且正义的。
可是，与此同时弥尔顿又是一个主张民主自由的革命者，他倡导民主共和，最终等来的却是王政复辟，这对他内心是很大的打击。
他需要用文字的形式去寄托自己对现实的愤怒，去宣泄内心的愤慨。
可在17世纪的英国，由于长期受到基督教文化的熏陶与渲染，人们是不能很好地接受将撒旦纯粹地刻画成一个反对上帝的英雄这样一个社会现实。
因而，在一定程度上这也为撒旦这样一个形象的悲剧结尾埋下了伏笔。
与此同时，对于中国的不少读者而言，由于受到传统文化的影响，我们一般都会把撒旦这样一个形象比喻成反对专制独裁的英雄。
虽然撒旦这样一个形象有太多的不确定性与争议性，但是拨开层层迷雾，弥尔顿刻画的这样一个形象始终是魔鬼的化身。
二、结合《失乐园》浅谈撒旦形象之下的艺术（一）撒旦艺术形象的本质上文已经有所涉及，尽管世界各国对撒旦这样一个形象存在着不同的理解，而这各种各样的观点也间接导致了其形象的复杂性。
但是，从本质上讲，撒旦这样一个形象依旧是魔鬼。
《失乐园》作品开篇不久，作者就描述了撒旦向所有的魔鬼宣布不管是做事还是受苦，但有一条我们是相当明确的，那就是行善绝对不是我们的任务，作恶才是我们唯一的乐事。
浅谈撒旦在失乐园中的形象 毕业论文
摘要约翰·弥尔顿，是英语文化历史上最有名的作者之一。
他的杰作——《失乐园》，无疑是整个英语文化历史上的一座里程碑。
他创造了一个特别的形象，并且使人们能够以另一种不同的角度来看待传说中的恶魔——撒旦。
他的作品使撒旦更加形象生动，更加人性化，并且使其在某些角度上看起来是一名英雄，或是枭雄。
弥尔顿选用了一长段的篇幅来描写撒旦对他的追随者所说的一场雄辩，这段独白中也蕴含了米尔顿自己的意志和精神。
他的字句反映出了他毕生所挚爱的自由，同时还暗示了通过暴力方式进行的革命终究会失败。
这就是为什么本作中的撒旦会具有这样一种矛盾性。
他热爱自由，却不能通过暴力手段得到他想到的。
同时，撒旦在整本书中还扮演了一个失败者。
尽管弥尔顿用了一些积极的语句和情节来形容撒旦，但是该角色的邪恶本质从未有所改变。
关键词：英雄、自由、撒旦、失败目录1 简介 (1)2失乐园中的撒旦 (1)2.1撒旦作为一个自主的形象 (3)2.2英雄撒旦 (3)2.3撒旦的矛盾 (4)3圣经和本书中撒旦形象的不同 (4)3.1撒旦是圣经中一切邪恶的集合 (4)3.2撒旦是《失乐园》中的英雄 (4)3.3两个不同形象间的区别 (5)3.3.1人们认为失乐园中撒旦是英雄的原因分析 (5)3.3.2撒旦在失乐园中的形象更具人性化 (5)4该书与当时社会背景的联系 (5)4.1不同形象暗示不同阶级 (5)4.2蕴含了弥尔顿的意志 (6)4.2.1自由是整本书的主旨 (6)4.2.2撒旦的结局注定是失败的 (6)5总结 (7)参考 (8)浅谈撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象1 简介当莎士比亚还在写着他的著作的时候，英国的另一个伟大的诗人在伦敦诞生了。
他是约翰·弥尔顿。
弥尔顿的父亲是一个清教徒，他酷爱音乐，因此，在他的影响下，小弥尔顿也热爱音乐，当然，还有书。
伟大的史诗——《失乐园》，这本描述撒旦怎样背叛上帝以及亚当和夏娃如何被赶出伊甸园的故事的巨作，花费了弥尔顿7年的时间。
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Part 4: description of satan in heaven see Adam and eve, satan in eve dream cast deceived;
Part5: angel warned to be careful of the devil tempted Adam;
This paper first studiedparadise lost to express in the author's idea of academic thought in the controversy over, and through the analysis of the era of work was born explained the cause of the dispute. And then throughthe paradise lost two of the fallenhero-image-humanand satan, by the analysis of the research Milton in long poem of the expression in human fully enjoy free will subject thought, and this poetry express's idea of advancement.
拟研究的主要内容和思路
This paper first studiedparadise lost to express in the author's idea of academic thought in the controversy over, and through the analysis of the era of work was born explained the cause of the dispute. And then through the paradise lost two of the fallen hero image-human and satan, by the analysis of the researchMiltonin long poem of the expression in human fully enjoy free will subject thought, and this poetry express's idea of advancement.
People often used to thinkparadise lost just borrow the bible story to show the historical process of revolution, such as" paradise lost to god, satan in revolt against and the kingdom is feudalism WanKang war and civil war between two class. Justice will ultimately prevail over evil, king Charles I was asked to the guillotine." [2] and the author of suchas reading a literature thinkparadise lost express what:" that distinguishes man from the other biological < /qydtInfo.asp?Articleid=39188 >, the key lies in the man is the product of free will. This human free will come from the search for knowledge, and labor production." [3] that humans are only first master literature labor skills, to be able to think for themselves. When man began to leave the heaven of the garden of Eden, to create value through labor independently, can produce real free will.
Paradise lost time at the birth of classical swept across Europe, the ideological trend of the Renaissance in Britain began to fill and by failure, but still have certain effect, the creation of" paradise lost by all kinds of literary and artistic ideas, while the effect of social experience from the feudal centralization system is to capitalism /qydtInfo.asp? < Articleid = 39188 > system transition transformation period, the author itself and in the Puritan revolution for forging. Above all, for the researchers suggest the complicated view provides the historicalbackground, literary and artistic ideas theoretical basis. This article, from the two categories of fallen hero image, to analyze the author's idea of objective expression thoughts.
Part 6: describe a battle angel with satan;
Part 7: Adam angel asked about creation to many problems, and get one answer;
Part 8: he went on to ask about the celestial problem, but the answer is not to get satisfaction;
汉口学院
本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告表
院（系）名称外语学院
专业名称英语
年级2008级
学生姓名黄浩威
学号2008932114
指导教师姓名唐颖
填表时间：2012年2月13日
拟选
题目
OnImage-building of Satan in Paradise Lost
选题依据及研究意义
John Milton is the great poet, prose writer, also is the radical thinker, the real tonwas born in a Puritan family, accept the representative bourgeoisie of the advanced thinking of humanistic education "/sort_G4-1.html >, grow up for a firm bourgeois republicans ton's works reflect everywhere for freedom, equality of unremitting pursuit. The bible to the subject of a few book especially embodies the author's humanism spirit. In his masterpieceparadise lost, the authors with free, brave and extremely has the imagination to the style of the bible the prototype new connotation.
Part 9: satan in the form of a snake, lie in the garden of Eden, and directs the Adam and eve ate the food;
Part 10: god therefore wrath, Adam regretted unceasingly;
1.IntroductiononParadiseLost
Part 1: from the poem, about the causes and results of the whole event
Part 2: satan and the rebel angel discussing how to fight with god, to win the the great poet, political essayist. His representative works in literary is 3 long poem: "paradise lost," the complex paradise "and" Samson agonistes, the achievement of the biggest, most researchers is paradise lost. The long poem from the bible of genesis and extended, have very strong classical style and mysterious religious atmosphere. He adapted to the bible, on the character to reinvent, caused the critics on the thought, work with the value of the image debate frenzy. William Blake (William Blake, 1757-1827) in the heaven and hell get married, "said," Milton associates with the devil and don't know "[1], the assertion that caused the poets Wordsworth, byron, shelly and Keats' echo, and the dispute also continued to contemporary