词汇学--词的意义及理据ppt课件
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词汇学课PPt( meaning of meaning)
The nature of meaning
Its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas. According to them, meaning is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean (intend, express or signify)' One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes something else to come to the mind. In other words: a sign is defined as an entity that indicates another entity to some agent for some purpose.
＆Conceptional meaning (概念意
义)
Languages allow information to be conveyed even when the specific words used are not known by the reader or listener. People connect words with meaning and use words to refer to concepts. A person's intentions affect what is meant. Meaning (in English) as intent harkens back to the Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊 ) and is associated today still, with the German verb "meinen" as to think or intend.
Its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas. According to them, meaning is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean (intend, express or signify)' One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes something else to come to the mind. In other words: a sign is defined as an entity that indicates another entity to some agent for some purpose.
＆Conceptional meaning (概念意
义)
Languages allow information to be conveyed even when the specific words used are not known by the reader or listener. People connect words with meaning and use words to refer to concepts. A person's intentions affect what is meant. Meaning (in English) as intent harkens back to the Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊 ) and is associated today still, with the German verb "meinen" as to think or intend.
现代汉语：词汇课件
修辞手法
适当运用修辞手法，如比喻、拟人、排比等，增强语言的 表现力和感染力。
口语交流中准确传达信息意图
清晰发音
准确清晰地发出每个音 节和单词，避免模糊和 含糊不清的发音。
选用恰当词汇
根据交流场合和对象， 选用恰当、得体的词汇 进行表达。
注意语调和语气
通过调整语调和语气来 传达不同的情感和态度， 增强口语交流的效果。
近义关系复杂词汇辨析
词义相近但用法不同的词，如 “推断”和“推测”，前者强调 根据事实得出结论，后者强调猜
测和揣测。
搭配关系不同的近义词，如“改 进”和“改善”，前者常与“方 法”、“技术”等搭配，后者常 与“生活”、“环境”等搭配。
语义侧重点不同的近义词，如 “爱护”和“爱戴”，前者强调 保护和照顾，后者强调尊敬和拥
05 现代汉语新词汇现象探讨
网络流行语及其影响
网络流行语的产生
网络技术的飞速发展和社交媒体的普及为网络流行语的产生提供 了条件。
网络流行语的特点
简洁、生动、形象，具有强烈的时代感和表达力。
网络流行语的影响
丰富了现代汉语的词汇库，增强了语言的表达效果；同时，也对现 代汉语的规范和清晰表达带来了一定的挑战。
外来语借入与本土化过程
外来语的借入方式
音译、意译、音意兼译等多种方式。
外来语的本土化过程
外来语在借入后，经过一段时间的使用和传播，会逐渐融入汉语系 统，成为汉语的一部分。
外来语对现代汉语的影响
外来语的借入丰富了现代汉语的词汇，也带来了新的表达方式和语 言风格。
方言词汇进入普通话现象
1 2
方言词汇进入普通话的途径
新造词的发展趋势
新造词将继续以快速、大量的方式产生，同时，一些新造词也将逐渐被淘汰和更新。
适当运用修辞手法，如比喻、拟人、排比等，增强语言的 表现力和感染力。
口语交流中准确传达信息意图
清晰发音
准确清晰地发出每个音 节和单词，避免模糊和 含糊不清的发音。
选用恰当词汇
根据交流场合和对象， 选用恰当、得体的词汇 进行表达。
注意语调和语气
通过调整语调和语气来 传达不同的情感和态度， 增强口语交流的效果。
近义关系复杂词汇辨析
词义相近但用法不同的词，如 “推断”和“推测”，前者强调 根据事实得出结论，后者强调猜
测和揣测。
搭配关系不同的近义词，如“改 进”和“改善”，前者常与“方 法”、“技术”等搭配，后者常 与“生活”、“环境”等搭配。
语义侧重点不同的近义词，如 “爱护”和“爱戴”，前者强调 保护和照顾，后者强调尊敬和拥
05 现代汉语新词汇现象探讨
网络流行语及其影响
网络流行语的产生
网络技术的飞速发展和社交媒体的普及为网络流行语的产生提供 了条件。
网络流行语的特点
简洁、生动、形象，具有强烈的时代感和表达力。
网络流行语的影响
丰富了现代汉语的词汇库，增强了语言的表达效果；同时，也对现 代汉语的规范和清晰表达带来了一定的挑战。
外来语借入与本土化过程
外来语的借入方式
音译、意译、音意兼译等多种方式。
外来语的本土化过程
外来语在借入后，经过一段时间的使用和传播，会逐渐融入汉语系 统，成为汉语的一部分。
外来语对现代汉语的影响
外来语的借入丰富了现代汉语的词汇，也带来了新的表达方式和语 言风格。
方言词汇进入普通话现象
1 2
方言词汇进入普通话的途径
新造词的发展趋势
新造词将继续以快速、大量的方式产生，同时，一些新造词也将逐渐被淘汰和更新。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
.
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
13
Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
英语词汇学课件 Unit 5
Folk/popular etymology
plantar wart （足疣）：a wart on the sole of the foot (from Latin planta) → planter’s wart
5.2 Semantic features
Semantic components: an element of a word’s meaning. e.g. girl→ ‘young’, ‘female’, ‘human’ Semantic features e.g. girl: [+human, -male, -adult] boy: [+human, +male, -adult] Distinctive features e.g. [±male] (binary feature)
Four kinds of motivation Onomatopoeic motivation • Primary onomatopoeia Cuckoo, coucou, Kuckuck • Secondary onomatopoeia hiss, buzz, bleat, neigh, squeak, croak, quack, crow Bump, dump, thump
5.1.2 Motiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ation
Relation between the word-form and the meaning Arbitrariness Conventionality Motivation: A word is motivated if its whole meaning can be ascertained from the sum of the meanings of its individual elements. opaque words & transparent words
词汇学Word-Meaningppt课件
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(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
14
2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
17
(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
词汇学PPT课件
b. Borrowed words
Borrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.
Origin of borrowed words
Danish Latin Italian Arabic Russian
French Greek Spanish Chinese German
4. Meaning and concept
How are words related
to things?
4. Meaning and concept
Word → concept → referent
referent ↗↖
Word → concept
4. Meaning and concept
Features of native words
in structure: mostly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental
concepts dealing with everyday
objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speech
1. Definition of a Word
I love you!
I hate you!
1. Definition of a Word
What is a word?
Major Features of Words
What are the major features of words?
（杨信彰，2009）
1.terminology 术语 2.jargon 行话
语言学概论(第四版)PPT第4章 词汇
二、词汇的分类
1. 语言的词汇，是指一种语言中全部词和固定词语的总和，如汉语词汇就是指汉语中全部 词和固定词语的总和，英语词汇则是指英语中全部词和固定词语的总和。
2. 言语的词汇是指个人运用语言的词汇，它是允许存在偏离语言规范、不同于语言词汇之 处的。
一、语言词汇的性质和特点
（一）语言词汇的性质 1. 充当语言的建筑材料是语言词汇的基本属性。 2. 词汇的各种单位必须在语言的结构规律———语法规律支配下，有目的地组织排列起来，
一、语言词汇的性质和特点
（二）语言词汇的特点 4. 词汇的变化性与稳定性
• 社会生活的发展变化，都会很快地反映到词汇中。这就使得一些旧词语逐渐从人们 口中消失，而很多新词语又不断在交际以及传播媒体中出现，这就是词汇的变化性。
• 同时，词汇的变化并不是随心所欲的，它要受到词汇系统的影响和严格制约，有着 极强的稳定性。
• 方言词：广义的方言词指各方言区的方言词汇；狭义的方言词则是指那些本来在方言 地区通行，但进入了共同语，并被全社会接受和比较广泛使用的词。
五、词语系统
（一）词汇系统 4. 从来源上看，可以形成以下词聚。
• 外来词：外来词也叫借词，即从外族语言中连音带义借用来的词，外来词不包括意译 词，意译词是根据原词的意义，根据本族语言的词汇材料和构词方式创造的新词。
三、词
（二）词的构成成分———语素 1. 语素的定义:语素是语言中最小的不能独立运用的音义结合单位 2. 语素的分类
• 根据语素能否独立运用，可以把语素分为成词语素和不成词语素。 成词语素是指可以直接成为词，即可以独立使用的语素；不成词语素则是指不能单 独成词，即不能独立使用的语素
三、词
（二）词的构成成分———语素 2. 语素的分类
05第六章 词的意义ppt
Zeugma轭式搭配 轭式搭配 It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, e.g.: She lost her temper and health. They open their windows and the murmur of talk. She had a blue heart and coat.
f. local meaning ---different meanings a word may carry when it is used in different Englishspeaking countries, e.g.: The girl is very homely. He is as cross as a bear. I will finish her this afternoon. （澳大利亚）这件事 （美国英语）干掉她
c. affective meaning
--express feelings/attitudes of speakers ---(感叹词） Aha! Hurrah ---words 本身具有感情意义 like, love , worship delighted , detest, disgust
--purr /snarl words: scholar / gang rat(叛徒），cheat ---suffix: weakling, underling(走卒) profiteer, drunkard, braggart --昵称(endearments) girlie，honey, darling
Chapter Six Main types of word meaning
词汇学(共19张PPT)
英语发展阶段
A. Old English (Anglo-Saxon Period)
(449---1100) Attendance and Assignments:
(cousin)
B. Middle English (1100---1500) give you some color to see
4) The influence of other cultures and languages 补充: NCEPU= North China Electric Power University flat---apartment
• 由于 综合国力强大促进了美语的地位和进一步 推广反过来美语的发展也反作用于 社会甚至全 世界.
• colour---color
• practice (v. n.) About the Final Exam
过去学汉语的人很少,现在出现汉语热,从侧面反映中国综合实力和整体发展势头相当好.
• rubber---eraser lift---elevator (escalator)
• underground---subway The feature of language
enlarge your vocabulary lexicon + -ology = lexicology
•(cousin) flat---apartment
• lift---elevator (escalator)
lexicology : the study of words and the relation of words
vocabulary: 词汇总称, 词汇量 word: 单词
The more words you memorize, the larger your vocabulary is.
A. Old English (Anglo-Saxon Period)
(449---1100) Attendance and Assignments:
(cousin)
B. Middle English (1100---1500) give you some color to see
4) The influence of other cultures and languages 补充: NCEPU= North China Electric Power University flat---apartment
• 由于 综合国力强大促进了美语的地位和进一步 推广反过来美语的发展也反作用于 社会甚至全 世界.
• colour---color
• practice (v. n.) About the Final Exam
过去学汉语的人很少,现在出现汉语热,从侧面反映中国综合实力和整体发展势头相当好.
• rubber---eraser lift---elevator (escalator)
• underground---subway The feature of language
enlarge your vocabulary lexicon + -ology = lexicology
•(cousin) flat---apartment
• lift---elevator (escalator)
lexicology : the study of words and the relation of words
vocabulary: 词汇总称, 词汇量 word: 单词
The more words you memorize, the larger your vocabulary is.
词汇学-- 词义的分类及分析ppt课件
Meaning 情感意义
Collocative Meaning 搭配意义5
1. Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning 语法意义&词汇意义
• Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm.
内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。
Discussion:
农民：peasant/farmer ambition:野心/雄心壮志
官：official/officer
政治：politics
个人主义：individualism
外国人：foreigner 14
英汉词语内涵比较
1. 动物：Dragon / dog / Peacock / magpie
• 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩， 以适应不同的文体风格。
• In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang”and so on.
12
Associative Meaning
Connotative
Meaning 内涵意义
Stylistic
Meaning 文体意义
Affective
Collocative Meaning 搭配意义5
1. Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning 语法意义&词汇意义
• Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm.
内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。
Discussion:
农民：peasant/farmer ambition:野心/雄心壮志
官：official/officer
政治：politics
个人主义：individualism
外国人：foreigner 14
英汉词语内涵比较
1. 动物：Dragon / dog / Peacock / magpie
• 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩， 以适应不同的文体风格。
• In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang”and so on.
12
Associative Meaning
Connotative
Meaning 内涵意义
Stylistic
Meaning 文体意义
Affective
词汇学.ppt课件
• 1.不同语言之间的词汇关系研究 • 涉及多语种的词汇异同比较 • 日语：化粧室 • 韩语：화장실 • 汉语：？ • 汉语：信件 • 日语：？（手纸） • 文字差异带来的问题
• 日汉比较词汇
• 秦礼君
• 中国科学技术大学出 版社
• 2.纵向：同一语言的词汇发展关系研究 • 古今词汇演变、差异/词汇发展史 • “是女子不好，烦大巫妪（yu4）为入报河伯，得
词汇学在对外汉语教学中的价值
两个字把老外搞疯！
• 1.吃饭时，一人说去方便一下，老外不解，旁人 告诉他"方便"就是：上厕所；
• 2.敬酒时，另一人对老外说，希望下次出国时能 给予方便，老外纳闷不敢问；
• 3.酒席上，电视台女主持人提出，在她方便的时 候会安排老外做专访。老外愕然：怎么能在你方 便的时候？女主持人说，那在你方便时，我请你 吃饭。老外简直不敢相信！
有学生写出这样的句子：“我每天都很 忙, 白天做功课, 晚上练习生子。”
• 词汇理据与词汇教学 研究
• 吴会芹、胡海鹏、施 亚波、 等
• 浙江大学出版社
• 词汇教学研究相当薄弱， • 本体研究成果向教学的转化能力不足
期望与要求
• 读万卷书 博采众长 • 每种教材都不能覆盖所有词汇问题 • 相互参照，取长补短，丰富知识 • 养成通读教材的习惯
4.词汇学与其它领域的跨学科研究
• 我们去唱歌吧。 • *我们去歌唱吧。
• 这个不适合我。 • *这个不合适我。
• 词汇:语法50年(19602010)
• 郑定欧
• 世界图书出版公司北 京公司
• 词汇语义学与词典编纂 • 张志毅、 张庆云 • 外语教学与研究出版社
• 词汇学词典学研究 • 周荐 • 商务印书馆
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Sema来自tic Triangle 语义三角
意义（概念）Meaning (Concept)
tree 词Word
形式 Form
所指对象 Referent
What is concept?
It is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person’s mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree
• Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
• Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.
Sk-: 与表面接触：
skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp -ump: 表示圆形体：
plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump
/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：
heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等
2 Motivation of Word Meaning
1.What is motivation理据? • It refers to the connection between the
linguistic symbol and its meaning. • 理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。
Motivation of Word Meaning
2.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary （随意的）and conventional（约定俗成的）. This connection is the result of generalization（ 归纳） and abstraction（抽象）.
the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. ➢ Every word that has meaning has sense but not every
word has reference. ➢ e.g: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer
• 每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一 定有所指称的事物（reference）。
reference & sense: difference
➢ Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. ➢ Reference denotes the relationship between words and
• Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia.
Onomatopoeic Motivation
1.Primary onomatopoeia
–Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.
Apes Bears Bulls Cats Eagles Frogs Goats
gibber growl bellow mew ( purr) scream.
croak. bleat.
• Hens cluck. Larks warble
• Lions roar
Magpies chatter.
• Mice squeak Owls hoot (screech)
Week 7
Sandy
1
Outline
1.Word Meaning词义 2.Motivations of meaning 词的理据 –词的意义究竟指什么？ –这个词为什么是这个意思？
关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念
1.words defined as things 2.words defined as reference
• pigeons coo. Pigs squeal.
• Snakes hiss. Wolves howl.
• Turkeys gobble.
Sound made by metal：
clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack
but it has little linguistic meaning
Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Sometimes two different proper names have the same referent.
hobbits
unicorn
Harry Potter
• But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
• A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
Sn1)breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort 2)quick separation or movement: snip,
snap, snatch 3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoop
Sl1)slippery: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge 2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenly
2 words defined as reference
• 所指关系 • relationship between language and the world; between words and
the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. • For example, the word ‘tree’ refers to the object ‘tree’.
1.In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（语言符号） and a referent （所指物）, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful.
• Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
Meaning and Concept：difference
• closely connected but not identical（关系密切、并不 相同）
• They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.
1.onamatopoeia motivation 拟声 2.morphologic motivation 形态 3.semantic motivation 语义 4.etymologic motivation 词源
1. Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据
• It means the imitation of sounds by sounds.（语言对声音的模仿）
2.Similarly, function words have no realworld entities to refer to.
Concepts related
1. Word Meaning 词义 2. Sense 语义 3. Reference 所指 4. Referent 所指物 5. Concept 概念
• 概念属于人类认知领域思维领域； • 意义属于语言领域。
Words and Referents
1.专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不 同的专有名词指同一个对象；
2.少数词有词义，无所指对象；
• proper names typically have only one reference
Barack Hussein Obama
Sound by liquid：
splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splishsplosh, drip-drop
意义（概念）Meaning (Concept)
tree 词Word
形式 Form
所指对象 Referent
What is concept?
It is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person’s mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree
• Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
• Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.
Sk-: 与表面接触：
skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp -ump: 表示圆形体：
plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump
/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：
heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等
2 Motivation of Word Meaning
1.What is motivation理据? • It refers to the connection between the
linguistic symbol and its meaning. • 理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。
Motivation of Word Meaning
2.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary （随意的）and conventional（约定俗成的）. This connection is the result of generalization（ 归纳） and abstraction（抽象）.
the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. ➢ Every word that has meaning has sense but not every
word has reference. ➢ e.g: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer
• 每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一 定有所指称的事物（reference）。
reference & sense: difference
➢ Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. ➢ Reference denotes the relationship between words and
• Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia.
Onomatopoeic Motivation
1.Primary onomatopoeia
–Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.
Apes Bears Bulls Cats Eagles Frogs Goats
gibber growl bellow mew ( purr) scream.
croak. bleat.
• Hens cluck. Larks warble
• Lions roar
Magpies chatter.
• Mice squeak Owls hoot (screech)
Week 7
Sandy
1
Outline
1.Word Meaning词义 2.Motivations of meaning 词的理据 –词的意义究竟指什么？ –这个词为什么是这个意思？
关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念
1.words defined as things 2.words defined as reference
• pigeons coo. Pigs squeal.
• Snakes hiss. Wolves howl.
• Turkeys gobble.
Sound made by metal：
clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack
but it has little linguistic meaning
Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Sometimes two different proper names have the same referent.
hobbits
unicorn
Harry Potter
• But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
• A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
Sn1)breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort 2)quick separation or movement: snip,
snap, snatch 3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoop
Sl1)slippery: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge 2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenly
2 words defined as reference
• 所指关系 • relationship between language and the world; between words and
the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. • For example, the word ‘tree’ refers to the object ‘tree’.
1.In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（语言符号） and a referent （所指物）, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful.
• Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
Meaning and Concept：difference
• closely connected but not identical（关系密切、并不 相同）
• They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.
1.onamatopoeia motivation 拟声 2.morphologic motivation 形态 3.semantic motivation 语义 4.etymologic motivation 词源
1. Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据
• It means the imitation of sounds by sounds.（语言对声音的模仿）
2.Similarly, function words have no realworld entities to refer to.
Concepts related
1. Word Meaning 词义 2. Sense 语义 3. Reference 所指 4. Referent 所指物 5. Concept 概念
• 概念属于人类认知领域思维领域； • 意义属于语言领域。
Words and Referents
1.专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不 同的专有名词指同一个对象；
2.少数词有词义，无所指对象；
• proper names typically have only one reference
Barack Hussein Obama
Sound by liquid：
splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splishsplosh, drip-drop