新视界高级英语视听说教程 (9)
高级英语视听说教程_第二册__听力文本
Chapter 9 Lecture: Public Education: Philosophy and FundingMost young people in the United States, like most young people around the world, attend public school. Indeed, young people in the U.S. have to attend school because education is compulsory, in most states to the age of sixteen or until the students reach ninth grade.A small percentage of American youth attend private schools, wither religious or secular schools, but the vast majority attend public schools. One distinguishing feature of U.S. public education that surprises many foreigners is that although there are some standardized examinations, there is no nationwide curriculum set by the government ministry of education determines the curriculum that all students study and the examinations that all the students take at a set time. Of course, U.S. students follow a curriculum, and they take examinations as all students do. Although the federal government does influence public education by providing funds to schools for special programs such as education for the handicapped and for bilingual education, the federal government does not determine the curriculum or the examinations. Today I’d like to talk about the three levels of control within each state and then spend some time discussing where the money for education comes from and three issues related to funding.Control of education in the United States is mainly exercised locally at three levels. Let’s begin with the state department of education. The department of education of each of the fifty states has two basic functions. First, each state department of education sets basic curriculum requirements for all the schools in its state. For example, a high school might require four years of English, three years of math, two years of social science, and so forth. The state also sets the number of credits a student must complete in order to graduate from a high school. This total number of credits includes both required courses and electives. So much for the state part in education.The second level of control is the school district. The number of school districts a state has depends on the size of its population and the size of the state. A large metropolitan area would have several school districts. A smaller community might have only one district. Each school district is run by a school board that is elected by the citizens of the district. The school district is responsible for the specific content of courses taught in its schools. In other words, the school district determines what the students will study in each of their, let’s say, four years of high school English. The school district also decides what electives will be available for students. Besides determining course content, the school district is responsible for the operation of the schools in its district, for example, the hiring if teachers and administrators. The third level of control is the individual school itself, where teachers have primary responsibility for deciding how to teach the content of each course and for preparing and giving examinations to the students.Local control of schools may seem very strange to some of you, but it will seem less strange if you consider how public schools in the United States are funded- that is, where money to run the schools comes from. Only about 7 percent of the money comes from the federal government. The rest of the money comes from state and local taxes. The percentages supplied by the state and by the local districts fluctuate over tome and from state to state. Currently appropriately 49 percentage of school funding comes from the states and about 44 percent comes from the local communities, that is, the school districts.Finally, I’d like to discuss three issues related to the funding of schools that have been receiving a lot of attention recently in the United States. The first issue deals with theinequality of educational opportunity that students face. Because public schools are funded to a great degree by local taxes, this means that schools in poorer communities or poorer parts of large cities do not have the same amount of money as schools located in richer communities. This, in turn, means that children from poorer areas are less likely to receive a good education than children from wealthier areas. The second issue, one that has been controversial since the beginning of public education, is the issue of funding for private schools, which are generally run by religious organizations. As you already know, the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution mandates separation of church and state. A little background on the history and development of public education will be useful here.During colonial times, education was largely a religious concern and most schools were supported by religious organizations. However, during the nineteenth century, there was widespread support and acceptance of public education paid for by taxes as the best way to provide equal educational opportunity for all children. Nevertheless, some parents have always chosen to send their children to either private religious schools or private schools devoted to academic excellence. Because private schools are not funded by the government, parents have had to pay tuition to send their children to private schools. People who have wanted to send their children to private schools have long questioned why they should have to pay taxes for public schools at the same time as they pay private tuition for their children’s education.Although this issue is not new, during the last twenty years or so, more parents have become unhappy about what they perceive to be the increasingly secular nature of public education and prefer to send their children to schools where they will receive an education more in line with their religious beliefs. Other parents are concerned about the questionable quality of education in public schools. These concerns have led to efforts by the school system, and the government, to offer alternative educational opportunities, that is, educational choices. Two of the most important responses to these concerns have been charter schools and school vouchers. Both of these alternatives to regular public education are based on the idea that competition in the educational market is a good thing, but otherwise, they differ quite a bit. Charter schools are nonsectarian public schools that compete with regular public for students. Charter schools operate under contract to a sponsor, usually a state or local school board. Charter schools are accountable to their sponsors, the parents who choose to send their children to them, and the public that funds them through their tax money. In turn, charter schools generally have greater autonomy, that is, independence, over selection of teachers, curriculum, resources, and so on, than regular public schools. The first charter schools came into existence toward the end if the 1980s. By 2003, there were 2,695 charter schools with almost 685,000 students enrolled. This was a 15 percent increase over the year 2003, which shows how fast these schools are growing. There are many issues surrounding charter schools, but a study published in 2003 found that charter school students did a little better than their public school counterparts on a standardized exams.The school voucher concept is a much more controversial one than charter schools. The idea behind school vouchers is that the government provides students with a certain amount of money each year that they can use to attend whatever school they choose, public or private. The idea again is that competition will improve the education students receive. Voucher schools in reality are largely private schools, and most often religiously based schools. They are quite different from charter schools, which as public schools are first of all, nonsectarian, that is, not religious. Second, charter schools cannot apply restrictive admission standards, as publicschools do. To date, voucher programs funded by taxpayers are operating in only three U.S. cities, and there are many court battles over the voucher system. Supporters of the voucher system feel very strongly that private schools offer better education than public schools. Those opposed to the voucher system claim that vouchers rob public schools of needed funding and that voucher schools do not truly provide school choice because of restrictive admissions standards, which can include academic performance, religion, sex, and other factors. Opponents of vouchers also strongly believe that using taxpayer funds for private religious schools violates the separation of church and state built into the U.S. Constitution.The third and final issue I’d like to touch on today is also very controversial. I mentioned earlier that United States does not have a nationwide curriculum nor nationwide exams set by the government. However, in the past fifteen or twenty years, there has been an increased emphasis in various states on raising standards and on giving students standardized exams to monitor their progress. The federal government in 2002 passed a sweeping education bill that requires states that wish to receive certain federal funding to develop and put in place extensive testing programs and other systems to ensure adequate yearly progress of students. Although the percentage of funding for schools from the federal government is relatively small, it still represents a lot of money that schools do not want to lose. Some people support this movement toward standardization and accountability in the educational system, while others see it as a dangerous step away from local control of schools.No one can predict the future of public education in the United States, but it appears that emphasis on educational choice and on accountability of educational system for student results will be with us for a long time.Chapter 10 Postsecondary Education: AdmissionsIn this lecture, I’m going to talk to you about postsecondary education in the United States. Today I’ll give you some facts and figures about colleges and universities in the United States and some general information about admission policies. I will also make a few remarks about community colleges and finish up by giving you an idea of what kinds of students make up the student body on a typical U.S. campus.Let’s begin with some facts and figures. The most recent figures I have reveal there are 4,182 public and private four-year and two-year colleges in the United States. These range from full universities with diverse programs to smaller four-year colleges to two-year community colleges. Most of them are accredited, which means the schools meet certain standards set by institutional and private evaluators. When applying to a school, you would probably want to make sure it was accredited. Even though there are more private colleges than public ones, over three-quarters of students, precisely 78 percent, are enrolled at public colleges and universities. Some of the small private schools may have fewer than 100 students, whereas some of the large state university systems may have 50,000 or more students. Most of these schools are coeducational although some of them are primarily for women and others are primarily for men. Some schools may offer only one program of study and others have a great variety of programs. The total cost for attending one of these schools may be less than $5,000 a year or as much as 30 or 40 thousand dollars a year for one of the prestigious private schools. These schools are located all over—in industrial areas, agricultural areas, large cities, and small towns in a wide variety of climates.With such a wide variety of sizes, kinds, and locations of schools, it probably won’t surpriseyou to find out that admissions requirements at these colleges and universities vary greatly also. Some are relatively easy to be admitted to whereas others are highly competitive. However, most schools will ask undergraduate applicants to submit their high school transcripts with a record of their grades and test results from one of the standardized tests regularly offered to high school students. The most common of these standardized exams is the Scholastic Aptitude Test, commonly known as the SAT. Students who are applying to graduate school are usually asked to take other, more specific standardized exams depending on which college they are applying to. For example, some students are required to take the Graduate Record Exam, or the GRE. Students applying to a business college will probably have to take the GMAT, and students applying to law college will have to take the LSAT. You probably know about the TOEFL exam, which most foreign students have to take before being admitted to American colleges or universities. These exams, including the TOEFL, are all prepared by a company that is independent of the school system. These exams have come under a lot of criticism lately, but they are still widely used as one way to determine who will be admitted to various schools. However, most schools try to look at the whole student and consider factors other than simply grades and test scores. Some of these factors may be extracurricular activities in school, ethnic background, work experience, and so on. Some schools will have personal interviews with students they are considering for admission. Many schools, private as well as public, try very hard to have a student population with a wide variety of backgrounds and ages. Even the most prestigious and most highly competitive colleges and universities will not take only those students with the highest grades and standardized test scores but will consider these other factors. Nevertheless, schools of this type, such as Stanford and Harvard, have so many more people applying than they can possibly accept that students who want to get into such schools take grades and SAT exams very seriously. In general, medical and law colleges, both private and public, are very difficult to get into, and, once again, test scores on standardized exams can be extremely important to those applying to these schools.However, for students who want to attend a state college or university in their own state, it may be enough to graduate from high school in the upper third or even upper half of their high school class. This may surprise those of you who come from an educational system that is highly competitive, a system in which only a small percentage of students who pass a very difficult nationwide standardized high school examination can enter a university. You may be even more surprised by what I have to tell you about community colleges.An interesting feature of education in the United States is the two-year community college. Community colleges that are publicly supported offer somewhat different educational opportunities than those offered by a senior college or a university. First, admissions requirements at public community colleges are usually much more lenient than those at a four-year college or university. It’s usually enough to have graduated from an American high school to be admitted. Second, it is also cheaper to attend a community college. The tuition and fees are usually quite a bit lower. Students often live at home because this type of school does not have dormitories. For these two reasons, many people who are unable to go to a four-year college or university can have an opportunity to take classes for college credit. Finally, community colleges offer two-year programs that can lead to an Associate of Arts degree. Many of these programs, but not all of them, are vocational in nature. People attend community colleges for many different purposes. Some people may be taking on a course or two in some field that particularly interests them and may not be planning on getting a degree. Other people may be going to community collegefull-time and planning to transfer to a four-year college or university upon successful completion of two years at a community college. Well, so much for community colleges.I promised to tell you a little about the actual student body on a typical U.S. campus. Let’s start with some statistics, and then we’ll discuss two items that surprise many foreign students. Among the 2.8 million high school graduates in 2002, 65.2 percent were enrolled in college the following October. More than 90 percent of those attended full time. Young men represented half of the high school graduates, but more women than men went on to college. The exact statistics are:68.4 percent of female high school graduates and 62.1 percent of male high school graduates. If we break down the statistics racially, we find that white students enrolled in college in greater proportions than black or Hispanic students. The figures are 66.7 percent for white graduates, 58.7 percent of black graduates, and 53.5 percent of Hispanic students. My next statistic may be surprising. 42.6 percent of full-time students in 2002 were either employed or looking for work. That number jumps to 75.7 percent for part-time students. That last statistic makes more sense when we consider that besides the students who are from eighteen to twenty-two years old that one expects to find on a college campus, there are also many older married students. They may be people who attend part-time to upgrade their skills, people who are changing careers, or retired people who still have a desire to learn. Also, foreign students are often surprised at how poorly prepare American students are when they enter a university. Actually, at very select schools the students are usually very well prepared, but at less selective schools, they may not be as well prepared as students in your country are. If you will remember the educational philosophy we discussed in the last lecture, you will understand why. Schools in the States simply admit a lot more students than is usual in most other countries. Also, most young American university students have not traveled in other countries and are not very well versed in international matters and do not know a lot about people from other countries. Foreign students usually find them friendly but not very well informed about their countries or cultures.In brief, you can see that educational opportunities and admissions standards vary greatly in the United States. While it may be quite difficult to gain admission to some colleges and universities because of the very large number of applicants, probably any student graduating from high school with reasonable grades can find some accredited university or college to attend. Those students hoping to enter graduate school will often face very stiff competition, whether at private or public schools. Many students who start at a college or university will not finish in four years. Some will drop out to work or travel and may never finish. Others will return to school a few months or a few years later. Some will go to school full-time and others part-time. Some will not work while going to school, but most will work at some time or other during their school years.We’re out of time, I see. In my next lecture, I’ll talk to you about a relatively new development in education, distance learning. It should be of interest to those of you who want to attend college but can’t because of living far from a college, busy schedules, or for other reasons.Chapter 11 Lecture: Distance educationOne of the most exciting changes in education in the United States today is the incredible growth of distance education at the post-secondary level. Let me begin the lecture by asking you a couple of questions. First, can you imagine getting a college, or university, degree, without ever once setting foot on a college campus? Second, would you believe me if I told you thereare a few higher education institutions that grant degrees that don’t even have a campus? Some of these schools even grant graduate degrees, that is, a master’s degree or even a Ph.D.What is distance education? A publication called Distance Education: A Consumer’s Guide defines distance education this way:” Distance education is instruction that occurs when the instructor and student are separated by distance or time, or both,” That sounds a little strange, but it’s not really new.As early as 1840, it was possible to take a correspondence course in shorthand; that is, a student could learn shorthand by mail. And the University of Wisconsin offered the first correspondence catalog in 1892. This meant that a student could take university courses by mail over 100 years ago. So distance education is not really new; however, modern technology, such as audio, video, and computer technology, has changed distance education a great deal. Today almost all distance education programs are online or have an online learning component to take advantage of the technology.As I mentioned, distance education is now growing at an incredible rate, Peterson’s 1994 Guide to Distance Learning listed 93 accredited distance education programs available at community colleges and universities across the United States and Canada, whereas its 1997 guide listed more than 700 programs. In 2003, almost 1,100 programs were listed. According to the U.S. college and universities with 10.000 students or more offer distance education programs with new ones coming online continuously.Distance education is quite a complex subject with many aspects to look at. Today let’s look at the reasons why distance education is growing so rapidly, how distance education works, that is, what the modes of delivery are, and some things people considering distance education need to be aware of.To start with, why is distance education growing at such an incredible rate?First, rapidly changing economic conditions require many professional people to upgrade their knowledge or skills on an almost continuous basis. For example, a person who graduates with a degree in engineering or computer science may find it necessary to take courses to upgrade his or her skills every few year. Or a person who begins his or her career with a B.A. or B.S. degree may find it desirable to pursue an M.A. after some time, or even a Ph.D. Busy working people often find it difficult or even impossible to take courses they need or to pursue degrees on campus. Thus, there are a lot of people wanting post-secondary education who don’t find it convenient to study in the traditional on-campus setting.At the same time that demand for postsecondary education is growing, many U.S. colleges and universities are facing budget crunches; many U.S. colleges and universities are facing budget crunches; that is , they just don’t have as much money as they had in the past, but at the same time they have more students. They have to find ways to deliver instruction in the most economical way possible.The final reason is modern technology, which is the key to making the desired postsecondary education available to the millions of people who have access to audio, video, and computer technology. Many institutions offer distance education courses, certificate programs, and degree programs. How does distance education work at the postsecondary level? What are the usual modes of delivery?The modes of instruction can vary greatly and different courses in a program may use different modes. And any given course may use several different modes. Some of the modes include video,audio, CD-ROM, Internet, bulletin boards, chat rooms, and e-mail. Let’s consider some of the possibilities among these technologies. Video, for example, can be as simple as videotape the student plays on his or her VCR. Or it could involve video conferencing where the student is able to see and interact with the instructor and other students. Audio works similarly. A student may have a set of audiotapes to play on a cassette player or may be connected to an audio conference where he or she interacts with other students and the instructor. When students study on their own, at a time convenient to them to them, from a video-or audiotape, it is asynchronous learning, asynchronous meaning not at the same time. Video and audio conferencing, on the other hand, are called synchronous learning; that is, the instructor and the students are engaged in the teaching and learning process at the same time. Let’s look at two other popular modes used in distance learning: bulletin board anytime of the day and night, read what other students have written, and respond, by either adding his or her ideas or asking a question. Chat rooms, on the other hand, offer a discussion forum where students can interact in real time, that is, synchronously. CD-ROMs may come to the student via mail or the student may download materials from the Internet. E-mail provides a very convenient way for students to submit assignments or to ask the instructor questions. There are many more modes of instruction, but this should give you an idea of the possibilities.Students interested in pursuing distance education degrees need to consider the following six points:Number 1. Many distance education programs have a residency requirement. The students may be required to take two courses on campus, that is, six hours of credit, or students may be required to spend several days on campus several times during the program.Number 2. Distance education courses generally have time limits. Courses and programs must be completed within a certain time limit. Assignments must be submitted on time.Number 3. Admissions requirements are the same as those of an on-campus education.Number 4. Distance education can save students money in terms of not having to travel to campus for classes, and the like, but the academic fees about the same as for traditional education. Fulfilling the residency requirements may be quite costly in terms of travel and lodging for students who live far from the campus.Number 5. Online study requires students to have access to a computer that meets minimum requirements such as the latest version of Windows, a microphone, sound card and speakers, adequate hard drive and RAM, a modern, browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape), and Internet connection. Connection speed is very important and many schools recommend having high-speed Internet access like a cable modern or DSL.And finally Number 6. Distance learning requires that students be disciplined and independent learners. Distance education is not easier than traditional education. Not everyone is temperamentally suited for distance education. The dropout rate from distance education courses and programs is higher than for traditional courses and programs.Before I close today, let me just say that many people are still suspicious of distance education believing that it cannot possibly be equivalent to a traditional classroom education, although there are studies that indicate that distance education can be as effective as traditional education and some times even more effective. However, some suspicions are well founded. There are many unscrupulous and disreputable universities advertising on the Internet with very alluring Web sites. Therefore, it is important for everyone wishing to take a courseor pursue a degree to check out the credentials of the school they are considering very carefully.We have an expression: Let the buyer beware. That means that anyone who wishes to buy something should be very careful! And that includes online or distance eductation.。
新视野视听说Unit 9Listening_skills
Listening for details
crash v. 撞击 (hit something extremely hard, causing a lot of damage) e.g. His car crashed into a tree by the road. investigator n. 调查者 (one, especially a detective, who investigates) e.g. The investigator has followed the case for ten years. Swiss adj. 瑞士的 (of Switzerland or its people or culture) e.g. The Swiss company is launching new businesses in China. terrorism n. 恐怖主义 e.g. The homeland of the U.S. was threatened by terrorism. (To be continued)
Key
Event, time and cause The accident The results Detailed description a plane (1)___________ crashing into the building at least three people, injuring killing (2)____________ (3)___________ dozens more and making a (4)_______ big hole in the danger of the building’s building, but no (5)______ collapse (6)__-story 32 a (7)__-year-old Swiss man 68
高级英语视听说chapter-9-11
Chapter9 Power: The Kinds People Use and AbuseJohn Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. Pe ople who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Som e of these “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive pow er is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch thatthe less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.Postlistening1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What kind of power do newspapers provide to those who read them? (d)2. If a teenager wishes to act like a favorite rock singer, which type of power does that singer have over the teenager? (b)3. Which kind of power may or may not lead to changes that the person in power wants and requires? (a)4. When a government decides to raise taxes on a product like gas, what kind of power is being wielded? (c)5. Some psychologists believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power. (I heard it.)6. If a young person wants to act like an older sister, the older sister is a referent of identification. (I can infer it.)7. Jim Jones used power for evil purposes. (I can infer it.)8. David Koresh and his followers died in a fire. (I heard it.)9. Napoleon identified with his father, who used power well. (I did not hear it and cannot infer it.)10. Government officials have a lot of legitimate power. (I heard it.)11-14. Students prepare their own statements about the content of the talk and ask classmates to listen to their statements and to check the appropriate boxes.Listening Factoid #1A powerful king named Mithradites lived in Asia Minor almost 2,000 Years ago. He was so afraid that someone would try to poison him that, in order to build up an immunity to poison, he spent many years drinking small amounts of poison. King Mithradites was very successful in building up his immunity to poison. No one was able to poison him. However, his immunity to poison proved to be a problem when he decided to commit suicide in order to avoid being captured by the Roman army. To avoid being captured by the Romans, he tried to commit suicide by drinking poison. Unfortunately, the poison would not work. In the end, one of his slaves killed him with a sword so he could avoid capture. The man of great power was put to death by the man who had no power. Listening Factoid #2When girls study ancient civilizations, they often learn about societies where leadership roles and decision making were in the hands of the men of the society. Only on very few occasions are they able to identify with those in authority or those who have played an influential role in the society. The ancient kingdom of Kush was unusual in that powerful queens ruled the kingdom, which occupied the area located in the southern part of modern Egypt and the northern part of today's Sudan. The study of the Kingdom of Kush tells the story of a society where women took on roles of leadership ----a society where women were highly respected and held positions of power alongside men. Furthermore, during part of its history, it was a queen of Kush that led the Kushite revolt against the injustice of Roman rule and Rome's imposition of taxes on the Kushite people.Chapter 10 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and DifferencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, or similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the 2types of elephants, too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian elephant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, although the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they both work for people, and they entertain people also.As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 12,000 pounds.Another major difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African elephants do. The teeth are different, too. The African elephant has 2 very large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephant sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ in color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian elephant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white in color! The last big difference between the 2 elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant. In other words, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian elephant. As a result, it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That’s why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephants … not African elephants.Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephants, but there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are both fascinating and enormous animals.PostlisteningA. Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What part of an elephant's body is its trunk? (b)2. Which animals can be trained to work for man? (c)3. What is the range of an African male elephant's weight? (c)4. Which of the following best describes the Asian elephant in comparison with the African elephant? (c)5. Which is true of both elephants? (d) .6. Elephants use their trunks to pick up both small and large objects. (I heard it.)7. Elephants enjoy working and doing tricks for people. (I cannot infer it.)8. African elephants are generally more dangerous than Asian elephants. (I can infer it.)9. Asian elephants like people more than African elephants do. (I cannot infer it.)10. Some Asian elephants have tusks. (I can infer it.)Listening factoid #1In the early 1970s five baby elephants were released in Kruger National Park in South Africa near a herd of buffalo. Park rangers later reported that one of the young elephants had joined the herd of buffalo and was acting like a buffalo. A visitor to the park in 1980 saw the ten-year-old elephant with its adopted family of about 20 buffalo. The buffalo and the elephant were trying to chase some lions away from a water hole. A few years later a park ranger reported seeing the young elephant and the herd of buffalo drinking water from a water hole when a herd of elephants arrived to drink water. The herd of buffalo ran off when they saw the herd of elephants, and the young elephant ran off along with the herd of buffalo. It appears that the elephant was accepted as a member of the herd by the buffalo.Listening Factoid #2An elephant grasps objects with its trunk much as a person does with a hand. The elephant's trunk can carry a log that weighs as much as 600 pounds (or 272 kilograms). The tip of the trunk can pick up an object as small as a coin. An elephant also uses its trunk to communicate with other elephants. When two elephants greet each other, each places the tip of its trunk in the other’s mouth. A mother will comfort her calf by stroking it with her trunk. Young males also play-fight by wrestling with their trunks.Chapter 11 Lincoln and Kennedy: Similar DestiniesJohn F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different times and had very different family and educational backgrounds. Kennedy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th century. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born more than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family backgrounds, Kennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln’s family was not wealthy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand, had only one year of formal schooling. In spite of his lack of formal schooling, he became a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law books. Lincoln was, in other words, a self-educated man.In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln’s backgroun ds, some interesting similarities between the 2 men are evident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coincidences in the lives of these 2 men. For example, take their political careers. Lincoln began his political career as a congressman. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political career as a congressman. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. They went to Congress just 100 years apart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was elected president of the United States in a year ending with the number 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kennedy was elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were president during years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was president during the American Civil War. During Kennedy’s term of office, civil unrest took the form of civil rights demonstrations.Another striking similarity between the 2 men was that, as you probably know, neither president lived to complete his tern in office. Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated while in office. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, after only 1,000 days in office. Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 a few days after the end of the American Civil War. It’s rather curiou s to note that both presidents were shot while they were sitting next to their wives.These are only a few examples of the uncanny, or unusual similarities in the destinies of these 2 Americans – men who had a tremendous impact on the social and political life in the United States and the imagination of the American people.POSTLISTENINGA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking AccuracyA variety of answers are possible. Here are some sample responses.1. In what century was Lincoln born? (the 19th century)2. Why was Kennedy able to attend expensive private schools? (because his family was rich)3. How many years did Lincoln attend school? (one year}4. How did Lincoln get most of his education? (by reading books at home)5. How did both Kennedy and Lincoln begin their political careers? (as congressmen; as members of the U.S. House of Representatives)6. When was Kennedy elected president? (in 1960)7. During which American war was Lincoln president? (during the American Civil War)8. How did both Kennedy and Lincoln die? (by assassination; they were assassinated)9. How long was Kennedy president of the United States? (1,000 days)10. When was Lincoln murdered? (in 1865, a few days after the end of the Civil War)Listening factoid #1Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War. The Proclamation freed the slaves, but only those in the Confederate states. It did not free the slaves living in Kentucky, Maryland and the other slave-holding states that fought on the side of the North. Why then is Lincoln called "The Great Emancipator"? He deserves to be called "The Great Emancipator" not because of this 1863 proclamation, but because he urged Congress to adopt the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States. The amendment was passed by the American Congress in 1865.Listening factoid #2Most of you would probably not be very surprised to learn that there was someone else at the party with your exact birthday if there were 365 people at the party. But how about if there were only 30 people? Do you think it would be likely that there would be another person at the party with the same birthday as yours? Well, actually, you would have a 50% chance of meeting someone with your exact birthday if there were only 23 people at the party! This is surprising to most people, and when it happens, it seems like a remarkable coincidence, but, in fact, it is simply a statistical probability.。
新视野大学英语视听说(第二版)第二册 UNIT 9
Describing Pictures
Useful Expressions
• riding a new motorcycle on the highway • passing a car • knocks on the window • rolls down the window • a curve in the road • crashes off the road into a ditch full of water • runs to the unlucky cyclist • covered in blood and water
Book 2 – Unit 9
Viewing, Listening & Speaking
Brainstorming
Reference
It is important to note that driver fatigue is not simply a function of time spent driving but relates to many factors including hours since last slept and time of day or night. Most fatigue-related crashes occur on country roads. Most drivers involved in fatal fatiguerelated crashes are male. Fatigue is a general term commonly used to describe the experience of being "sleepy", "tired" or "exhausted". Fatigue is both a physiological and a psychological experience. Driver fatigue can severely impair judgment and can affect anyone. It is particularly dangerous because one of the symptoms is decreased ability to judge our own level of tiredness. Other symptoms vary between drivers, but may include:
视听说unit9.10.11
darling of Wall Street investors. --- this industry was one of the darlings of Wall Street. 3. F --- Students have filed charges against … 4. F --- CEC purchased the … 5. T
Unit 11 Not Your Average Grocer
Keys to Task 1
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C
Keys to episode 1
1. T 2. T 3. F --- annually --- last year 4. T 5. F --- cherished --- had never have 6. T
1.
Keys to episode 3
1. Accurate information about job placement. 2. Ten years ago; $1 billion. 3. She was fired; Student placement. 4. Pass the students to keep them in school. 5. From $ 30,000 to $ 80,000.
Keys to episode 5
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
They show a mysterious bomber planting two sophisticated explosive devices late at night outside a company that makes vaccines in northern California. Two bombs were planted; The second bomb was set to go off an hour after the first to kill firemen and police who would show up on the scene. The suspected bomber is Daniel Andreas San Diego, a 27-year-old animal rights activist from San Rafael, California. He is now a fugitive after he slipped on FBI surveillance. The message read: “We will now be doubling the size of every device we make.” It was posted on a Web site sympathetic to the Animal Liberation Front. He thinks that ALF needs to look at the big picture and look at what works.
高级英语视听说chapter-9-11汇编
Chapter9 Power: The Kinds People Use and AbuseJohn Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. Pe ople who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Som e of these “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive pow er is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch thatthe less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.Postlistening1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What kind of power do newspapers provide to those who read them? (d)2. If a teenager wishes to act like a favorite rock singer, which type of power does that singer have over the teenager? (b)3. Which kind of power may or may not lead to changes that the person in power wants and requires? (a)4. When a government decides to raise taxes on a product like gas, what kind of power is being wielded? (c)5. Some psychologists believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power. (I heard it.)6. If a young person wants to act like an older sister, the older sister is a referent of identification. (I can infer it.)7. Jim Jones used power for evil purposes. (I can infer it.)8. David Koresh and his followers died in a fire. (I heard it.)9. Napoleon identified with his father, who used power well. (I did not hear it and cannot infer it.)10. Government officials have a lot of legitimate power. (I heard it.)11-14. Students prepare their own statements about the content of the talk and ask classmates to listen to their statements and to check the appropriate boxes.Listening Factoid #1A powerful king named Mithradites lived in Asia Minor almost 2,000 Years ago. He was so afraid that someone would try to poison him that, in order to build up an immunity to poison, he spent many years drinking small amounts of poison. King Mithradites was very successful in building up his immunity to poison. No one was able to poison him. However, his immunity to poison proved to be a problem when he decided to commit suicide in order to avoid being captured by the Roman army. To avoid being captured by the Romans, he tried to commit suicide by drinking poison. Unfortunately, the poison would not work. In the end, one of his slaves killed him with a sword so he could avoid capture. The man of great power was put to death by the man who had no power. Listening Factoid #2When girls study ancient civilizations, they often learn about societies where leadership roles and decision making were in the hands of the men of the society. Only on very few occasions are they able to identify with those in authority or those who have played an influential role in the society. The ancient kingdom of Kush was unusual in that powerful queens ruled the kingdom, which occupied the area located in the southern part of modern Egypt and the northern part of today's Sudan. The study of the Kingdom of Kush tells the story of a society where women took on roles of leadership ----a society where women were highly respected and held positions of power alongside men. Furthermore, during part of its history, it was a queen of Kush that led the Kushite revolt against the injustice of Roman rule and Rome's imposition of taxes on the Kushite people.Chapter 10 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and DifferencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, or similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the 2types of elephants, too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian elephant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, although the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they both work for people, and they entertain people also.As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 12,000 pounds.Another major difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African elephants do. The teeth are different, too. The African elephant has 2 very large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephant sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ in color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian elephant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white in color! The last big difference between the 2 elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant. In other words, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian elephant. As a result, it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That’s why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephants … not African elephants.Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephants, but there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are both fascinating and enormous animals.PostlisteningA. Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What part of an elephant's body is its trunk? (b)2. Which animals can be trained to work for man? (c)3. What is the range of an African male elephant's weight? (c)4. Which of the following best describes the Asian elephant in comparison with the African elephant? (c)5. Which is true of both elephants? (d) .6. Elephants use their trunks to pick up both small and large objects. (I heard it.)7. Elephants enjoy working and doing tricks for people. (I cannot infer it.)8. African elephants are generally more dangerous than Asian elephants. (I can infer it.)9. Asian elephants like people more than African elephants do. (I cannot infer it.)10. Some Asian elephants have tusks. (I can infer it.)Listening factoid #1In the early 1970s five baby elephants were released in Kruger National Park in South Africa near a herd of buffalo. Park rangers later reported that one of the young elephants had joined the herd of buffalo and was acting like a buffalo. A visitor to the park in 1980 saw the ten-year-old elephant with its adopted family of about 20 buffalo. The buffalo and the elephant were trying to chase some lions away from a water hole. A few years later a park ranger reported seeing the young elephant and the herd of buffalo drinking water from a water hole when a herd of elephants arrived to drink water. The herd of buffalo ran off when they saw the herd of elephants, and the young elephant ran off along with the herd of buffalo. It appears that the elephant was accepted as a member of the herd by the buffalo.Listening Factoid #2An elephant grasps objects with its trunk much as a person does with a hand. The elephant's trunk can carry a log that weighs as much as 600 pounds (or 272 kilograms). The tip of the trunk can pick up an object as small as a coin. An elephant also uses its trunk to communicate with other elephants. When two elephants greet each other, each places the tip of its trunk in the other’s mouth. A mother will comfort her calf by stroking it with her trunk. Young males also play-fight by wrestling with their trunks.Chapter 11 Lincoln and Kennedy: Similar DestiniesJohn F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different times and had very different family and educational backgrounds. Kennedy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th century. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born more than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family backgrounds, Kennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln’s family was not wealthy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand, had only one year of formal schooling. In spite of his lack of formal schooling, he became a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law books. Lincoln was, in other words, a self-educated man.In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln’s backgroun ds, some interesting similarities between the 2 men are evident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coincidences in the lives of these 2 men. For example, take their political careers. Lincoln began his political career as a congressman. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political career as a congressman. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. They went to Congress just 100 years apart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was elected president of the United States in a year ending with the number 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kennedy was elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were president during years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was president during the American Civil War. During Kennedy’s term of office, civil unrest took the form of civil rights demonstrations.Another striking similarity between the 2 men was that, as you probably know, neither president lived to complete his tern in office. Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated while in office. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, after only 1,000 days in office. Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 a few days after the end of the American Civil War. It’s rather curiou s to note that both presidents were shot while they were sitting next to their wives.These are only a few examples of the uncanny, or unusual similarities in the destinies of these 2 Americans – men who had a tremendous impact on the social and political life in the United States and the imagination of the American people.POSTLISTENINGA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking AccuracyA variety of answers are possible. Here are some sample responses.1. In what century was Lincoln born? (the 19th century)2. Why was Kennedy able to attend expensive private schools? (because his family was rich)3. How many years did Lincoln attend school? (one year}4. How did Lincoln get most of his education? (by reading books at home)5. How did both Kennedy and Lincoln begin their political careers? (as congressmen; as members of the U.S. House of Representatives)6. When was Kennedy elected president? (in 1960)7. During which American war was Lincoln president? (during the American Civil War)8. How did both Kennedy and Lincoln die? (by assassination; they were assassinated)9. How long was Kennedy president of the United States? (1,000 days)10. When was Lincoln murdered? (in 1865, a few days after the end of the Civil War)Listening factoid #1Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War. The Proclamation freed the slaves, but only those in the Confederate states. It did not free the slaves living in Kentucky, Maryland and the other slave-holding states that fought on the side of the North. Why then is Lincoln called "The Great Emancipator"? He deserves to be called "The Great Emancipator" not because of this 1863 proclamation, but because he urged Congress to adopt the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States. The amendment was passed by the American Congress in 1865.Listening factoid #2Most of you would probably not be very surprised to learn that there was someone else at the party with your exact birthday if there were 365 people at the party. But how about if there were only 30 people? Do you think it would be likely that there would be another person at the party with the same birthday as yours? Well, actually, you would have a 50% chance of meeting someone with your exact birthday if there were only 23 people at the party! This is surprising to most people, and when it happens, it seems like a remarkable coincidence, but, in fact, it is simply a statistical probability.。
新视野大学英语视听说unit test 9
Unit 9 What mode of travel do you prefer?Done with this task. Your current score: 70% Unit 9 testNextDirections: Click on the speaker to the left to start playing the audio recordingsParts I, II and III. They will be played continuously. Once the recording starts playiplease do NOT click on either the speaker icon or the 'Unit Quiz' link in the menuabove. Otherwise, you may lose the chance of hearing the complete recording.Part I ScriptDirections: Listen to the short dialogs, and then choose the correct answersto the questions. You will hear the recording twice. After the first playing,there will be time for you to choose the correct answers. Use the second playingto check your answers.1.(Listen to the audio recording for the question.)A. To find the passports.B. To get the tickets.C. To pay the departure tax.D. To look after the luggage.2.(Listen to the audio recording for the question.)A. 2 kilograms.B. 3 kilograms.C. 23 kilograms.D. 28 kilograms.3.(Listen to the audio recording for the question.)A. He is annoyed.B. He is furious.C. He is not too worried.D. He is helpless.4.(Listen to the audio recording for the question.)A. Trans Pacific Flight 8 on July 19.B. Trans Pacific Flight 8 on August 2.C. Trans Pacific Flight 2 on July 19.D. Trans Pacific Flight 2 on August 8.5.(Listen to the audio recording for the question.)A. By bus.B. By train.C. By air.D. Not decided.Part II ScriptDirections: Listen to the passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, listen for the general idea. When the passage is read the second time, fill in the blanks numbered from S1 to S7 with the exact words you hear. For blanks numbered from S8 to S10, write down either the exact words you hear or the main points in your own words. When the passage is read the third time, check your answers.In such a mature industry with many low-fare competitors andfrom operations, it is essential that airline managerscosts.In order to establish andof fixed and operating costs: labor,parts, IT services andservices, sales distribution, training, and other costs. Thus all but a few cents on the dollar in ticket sales is paid out to a wide variety ofMoreover, the industry is structured so that airlines often act as tax collectors.and surcharges they have little or nocontrol over, and these are passed through to various providers. Airlines are also responsible for carrying out government regulations.Analysis of the last five years shows that all the other players in the air transport chain are far more profitable than the airlines, who collect and pass through fees and revenues to them from ticket sales.catering companies 10-13%, handling companies 11-14%, aircraft lessors 5%, aircraft manufacturers 16%, and global distribution companies more than 30%.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)Part III ScriptDirections: Listen to the following recording, and then choose the correct answers to the questions. You will hear the recording twice. After the first playing, there will be time for you to choose the correct answers. Use the second playing to check your answers.1.What is the passage mainly concerned with?A. The booming air travel industry.B. The depressing air travel industry.C. Despite the current depression, the air travel industry will pickup.D. Despite the current boom, the air travel industry will decline.2.What was the earliest cause of the short-term aviation industry depression?A. The crash of the high-tech stock market.B. A terrorist attack.C. Consumers' desire to buy goods.D. The poor airline service.3.Which of the following bears a larger share of the security check costs?A. A longer trip.B. A shorter trip.C. Passengers at a small airport.D. Passengers at a large airport.4.According to the passage, what does deregulation result in?A. Worse service.B. Higher fare.C. Fast speed.D. More competition.5.What may be the average annual growth of the air travel industry in the nexttwo decades?A. A 20 percent increase.B. A 20.5 percent increase.C. A 5.1 percent increase.D. A 1.5 percent increase.Part IVDirections: Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.1.I'd like to fly ___________ to Thailand on October 8th. I want to book twotickets.A. economyB. by economyC. in economyD. in economy class2.Airport security checks always make me nervous. I'm afraid I'll _________the alarm because of the jewelry I'm wearing.A. put offB. set offC. go offD. get off3.The security guards take ages searching _______ stuff, but they ignorecheck-in baggage.A. carry-forwardB. carry-overC. carry-inD. carry-on4.With all the threats ____ security of travel today, I expected to have myluggage searched.A. inB. withC. toD. for5.When I flew from Vancouver to Paris, they simply ran my bags __________the scanner, and I was on my way.A. overB. throughC. inD. into6.It will take a long time for me to _______ my biological clock aftertraveling abroad.A. recoverB. returnC. resumeD. reset7.Before I conclude my talk, I'd like to summarize what we have _________.A. dealtB. coveredC. talkedD. spokenlions of people who had never, or rarely flown before, became _______passengers.A. regularB. traditionalC. constantD. consistent9.The plane does have its disadvantages. For example, it is __________transporting large quantities of cargo.A. unable ofB. disable toC. incapable toD. incapable of10.Airlines are especially cautious about checking the conditions of aircraftto reduce the possibility of accidents to ___________.A. minimumB. the minimumC. smallestD. least。
英语视听说unit9 Listening In
the information about things I’m interested in and to talk with people all over the world about literature.
Industry officials credit the advances to the unique Korean conditions.
(Voice-over)
Listening In
Korea’s population density is very high, and already half the people live in apartment buildings that look like match boxes. This used to be a handicap, but not now. This allows us to provide the infrastructure like cyber-optics at low cost.
Listening In
A: How do you do that? B: Do you know what a discussion group is? A: No. B: Well, it’s a kind of club, except that it meets online
and anyone who’s interested can join the group. If you’re a member, you can go online anytime you want to read and reply to the messages. A: Oh, sounds really cool. Are there discussion groups for people learning English?
unit9新标准大学英语 视听说 综合教程 网上作业 答案
Part I: Vocabulary and StructureSection A: Complete each sentence using the correct word or expressionfrom the box.persistent negative disorder emotionalindividual infection enhance measurement destructive soles1.The emotional strain of an ill relative is something I wouldn't wish on anyone.Your answer Correct answeremotional emotional2.Dr. Murphy wanted to take a(n) measurement of my stress level before he recommended any medicine.Your answer Correct answermeasurement measurement3.Addiction to cigarettes and alcohol can have destructive effects on families and relationships.Your answer Correct answerdestructive destructive4. M y grandfather has smoked his entire life, and he's always beenpersistentin his refusal to quit.Your answer Correct answerpersistent persistent5.Each individual must be responsible for his or her own healthy eating habits.Your answer Correct answerindividual individual6.Florence always drinks that tea because she believes it will enhance her failing memory.Your answer Correct answerenhance enhance7.Quick, go wash that cut before you get a(n) infection.Your answer Correct answerinfection infection8.People have known for a long time about the negative health effects of eating too much fat.Your answer Correct answernegative negative9. M y sister gets a foot massage every week to stay healthy because thesoles of the feet are connected to the entire body.Your answer Correct answersoles soles10.Kevin has to visit the doctor every month because of his stomach disorder.Your answer Correct answerdisorder disorderSection B: Choose the best way to complete the sentences.11. "Can you tell me __________ what you ate last night?" thedoctor asked.A. specialB. specificallyC. specificD. specially12. How could I be sick? I don't smoke or drink and, __________,I eat very healthy!A. furthermoreB. howeverC. althoughD. nevertheless13. Many women experience a form of __________ afterchildbirth.A. depressB. depressingC. depressedD. depression14. I asked the doctor to give me __________ advice on how tolose weight.A. realB. realisticC. realismD. realistically15. Modern medicine is so quick and __________, but it's alsovery expensive!A. proficientB. sufficientC. efficientD. deficient16. The surgeon showed an impressive amount of skill and__________ during the surgery.A. concentrationB. contradictionC. consumptionD. contamination17. In order to stay healthy, you need to __________ a regularroutine of exercise.A. maintenanceB. maintainingC. maintainedD. maintain18. The nurse told me that there was no __________ in the testresults; they were exactly the same as before.A. variationB. variedC. varietyD. vary19. Chuck said that his heart attack really helped __________him to live healthier and visit the doctor more often.A. motivatorB. motivateC. motivationD. motivating20. Listening to the doctor say that everything was fine reallyhelped to __________ a lot of the pressure I'd beenfeeling.A. achieveB. retrieveC. believeD. relieveSection C: Complete each sentence with a suitable word.21.Paris has played a dominant role in France, not just in political terms but also in economic power.Your answer Correct answerin in22.In the face of such overwhelming evidence, how can you deny that the medicine is helpful?Your answer Correct answerof of23.Many cars slowed down to look at the scene of the accident; this was how the jam was caused.Your answer Correct answerdown down24.I think, up to a point, your argument makes sense.Your answer Correct answerup up25.What goes through your mind when you find out you have cancer?Your answer Correct answerthrough through26.Roger grew out of his shoes just before the school year began.Your answer Correct answerout out27.What if this doesn't work out? Have you thought of that?Your answer Correct answerif if28.The medication I take for my diabetes helps me stay in control of the illness.Your answer Correct answerin in29.Don't give up on your dreams!Your answer Correct answeron on30.The government of this region is trying to avoid a war at any cost.Your answer Correct answerat atPart II: Banked ClozeQuestions 31 to 40 are based on the following passage.My friend Rob was just about the most positive person I've ever known. He's alwayssmiling and telling jokes. Last year, however, Rob got very sick and had to go to the hospital. He had a problem with his (31)immune system. This particular (32)disorder was very rare and, if untreated, could be (33)destructiveto his body.Rob had never really faced this much (34)adversity to his health before, and it was (35)mentally difficult for him. He was (36)extremelyunprepared for the hospital and all the doctors, and he quickly fellinto a deep (37)depression.His doctor told me that much of this was normal and it would soon pass. Believe it or not, she was right! After a while, the doctors helped Rob control his illness with medication and lifestyle changes. The (38)negative Rob soon went away and the original positive, funny Rob returned. Rob's mother thought it was a(n) (39)glorious day when he started acting like a(n) (40)comedian again, telling jokes to anyone who would listen.Your answer Correct answer(31) immune immune(32) disorder disorder(33) destructive destructive(34) adversity adversity(35) mentally extremely(36) extremely mentally(37) depression depression(38) negative negative(39) glorious glorious(40) comedian comedianPart III: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.Traditional Chinese Medicine is becoming more and more popular in Westerncountries. There is, perhaps, no other aspect of Traditional Chinese Medicinethat is more famous than acupuncture. Even those who have never had itperformed (and who will likely never have it performed) know what it is fromits many descriptions and portrayals in popular media. Acupuncture has beenthe subject of, or included in, many television shows, movies, and newspaperand magazine articles.Acupuncture can be dated back several thousand years. Scientists have found sharpened stones in northern China that they believe were used for thispurpose. The actual origins of acupuncture in China are still surrounded in mystery. Many stories and legends attempt to explain how it began, but no one knows for certain. Over the years, the practice of acupuncture spread to other Asian countries, including South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. By the late 20th century, it had successfully spread around the world and was gaining popularity in Europe and the United States.Traditional Chinese Medicine is largely based on the idea that energy flows throughout the body in different pathways. These pathways correspond to the main functions of the major organs in the body. Acupuncture points are located at key points along these pathways. Doctors who practice acupuncture will typically insert needles into the patient's skin at these points, depending on the patient's illness or complaint.There are several safety risks associated with acupuncture because of the use of needles. It is essential that the needles are clean and sterile. However, despite its reputation, acupuncture is generally safe and the pain is relatively minor. Though it is still controversial and not accepted by everyone, Traditional Chinese Medicine in general, and acupuncture in particular, is quickly becoming common in Western countries.41. Which of the following would be the best title for thispassage?A. The History of Traditional Chinese MedicineB. Acupuncture: Its Global Spread and Rising PopularityC. The History of AcupunctureD. Acupuncture: Its Many Medical Uses42.Which paragraph explains how acupuncture is thought towork?A. Paragraph 1.B. Paragraph 2.C. Paragraph 3.D. Paragraph 4.43. According to the author, the pain associated withacupuncture is _____.A. significantB. greater than that associated with WesternmedicineC. less than that associated with WesternmedicineD. insignificant44.Which of the following sentences contains an opinion?A. Acupuncture can be dated back several thousandyears.B. The actual origins of acupuncture in China are still surrounded in mystery.C. There are several safety risks associated with acupuncture because of the use of needles.D. However, despite its reputation, acupuncture is generally safe and the pain is relativelyminor.45.This passage is an example of _____ writing.A. informationalB. persuasiveC. personalD. technical。
新视界高级英语视听说教程 (7)
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. more charter schools
5. increasing __________ awards
Part 2
Viewing, Listening & Speaking
Listening to learn: You’ve met the following words and phrases while watching the video. Work in pairs and try to get their meanings from the context. Then explain them in your own words.
Part 2
Viewing, Listening & Speaking
Video 1: Educational Overhaul
U.S. President Barack Obama lays out the details of his plan to overhaul the country‟s education system “from the cradle up through a career”. CNN Student News anchor Veronica De La Cruz reports. CNN: Cable News Network, a major U.S. cable news network
◇ critic: ____________________________________________________________________________ ◇ have the luxury to: _________________________________________________________________ ◇ touch on: ________________________________________________________________________ ◇ a five-pronged approach: ____________________________________________________________ ◇ from the cradle up through a career: ___________________________________________________ ◇ set aside: ________________________________________________________________________
视听说unit9.10.11教学提纲
3. He says career colleges are a passport into the middle class for millions of people, a gateway to the American dream.
Keys to episode 4
1. --- E , J 2. --- C, F 3. --- G, I 4. --- B
Keys to episode 5
1. It was fined for admitting unqualified student to boost enrollment; the fine was handed out last fall.
Unit 10 Burning Rage
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A
Keys to Task 1
Keys to episode 1
1. T 2. F --- for over a thousand cases of crime 3. T 4. T 5. F --- the scenes looking like the Sunni
triangle
Keys to episode 2
1. videotape 2. painstaking work 3. captive animals 4. capped off 5. credited with 6. cause 7. non-violent
高级英语视听说教程各章文本和练习答案19篇(供参考)
高级英语视听说教程各章文本和练习答案1-9篇Chapter 1 Napoleon：From Schoolboy to EmperorNapoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. N. wasn’t a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old, he joined the French army. In that year he began the military career that brought him fame, power, riches, and, finally, defeat. N. became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Several years later, he became the emperor of the French Empire.N. was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N. won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat – his end – came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone -- deserted by his family and friends – in 1821. N. was only 51 years old when he died.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. When was Napoleon born? (a)2. What kind of student was Napoleon in most of his classes? (d)3. What did Napoleon's military career bring him? (d)4. When did Napoleon become emperor of the French Empire? (d)5. One reason that Napoleon won many military victories was that his soldiers were ready to fight to the death for him. (T)6. Austria and Russia fought fiercely against Napoleon, but England did not. (F England also fought against him.)7. Many of Napoleon's family and friends were with him when he died. (F He died alone and deserted by his family and friends.)8. Napoleon died before he reached the age of 52. (T)Listening Factoid#1The cause of Napoleon's death at the age of 51 on the island of St. Helena is still a mystery. There is no doubt that a very sick man at the time of his death. One theory about the cause of his death is that he had stomach cancer. Another theory is that he was deliberately poisoned by a servant. This third theory suggests that he was poisoned, but not by his servant. This third theory suggests that that he was poisoned, accidentally by fumes from the wallpaper were analyzed and traces of arsenic were found in it. Arsenic is powerful poison that was used in some of the dyes in wallpaper during the time that Napoleon lived. More than 170 years after his death, people are still speculating about the cause of his death.Listening Factoid #21. Ten people who speak make more noise than 10,000 who are silent.2. In politics, stupidity is not a handicap.3. A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights.4. Men of genius are meteors intended to burn to light their century.5. I know, when it is necessary, how to leave the skin of the lion to take the skin of the fox.6. History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon.7. It is success which makes great men.Chapter 2 Pompeii：Destroyed, Forgotten, and FoundToday many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. P. was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.In the year 79 C.E., a young boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption – the explosion -- of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of P. was at the foot of Mt. V..When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P. was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P. was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to excavate – to dig -- in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what time of the year did wealthy Romans like to visit Pompeii? (in the summertime)2. In what year did Pliny pay a visit to his uncle/s house in Pompeii? (in 79 C.E.)3. What did Pliny see when he was looking out over the Bay of Naples one day? (a large dark cloud)4. Where was Pompeii located in relation to Mt. Vesuvius? (Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)5. When did an Italian farmer discover a part of an ancient wall of Pompeii? {in 1748)6. Rome was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. (F Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)7. Most of the people of Pompeii were able to flee the city and to escape death. (T)8. Pompeii was buried under two feet of volcanic ash. (F Pompeii was buried under20 feet of volcanic ash.)9. Pompeii lay buried and forgotten between 79 C.E. and 1748. (T)10. The Italian farmer was looking for the ancient city of Pompeii. (F The farmer was digging on his farm.)11. Tourists come to excavate the city of Pompeii, (F Tourists come to see the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii.)Listening factoid #1In 1951, an Australian pilot prevented his plane form being shot down-by flak form a volcano. The plane was flying over a volcano in Papua, New Guinea when the volcano suddenly erupted. It sent ash and flak 36,000 feet into the air. Bits of stone pounded against the plane’s wings and fuselage, but the pilot kept control and flew the plane to safety. Incidentally, almost 3,000 people on the ground died as a result of the eruption of this volcano.Listening factoid #2Pliny the Younger saw the eruption of Mount Vesuvius form a distance. On the day of the eruption, the boy’s uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of a Roman fleet which was not far off the shore of Pompeii. On seeing the remarkable eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Pliny the Elder, who was a great naturalist, sailed to shore to take a look at the eruption of the mountain. On his approach to the shore, he was met by a shower of hot cinders which grew thicker and hotter as he advanced. He finally landed on the shore, and went to a house away form the beach. He even went to sleep, but later in the night, the servants woke him up. By then, the house had begun to rock so violently that Pliny and everyone in his household left the house and went toward the beach to escape. Tying pillowcases on their heads, and using torches to light the way, they groped their way to the beach. But it was too late for Pliny the Elder. Apparently, he became tired and lay down on the ground to rest. But when he lay down on the ground, he died. His death was probably due to carbon dioxide poisoning. Since CO2 is heavier than air, it hugs the ground and makes it impossible to breathe when one is close to the ground. It is likely that others in the area also died of carbon dioxide poisoning if they lay down to rest on the ground below Mt. Vesuvius.Chapter 3 Lance Armstrong: Survivor and WinnerLance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was competing in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lance’s mother, who raised L. mostly by herself, recog nized and encouraged his competitive spirit.During his senior year in high school, L. was invited to train with the US Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, L. focused completely on cycling. By 1991, L. was the US National Amateur Champion. He also won 2 major national races the same year -- even beating some professional cyclists.Although he was generally doing very well, L. had his ups and downs. In 1992, he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympics, but finished in 14th place.This was a big disappointment. L. got over the disappointment and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. L.’s mother continued to encourage L. through his difficult times.Things went much better for L. in the following years. In 1993, he was the youngest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995, he even won the Classico S. S., the race he had finished last in, in 1992. L. also won the most important US tournament, the Tour du Pont, 2 times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, L. was ranked 7th among cyclists in the world, and he signed a 2-year contract with a French racing team. At that time, everything was looking very good for L.A..However, everything changed dramatically and drastically in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, L. was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent 2 cancer surgeries. After these 2 surgeries, he was given a 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressive 3-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left L. very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, L. was declared free of cancer. L. returned to cycling and training only 5 months after he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling better than ever.However, his French cycling team dropped L. from the team. They didn’t believe that L. would ever be able to return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the US Postal Service Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the US Postal Service Team, L. returned to racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, L. pulled over and decided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, L. returned to racing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!L.’s big comeback was marked by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. L. repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, for a total of 6 consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most grueling of all cycling contests. L.s’ Tour de France record may never be beaten or even matched. Interestingly, L. was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!In addition to his amazing athletic performance, L.A. has established the L.A. Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the TdF, called Every Second Counts, and for L., every second has counted.L.A. gives a lot of credit for his success to his mother, whose independent spirit and support for L. inspired h im to overcome all of life’s obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in return, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage – both athletic and personal.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. How old was Lance when he began running and swimming competitively? (b)2. Which sports contest did Lance win when he was 13 years old? (b)3. How old was Lance when he was diagnosed with advanced cancer? (c)4. What chance for survival was Lance given after he underwent two surgeries? (c)5. Who was Lance's sponsor when he won the Tour de France in 1999? (d)6. What is the name of the book that Lance wrote that is mentioned in the lecture?(b)7. Lauce’s cancer had already spread to his lungs and brain before it was diagnoised? (T)8. Lauce’s French team dropped Lauce because they didn’t think he would ever return to his former level of strength and endurance. (T)9. Lauce won the Classico San Sebastian two times. (F He lost the first time and won the second time.)10. Lauce is the only cyclist to win the Tour de France five times consecutively. (F Lauce is the only person to win the Tour de France six times consecutively.) Listening factoid #1Amazingly enough, the bicycle is a more efficient mean of transportation than any other method of traveling. It takes much less energy to bicycle one mile than it does to walk one mile. In fact, it can take up to five times as much energy to walk a mile than to bicycle a mile. If we compare the amount of energy a human being uses to bicycle three miles, or about 5 kilometers, we find this amount of energy would power a car for only about 278 feet, or 85 meters.Listening factoid #2According to Professor Steve Jones, the three most important inventions in the history of mankind were fire, speech, and the bicycle. He says that the invention of fire freed human being from the power of climate, dangerous animals, and monotonous diets. The invention of speech meant that human being s could begin to build civilization. And the invention of the bicycle –by which he really means modern transportation in general- meant that groups of human beings were no longer isolated, but could travel great distances. Being able to travel much more freely meant that there could never again be more than one species of human beings as there had been in ancient times.Chapter 4 The Internet: How it WorksThe Internet consists of millions of computers, all linked together into a gigantic network. Now every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of this network and can communicate with any other connected computer.In order to communicate with each other, these computers are equipped with special communication software. To connect to the Internet, the user instructs the compute r’s communication software to contact the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Now an Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides Internet service to individuals, organizations, or companies, usually for a monthly charge. Local ISPs connect to larger ISPs, which in turn connect to even larger ISPs. A hierarchy ofnetworks is formed. And this hierarchy is something like a pyramid, with lots of small networks at the bottom, and fewer but larger networks moving up the pyramid. But, amazingly, there is no one single controlling network at the top. Instead, there are dozens of high-level networks, which agree to connect with each other. It is through this process that everyone on the Internet is able to connect with everyone else on the Internet, no matter where he or she is in the world.How does information that leaves one computer travel through all of these networks, and arrives at its destination, another computer, in a fraction of a second?The process depends on routers. Now routers are specialized computers whose job is to direct the information through the networks. The data, or information, in an e-mail message, a Web page, or a file is first broken down into tiny packets. Each of these packets has the address of the sender and of the receiver, and information on how to put the packets back together. Each of these packets is then sent off through the Internet. And when a packet reaches a router, the router reads its destination address. And the router then decides the best route to send the packet on its way to its destination. All the packets might take the same route or they might go different routes. Finally, when all the packets reach their destination, they are put back into the correct order.To help you understand this process, I’m going to ask you to think of these packets of information as electronic postcards. Now imagine that you want to send a friend a book, but you can send it only as postcards. First, you would have to cup up each of the pages of the book to the size of the postcards. Next, you would need to write your address and the address of your friend on each of these postcards. You would also need to number the postcards so that your friend could put them in the correct order after he receives the postcards. After completing these steps, you would put all the postcards in the mail. You would have no way to know how each postcard traveled to reach your friend. Some might go by truck , some by train, some by plane, some by boat. Some might go by all 4 ways. Now along the way, many postal agents may look at the addresses on the postcards in order to decide the best route to send them off on to reach their destination. The postcards would probably arrive at different times. But finally, after all of the postcards had arrived, your friend would be able to put them back in the correct order and read the book.Now this is the same way that information is sent over the Internet using the network of routers, but of course it happens much, much faster!PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What is the Internet? (d)2. What is a router? (c)3. What is carried on every tiny packet of information that travels through the Internet? (d)4. What is a router compared to in the lecture? (b)5. The Internet is controlled by one gigantic ISP. (F There is no one controlling network at the top)6. Routers can send the packets of information in one e-mail massage over many different routes to their destination. (T)7. The lecturer compares the tiny packets of information that travel through the Internet to electronic postcards. (T)Listening factoid #1Jeff Hancock, a scientist at Cornell University, asked 30 students to keep a communication diary for a week. The students wrote down the numbers of conversations they had either face-to-face or on the telephone and the number of e-mail exchanges they had, both regular e-mails and instant messages, that lasted more than 10 minutes. They also wrote down the number of lies they had told in each conversation or e-mail exchange. When Jeff Hancock analyzed the students’ communication records, he found that lies made up 14 percent of e-mails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face conversations, and 37 percent of phone calls.His findings surprised some psychologists, who thought it would be easier to lie in e-mail than in real-time conversations. One explanation is that people are less likely to lie when there will be a record of their lies, such as in an e-mail.Listening factoid #2If you have an e-mail account, you have no doubt been spammed. That is, you have received unsolicited e-mail from someone you don’t know, someone who is usually trying to sell you something!Most people say that they hate spam. For many people, spam mail is just a nuisance, but for businesses it’s very expensive, as their employee waste considerable working time going through and deleting span. According to Message Labs, a company that provides e-mail security, 76% of the world’s e-mail is spam and it costs businesses approximately $12 billion dollars a year. According to a survey by Commtouch Software, another anti-spam company, in the last few months the number of spam attacks increased by 43%. Their report predicts that within two years, 98% of all e-mail will be spam!Chapter 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born―even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of ababy in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say “baba” for the word “bottle” or “kiki” for “cat.” In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says “juice,” to his father, the baby seems to be saying, “I want more juice, Daddy” or “May I have more juice, Daddy?” This word “juice” is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called “telegraphic” speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like “Daddy, up” which actually could mean “Daddy, pick me up, please.” Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as “I walked home” and “I kissed Mommy.” They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often s ay such thins as “I goed to bed” instead of “I went to bed,” or “I eated ice cream” instead of “I ate ice cream.” In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as “walk” and “kiss,” but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like “eat” are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it “mama” or maybe “papa”? Now think al so about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was “mama.” Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult langua ge learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what age do babies begin to communicate? (a)2. Which of the following is an example of “telegraphic” speech? (b)3. At what age do children begin to use the past tense? (c)4. At four months of age the babbling of babies sounds the same all over the world. (T)5. A baby’s f irst words are usually words that he or she inverts. (T)6. A child uses only vocabulary and no grammar before about two years of age. (F He/she actually used a kind of grammar in making two-word sentences at about 18months of age.)7. Children probably sa y “I goed” instead of “I went” because they hear their parents say this. (F Children say “I goed” instead of “I went” because they are overgeneralizing the grammar rule for the regular past tense verbs to the irregular verb “go.”)Listening Factoid #1Have you ever wondered about what the world's original language was? Or whether children would begin to speak if they never heard language? Well, more than 2,500 years ago, an Egyptian pharaoh asked himself the same questions. He had the idea that children who didn't hear adults speaking any language would begin to speak the world's "original language." So he had two newborn babies of poor parents taken away from them. He gave the babies to a shepherd to take care of. No one was allowed to speak to them. About two years later, the shepherd reported to the pharaoh that the children were making a sound like "bekos." This sound "bekos" sounded like the word for bread in the Phrygian language, so the pharaoh concluded that Phrygian was the original language in the world. There was only one problem with the pharaoh's conclusion. He overlooked the fact that "bekos" sounded very much like the noise that sheep make!Listening factoid #2Do you know that grownups use baby talk? Why? To help babies learn to speak David Sacks, a linguist, says that, "babies in their first year of life learn to speak-first in baby talk, then with the rudiments of genuine vocabulary-by imitating the speech sounds they hear around them. (Often these sounds are addressed to the baby in an exaggerated, singsong form; for example, "How did you sleeeep? " which apparently helps the child to learn.) But some scholars have theorized that language in the nursery is partly a two-way street and that certain family-related words in English and other tongues were formed originally-perhaps prehistorically-in imitation of baby talk. Such words are easy for babies to pronounce. The parent will say to the baby, "Say dada" and so the word "dada" retains a secure place in the language. What are these words that are easy to say? While the words vary from language to language, in English they are some of the "ba," "da," "ma," and “pa" words.The earliest speech sounds out of an infant's mouth, sometimes as early as the second month of life, might typically be pure vowels. The sounds "ah," "ee," and "oo" are said to predominate among babies all over the world, with "ah " as the earliest and most frequent sound. The infant's next step, usually begun before four months of age, is to float a consonant sound in front of the vowel: "ma-ma-ma," the sound of pure baby talk.Chapter 6 Hydroponic Aquaculture: How One System Works。
新视野视听说B1-U9 Julietgao
Question
What can people do on the Internet?
Tips
Daily life, study, communication (information), entertainment (fun) business& education, etc.
Managers, students, doctors, patients, drivers, shoppers, businessman, …
10
Summary of a survey
This survey mainly deals with... This investigation focuses on the topics of… This research analyzes / discusses the issue of…
In the interview / my survey, According to the investigation / research, 20% of the students held that… as many as 80% of the interviewees consider…
The cursor on the screen doesn’t move.
I can’t start / shut down the computer / download documents /software from the web site / copy / paste tables to my documents. 3
9
The advantages and problems of Internet use
Questions: Do you like getting on line? What is the first thing to do when you go online? What problems have you ever met on line?
高级英语视听说教程各章文本和练习答案1_9篇
高级英语视听说教程各章文本和练习答案1-9篇Chapter 1 Napoleon：From Schoolboy to EmperorNapoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. N. wasn’t a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old, he joined the French army. In that year he began the military career that brought him fame, power, riches, and, finally, defeat. N. became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Several years later, he became the emperor of the French Empire.N. was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N. won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat – his end – came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone -- deserted by his family and friends – in 1821. N. was only 51 years old when he died.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. When was Napoleon born? (a)2. What kind of student was Napoleon in most of his classes? (d)3. What did Napoleon's military career bring him? (d)4. When did Napoleon become emperor of the French Empire? (d)5. One reason that Napoleon won many military victories was that his soldiers were ready to fight to the death for him. (T)6. Austria and Russia fought fiercely against Napoleon, but England did not.(F England also fought against him.)7. Many of Napoleon's family and friends were with him when he died. (F He died alone and deserted by his family and friends.)8. Napoleon died before he reached the age of 52. (T)Listening Factoid#1The cause of Napoleon's death at the age of 51 on the island of St. Helena is still a mystery. There is no doubt that a very sick man at the time of his death. One theory about the cause of his death is that he had stomach cancer. Another theory is that he was deliberately poisoned by a servant. This third theory suggests that he was poisoned, but not by his servant. This third theory suggests that that he was poisoned, accidentally by fumes from the wallpaper were analyzed and traces of arsenic were found in it. Arsenic is powerful poison that was used in some of the dyes in wallpaper during the time that Napoleon lived. More than 170 years after his death, people are stillspeculating about the cause of his death.Listening Factoid #21. Ten people who speak make more noise than 10,000 who are silent.2. In politics, stupidity is not a handicap.3. A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights.4. Men of genius are meteors intended to burn to light their century.5. I know, when it is necessary, how to leave the skin of the lion to take the skin of the fox.6. History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon.7. It is success which makes great men.Chapter 2 Pompeii：Destroyed, Forgotten, and FoundToday many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. P. was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.In the year 79 C.E., a young boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger.One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption – the explosion -- of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of P. was at the foot of Mt. V..When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P. was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P. was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to excavate – to dig -- in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what time of the year did wealthy Romans like to visit Pompeii? (in the summertime)2. In what year did Pliny pay a visit to his uncle/s house in Pompeii? (in 79 C.E.)3. What did Pliny see when he was looking out over the Bay of Naples one day? (a large dark cloud)4. Where was Pompeii located in relation to Mt. Vesuvius? (Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)5. When did an Italian farmer discover a part of an ancient wall of Pompeii? {in 1748)6. Rome was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. (F Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)7. Most of the people of Pompeii were able to flee the city and to escape death. (T)8. Pompeii was buried under two feet of volcanic ash. (F Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic ash.)9. Pompeii lay buried and forgotten between 79 C.E. and 1748. (T)10. The Italian farmer was looking for the ancient city of Pompeii. (F The farmer was digging on his farm.)11. Tourists come to excavate the city of Pompeii, (F Tourists come to see the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii.)Listening factoid #1In 1951, an Australian pilot prevented his plane form being shot down-by flak form a volcano. The plane was flying over a volcano in Papua, NewGuinea when the volcano suddenly erupted. It sent ash and flak 36,000 feet into the air. Bits of stone pounded against the plane’s wings and fuselage, but the pilot kept control and flew the plane to safety. Incidentally, almost 3,000 people on the ground died as a result of the eruption of this volcano. Listening factoid #2Pliny the Younger saw the eruption of Mount Vesuvius form a distance. On the day of the eruption, the boy’s uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of a Roman fleet which was not far off the shore of Pompeii. On seeing the remarkable eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Pliny the Elder, who was a great naturalist, sailed to shore to take a look at the eruption of the mountain. On his approach to the shore, he was met by a shower of hot cinders which grew thicker and hotter as he advanced. He finally landed on the shore, and went to a house away form the beach. He even went to sleep, but later in the night, the servants woke him up. By then, the house had begun to rock so violently that Pliny and everyone in his household left the house and went toward the beach to escape. Tying pillowcases on their heads, and using torches to light the way, they groped their way to the beach. But it was too late for Pliny the Elder. Apparently, he became tired and lay down on the ground to rest. But when he lay down on the ground, he died. His death was probably due to carbon dioxide poisoning. Since CO2 is heavier than air, it hugs the ground and makes it impossible to breathe when one is close to the ground. It islikely that others in the area also died of carbon dioxide poisoning if they lay down to rest on the ground below Mt. Vesuvius.Chapter 3 Lance Armstrong: Survivor and WinnerLance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was competing in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lance’s mother, who raised L. mostly by herself, recognized and encouraged his competitive spirit.During his senior year in high school, L. was invited to train with the US Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, L. focused completely on cycling. By 1991, L. was the US National Amateur Champion. He also won 2 major national races the same year -- even beating some professional cyclists.Although he was generally doing very well, L. had his ups and downs. In 1992, he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympics, but finished in 14th place. This was a big disappointment. L. got over the disappointment and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. L.’s mother continued to encourage L. through his difficult times.Things went much better for L. in the following years. In 1993, he was theyoungest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995, he even won the Classico S. S., the race he had finished last in, in 1992. L. also won the most important US tournament, the Tour du Pont, 2 times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, L. was ranked 7th among cyclists in the world, and he signed a 2-year contract with a French racing team. At that time, everything was looking very good for L.A..However, everything changed dramatically and drastically in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, L. was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent 2 cancer surgeries. After these 2 surgeries, he was given a 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressive 3-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left L. very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, L. was declared free of cancer. L. returned to cycling and training only 5 months after he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling better than ever.However, his French cycling team dropped L. from the team. They didn’t believe that L. would ever be able to return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the US Postal Service Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the US Postal Service Team, L. returned to racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, L. pulled over anddecided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, L. returned to racing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!L.’s big comeback was marked by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. L. repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, for a total of 6 consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most grueling of all cycling contests. L.s’ Tour de France record may never be beaten or even matched. Interestingly, L. was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!In addition to his amazing athletic performance, L.A. has established the L.A. Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the TdF, called Every Second Counts, and for L., every second has counted.L.A. gives a lot of credit for his success to his mother, whose independent spirit and support for L. inspired him to overcom e all of life’s obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in return, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage – both athletic and personal.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. How old was Lance when he began running and swimming competitively?(b)2. Which sports contest did Lance win when he was 13 years old? (b)3. How old was Lance when he was diagnosed with advanced cancer? (c)4. What chance for survival was Lance given after he underwent two surgeries?(c)5. Who was Lance's sponsor when he won the Tour de France in 1999? (d)6. What is the name of the book that Lance wrote that is mentioned in the lecture? (b)7. Lauce’s cancer had already spread to his lungs and brain before it was diagnoised? (T)8. Lauce’s French team dropped Lauce because they didn’t think he would ever return to his former level of strength and endurance. (T)9. Lauce won the Classico San Sebastian two times. (F He lost the first time and won the second time.)10. Lauce is the only cyclist to win the Tour de France five times consecutively.(F Lauce is the only person to win the Tour de France six times consecutively.)Listening factoid #1Amazingly enough, the bicycle is a more efficient mean of transportation than any other method of traveling. It takes much less energy to bicycle onemile than it does to walk one mile. In fact, it can take up to five times as much energy to walk a mile than to bicycle a mile. If we compare the amount of energy a human being uses to bicycle three miles, or about 5 kilometers, we find this amount of energy would power a car for only about 278 feet, or 85 meters.Listening factoid #2According to Professor Steve Jones, the three most important inventions in the history of mankind were fire, speech, and the bicycle. He says that the invention of fire freed human being from the power of climate, dangerous animals, and monotonous diets. The invention of speech meant that human being s could begin to build civilization. And the invention of the bicycle –by which he really means modern transportation in general- meant that groups of human beings were no longer isolated, but could travel great distances. Being able to travel much more freely meant that there could never again be more than one species of human beings as there had been in ancient times.Chapter 4 The Internet: How it WorksThe Internet consists of millions of computers, all linked together into a gigantic network. Now every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of this network and can communicate with any other connected computer.In order to communicate with each other, these computers are equipped with special communication software. To connect to the Internet, the user instructs the computer’s communic ation software to contact the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Now an Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides Internet service to individuals, organizations, or companies, usually for a monthly charge. Local ISPs connect to larger ISPs, which in turn connect to even larger ISPs. A hierarchy of networks is formed. And this hierarchy is something like a pyramid, with lots of small networks at the bottom, and fewer but larger networks moving up the pyramid. But, amazingly, there is no one single controlling network at the top. Instead, there are dozens of high-level networks, which agree to connect with each other. It is through this process that everyone on the Internet is able to connect with everyone else on the Internet, no matter where he or she is in the world.How does information that leaves one computer travel through all of these networks, and arrives at its destination, another computer, in a fraction of a second?The process depends on routers. Now routers are specialized computers whose job is to direct the information through the networks. The data, or information, in an e-mail message, a Web page, or a file is first broken down into tiny packets. Each of these packets has the address of the sender and of the receiver, and information on how to put the packets back together. Eachof these packets is then sent off through the Internet. And when a packet reaches a router, the router reads its destination address. And the router then decides the best route to send the packet on its way to its destination. All the packets might take the same route or they might go different routes. Finally, when all the packets reach their destination, they are put back into the correct order.To help you understand this process, I’m going to as k you to think of these packets of information as electronic postcards. Now imagine that you want to send a friend a book, but you can send it only as postcards. First, you would have to cup up each of the pages of the book to the size of the postcards. Next, you would need to write your address and the address of your friend on each of these postcards. You would also need to number the postcards so that your friend could put them in the correct order after he receives the postcards. After completing these steps, you would put all the postcards in the mail. You would have no way to know how each postcard traveled to reach your friend. Some might go by truck , some by train, some by plane, some by boat. Some might go by all 4 ways. Now along the way, many postal agents may look at the addresses on the postcards in order to decide the best route to send them off on to reach their destination. The postcards would probably arrive at different times. But finally, after all of the postcards had arrived, your friend would be able to put them back in the correct order and read the book.Now this is the same way that information is sent over the Internet using the network of routers, but of course it happens much, much faster!PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What is the Internet? (d)2. What is a router? (c)3. What is carried on every tiny packet of information that travels through the Internet? (d)4. What is a router compared to in the lecture? (b)5. The Internet is controlled by one gigantic ISP. (F There is no one controlling network at the top)6. Routers can send the packets of information in one e-mail massage over many different routes to their destination. (T)7. The lecturer compares the tiny packets of information that travel through the Internet to electronic postcards. (T)Listening factoid #1Jeff Hancock, a scientist at Cornell University, asked 30 students to keep a communication diary for a week. The students wrote down the numbers of conversations they had either face-to-face or on the telephone and thenumber of e-mail exchanges they had, both regular e-mails and instant messages, that lasted more than 10 minutes. They also wrote down the number of lies they had told in each conversation or e-mail exchange. When Jeff Hancock analyzed the students’ communication records, he found that lies made up 14 percent of e-mails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face conversations, and 37 percent of phone calls.His findings surprised some psychologists, who thought it would be easier to lie in e-mail than in real-time conversations. One explanation is that people are less likely to lie when there will be a record of their lies, such as in an e-mail.Listening factoid #2If you have an e-mail account, you have no doubt been spammed. That is, you have received unsolicited e-mail from someone you don’t know, someone who is usually trying to sell you something!Most people say that they hate spam. For many people, spam mail is just a n uisance, but for businesses it’s very expensive, as their employee waste considerable working time going through and deleting span. According to Message Labs, a company that provides e-mail security, 76% of the world’s e-mail is spam and it costs businesses approximately $12 billion dollars a year. According to a survey by Commtouch Software, another anti-spam company, in the last few months the number of spam attacks increased by 43%. Their report predicts that within two years, 98% of all e-mail will be spam!Chapter 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, a nd that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born―even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say “baba” for the word “bottle” or “kiki” for “cat.”In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says “juice,” to his father, the baby seems to be saying, “I want more juice, Daddy” or “May I have more juice, Daddy?” This word “juice” is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called “telegraphic” speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like “Daddy, up” which actually could mean “Daddy, pick me up, please.” Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as “I walked home” and “I kissed Mommy.” They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as “I goed to bed” instead of “I went to bed,” or “I eated ice cream” instead of “I ate ice cream.” In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as “walk” and “kiss,” but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like “eat” are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbsmust be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it “mama” or maybe “papa”? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was “mama.” Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what age do babies begin to communicate? (a)2. Which of the following is an example of “telegraphic” speech? (b)3. At what age do children begin to use the past tense? (c)4. At four months of age the babbling of babies sounds the same all over the world. (T)5. A baby’s first words are usually words that he or she inverts. (T)6. A child uses only vocabulary and no grammar before about two years of age. (F He/she actually used a kind of grammar in making two-word sentences at about 18months of age.)7. Children probably say “I goed” instead of “I went” because they hear their parents say this. (F Children say “I goed” instead of “I went” because they are overgeneralizing the grammar rule for the regular past tense verbs to the irregular verb “go.”)Listening Factoid #1Have you ever wondered about what the world's original language was? Or whether children would begin to speak if they never heard language? Well, more than 2,500 years ago, an Egyptian pharaoh asked himself the same questions. He had the idea that children who didn't hear adults speaking any language would begin to speak the world's "original language." So he had two newborn babies of poor parents taken away from them. He gave the babies to a shepherd to take care of. No one was allowed to speak to them. About two years later, the shepherd reported to the pharaoh that the children were making a sound like "bekos." This sound "bekos" sounded like the wordfor bread in the Phrygian language, so the pharaoh concluded that Phrygian was the original language in the world. There was only one problem with the pharaoh's conclusion. He overlooked the fact that "bekos" sounded very much like the noise that sheep make!Listening factoid #2Do you know that grownups use baby talk? Why? To help babies learn to speak David Sacks, a linguist, says that, "babies in their first year of life learn to speak-first in baby talk, then with the rudiments of genuine vocabulary-by imitating the speech sounds they hear around them. (Often these sounds are addressed to the baby in an exaggerated, singsong form; for example, "How did you sleeeep? " which apparently helps the child to learn.) But some scholars have theorized that language in the nursery is partly a two-way street and that certain family-related words in English and other tongues were formed originally-perhaps prehistorically-in imitation of baby talk. Such words are easy for babies to pronounce. The parent will say to the baby, "Say dada" and so the word "dada" retains a secure place in the language. What are these words that are easy to say? While the words vary from language to language, in English they are some of the "ba," "da," "ma," and “pa" words.The earliest speech sounds out of an infant's mouth, sometimes as early as the second month of life, might typically be pure vowels. The sounds "ah," "ee," and "oo" are said to predominate among babies all over the world, with "ah " as the earliest and most frequent sound. The infant's next step, usuallybegun before four months of age, is to float a consonant sound in front of the vowel: "ma-ma-ma," the sound of pure baby talk.Chapter 6 Hydroponic Aquaculture: How One System WorksThe growing of plants without soil has developed from experiments carried out to determine what substances (like soil and water) make plants grow. Growing plants in water( rather than in soil) --- in other words, hydroponics--- dates back many more years than you might think. Scientists believe that hydroponics or aquaculture is at least as ancient as the pyramids of Egypt. Scientists also know that a primitive form of aquaculture has been used in the region of Kashmir for centuries. In fact, scientists believe hydroponic growing actually preceded soil growing. They even believe that using hydroponics as a farming tool started in the ancient city of Babylon with its famous hanging gardens. These hanging gardens were probably one of the first successful attempts to grow plants hydroponically. However, returning to more modern times, researchers at the University of the Virgin Islands have developed a system of hydroponic aquaculture that is both simple and low cost. The system uses gravity to create recirculating water systems in which fish are raised and vegetables are grown. Let me take a minute to explain the process of how this particular system of hydroponic aquaculture works on the island of St. Croix in the Virgin Island.。
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The year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Information about WED The theme Connect with the World Wide Web of Life Give Earth a Chance
taken to combat the environment pollution?
Part 2: Viewing and listening： Copenhagen Climate Summit
Video 1: Copenhagen Climate Summit World Leaders, Journalists, and Protestors Meet in Copenhagen to Tackle Climate Change. ABC's Clayton Sandell reports from Copenhagen .
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How do the media speak of Copenhagen climate summit? Why? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Have the world leaders and delegates coming together in Copenhagen come to an agreement when it comes to how to tackle global warming? Why or why not? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ When will the US president Obama come to Copenhagen? And what is he going to propose? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ What is the main challenge for Obama to put his proposal into practice? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
What should be the themes for the following years?
Pair work: match the environmental problems with their causes. Besides the issues below, what other environmental problems and their causes do you know? List them in the table.
ABC: American television network
Getting to know the main points: now view the video and complete the following summary with the information you get from the video.
Unit 9
Environment protection
Part 1: Topic preview
Knowledge about World Environment Day: World Environment Day (WED) was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1972. WED is hosted every year by a different city and commemorated with an international exposition through the week of June 5. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), also created in 1972, uses WED to stimulate awareness of the environment and enhance political attention and public action. Work in groups to find out the themes of WED over the last decade. The first two have been given as examples. See next page.
Environmental Problem
1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution 3. White pollution 4. Desertification Sandstrorms 5. Global warming
Cause
Nitrogen and phosphorus disposal Carbon dioxide emissions and Over-farming and overgrazing Plastic packaging and plastic sheeting Heat-trapping gases and particles from the burning of fossil fuels
Group discussion: work in groups and discuss the following question.
Which cities in China are the most
polluted ones? Why?
What steps has Chinese government