2006年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

合集下载

(NEW)华东师范大学外语学院244二外英语历年考研真题及详解

目　录2003年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2004年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2005年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2006年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2007年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2008年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2009年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2010年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2011年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2012年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解2003年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the best ONE answer to fill in the blank with or replace the underlined part in each of the sentences.1. Much to our delight, fruits are so abundant that the prices of them no longer _____ greatly.A. modifyB. fluctuateC. convertD. flourish【答案】B句意：令我们高兴的是，水果是如此的丰富，其价格不会【解析】再大幅度地波动。

fluctuate波动。

modify修改。

convert改变。

flourish繁荣。

2. Our company _____ after long negotiations to build a double-purpose bridge across the river.A. contactedB. consultedC. contractedD. constructed【答案】C【解析】句意：经过漫长的谈判，我们公司承包建一座双用桥。

华师考博试题汇总

1999年的博士题目：一、理论语言学：（说明：在前两题中任选一题）1、关于儿童语言习得有那些重要的理论？简述儿童语言研究在语言教学和语言理论中的学术价值（20分）2、语义与语法是两个相关的语言学范畴。

试谈两者之间的关系，并举例说明如何结合语义进行语法研究。

（20分）3、在百年中国语法学史上，人们提出过不少有关“本位”的学说，例如黎锦熙先生的“句本位”，朱德熙先生的“词组本位”，徐通锵先生的“字本位”和邢福义先生的“小句中枢”等。

试就其中的一、两个学说谈谈你的意见。

（20分）4、近几十年，功能语法（包括认知语法）在西方异军突起，发展成为可以与乔姆斯基分庭抗礼的语言学流派，简述这一学说的学术要旨。

应用这一学说研究汉语，会发生什么样的作用？（20分）5、你对语言学哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你感兴趣的那个语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。

（40分）二、现代汉语（邢老师命题）1、现代汉语词汇研究的现状与前景如何？试做简短评述。

（20分）2、现代汉语修辞研究的现状与前景如何？试做简短评述。

（20分）3、谈谈你对“两个三角”“三个平面”的看法。

（20分）4、写短文：说“生父生母”和“生儿生女”。

（40分）2001年的博士题目：一、现代汉语：1、说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。

（20分）2、说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）⑴《马氏文通》；⑵《新著国语文法》；⑶《中国文法要略》；⑷《现代汉语语法讲话》3、你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4、写短文：说“X上”。

（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。

这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。

）（40分）二、理论语言学：1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2、语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。

华东师范大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

华东师范大学2006年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1. Police believe that many burglars are amateurs who would flee if an alarm sounded or lightsA. came outB. came onC. came toD. came down2. Mr. Jenkins drove along at his usual high speed for police cars in his mirror from time to timeto make sure he was safe.A. pulling outB. running throughC. going aheadD. watching out3. Miss Tracy moved to New York in the early 1960s, apparently to escape jealous friends who were becomingincreasingly of her success.A. delightfulB. gracefulC. resentfulD. respectful4. In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies; in practice, they must conform toa global economic model or risk being by the market.A. replacedB. overlookedC. saturatedD. penalized5. Mrs. Black finds that her piano has always had the magic power of taking her awayfrom the grim realities of daily life and her to fairyland of her own once shestarted to play.A. transformingB. transportingC. transplantingD. transcending6. It is hard to think of a field in which it is not important to what is likely to happen andact accordingly.A. look outB. figure outC. turn outD. point out7. At about the same time, some black Christians walked in protest out of churches wherethey were forced to worship in sections.A. segregatedB. sustainedC. connectedD. engaged8. San Francisco climbs and falls over numerous hills, which provides views of the wide bay andthe Golden Gate Bridge.A. flashyB. transientC. breathtakingD. ambiguous9. Martin Luther King, Jr. persuaded his followers to bring the of the American Negroes to theattention of the United Nations, but they did not act very effectively.A. conspiracyB. pledgeC. plightD. compulsion10. Even though strong evidence has proved the nicotine to be , the tobacco company still insiststhat its products are harmless.A. solubleB. deficientC. addictiveD. skeptical11. Prof. Flynn found no students in the lecture hall when he arrived. Only then did he realize that hecameA. too muchB. so muchC. much tooD. much so12. I wanted to be sure a sudden emergency that we gave the right advice.A. on account ofB. in case ofC. at the risk ofD. in spite of13. in India, the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it in Africa.A. Originally cultivatedB. Having originally cultivatedC. Originally being cultivatedD.Although it originally cultivated14. It was the end of my exhausting first day as a waitress, and I really appreciated time to relax.A. to haveB. havingC. to have hadD. of having15. We’ve just installed central heating, should make a tremendous difference to the house nextwinter.A. whatB. thatC. itD. which16. So fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.A.has light traveledB.light travelsC.does light travelD.travels light17. she was living in Paris that she met her husband Terry.A. Just whenB. It was whileC. Soon afterD. During the time when18. While crossing the mountain areas, all the men had guns for protection lest theyby the local bandits.A. be attackedB. must be attackedC. were attackedD.would be attacked19. The police chief announced that the deaths of two young girls would soon be inquired.A. aboutB. ofC. intoD. after20. They were more than glad to leave their cars parked and walked a change.A. asB. forC. toD. byPart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)When the brash British raider Sir James Goldsmith calculated that U. S. timberland was a tempting prize, he launched a $500-million bid to take over San Francisco’s Crown Zellerbach paper company in order to grab the corporation’s vast forests. As a result, Goldsmith owns 1.9 million acres of forests in Washington State, Oregon, Mississippi and Louisiana.The United States seems to have become a country for sale. Foreign ownership in the United States, including everything from real estate to securities, rose to a remarkable $ 1.33 trillion last year, up 25.5 percent from the previous year. Foreign investors now own 46 percent of the commercial real estate in downtown Los Angeles, 39 percent in downtown Houston, 32 percent in downtown Minneapolis and 21 percent in downtown Manhattan.Esteemed U. S. corporate nameplates have been changing citizenship at a rapid clip. Smith & Wesson handguns have gone to the British. General Electric television sets have been bought by the French, Carnation foods by the Swiss, General Tire by the West Germans.In fact, the question of what is truly America has become befuddling. The British, who burned Washington in 1814, have built or bought an estimated $773 million in District of Columbia property, including ownership of the famed Watergate complex. And what about breakfast (or a diamond ring) at Tiffany, or drinks in the cultured atmosphere of Manhattan’s Algonquin Hotel? Those vintage landmark buildings are now Japanese possessions.The reasons for the rush to buy are abundantly clear. The U. S. dollar has plunged more than 50 percent in value during the past three years against such major foreign currencies as the Japanese yen, the West German mark and the British pound. The result is that everything with a dollar-denominated price tag has looked like a tremendous steal to holders of stronger currencies.Japanese bargain shoppers increasingly cover neglected American gambling casinos. In April last year, Ginji Yasuda, a Korean-born Japanese, bought the 1100-room Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas for $ 54 million and reopened it after spending another $30 million to restore its glitzy décor. Says Yasuda: “You have a lot of dreams still available in this country that you don’t have in Japan.” He plans to shuttle customers from Japan in a posh jet equipped with sleeping cabins.Wile the Japanese have largely shied away from takeovers of major U. S. industrial corporations, at least partly in fear of a public relations backlash, the least inhibited bidders have been the British. They committed more than $27 billions last year to U. S. takeovers.21. Sir James Goldsmith owns vast forests in the United States because .A. he is a relentless raiderB. he has been awarded a grand prizeC. he has taken over a U. S. paper companyD. he has a number of corporations in Washington State22. Foreign ownership of the commercial real estate in downtown Los Angeles was 14 percent more than itwas .A. in downtown San FranciscoB. in downtown HoustonC. in downtown ManhattanD. in downtown Minneapolis23. In the United States, the British have already come into possession of .A. the Watergate complex and General TireB. General Electric and General TireC. Manhattan’s Algonquin Hotel and the Watergate complexD. Smith & Wesson and the Watergate complex24. Judging from the context the phrase “a tremendous steal” in Paragraph 5 means.A. something extremely cheapB. something too expensiveC. something worth buyingD. something dangerous but profitable25. According to the passage, the Japanese investors .A. have been slow in making large investments in land in the United StatesB. have showed more interest in US major industrial corporations than in gambling housesC. are not so bold as the British in taking over major US industrial corporationsD. have proved themselves the least inhibited bidders in the United States(2)Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories, supervision have been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both puplic and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The manager’s a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers’ efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial managers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities – even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry – not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that .A. industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and ofnational economiesB. industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businessesand of national economiesC. the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to dowith industrial managementD. industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years27. The top manager .A. is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficientlyB. gets other managers to choose and train themselvesC. manages other managers’ operationsD. learns new techniques from other managers28. All managers employ .A. various methods to solve their practical and complex problemsB. specialists to keep machines working properlyC. workers who give on-the-job trainingD. advisers to handle practical and complex problems29. Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc. _______.A. because the labor unions demand themB. just to improve the workers’moraleC. to obtain greater efficiency from workersD. to ensure the good working conditions30. The essence of all management functions is .A. to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterpriseB. the coordination of the functions of managementC. the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement ofindividual objectivesD. to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and control(3)The genetic characteristics of all life forms on earth are embodied in the chemical structure of DNA molecules. An organism’s DNA molecules provide a complete blueprint for its physical makeup. Genetic engineering is the process of altering the DNA genetic code to change the characteristics of plants and animals. Through the process, scientists can literally build to order new life forms that perform desired functions. For hundreds of years, humans have engineered the development of food crops and domesticated animals through selective breeding practices. For example, the modern dairy cow is the result of centuries of carefully breeding individual animals that carried the genetic trait for high milk production. However, new technology makes it possible for scientists to restructure the DNA molecules themselves and thus obtain more rapid and more radical genetic changes than were possible in the past. This new process is commonly called recombinant DNA technology or gene splicing because it involves disassembling the DNA molecule and then recombining or splicing the pieces according to a new pattern. The genespliced DNA molecule may have a genetic code that has never existed before.Although recombinant DNA technology is still in its infancy, it has already demonstrated its value. New crop breeds produced by his process are already growing in farmers’ fields. Crops that are genetically engineered to resist pests, diseases, and drought could be important in efforts to alleviate starvation around the world. Scientists are trying to use genetic engineering to produce important drugs such as insulin and interferon cheaply. They are also working on a genetically engineered generation of wonder drugs to combat cancer and other killer diseases. However, the recombinant DNA technology brings with it problems our society has not previously faced. Gene splicing could produce new disease microorganisms, deadly to us or to the plants and animals upon which we depend. The possibility of altering human genetic structure raises serious moral, political, and social issues. Genetic engineering illustrates dramatically the promises and dangers of technological development. The decisions our society makes about genetic engineering will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come.31. The best title for this passage is .A. The Basic Function of Genetic EngineeringB. New Applications of Genetic EngineeringC. Recombinant DNA Technology, A New Process in Genetic EngineeringD. The Promises & Dangers of Technological Development32. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about recombinant DNA technology?A. It can bring about rapid and radical genetic changes in life forms.B. It can be used to restructure DNA molecules to produce new desired plant and animal breeds.C. It may increase the risk of producing some unexpected diseases.D. It proves an effective way to cure cancer and other incurable diseases.33. The word “alleviate” in paragraph 2 is nearest in meaning to .A. relieveB. avoidC. eliminateD. terminate34. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. there will inevitably be a heated debate over the general application of therecombinant DNA technologyB. the use of the recombinant DNA technology on human beings will be forbiddenC. the recombinant DNA technology can be traced back to hundreds of years agoD. serious dilemmas may be generated when it is used to modify human genetic code35. The author’s attitude towards genetic technologies is .A. enthusiasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. objective(4)The word for “The Da Vinci Code” is a rare invertible palindrome. Rotated 180 degrees on a horizontal axis so that it is upside down, it denotes the maternal essence that is sometimes linked to the sport soccer. Read right side up, it concisely conveys the kind of extreme enthusiasm with which this riddlecode-breaking, exhilaratingly brainy thriller can be recommended. That word is wow.The author is Dan Brown (a name you will want to remember). In this gleefully erudite suspense novel, Mr. Brown takes the format he has been developing through three earlier novels and fine-tunes it to blockbuster perfection. Not since the advent of Harry Potter has an author so flagrantly delighted in leading readers on a breathless chase and coaxing them through hoops. Consider the new book’s prologue, set in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre. (This is the kind of book that notices that this one gallery’s length is three times that of the Washington Monument.) It embroils a Caravaggio, an albino monk and a curator in a fight to the death. That’s scene leaving little doubt that the author knows how to pique interest, as the curator, Jacques Sauniere, fights for his life.Desperately seizing the painting in order to activate the museum’s alarm system, Sauniere succeeds in buying some time. And he uses these stolen moments? Which are his last? To take off his clothes, draw a circle and arrange himself like the figure in Leonardo’s most famous drawing, “The Vitruvian Man.” And to leave behind an anagram and Fibonacci’s famous numerical series as clues.Whatever this is about, it is enough to summon Langdon, who by now, he blushes to recall, has been described in an adoring magazine article as “Harrison Ford in Harris tweed.” Langdon’s latest manuscript, which “proposed some very unconventional interpretations of established religious iconography which would certainly be controversial,” is definitely germane.Also soon on the scene is the cryptologist Sophie Neveu, a chip off the author’s earlier prototypes: “Unlike the cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and genuineness that radiated a striking personal confidence.” Even if he had not contrived this entire story as a hunt for the Lost Sacred Feminine essence, women in particular would love Mr. Brown.The book moves at a breakneck pace, with the author seeming thoroughly to enjoy his contrivances. Virtually every chapter ends with a cliffhanger: not easy, considering the amount of plain old talking that gets done. And Sophie and Langdon are sent on the run, the better to churn up a thriller atmosphere. To their credit, they evade their pursuers as ingeniously as they do most everything else.When being followed via a global positioning system, for instance, it is smart to send the sensor flying out a 40-foot window and lead pursuers to think you have done the same. Somehow the book manages to reconcile such derring-do with remarks like, “And did you know that if you divide the number of female bees by the number of male bees in any beehive in the world, you always get the same number?”“The Da Vinci Code” is breezy enough even to make fun of its characters’ own cleverness. At one point Langdon is asked by his host whether he has hidden a sought-after treasure carefully enough. “Actually,” Langdon says, unable to hide his grin, “that depends on how often you dust under your couch.”36. Why does the author use the word “wow” to describe the novel The Da Vinci Code?A. Because the word reads the same backwards.B. Because it is also linked to the sport of football.C. Because the novel is imbued with perplexing enigmas and smartly wrought.D. Because the novel is a bestseller.37. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Dan Brown, author of “The Da Vinci Code” has published so far four novels.B. The Da Vinci Code begins with a mysterious murder case in the Gallery of Luvre.C. In his earlier novels, Dan Brown has created characters like Sophie Neveu.D. The Da Vinci Code wins the popularity among women because Dan Brown is afervent feminist.38. It can be inferred from the passage that Harry Potter is all the following EXCEPT.A. It is also a bestseller around the worldB. It attracts readers with heart-throbbing suspenseC. It is characterized by hoax and unreliable plotsD. It has achieved immense popularity with readers39. The major factor that contributes to the success of The Da Vinci Code isA. the engrossing prologueB. the depiction of the female protagonist Sophie NeveuC. the breakneck pace and a cliffhanger at the end of almost every chapterD. the colorful description of the cleverness of the characters40. The author’s attitude towards “The Da Vince Code” is .A. criticalB. indifferentC. affirmativeD. sarcasticPaper Two(注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet II上)Part III Cloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet II.It was during the nineteenth century that the rapid development of the heat engine took place, and with ever increasing power at the disposal of man, the mechanical age began. The demand 41 more and more power as new industries evolved created a great incentive for invention. At first, attention was solely devoted to practical improvement, but 42 the trend was more toward philosophical reasoning, with a result that engineers found 43 necessary to review their fundamental ideas. It was seen that the consideration of practical detail 44 was insufficient in the attempt to produce more efficient machines. Theoretical reasoning was also necessary, and it was through the work of men such as Carnot, Gibbs and others, 45 the theoretical study developed. The 46 of their philosophy and the skill of the craftsmen, together with the ingenuity of the practical engineers, resulted 47 progressively more efficient engines.48 with the prime movers of the nineteenth century, our present-day engines and power plants are very efficient. Nevertheless, design and development engineers are continually striving to produce even more efficient machines. In this task they must engage in conflict 49 the restrictions which Nature imposes upon energy conversion processes, and they must be 50 with the knowledge which is gained from the study of the subject of Thermodynamics.Part IV Translation (15%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.现在教育和就业的距离正在拉大。

2006年华东师范大学博士生英语试卷1

华东师范大学2006年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line throughthe center.1. Police believe that many burglars are amateurs who would flee if an alarm sounded orlights .A. came outB. came onC. came toD. came down2. Mr. Jenkins drove along at his usual high speed for police cars in his mirrorfrom time to time to make sure he was safe.A. pulling outB. running throughC. going aheadD. watching out3. Miss Tracy moved to New York in the early 1960s, apparently to escape jealous friendswho were becoming increasingly of her success.A. delightfulB. gracefulC. resentfulD. respectful4. In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies; in practice, theymust conform to a global economic model or risk being by the market.A. replacedB. overlookedC. saturatedD. penalized5. Mrs. Black finds that her piano has always had the magic power of taking her awayfrom the grim realities of daily life and her to fairyland of her own once she started to play.A. transformingB. transportingC. transplantingD. transcending6. It is hard to think of a field in which it is not important to what is likelyto happen and act accordingly.A. look outB. figure outC. turn outD. point out7. At about the same time, some black Christians walked in protest out of churches wherethey were forced to worship in sections.A. segregatedB. sustainedC. connectedD. engaged8. San Francisco climbs and falls over numerous hills, which provides views of thewide bay and the Golden Gate Bridge.A. flashyB. transientC. breathtakingD. ambiguous9. Martin Luther King, Jr. persuaded his followers to bring the of the AmericanNegroes to the attention of the United Nations, but they did not act very effectively.A. conspiracyB. pledgeC. plightD. compulsion10. Even though strong evidence has proved the nicotine to be , the tobacco companystill insists that its products are harmless.A. solubleB. deficientC. addictiveD. skeptical11. Prof. Flynn found no students in the lecture hall when he arrived. Only then did he realizethat he came early.A. too muchB. so muchC. much tooD. much so12. I wanted to be sure a sudden emergency that we gave the right advice.A. on account ofB. in case ofC. at the risk ofD. in spite of13. in India, the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who foundit in Africa.A. Originally cultivatedB. Having originally cultivatedC. Originally being cultivatedD.Although it originally cultivated14. It was the end of my exhausting first day as a waitress, and I really appreciatedtime to relax.A. to haveB. havingC. to have hadD. of having15. We’ve just installed central heating, should make a tremendous difference tothe house next winter.A. whatB. thatC. itD. which16. So fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.A.has light traveledB.light travelsC.does light travelD.travels light17. she was living in Paris that she met her husband Terry.A. Just whenB. It was whileC. Soon afterD. During the time when18. While crossing the mountain areas, all the men had guns for protection lest theyby the local bandits.A. be attackedB. must be attackedC. were attackedD.would be attacked19. The police chief announced that the deaths of two young girls would soon be inquired .A. aboutB. ofC. intoD. after20. They were more than glad to leave their cars parked and walked a change.A. asB. forC. toD. byPart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet I with a single line through the center.(1)When the brash British raider Sir James Goldsmith calculated that U. S. timberland was a tempting prize, he launched a $500-million bid to take over San Francisco’s Crown Zellerbach paper company in order to grab the corporation’s vast forests. As a result, Goldsmith owns 1.9 million acres of forests in Washington State, Oregon, Mississippi and Louisiana.The United States seems to have become a country for sale. Foreign ownership in the United States, including everything from real estate to securities, rose to a remarkable $ 1.33 trillion last year, up 25.5 percent from the previous year. Foreign investors now own 46 percent of the commercial real estate in downtown Los Angeles, 39 percent in downtown Houston, 32 percent in downtown Minneapolis and 21 percent in downtown Manhattan.Esteemed U. S. corporate nameplates have been changing citizenship at a rapid clip. Smith & Wesson handguns have gone to the British. General Electric television sets have been bought by the French, Carnation foods by the Swiss, General Tire by the West Germans.In fact, the question of what is truly America has become befuddling. The British, who burned Washington in 1814, have built or bought an estimated $773 million in District of Columbia property, including ownership of the famed Watergate complex. And what about breakfast (or a diamond ring) at Tiffany, or drinks in the cultured atmosphere of Manhattan’s Algonquin Hotel? Those vintage landmark buildings are now Japanese possessions.The reasons for the rush to buy are abundantly clear. The U. S. dollar has plunged more than 50 percent in value during the past three years against such major foreign currencies as the Japanese yen, the West German mark and the British pound. The result is that everything with a dollar-denominated price tag has looked like a tremendous steal to holders of stronger currencies.Japanese bargain shoppers increasingly cover neglected American gambling casinos. In April last year, Ginji Yasuda, a Korean-born Japanese, bought the 1100-room Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas for $ 54 million and reopened it after spending another $30 million to restore its glitzy décor. Says Yasuda: “You have a lot of dreams still available in this country that you don’t have in Japan.” He plans to shuttle customers from Japan in a posh jet equipped with sleeping cabins.Wile the Japanese have largely shied away from takeovers of major U. S. industrialcorporations, at least partly in fear of a public relations backlash, the least inhibited bidders have been the British. They committed more than $27 billions last year to U. S. takeovers.21. Sir James Goldsmith owns vast forests in the United States because .A. he is a relentless raiderB. he has been awarded a grand prizeC. he has taken over a U. S. paper companyD. he has a number of corporations in Washington State22. Foreign ownership of the commercial real estate in downtown Los Angeles was 14 percentmore than it was .A. in downtown San FranciscoB. in downtown HoustonC. in downtown ManhattanD. in downtown Minneapolis23. In the United States, the British have already come into possession of .A. the Watergate complex and General TireB. General Electric and General TireC. Manhattan’s Algonquin Hotel and the Watergate complexD. Smith & Wesson and the Watergate complex24. Judging from the context the phrase “a tremendous steal” in Paragraph 5 means.A. something extremely cheapB. something too expensiveC. something worth buyingD. something dangerous but profitable25. According to the passage, the Japanese investors .A. have been slow in making large investments in land in the United StatesB. have showed more interest in US major industrial corporations than in gambling housesC. are not so bold as the British in taking over major US industrial corporationsD. have proved themselves the least inhibited bidders in the United States(2)Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories, supervision have been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both puplic and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The manager’s a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers’efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial managers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities – even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry – not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There areplanning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that .A. industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and ofnational economiesB. industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businessesand of national economiesC. the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to dowith industrial managementD. industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years27. The top manager .A. is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficientlyB. gets other managers to choose and train themselvesC. manages other managers’ operationsD. learns new techniques from other managers28. All managers employ .A. various methods to solve their practical and complex problemsB. specialists to keep machines working properlyC. workers who give on-the-job trainingD. advisers to handle practical and complex problems29. Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc. _______.A. because the labor unions demand themB. just to improve the workers’moraleC. to obtain greater efficiency from workersD. to ensure the good working conditions30. The essence of all management functions is .A. to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterpriseB. the coordination of the functions of managementC. the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement ofindividual objectivesD. to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and control(3)The genetic characteristics of all life forms on earth are embodied in the chemical structure of DNA molecules. An organism’s DNA molecules provide a complete blueprint forits physical makeup. Genetic engineering is the process of altering the DNA genetic codeto change the characteristics of plants and animals. Through the process, scientists can literally build to order new life forms that perform desired functions. For hundreds of years, humans have engineered the development of food crops and domesticated animals through selective breeding practices. For example, the modern dairy cow is the result of centuriesof carefully breeding individual animals that carried the genetic trait for high milk production. However, new technology makes it possible for scientists to restructure the DNA molecules themselves and thus obtain more rapid and more radical genetic changes than were possible in the past. This new process is commonly called recombinant DNA technology or gene splicing because it involves disassembling the DNA molecule and then recombining or splicing the pieces according to a new pattern. The genespliced DNA molecule may have a genetic code that has never existed before.Although recombinant DNA technology is still in its infancy, it has already demonstratedits value. New crop breeds produced by his process are already growing in farmers’fields. Crops that are genetically engineered to resist pests, diseases, and drought could be important in efforts to alleviate starvation around the world. Scientists are trying to use genetic engineering to produce important drugs such as insulin and interferon cheaply. They are also working on a genetically engineered generation of wonder drugs to combat cancer and other killer diseases. However, the recombinant DNA technology brings with it problems our society has not previously faced. Gene splicing could produce new disease microorganisms, deadly to us or to the plants and animals upon which we depend. The possibility of altering human genetic structure raises serious moral, political, and social issues. Genetic engineering illustrates dramatically the promises and dangers of technological development. The decisions our society makes about genetic engineering will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come.31. The best title for this passage is .A. The Basic Function of Genetic EngineeringB. New Applications of Genetic EngineeringC. Recombinant DNA Technology, A New Process in Genetic EngineeringD. The Promises & Dangers of Technological Development32. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about recombinant DNA technology?A. It can bring about rapid and radical genetic changes in life forms.B. It can be used to restructure DNA molecules to produce new desired plant and animalbreeds.C. It may increase the risk of producing some unexpected diseases.D. It proves an effective way to cure cancer and other incurable diseases.33. The word “alleviate” in paragraph 2 is nearest in meaning to .A. relieveB. avoidC. eliminateD. terminate34. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. there will inevitably be a heated debate over the general application of therecombinant DNA technologyB. the use of the recombinant DNA technology on human beings will be forbiddenC. the recombinant DNA technology can be traced back to hundreds of years agoD. serious dilemmas may be generated when it is used to modify human genetic code35. The author’s attitude towards genetic technologies is .A. enthusiasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. objective(4)The word for “The Da Vinci Code”is a rare invertible palindrome. Rotated 180 degrees on a horizontal axis so that it is upside down, it denotes the maternal essence that is sometimes linked to the sport of soccer. Read right side up, it concisely conveys the kind of extreme enthusiasm with which this riddle-filled, code-breaking, exhilaratingly brainy thriller can be recommended. That word is wow.The author is Dan Brown (a name you will want to remember). In this gleefully erudite suspense novel, Mr. Brown takes the format he has been developing through three earlier novels and fine-tunes it to blockbuster perfection. Not since the advent of Harry Potter has an author so flagrantly delighted in leading readers on a breathless chase and coaxing them through hoops. Consider the new book’s prologue, set in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre. (This is the kind of book that notices that this one gallery’s length is three times that of the Washington Monument.) It embroils a Caravaggio, an albino monk and a curator in a fight to the death. That’s scene leaving little doubt that the author knows how to pique interest, as the curator, Jacques Sauniere, fights for his life.Desperately seizing the painting in order to activate the museum’s alarm system, Sauniere succeeds in buying some time. And he uses these stolen moments? Which are his last? To take off his clothes, draw a circle and arrange himself like the figure in Leonardo’smost famous drawing, “The Vitruvian Man.”And to leave behind an anagram and Fibonacci’s famous numerical series as clues.Whatever this is about, it is enough to summon Langdon, who by now, he blushes to recall, has been described in an adoring magazine article as “Harrison Ford in Harris tweed.”Langdon’s latest manuscript, which “proposed some very unconventional interpretations of established religious iconography which would certainly be controversial,” is definitely germane.Also soon on the scene is the cryptologist Sophie Neveu, a chip off the author’s earlier prototypes: “Unlike the cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and genuineness that radiated a striking personal confidence.”Even if he had not contrived this entire story as a hunt for the Lost Sacred Feminine essence, women in particular would love Mr. Brown.The book moves at a breakneck pace, with the author seeming thoroughly to enjoy his contrivances. Virtually every chapter ends with a cliffhanger: not easy, considering the amount of plain old talking that gets done. And Sophie and Langdon are sent on the run, the better to churn up a thriller atmosphere. To their credit, they evade their pursuers as ingeniously as they do most everything else.When being followed via a global positioning system, for instance, it is smart to send the sensor flying out a 40-foot window and lead pursuers to think you have done the same. Somehow the book manages to reconcile such derring-do with remarks like, “And did you know that if you divide the number of female bees by the number of male bees in any beehive in the world, you always get the same number?”“The Da Vinci Code”is breezy enough even to make fun of its characters’own cleverness. At one point Langdon is asked by his host whether he has hidden a sought-after treasure carefully enough. “Actually,” Langdon says, unable to hide his grin, “that depends on how often you dust under your couch.”36. Why does the author use the word “wow” to describe the novel The Da Vinci Code?A. Because the word reads the same backwards.B. Because it is also linked to the sport of football.C. Because the novel is imbued with perplexing enigmas and smartly wrought.D. Because the novel is a bestseller.37. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Dan Brown, author of “The Da Vinci Code” has published so far four novels.B. The Da Vinci Code begins with a mysterious murder case in the Gallery of Luvre.C. In his earlier novels, Dan Brown has created characters like Sophie Neveu.D. The Da Vinci Code wins the popularity among women because Dan Brown is afervent feminist.38. It can be inferred from the passage that Harry Potter is all the following EXCEPT.A. It is also a bestseller around the worldB. It attracts readers with heart-throbbing suspenseC. It is characterized by hoax and unreliable plotsD. It has achieved immense popularity with readers39. The major factor that contributes to the success of The Da Vinci Code is .A. the engrossing prologueB. the depiction of the female protagonist Sophie NeveuC. the breakneck pace and a cliffhanger at the end of almost every chapterD. the colorful description of the cleverness of the characters40. The author’s attitude towards “The Da Vince Code” is .A. criticalB. indifferentC. affirmativeD. sarcasticPaper Two(注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet II上)Part III Cloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet II.It was during the nineteenth century that the rapid development of the heat engine took place, and with ever increasing power at the disposal of man, the mechanical age began. The demand 41 more and more power as new industries evolved created a great incentive for invention. At first, attention was solely devoted to practical improvement, but 42 the trend was more toward philosophical reasoning, with a result that engineers found 43 necessary to review their fundamental ideas. It was seen that the consideration of practical detail 44 was insufficient in the attempt to produce more efficient machines. Theoretical reasoning was also necessary, and it was through the work of men such as Carnot, Gibbs and others, 45 the theoretical study developed. The 46 of their philosophy and the skill of the craftsmen, together with the ingenuity of the practical engineers, resulted 47 progressively more efficient engines.48 with the prime movers of the nineteenth century, our present-day engines and power plants are very efficient. Nevertheless, design and development engineers are continually striving to produce even more efficient machines. In this task they must engage in conflict 49 the restrictions which Nature imposes upon energy conversion processes, and they must be 50 with the knowledge which is gained from the study of the subject of Thermodynamics. Part IV Translation (15%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.现在教育和就业的距离正在拉大。

2006年博英语试题

考博英语试题02年部分II. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job; and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae, or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is , of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also, an indication of growing importance of the curriculum vitae.(or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained. Everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.” your search is over. I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.16. The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns .A. informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB. promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work.17. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because .A. there is lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art .18. In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would .A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview19. Later, as one went on to apply more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter.A.something that would attract attention to one‟s applicationB. a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC.something that would offered that person reading itD. a lie that one could easily get with telling20. The job history has become such an important document because .A. there has been a decrease in the number of jobs advertisedB. there has been an increase in the number of “qualified” job huntersC. jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD. the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated2Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then , most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC‟s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.21. By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time, .A. most of them died of some sicknessB. their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC. most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD. most of their grants run out22. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students‟ theses within four years is lower than.A. 25%B. 40%C. 39%D. 10%23. All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC‟s policy except .A. all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB. there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.C. many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses.D. some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance24. The ESRC would prefer .A. that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers.B. to see higher standards of PhD students‟ theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC. more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD students.D. that PhD students were less modest in their aims25. what the ESRC can do is to .A. force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB. try to persuade universities to change their waysC. dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD. note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis3Influenza should not be dismissed as a trivial disease. It kills thousands of people every year at a very high cost to the economy, hits hardest the young and the elderly, and is most dangerous for people over the age of 65. influenza is mainly a seasonal illness of the winter months, though in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia and the Pacific it can occur all the year round.The damaging effects of influenza can be prevented by immunization, but constant changes of antigenic specificity of the virus necessitate a different composition of the vaccine from one year to another. The network of WHO Collaborating Centers for Influenza and national institutes carries out influenza surveillance activities to monitor the evaluation of influenza virus strains, and WHO hold an annual consultation at the end of February to recommend the composition of the vaccine for the forthcoming epidemiological season. These recommendations are published immediately in the Weekly epidemiological record.Vaccination each year against influenza is recommended for certain high-risk populations. In closed or semi-closed settings, maximum benefit from immunization is likely to be achieved when more than three-quarters of the population are vaccinated so that the benefit of “herd immunity” can be exploited. Special care should be taken of the following groups:--adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems requiring regular medical follow-up or who had been hospitalized during the previous year, including children with asthma;--residents of nursing homes and other establishments for patients of any age with chronic medical conditions;--all people over the age of 65.Physicians, nurses, and other personal in primary and intensive care units, who are potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high risk persons, should be immunized; visiting nurses and volunteer workers providing home care to high-risk persons should also be included.26. This passage .A. concerns the damaging effects of influenzaB. mentions the steps of fighting against the harmful effects of influenzaC. emphasizes the worry expressed by all age groupsD. both A and B27. That a different component part of the vaccine is necessary is principally due to the variable change of .A. virusB. strainC. antigenD. immunization28. Which has been done by World Health Organization in combating the bad effects of influenza?A. supervising the assessment of influenza virus strains.B. Holding meetings twice a year to provide the latest data concerning the composition of the vaccines.C. Publishing the related information in a WHO almanac.D. Stressing the importance of preventing influenza for people living in tropical areas of Asia.29. According to the passage, high-risk persons exclude which of the following kinds of people ?A. Children suffering from asthma.B. The elderly with chronic pulmonary diseases.C. Middle aged people with chronic heart diseases.D. Nurses taking special care of the sick.30. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?A. A surgery book.B. A psychology bookC. An epidemiology book.D. An obstetrics book4In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization‟s every step in search of reality. Science can not really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul‟s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all thee is to tell.” Until recently scientists wouldhave disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can conclude that objects fall to the ground because that is where they belong, and smoking goes up because that is where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.31. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is .A. to explain why things happenB. to explain how things happenC. to describe self-evident principlesD. to support Aristotelian science32. what principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?A. The speculations of ThalesB. The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravityC. Aristotle‟s natural scienceD. Galileo‟s discoveries33. Bertrand Russell‟s notion about electricity is .A. disapproved of by most modern scientistsB. in agreement with Aristotle‟s theory of self-evident principlesC. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happenD. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why ” things happen34. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea .A. that there are mysterious forces in the universeB. that man can not discover what forces “really” areC. that there are self-evident principlesD. that we can discover why things behave as they do35. Which of the following is the topic most likely to be discussed right after the passage?A. The most recent definition of “explain”B. The relationship between science and religionC. The limitations of scienceD. Galileo and the birth of modern science.5Some weeks ago, riding in a cab from Boston to Cambridge, my driver turned and asked me what I did for a living . “Teach English”, I said. “Is that so? ” The young man continued. “I was an English major” But then, instead of chatting idly about Joyce or dropping the subject altogether, this driver caught me short. “You guys,” he said, turning back so that his furry face pressed into the glass partition, “ought to be shot” I think he meant it .The guilty party in this present state of affairs is not really the academic discipline. It is not the fault of English and philosophy and biology that engineering and accounting and computer science afford students better job opportunities and increased flexibility in career choice. Literature and an understanding of, say, man‟s evolutionary past are as important as ever. They simply are no longer perceived in today‟s market as salable. That is a harsh economic fact. And it is not only true in the United States. Employment prospects for liberal arts graduates in Canada, for example, are said to be the worst since the 1930s.What to do? I think it would be shortsighted for colleges and universities to advise students against majoring in certain subjects that do not appear linked (at least directly) to careers. Where our energies should be directed instead is toward the development of educational programs that combine course sequences in the liberal arts with course in the viable professions. Double majors---one for enrichment, one for earning one‟s bread---have never been promoted very seriously in our institutions of higher learning, mainly because liberal arts and professional-vocational faculties have long been suspicious or contemptuous of one another. Thus students have been directed to one path or the other, to the disadvantage of both students and faculty.A hopeful cue could be taken, it seems to me, from new attempts in the health profession(nursing and pharmacy, for example), where jobs are still plentiful, to give the humanities and social sciences a greater share of the curriculum. Why could not the traditional history major in the college of arts and sciences be pointed toward additional courses in the business school, or to engineering, or to physical therapy? This strategy requires a new commitment from both the institution and the student and demands a much harder look at the allocation of time and resources. But in an age of adversity, double majors are one way liberal arts students can more effectively prepare for the world outside.36. What is the chief purpose of double majors?A. To help graduates of history major become successful businessmen.B. To provide liberal arts graduates with a method of meeting effectively the challenge in employment.C. To extend their knowledge learnt in the college.D. To moderate the tension between liberal arts and vocational faculties.37. In paragraph 1, the sentence “You guys ought to be shot” shows that at heart the driver .A. felt greatly regretted about the major he had chosenB. felt a deep hatred for all the English teachers in his former collegeC. complained that his teachers hadn‟t taught him how to survive in this competitive society.D. held a deep contempt in the author because of his scholastic manner38. It can be inferred from the passage that the blame for the present state of affairs lies in the fact that .A. the course sequences themselves are unreliable.B. more and more students start to select science majorsC. almost none of the specialties the students major in might be salable in today‟s marketD. the opportunities of employment are scarce for graduates of non-science majors39. The obstacles in course sequences in academic schooling are indicated in all of the following EXCEPT .A. the misguidance of major-selection in some of the institutions of higher learningB. the current curriculum couldn‟t keep up with the development of the societyC. the inharmonious relation among the teaching facultiesD. the authorities of higher learning attach only little importance to course sequences40. This passage can best be titled as .A. Harsh Economic FactB. Double Majors, a Way OutC. Careers, Schooling fro BetterD. Market for Graduates6Does an unborn baby know his mother‟s voice? psychology professor Anthony DeCasper advised an ingenious experiment to find out. He placed padded earphones over a newborn‟s ears and gave him a bottle nipple attached to a closed rubber tube. Changes in pressure in the tube switched channels on a tape recorder. If the baby paused extra long between bursts of sucking, he heard on channel; if he paused shorter than average, he heard the other. The baby now had the ability, in effect to change channels.DeCasper found that newborns choose the recording of their mother‟s voice over that of another woman‟s. The baby, however, has no innate interest in his father‟s voice, which is heard in the womb only from time to time, while the mother‟s voice is ever present. Within two weeks after birth, however, the baby can recognize Dad‟s voice too.A newborn is even attuned to the cadence and rhythm of his native language. In a French study using a setup similar to DeCasper‟s, French babies given the choice between French and Russian words responded more to the sound of French.Brian Satt, a research specialist in clinical psychology, has parents sing a lullaby-like “womb song” to their babies. The unborn baby often develops a specific, consistent movement pattern when its song is sung. According to Satt, most parents can calm a fussy newborn with the song most of the time, which is a prize worth more than rubies to a new parent.He is roused by a heavy jolt. His mother has tripped and fallen heavily on one hip. He is much too well cushioned to experience any injury, but her pain and the fear that she may have hurt him floods both their bodies with adrenaline and other stress-related hormones. He cries and kicks vigorously, a cry never heard because there is no air to make sound. As she recovers the stress hormones ebb away, and he calms down too.41. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the unborn baby in the passage?A. An unborn baby can occasionally hear his father‟s voice.B. Dc. Casper‟s approach proved absolutely effective in a French experiment.C. An unborn baby is able to identify the tone and rhythm of his native language.D. Parents are able to soothe a fussy newly-born baby.42. According to the author, an unborn baby .A. is unable to identify his mother‟s lullaby after birthB. is able to identify his mother‟s voice rather than that of others‟C. is able to help release adrenaline and other stress-related hormonesD. is able to distinguish French accent from Russian accent43. It is known from the passage that .A. mother‟s stress, anger, shock or grief might not hurt the unborn baby in the wombB. an unborn baby‟s cry might never be heard because of the particular condition of the womb.C. lullabies are the most precious means to young parentsD. an unborn baby has to move at intervals in the womb44. The author believes that the reaction of an unborn baby to his mother‟s voice .A. belongs to one of the natural tendenciesB. is an indication which shows an unborn baby can use all his senses after birthC. is but a physiological circulation of any human beingD. is the most important factor which leads an unborn baby to the survival in the womb45. It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussed .A. the development of the baby in his mother‟ s wombB. the well-developed taste buds of the babyC. the fact that the baby remains motionless just as what he performs in the first month of his mother‟s pregnancyD. the fact that the baby can start to use some of his senses by the last few weeks of pregnancyⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination.”The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts.Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.2Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature---and this is particularly true of the literature written in English---knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy‟s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.Translate the following into English (10 points):从二十世纪中叶起，名国政府对科学技术的重视引起了各级教育机构的响应，理论科学和应用科学的巨大进步也激起了人们学习自然科学的兴趣，科学技术因此有了飞速的发展。

2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解时间：180分钟Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center 1.The concept of vocational or professional identity differs______between the United Sates and Japan.A.clearB.markedlyC.outstandinglyD.greedily【答案】B【解析】句意：美国和日本在职业或专业身份的概念定义上存在明显差异。

markedly明显地；显著地。

clear清楚的；明显的。

outstanding杰出的；突出的。

greedily贪婪地；贪食地。

此处需要的是具有“明显，显著”含义的副词。

2.Now that her son was old enough to support the family,Mr.Williams decided to leave everything at his______.A.handB.advocacyC.tacklingD.disposal【答案】D【解析】句意：既然她的儿子已长大到足以支撑整个家庭，威廉姆斯先生决定将所有事都交给他来处理。

(完整)2006年考研英语真题及答案,推荐文档

2006年考研英语试题及答案Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.__1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly _____2____. To help homeless people _____3___ independence, the federal government must support job training programs,_____4_____ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing._____5____everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates ____6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _____7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_____8____, one of the federal government’s studies _____9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.___11__when homeless individuals manage to find a ___12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street, Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others,____14____not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives _____16__.Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are_17___programs that address the many needs of the homeless. _____18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,___19__it. “There has to be _____20___of programs. What we need is a package deal.” 1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore 2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain 3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward 4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep 5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not 6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ 7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that 8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending 9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers 10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss 11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only 12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house 13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering 14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas 15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance 16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up 17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating 18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus 19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes 20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordinationSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption “launched by the 19th –century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. 21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably meansA. identifyingB. associatingC. assimilatingD. monopolizing 22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century A.played a role in the spread of popular culture. B.became intimate shops for common consumers. C.satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. D.owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. A.are resistant to homogenization. B.exert a great influence on American culture. C.are hardly a threat to the common culture. D.constitute the majority of the population. 24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5? A. To prove their popularity around the world. B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. C. To give examples of successful immigrants. D. To show the powerful influence of American culture. 25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society isA. rewardingB. successfulC. fruitlessD. harmful Text 2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (ASC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights. The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making. The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the ESC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)---lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to themwhen the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.Text 3 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that A. large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment. B. small species survived as large animals disappeared. C. large sea animals may face the same threat today. D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones 32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago. C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount. D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old. 33. By saying these figures are conservative (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that A. fishing technology has improved rapidly B. then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss D. the data collected so far are out of date. 34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that A. people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time. B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level. D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation 35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ A.management efficiency B.biomass level C.catch-size limits D.technological application. Text 4 Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda--to lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks. What we forget--what our economy depends on is forgetting--is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. 36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that A. Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music. B. Art grow out of both positive and negative feeling. C. Poets today are less skeptical of happiness. D. Artist have changed their focus of interest. 37. The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means somethingA. religiousB. unpleasantC. entertainingD. commercial 38.In the author’s opinion, advertising A.emerges in the wake of the anti-happy part. B.is a cause of disappointment for the general peer C.replace the church as a major source of information D.creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes A.Happiness more often than not ends in sadness. B.The anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing. C.Misery should be enjoyed rather than denied. D.The anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms 40.Which of the following is true of the text? A.Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. B.Art provides a balance between expectation and reality. C.People feel disappointed at the realities of morality. D.mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine. (41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gamblers. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a” cease admissions” letter notingthe medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety have to his safety or well-being. (42) ______________. The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”love” him to “engage in conduct against his will” well. (43) ______________. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall, (44) ______________.Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (45) ______________. Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on --you might say --addicted to--revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of NEWSWEEK reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business. (A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. (B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? (C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit. (D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government. (E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it. (F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. (G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so? Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points) Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties.--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment .This description even fits the majority eminent scholars .“Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say ,“is something else.”Section III Writing Part A 51. Directions: You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) Part B 52. Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should 1.describe the photos briefly, 2.interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and 3.give your point of view. 有两幅图片，图1 把崇拜写在脸上图2 花300元做“小贝头” 注：Beckham 是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。

2007年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2007年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePartⅠVocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.We hadn’t enough money to pay our bus fare,and in______we had to walk.A.particularB.consequenceC.possessionD.succession【答案】B【解析】句意：我们没有足够的钱付车费，结果我们就不得不走路。

in particular特别。

in possession(法)占有，持有。

in succession接连着。

2.Wealthy people sometimes feel a______to steal things they can easily afford to buy.A.prioritypulsionC.privilegeD.repulsion【答案】B【解析】句意：富人有时会一时冲动，偷窃他们明明能买得起的东西。

compulsion（心理）难以抗拒的冲动。

priority优先。

privilege特权。

repulsion（医）排斥，斥力。

3.This young man,______with a craving for materialistic gratification,cares about nothing but money.A.obsessedB.negotiatedpromisedD.provided【答案】A【解析】句意：这个年轻人，太痴迷于物质上的满足，除了金钱，他什么都不在乎。

2003~2006年南京大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2006年南京大学考博英语真题及详解SECTION I STRUCTUREANDVOCABULARY (40%)Part ADirections: Questions 1-10 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four choices, marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (10%)1. You don’t object ______ you by your first name, do you?A. that I callB. for callingC. that I am callingD. to my calling【答案】D【解析】object to (doing) sth.不赞成，反对做某事。

句中my是calling的逻辑主语。

object that结构中，that引出的部分应该是反对某事的理由，本题表达的不是反对理由，因此A项不符合。

2. ______ initial recognition while still quite young.A. Most famous scientists achievedB. That most famous scientists achievedC. Most famous scientists who achievedD. For most famous scientists to achieve【答案】A【解析】根据句子结构判断，空缺部分应该是句子主句部分，while引导的是时间状语，四个选项中，只有A项是独立、完整的句子。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编32(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编32(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The husband and wife were never in ______ or agreement about anything for five minutes together.A．sympathyB．harmonyC．symphonyD．consistency正确答案：B解析：harmony n.协调，和谐。

sympathy(with)n.同情(be in sympathy with赞同，同情)。

symphony n.交响乐，交响曲；(色彩等的)和谐，协调。

consistency n.一贯性，前后—致。

2．There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in complete ______ in a single country for long periods. (2006年财政部财政研究所考博试题)A．successB．revengeC．harmonyD．conscience正确答案：C解析：success成功；revenge复仇；harmony融洽，和谐；conscience良心，是非感。

根据题意，C为正确选项。

3．This year the farmers were just able to gather in the ______ before the fine weather came to an end.A．collectionB．seedC．yieldD．harvest正确答案：D解析：harvest n．收获，收割；收成。

collection n.收集，采集；收藏品。

seed n．种，种子。

yield n.产量；收益。

中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ VOCABULARY(15 minutes,10 points,0.5 point each) Directions:Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5Directions:For each blank in the following passage,choose the best answer from the four choices given below.Mark the correspondingletter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Section A(60 minutes,30 points)Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements.Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Read each passage carefully,and then select the choice that best answers tee,question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Directions:In each of the following passages,five sentences have been removed from the original text.They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75).For each passage,there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanksMark yourSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SIN75.A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1PART Ⅳ TRANSLATION(30 minutes,15 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese versionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3PART Ⅴ WRITING (40 minutes,20 points)1.Directions:Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic答案:。

2006年医学考博英语真题附答案

2006年医学考博英语真题附答案31.He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.B.endorsedC.cashed cash a check以支票兑换现款D.endowed捐赠, 赋予He is endowed with genius他赋有天才。

32.She claimed that she was denied admission to the school ___ her raceA.. by virtue of .依靠, 由于B.in accordance withC.with respect toD.on account of 由于33.The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.A..standing up坚持, 经得起, 拥护, 抵抗ing up流行, 发生, 被提出,上升,讨论,出现C.sitting in参加D.filling in34The witness was.___ by the judge for failing to answer the questionA. sentencedB.threatenedC.admonished告诫,劝告,警告,提醒,要求, 催D.jailed监禁35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private they are very worried.publicly adv.公然地, 舆论上A..put off 搪塞, 使分心, 使厌恶, 扔掉, 脱掉, 劝阻ugh off v.用笑摆脱C.pay off v. 报复, 赢利 y offv.解雇, 停止工作,休息, 划出36.It is sheer （完全的; 十足的） ___ to be home again and be able to relax.A.prestigen.声望, 威望, 威信B.paradise 天堂C.prideD.privacy秘密, 私事In such matters, privacy is impossible.在这类事情中, 保密是不可能的。

华东师大历年考博英语真题

2017年华东师范大学攻读博士学位研究生英语题型注：1、试题词汇涵盖六级或以上程度的词汇，但以六级词汇为主。

结构部分包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词，另有一些特殊句型。

2、阅读理解部分有5篇文章，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点。

每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。

3、英汉互译为各种题材的段落翻译。

4、作文要求考生语法规范、措辞精当、语句流畅。

5、试卷一所选答案须用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，试卷二试题的答案须用钢笔或原珠笔做在相应的答题纸上。

6、考试时间为180分钟。

华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。

华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1.doc

华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1(总分：148.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Research shows heavy coffee drinking is ______ a small increase in blood pressure, but not enough to increase the risk for high blood pressure.（分数：2.00）A.associated withpared withC.attributed toD.referred to2.A large______of the sunlight never reaches the earth while infra-red heat given off by the earth is allowed to escape freely.（分数：2.00）A.proportionB.ratioC.rateD.fraction3.It is amusing that she______her father's bad temper as well as her mother's good looks.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.inheritedC.preservedD.maintained4.______the few who have failed in their examination, all the other students in the hall are in very high spirits.（分数：2.00）A.In spite thatB.But forC.For the sake ofD.Apart from5.The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last______the attention of average Americans.（分数：2.00）A.clarifiedB.cultivatedC.capturedD.characterized6.That he brought the company big profits wouldn't______putting the company's money into his own pockets.（分数：2.00）A.justifyB.clarifyC.testifyD.amplify7.We're______50 new staff this year as business grows.（分数：2.00）A.taking overB.taking inC.taking onD.taking up8.Is the theory of evolution in direct ______with religious teachings, or does it leave room for debate?（分数：2.00）parisonB.distinctionC.disturbanceD.contradiction9.Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into______.（分数：2.00）A.dissolutionB.decayC.declineD.depression10.A transplant operation is successful only if doctors can prevent the body from rejecting the ______organ.（分数：2.00）A.borrowedB.strangeC.novelD.foreign11.Then in June 1967 the country______diplomatic relations with Israel after the outbreak of the Six Day War.（分数：2.00）A.broke awayB.broke offC.cut outD.cut down12.Everyone has faced the embarrassing______of deciding how much extra to give a waiter or taxi-driver.（分数：2.00）A.incidentB.eventC.dilemmaD.menace13.The school arranged road trip appears to______the spring break.（分数：2.00）A.conform toB.coincide withC.consist inD.collide with14.The new airport terminal is sure to______the development of tourism.（分数：2.00）A.imitateB.fascinateC.imposeD.facilitate15.The Huntington Library has an______collection of rare books and manuscripts of British and American history and literature.（分数：2.00）A.intensiveB.intentionalC.extensiveD.extensional16.Inflation will reach its highest in a decade across most of Asia this year, threatening to______ recent productivity gains.（分数：2.00）A.reverseB.reserveC.retrieveD.revise17.Those governments will provide big food and fuel______according to the Asian Development Bank.（分数：2.00）A.substitutesB.substancesC.subsequencesD.subsidies18.In mild winters apple buds began to break soon after Christmas, leaving them______to frost damage.（分数：2.00）A.reluctantB.toughC.hostileD.vulnerable19.What is happening is a survival-of-the-fittest struggle affecting ______ smaller factories in relatively low-tech, labor-intensive industries.（分数：2.00）A.primarilyB.rationallyC.primitivelyD.respectively20.A traditional critic has the advantage of being able to______standards and values inherited from the past.（分数：2.00）A.turn upB.turn overC.turn toD.turn in21.Susan never took any cookery courses; she learned cooking by ______ useful tips from TV cookery programs.（分数：2.00）A.bringing upB.picking upC.putting upD.pulling up22.The President______his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.（分数：2.00）A.promotedB.substitutedC.displacedD.authorized23.It______without saying that consumers would be happier if prices were lower.（分数：2.00）A.takesB.appearsC.goesD.makes24.The world economic recession put an______end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.（分数：2.00）A.irregularB.illegalC.absurdD.abrupt25.I'm______about how you discovered my website, and I'm very glad if you enjoy it.（分数：2.00）A.mysteriousB.furiousC.curiousD.serious26.The Labor Party's electoral strategy, based on an______with other smaller parties, has proved successful.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintanceB.integrationC.intimacyD.alliance27.The new aircraft will be______to a test of temperatures of -65℃ and 120℃.（分数：2.00）A.suspendedB.suppressedC.subjectedD.summoned28.The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful______to my ordinary income.（分数：2.00）A.supplementB.profitC.subsidyD.replacement29.Chinese people are now enjoying better dental heath, as shown by the declining______ of tooth decay.（分数：2.00）A.incidenceB.treatmentC.consequenceD.misfortune30.Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ______ of fish from becoming extinct.（分数：2.00）A.sourcesB.speciesC.numbersD.members二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically【C1】______, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been【C2】______for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very【C3】______of money itself," only to【C4】______itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so【C5】______in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work【C6】______the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very【C7】______to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the【C8】______form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they【C9】______receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to【C10】______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" — it takes several days【C11】______a check is cashed and funds are【C12】______from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.【C13】______electronic payments are immediate; they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may【C14】______security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information【C15】______there. The fact that this is not an【C16】______occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and【C17】______from someone else's accounts. The【C18】______of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to【C19】______security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic【C20】______that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.offB.backC.overD.around(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.powerB.conceptC.historyD.role(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.rewardB.resistC.resumeD.reverse(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.silentB.suddenC.slowD.steady(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.forB.againstC.withD.on(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.imaginativeB.expensiveC.sensitiveD.productive(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.originalC.temporaryD.dominant(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.collectC.copyD.print(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.give upB.take overC.bring backD.pass down(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.keptB.borrowedC.releasedD.withdrawn(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.UnlessB.UntilC.BecauseD.Though(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.hideB.expressC.raiseD.ease(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.analyzedB.sharedC.storedD.displayed(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.unsafeB.unnaturalC.uncommonD.unclear(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.return(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.considerationB.preventionC.manipulationD.justification(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）B.fight againstC.adapt toD.call for(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.chunkB.chipC.pathD.trail三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：42.00)A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is that of friendship. Friendships among Americans tend to be shorter and less intense than those among people from many other cultures. At least many observers from abroad have this impression. Because Americans are taught to be self-reliant, because they live in a very mobile society, and for many other reasons as well, they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people. Furthermore, Americans tend to "compartmentalize" their friendships, having their "friends at work" , "friends at school" , a "tennis friend" , and so on. Americans often seem very friendly, even when you first meet them. This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship. The result of these attitudes and behaviors is sometimes viewed by foreigner as an "inability to be friends". Other times it is seen as a normal way to retain personal happiness in a mobile, ever-changing society. People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information, but they shape people's thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general(for example, that they are very hard working, intelligent, and rich; that they do not speak English well)and about particular categories of foreign students(Chinese are polite and good at mathematics, for example, or Italians are emotional). And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans, for example, that they are arrogant, rude, and generous. There are two stereotypes that often effect male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students. The first is the idea, held by some foreign males, that American females are invariably willing, if not anxious, to have sex. The second common stereotype, held by some American females, is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having sex with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable, given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information, so it is not realistic to suppose people can "forget their stereotypes". But they can be aware of their stereotypes, and be ready to find exceptions to them.（分数：10.00）(1).Concerning friendship, Americans______.（分数：2.00）A.look for a deeper relationship in a close circleB.avoid deep relationship with other peopleC.are friendly at first but do not remain so later onD.do not make good friends(2).The word "compartmentalize" in the first paragraph means " ______".（分数：2.00）A.separate in categoriesB.treat differentlyC.evaluate accordinglyD.judge fairly(3).The author's attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.approvingB.criticalC.biasedD.objective(4).According to the author, stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students are______.（分数：2.00）A.helpfulB.meaning lessC.harmfuleless(5).According to the author, stereotypes seem unavoidable because______.（分数：2.00）A.it is natural to have themB.it is easy to find exceptionsC.they provide better understandingD.they contribute to friendshipYou may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things. In the supermarket, it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the " decompression zone". People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion. Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people feel less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on. Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost "dwell time" : the length of time people spend in a store. Traditionally retailers measure "football" , as the number of people entering a store is known, but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. But nowadays, a piece of technology can fill the gap: the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a British company tracked people's phones at Gunwharf Quays, a large retailer centre in Portsmouth —not by monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically to cellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose 1 $ sales rose 1. 3% . Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about how shoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about what to buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces, involving emotion and memories, are clearly also at work.（分数：10.00）(1).In Paragraph 2, "decompression zone" is the area meant to______.（分数：2.00）A.prepare shoppers for the mood of buyingB.offer shoppers a place to have a restC.encourage shoppers to try new productsD.provide shoppers with discount information(2).Putting fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers' ______.（分数：2.00）mon senseB.shopping habitsC.shopping psychologyD.concerns with time(3).Path intelligence uses a technology to______.（分数：2.00）A.measure how long people stay at a storeB.count how many people enter a storeC.find out what people buy in a storeD.monitor what people say and do in a store(4).The author argues that shoppers______.（分数：2.00）A.exert more influence on stores than they imagineB.are more likely to make rational choices than they knowC.have more control over what they buy than they assumeD.tend to make more emotional decisions than they think(5).The best title for the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.New Technology Boosts Stores' SalesB.How Shoppers Make Choices in StoresC.The Science behind Stores' ArrangementsD.Rational and Irrational Ways of Shopping31.In the past, degrees were very unusual in my family. I remember the day my uncle graduated. We had a huge party, and for many years my mother called him "the genius" and listened to his opinion. Today in comparison, five of my brothers and sisters have degrees, and two are studying for their masters'. However, some people think that this increased access to education is devaluing degrees. People have several arguments against the need for degrees. They say that having so many graduates devalues a degree. People lose respect for the degree holder. It is also claimed that education has become a rat race. Graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of studying. Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to learners becoming inflexible. They know a lot about one narrow subject, but are unable to apply their skills. Employers prefer more flexible and adaptable workers. However, I feel strongly that this move to having more qualifications is a positive development. In the past education was only for the rich and powerful. Now it is available to everyone, and this will have many advantages for the country and the individual. First of all, it is impossible to be overeducated. The more people are exchanging ideas. A further point is that people with degrees have many more opportunities. They can take a wider variety of jobs and do what they enjoy doing, instead of being forced to take a job they dislike. Finally, a highly educated workforce is good for the economy of the country. It attracts foreign investment. In conclusion, although there are undoubtedly some problems with increased levels of education, I feel strongly that the country can only progress if all its people are educated to the maximum of their ability.What can we learn about the author's family?（分数：2.00）A.They used to disregard education.B.They are overeducated now.C.Few members were allowed to go to school in the past.D.There are now more educated members than in the past.I have a vegetable garden and every summer I enjoy eating my own vegetables. One day last summer I picked a dozen carrots. Usually, as soon as I have picked the carrots, I clean the dirt off them by washing them in a bucket of water. But this day, as I was getting up from the ground with my twelve carrots, I tripped(绊)and fell over the bucket. The water spilled out of the bucket, so I decided to wash the carrots quickly in the kitchen sink. I put the carrots in the sink, washed them with water, and watched all the dirt washed away down the drain. The next day, when I was washing dishes, I noticed that the water drained out of the sink much more slowly than usual. It drained so slowly that I called a plumber(水管工)to come and fix my drain. The plumber tried a lot of different cleaners and equipment, but nothing worked. He had to cut a hole in the floor where the drain pipe was in order to try to find the problem. While he was cutting the small hole,he accidentally cut the hot-water pipe. Hot water sprayed over the plumber, onto the floor, under the refrigerator; water went everywhere. My refrigerator stopped working because the water had affected the electrical wires. I called an electrician to come and fix the refrigerator. The electrician had to move the refrigerator to work on the wires. As she was balancing it, she tripped over the plumber's tools. She fell down and the refrigerator tipped over. It crashed into the wall, resulting in a huge hole in the wall. I called a carpenter to come and fix the wall. In order to repair the hole in the wall, the carpenter had to tear down half of the entire wall. Meanwhile, the plumber was still looking for the source of the drain problem. Since the kitchen was in a terrible mess anyway, the plumber decided to remove part of the floor to look at the pipe there. In the middle of the floor, he found the problem: the dirt from the carrots was stuck in the pipe and nothing could go through. Now I had a sink that did not drain, a refrigerator that did not work, a wall that was half gone, and part of a floor that was missing. I looked at this disaster and decided that what I really needed was a new kitchen. Finally, I called a house builder to come and fix my kitchen. Three weeks later I had a new sink, a new refrigerator, new cupboards on a new wall, new tiles on a new floor, and $ 10, 000 less in my bank.（分数：10.00）(1).The carrots were washed in the sink instead of the bucket because______.（分数：2.00）A.the water bucket fell overB.dinner needed to be made soonC.carrots were always washed in itD.they could be washed more cleanly(2).The plumber did all the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.cut a hole in the floorB.cut the hot-water pipeC.try different cleanersD.tear down part of the wall(3).Which of the following caused the hole in the wall?（分数：2.00）A.Water that sprayed on it.B.The electrician who worked on the wires.C.The refrigerator that crashed into it.D.The plumber who used a wrong tool.(4).Which of the following items was NOT damaged?（分数：2.00）A.The wallB.The ceilingC.The hot water pipe.D.The floor.(5).The best title of the passage would be "______".（分数：2.00）A.How a dozen carrots cost $ 10, 000B.What the dirt from carrots could doC.Carrots can be very expensiveD.A careless homeownerMore boys than girls are born all over the world, but a new study has found that the closer people live to the equator(赤道), the smaller the difference becomes. No one knows why. The imbalanced sex ratio at birth has been known for more than a hundred years, and researchers have found a large variety of social, economic and biological factors that relate to the sex ratio at birth-war, economic stress, age, diet, selective abortion and more. But latitude(纬度)is a natural phenomenon, unaffected by cultural or economic factors. To look at the effect of latitude, Kristen J. Navara of the University of Georgia used the latitude of the capital city in 202 countries, as well as 10 years of data on sex ratio at birth and annual variations in day length and temperature. Dr. Navara performed a statistical analysis which showed that there was a significant relation betweensex ratios in favor of boys and latitude. African countries produced the lowest sex ratios—50. 7 percent boys—and European and Asian countries had the highest with 51. 4 percent. There are some possible explanations, but none entirely satisfactory. It could be that there is some survival value in producing more girls in warmer regions, but it is unclear what this might be. There may be genetic or racial differences that could explain it, but the connection persists over so many varied populations that this seems unlikely. Mice also produce more male offspring during shorter days or colder weather, but the reasons in these animals are just as mysterious as they are in humans. " There's a possibility that humans might be responding to factors they were programmed to respond to a long time ago-not cultural or socioeconomic, but climate and things like latitude," Dr. Navara said. " What's interesting is that we may be seeing something that connects us with our animal ancestry. "（分数：10.00）(1).What can be learned from the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The closer to the equator, the more boys are born.B.Boys are more used to colder places.C.Girls have a higher birth rate than boys near the equator.D.In warmer places the birth ratio between boys and girls is lower.(2).Out of all the influencing factors of birth ratio, Dr. Navara focuses on______.（分数：2.00）A.cultureB.economytitudeD.stress(3).Dr. Navara reached her conclusion through______.（分数：2.00）paring dataB.field studyC.conducting a surveyD.map reading(4).According to Navara, which of the following probably explains the imbalanced sex ratio?（分数：2.00）A.There is cultural preference for boys.B.Humans are designed that way by nature.C.Different races have different birth ratios.D.Humans are different from animals in birth ratio.(5).What is the purpose of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.To tell a mysterious story.B.To report a scientific experiment.C.To explain an interesting phenomenon.D.To argue for a viewpoint.四、English-Chinese Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)32.I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have an ordeal of the most grievous kind before us. We have many, many months of struggle and suffering before us. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim?I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs; victory in spite of all terrors; victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 五、Chinese-English Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)33.都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编31(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编31(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Under the teacher’s stern______, the little boy broke down and confessed to cheating. (2011年华东师范大学试题)A．glanceB．glimpseC．gazeD．stare正确答案：C解析：四个选项的意思分别是glance一瞥，瞥视；glimpse一瞥，一看；gaze 凝视，端详(指长时间目不转睛地看)；stare凝视，瞪视。

句意是在老师严厉的目光下，小男孩的精神防线彻底垮掉了，承认了考试作弊。

所以正确答案是C。

2．To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.(2010年厦门大学考博试题)A．improveB．enhanceC．guaranteeD．gear正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：improve“改善，增进”；enhance“增加，提高”；guarantee“保证，担保”；gear(常与to连用)“使适应，使适合”。

根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是D。

3．The steam can______ electricity by turning an electric generator.A．causeB．growC．generateD．rouse正确答案：C解析：generate vt．发生，产：生(光、热、电等)；引起，导致(如：The machine generates electricity／gas／steam．A fire generates heat；A good diplomat generates good will．)。

2006年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2006年华东师范大学244二外英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary (25%)Directions:Choose the best ONE answer to fill in the blank with or replace the underlined part in each of the sentences.1. Parents should act on the _____ that children are best left to themselves.A. principleB. principalC. rulingD. regulation【答案】A【解析】句意：父母应当坚持让孩子独立自主的信念。

principle道德；信条。

principal校长。

ruling统治。

regulation规则；法规。

根据句意，选择A项。

2. A lot of English _____ are difficult for foreigners to understand.A. useB. usageC. exerciseD. practice【答案】B【解析】句意：许多英语惯用语让外国人很费解。

English usage英语惯用语，为固定搭配。

根据句意，选择B项。

3. It’s believed that taking a walk in the early morning is always _____.A. storingB. strengtheningC. refreshingD. restoring【答案】C【解析】句意：人们相信，早晨散步使人神清气爽。

storing现成的。

strengthening使身体强壮。

refreshing令人精力充沛。

restoring恢复。

根据句意，选择C项。

4. After the long journey, the traveller felt _____ in the inn at night.A. uneasyB. slipperyC. vomitingD. drowsy【答案】D【解析】句意：长途跋涉之后，他晚上在旅店时昏昏欲睡。

2006医博统考听力题解析原文

2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension ( 30% )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number L1. A. Go straight ahead along the street. B. Walk right into the lecture hall.C. Ask the woman a question.D. Attend a lecture.2. A. Larry will make other arrangements. B. Larry will not go for the outing.C. Larry will rearrange his plan.D. Larry has changed his mind.3. A. John has too many options. B. Alice needs a piece of advice.C. John has not decided yet.D. Alice has switched to medicine.4. A. It’s overrated. B. It’s rather boring.C. It’s hard to understand.D. It’s extremely interesting.5. A. Tuesday. B. Wednesday. C. Thursday. D. Friday.6. A. She is angry. B. She is anxious.C. She is ridiculous.D. She is disappointed.7. A. She doubted what the man had said.B. She didn’t expect the man to listen to her.C. She didn’t remember exactly what she had said.D. She knew the man would benefit from her advice.8. A. He would prefer any weekday.B. He is not free until next week.C. He is able to make it on Tuesday.D. He’s available any day except Tuesday.9. A. To arrange an interview. B. To get a part-time job on campus.C. To take a course of pharmaceutics.D. To apply for a job with the company.10. A. He is still worried about his skin problem.B. He recommends an ointment to the woman.C. He didn’t see the doctor for his skin problem.D. He is working fine despite his rash around his waist.11. A. Her parents will let her stay in their house.B. Her parents’ friends will accommodate her.C. She plans to visit some friends in San Diego.D. She is moving to San Diego with her parents.12. A. The surgery was absolutely necessary for the patient.B. The surgery could not have been more successful.C. The necessity for the surgery was questionable.D. The patient could not stand the surgery.13. A. She would go to the drug store. B. She would go to see the doctor.C. She would take medicine at home.D. She would find the medicine cabinet.14. A. The math course is rather difficult.B. The woman asked a wrong person.C. The woman should take a basic math course.D. The man has probably taken the math course.15. A. A question and answer section. B. A self-introduction.C. A presentation.D. A seminar.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. For his dizziness. B. For his headaches.C. For his hurting eyes.D. For his broken finger.17. A. They have been going on for two weeks. B. They are hurting his eyes.C. They are hard to explain.D. They occur at any time.18. A. In the morning. B. In the afternoon.C. In the evening.D. At night.19. A. His night life. B. His broken finger.C. His work pressure.D. His irregular hours.20. A. He feels cold. B. He feels faint.C. He feels nothing but sleepy.D. He feels himself falling down.Passage Two21. A. Easy to digest. B. Rich in nutrition.C. High in blood cholesterol.D. Free of harmful substances.22. A. A rise in egg price. B. A high incidence of heart disease.C. A drop in egg sales.D. The emergence of a new life style.23. A. The reduced consumption of eggs.B. The development of substitute eggs.C. The improved ways of cooking eggs.D. The removal of nutritional substances in eggs.24. A. The feeds. B. The taste.C. The recipe.D. The amount of cholesterol25. A. Eggs and their recipes. B. Eggs and their substitutes.C. Misconceptions about eggs.D. The nutritional value of eggs.Passage Three26. A. It is fun though not widely practiced. B. It is to benefit your dependents.C. It is getting popular.D. It is absurd.27. A. The buying of life insurance is not the business of guessing.B. There must be a standard amount of life insurance for people.C. People are encouraged to buy more life insurance for more benefit.D. One has to rely on an agent to figure out the right amount of life insurance.28. A. Following general estimates.B. Upgrading your quality of life.C. Making as much money as you can.D. Maintaining your current living standard.29. A. The size of a family. B. The source of income.C. The basic human needs.D. The death of the breadwinner.30. A. To present the advantages and disadvantages of life insurance.B. To encourage people to buy life insurance.C. To tell people how to buy life insurance.D. To help improve the quality of life.2006全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 男士表示想知道自己可不可以问一个问题，女士表示同意，由此可知之后男士会提问。

2006华师考博英语

2006年英语B 卷Part 1 . VOCABULARY (20 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions m this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Most people are willing to condemn violence of any sort as evil.A. criticizeB. forgiveC. disapproveD. grant2. The 'President has followed historical precedents in forming the Cabinet after he took oath of the office.A. conventionsB. principlesC. predecessorsD. documents3. The researchers made a conservative guess at the population of Tokyo.A. progressiveB. cautiousC. boldD. traditional4. It is the consensus of the sportswriters that the game should not be played.A. suggestionB. agreement C". dispute D. discussion5. The country was teetering on the edge of revolution during the 1920s.A. balancing nicelyB. resting calmlyC. walking unsteadilyD. falling suddenly6. Frank could not control his deep jealousy at the thought of another man usurping his role as father.A. questioning suddenlyB. abandoning totallyC. assuming wrongfullyD. abusing repeatedly7. Those corrupted government officials hoped their announcement today would be a cover-up for their sinister activities.A. irresponsibleB. incorrectC. secretD. evil8. The Crowd gave a spontaneous cheer when the result of election was announced.A. impulsiveB. instinctiveC. compulsiveD. automatic9. The union leaders declared that the ultimate aim of their struggle was a pay increase and better working conditions for the workers.A. utmostB. proximateC. actualD. inclusive10. The history of social development tells us that man has evolved from the ape.A. learnedB. developedC. differedD. escaped11. Upon hearing these critical remarks he was in a complete State of bewilderment and did not know what to do next.A. astonishmentB. frustrationC. depressionD. perplexity12. For many women, the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in a rape case can be too much to bear.A. promisingB. embarrassingC. hauntingD. upsetting13. The company's disappointing sales figures are an ominous sign of worse thingsto come.A. disgracefulB. disgustingC. scandalousD. threatening14. He said that people are too obsessed with Utopian visions that will never come, instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A. unpredictable.B. unrealisticC. unbelievableD. unprecedented15. We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because it was so well timed.A. elicitedB. despisedC. removedD. elevated16. Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment with new teaching methods.A. endeavorB. campaignC. swerveD. manipulate17. The national interest is more important than the sectional and personal interests of individual politicians.A. segregatedB. factionalC. inviolableD. dismantled18. Despite differences in background and outlook,.their partnership was based on mutual respect, trust and understanding.A. unrelatedB. reciprocalC. obligatoryD. optional19. Desirous of knowing something about the operations, I stood and watched the spectacle with great interest.A. Desperate forB. Desirable ofC. Detached fromD. Deprived of20. He spoke eloquently with the self-effacing humor that has endeared him to the American press.A. elegantlyB. persuasivelyC. arrogantlyD. expressively Section B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted Choose the word or words: from the four choices given to .best complete each sentence.21. The explosion sent pieces of metal and glass ____ through the air.A. walkingB. flashingC. hurtlingD. struggling22.1 could make out a dark figure in the ____.A. brightnessB. clearanceC. faintnessD. twilight23. Put the fish in the ____ and it'll only take 5 minutes.A. microphoneB. microwaveC. siliconD. chip24. As you get older your bones become increasingly ____.A. brittleB. brilliantC. brightenedD. bleachable25. It's often cheaper if you buy wallpaper ____ , rather than having to order it.A. off the shelfB. out of dateC. custom-fittedD. off-cuts26. A close inspection revealed minute cracks in the aircraft's ____ and wings.A. faceB. interfaceC. fuselageD. fuse27. He was interested in ____ when he was only a child, because he wanted to be an astronaut.A. outskirtB. circumstanceC. aerospaceD. suburb28.1 heard a massive explosion and the ground beneath me.A. hoppedB. shudderedC. enduredD. paralyzed29. In his twenty years working for the company Joe Pearson made a(n) ____ impression on it.A. inexcusableB. indelibleC. consumableD. conclusive30. ____ is a row of black lines on something you buy, that a. computer reads to find the price.A. BarcodeB. JetlagC. PostcodeD. Pricelist31. How can a loving, _____ God permit disease, war and suffering?A. opponentB. omnipotentC. oppressiveD. observable32. ____ theory is the hypothesis that in radiation the energy of electrons is discharged not continuously but in certain fixed amounts.A. QuantumB. QuotientC. quantityD. Quality33. For some ____ reason, he's decided to cancel the project.A inexpensive B. interacting C. intact D. inexplicable34. Despite his great commercial success he still ____ for critical approval.A. yearnsB. pullsC. accountsD. lives35. They were brought up in the same city, and they always cherish their _____ friendship.A. longstanding ,B. longingC. standingD. understanding36. Half the people questioned said they were opposed to the military ____.A. interviewB. interventionC. interrogationD. interest37. The Constitution of the United States is a(n) ____ document.A. fierceB. inflammableC. conservativeD. monumental38. The invention of the silicon chip was a _ in the history of the computer.A. signB. stopC. landmarkD. roadmap39. The fact that your application was not successful this time does not ____ the possibility of your applying again next time..A. concludeB. preludeC. include . preclude40. The certificate had clearly been _____, because it contained wrong information.A. cheatedB. misledC. falsifiedD. flawedTelevision cartoons feature dehumanized, machinelike characters engaged 52 destructive acts. But viewers see 53 consequences. 54 never bleed and never suffer. Youngsters mimic the he behavior 55 toys based on the shows. Later they graduate to TV programs and movies that 56 people killing or degrading 57 people. By the age of 16, the romantic American child has witnessed an 58 200,000 acts of 59 , including 33,000 murders. Inevitably, contend many experts, some 60 will imitate the brutality in real-life.A C 43? 44D A A A C DB 51AC C C A 56D C D A D41. A. on B.at C. for D. over42. A. Overlooks B. Wonders C. Notes D. Finds43. A. whose B. which C. what D. that44. A. erected B. imagined C. set D. lain45. A. debtor B. accountant C. dealer D. banker46. A. by B. with C. on D. for47. A. grab B. sketch C. reject D. lay48. A. why B. where C. how D. which49. A. demand B. process C. invitation D. formation50. A. in spite of B. unlike C. for all D. despite51. A. glorified B. conquered C. frightened D. threatened52. A. on B. to C. in D. for53. A. some B. a lot of C. no D. a few54. A. People B. Victims C. Onlookers D. Soldiers55. A. with B. in C. by D. for56. A. press B. encourage C." encounter D. depict57. A. all B. any C. other D. few58. A. estimating B. estimative C: estimation D. estimated59. A. violence B. rupture C. subscription D. temptation60. A. people B. grown-ups C. fellows D. youngstersPart 3 READING CO1VIPREHENSION (30 points)Passage 1If life expectancy were a marathon, you could say the United States is fading from the pack. Although everyone is living longer, the inhabitants of other industrialized nations have made more dramatic strides in life expectancy than Americans have. Australian men gained an extra six years between 1980 and 2001; Japanese women, 6.1 years. The result: Americans, once on par with countries such as Italy and New Zealand—in the middle of the pack—now rank below Spain and Greece, near the end.On the face of it, this shouldn't be happening.Healthier nations are usually wealthier nations. The United States is the third richest of the 30 developed nations belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), after Luxembourg and Norway. But it now ranks 22nd in life expectancy—down from 12th for women and 18th for men in 1980.Could the problem be inadequate healthcare spending ?No. The US spends $1 of every $7 of its gross domestic product on healthcare-far more than anyother OECD nation, which typically devotes less than SI in $10 of GDP to the sector. Per person, that works out to an extra $1,800 compared with the Swiss or $2,300 compared with the Canadians, even though both those groups live longer than Americans.So what's at work?One factor could be diet, according to a new study on longevity by Aiicia Munnell, director of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, and two students, Robert Hatch and James Lee. Americans have been getting fatter, and physicians maintain that obesity often shrinks a person' s life span.On the positive side, US alcohol and tobacco consumption is more moderate than the OECD average. .Another factor holding back; longevity: poverty. The quarter to a third of Americans with low incomes often have less money than the same low-income groups in several other rich countries, points out Mr. Burtless.A third factor—inequality—exacerbates the problem. The most prosperous 10 percent of Americans receive 17 times as much income as those in the bottom 10 percent. In countries with high life expectancies among those at 65—such as Japan, Sweden, and Norway—the top 10 percent makes only five times as much income. Professor Muunell says.'The US also struggles with inequality in healthcare. While most rich nations have universal coverage, 45 million in the US didn't have health insurance last year, according to census statistics—arise of 5.2 million since 2000. Millions more have insurance only part of the year.Many of those without health insurance tend to postpone medical care for chronic problems, though they may go to hospital.emergency facilities in a crisis.Thus, a better predictor of life expectancy than GDP may be the average GDP for the bottom 40 percent of the population, notes the Boston College study. Here the US falls in the middle of the pack of rich countries, rather than at the top.61. According to the author, people in _____ are expected to live longer.A. the United StatesB. New ZealandC.SpainD.Greece62. Why does the United States make less progress in longevity than other countries? Because ____.A. the Americans are getting fatter than they used to beB. the Americans are not as rich as they were in 1980sC. the Americans use more alcohol than people in other countriesD. the U.S government spends less money on public heaithcare63. If it is true that healthier nations are usually wealthier nations, the United States is most likely to rank ____ in life expectancy.A. 3rdB. 12l"C. 18lhD.22nd64. Why does the author say inequality exacerbates the problem?A. Many of those without health insurance never go to hospital, even when they meet emergencies.B. Those who without health insurance only go to hospital when they are caught in a crisis.C. Most of U.S. healthcare have been used by the most prosperous 10 percent of Americans.D. A better predictor of life expectancy than GDP may be the average GDP tor the bottom 40percent of the population.65. In this passage the author mainly talks about ____.A. the reason why inequality exists in the United StatesB. the reason why the Americans do not live as long as beforeC. the reason why the Americans have not made more dramatic strides in life expectancy.D. the reason why the average GDP for the bottom 40 percent of the population may be consideredto be a better predictor of life expectancy.Passage 2Antiglobalization groups, whose angry, sometimes violent antics have sought to disrupt the annual World Economic Forum in the Swiss Alpine resort of Davos, are abandoning the streets this year for more genteel surroundings.Protesters have targeted the Davos conference and virtually every major gathering of the world's most powerful politicians and corporate chiefs since 1999 when they brought a World Trade Organization ('WTO)meeting in Seattle to a standstill.Many of these disparate groups say they do not plan a demonstration in Davos this year partly because of a Swiss protest ban and. heavy security that would make this all but impossible, but partly because their approach is changing."Sometimes it' s vital to protest on the streets—even if it becomes violent—to attract attention to your cause," said the Swiss activist Matthias Herfeldt, adding: "In no way do. we condone such | violence which is bad for our image but these protests have helped us attract public attention... now we are in a different phase."The issues have not changed, nor has the intensity of campaigners' anger against what they see as an exploitative neo-liberal world order in which environmental and social concerns are trampled in the interests of profit and shareholder value.Some activists say they have become more pragmatic in their aims and approach, switching their focus from "anti" to "alter-globalization," or alternative forms of a process they have come to accept as irreversible.The onus is more on accountability: they want governments to respect international commitments on human rights and multinationals to accept binding rules on work pay and conditions as on the environment in.countries where they are present."We are not against globalization, we just want another type of globalization that protects the | rights of workers and the environment," Herfeldt said.Activists say alter-globalization also means lobbying companies and governments on specific issues, such as access to medicines for people in developing countries.Another example is the Clean Clothes campaign that lobbies the fashion and clothes industry to give up exploitative labor practices and provide workers in poor countries with decent pay and conditions.Herfeldt's Berne Declaration, an umbrella group of nongovernmentai organizations, is organizing a three-day alternative conference in Davos this year for environmentalists, trade unions and NGOs called Public Eye on Davos to challenge the Forum and its stated mission: ''to improve the state of the world."Hubert Zurkinden, secretary-general of Switzerland' s Greens party, who plans to attend Public Eye on Davos, said of the Forum, "This is a private event with no democratic legitimacy. They have no right to make such important decisions in backroom deals that affect so many people, such issues ! should bediscussed openly in a more democratic forum like the United Nations."Five years ago, the organizers of the World Economic Forum launched Open Forum, a five-day conference that, unlike the original invitation-only event, is open to the public. It is financed by the World Economic Forum and co-organized with Bread for All, the development agency for Swiss Protestant Churches. Activists like Herfaidt and Zurkinden, however, say the NGOs participating in this event have been co-opted by big business and power politics.Open Forum has some high-profile speakers this year, including Joseph Stigiitz, a Nobel laureate in economics. Stigiitz' s presence at the largest alternative to Davos, the World Social Forum in Mumbai, India, which attracted about 100,000 activists and closed Tuesday, is indicative of the shift in the antiglobalization movement. Unlike many activists, Stigiitz is not opposed to international wade but to the way poor countries are forced to open up their markets.Marv Robinson, a former UN Commissioner on Human Rights who recently launched the Ethical Global Initiative, said she was straddling all three alternative events as well as the World Economic Forum itself. .Robinson, who just attended the World Social Forum, said that although the opening session in Mumbai was very "anti-Bush administration and anti the war in Iraq,'1the atmosphere was not overwhelmingly negative."There was a constructive mood," she said. "The focus was on alternatives, on what decent work really means, on human rights, on the tools of accountability, and an interest in making governments accountable by drawing attention to their legal commitments."66. Which of the following is not on the agenda of those Antiglobalization groups?A. They want governments to respect international commitments on human rights.B. They want multinationals to accept binding rules on work pay and conditions as on the environment in countries where they are present.C. They are going to lobby companies and governments on specific issues, such as access to medicines for people in developing countries.D. They are against.globalization in ail its forms.67. In the last 5lh paragraph, "Activists like Herfeldt and Zurkinden, however, say the NGOs participating in this event have been co-opted by big business and power politics." So, in his opinion, _____.A. NGOs are some countering force against big interests.B. NGOs serves as a channel where different opinions can he sent to politicians.C. NGOs is actually the delegates of big business.D. NGOs represent the interests of those antiglobalization groups.68. Which of the following organizations is not an NGO?A. The World Economic Forum.B. Bread for All.C. Public Eye.D. The United Nations.69. To sum it up, we can see that ____A. Davos conference is a platform for antiglobalization groups to voice their viewsB. the largest alternative to Davos, the World Social Forum in Mumbai, India, is an antiglobalization conferenceC. generally speaking, today's antiglobalization movement is not opposed to international trade but to the way poor countries are forced to open up their marketsD. critically important decisions concerning world economy can be made in conferences attendedby world's most powerful politicians and corporate chiefs70. The issues preoccupying the antigiobalizadon movement include all of the following exceptthat ____.A. exploitative labor practicesB. access to medicines for people in developing countriesC. the war in IraqD. human rightsPassage 3Despite two big inflation engines reviving up again—rising commodity prices and the fall in the dollar against other major currencies—most economists don' t see a big enough inflation threat for Fed Chairman Alan Greeaspan to push for higher interest rates before the fall election.Indeed, a few economists pooh-pooh the more-inflation hypothesis entirely."Deflation remains more of a threat than inflation," says Jack Lavery, a consulting economist in Spring Lake. N.J.Here's how the economy's inflationary and deflationary factors stack up, according to the common view.China and the United States are the two key engines of growth in the world. China's booming economy has led to a growing demand for commodities—steel, copper, oil, etc. This has forced up their prices. Scrap steel has quadrupled in price. Ships to carry the scrap and other resources are in short supply, So shipping charges have soared.But the extra cost of commodities does not translate fully into US prices.Fed governor Ben Bernanke estimates that a permanent 10 percent increase in raw materials prices leads to perhaps a 0.7 percent rise in the price of intermediate goods and to less than a 0.1 percent increase in consumer prices.Another push on prices arises from the drop in the value of the dollar against a package of foreign currencies. That makes imports more expensive, and imports account nowadays for about 15 percent of purchases in the US.Mr. Bernanke calculates that a 10 percent decline in the dollar-about what' s happened in the | past year—adds over time between 0.1 to 0.3 of a percentage point to the level of core consumer j prices. That' s a measure that excludes energy and food prices."With the dollar at its current level, we will have mild inflation over the next several years," predicts David Malpass, chief economist of Bear, Stearns & Co., a Wall Street investment firm.Of course, a further drop in the dollar would increase inflation. So far. Wall Street doesn' t seem :worried."The key issue for the stock market is whether profit growth outweighs worries about inflation," he adds. "I think it will." •;In the past, high inflation has correlated well with flimsy stock prices, But several factors are restraining inflation in the US. Among them: superb productivity gains, excess industrial capacity, high unemployment, falling labor costs, outsourcing abroad of jobs and service chunks of American companies, and plenty of ability abroad to supply the US with cheap goods. At the finished goods stage of production, US firms are running at a low 72 percent of capacity. So they find it difficult to raise prices.All these factors should "roughly offset" the commodity and dollar effects on prices, reckons Michael Cosgrove, an economist at the University of Dallas.But there are no guarantees. For example: by January, European car prices had risen about 11 percent from the same month in 2003 as the dollar fell 40 percent against the euro. The sticker price on Japanese cars was up 4.6 percent.Economists do see risks ahead.Japanese. Chinese, and other Asian central bankers have piled up S2 trillion in reserves as they strove to keep down the price of their currencies against the dollar, if some of them should decide it's time to get rid of some of those greenbacks, which are losing value, they could bring about a run on the currency. That would hike American inflation and perhaps prompt the Fed to raise interest rates to support the dollar."That' s not likely, but it' s not impossible," says Mr. Baker.China, with its inexpensive goods, has been regarded as a great exporter of deflation to the US, keeping down prices at Wal-Mart and other stores. What if China decides to revalue its yuan by 5 percent later this year and another 5 percent soon thereafter, as is widely speculated?That revaluation would boost prices.Meanwhile, in those sectors -of the US economy that have seen inflation roar, the situation is more dire. The steel contractors' association has sent letters to key officials in Washington, seeking relief from steel shortages. CEO Stephen Sandherr warns that "suppliers will no longer guarantee delivery at any price...."That sounds like a recipe for steep inflation. But so far the overall problem is a pixie, not a monster.71. Why do some economists think that deflation remains more of a threat than inflation'?A. China's booming economy has lad to a growing demand for commodities.B. Rising commodity pricesC. The fall in the dollar against other major currenciesD. Some of the other factors that should "roughly offset" the commodity and dollar effects on prices72. Which of the following is a real inflation threat?A. Outsourcing abroad of jobs and service chunks of American companiesB. Lovv production capacity ot US firmsC. A run on the dollarD. The dollar is at its current level73. Which of. the following is not expected of China by US economists in this article as far as inflation is concerned? 'A. To pile up dollars in reservesB. To decide to appreciate its yuanC. To keep down the price of its currency against the dollarD. To maintain its booming economy74. So, overall, the author thinks that the present problem _____.A. presents the US economy with a grave dangerB. is nothing at allC. is j ust like a cheerful mischievous spriteD. will bring about flimsy stock prices75. Meanwhile, in those sectors of the US economy that have seen inflation roar, the situation is more dire. The steel contractors' association has sent letters to key officials in Washington, seeking relief from steel shortages. CEO Stephen Sandherr warns that "suppliers will no longer guarantee delivery at any price....'" In the last 2nd paragraph, this means that ____.A. suppliers will refuse to deliver their goods.B. steel contractors is eager to see steel production capacity increasedC. supplier will guarantee delivery at still higher pricesD. the demand for steel declines severely because suppliers will no longer guarantee deliveryPassage 4When we step into a department store, we find that the supply of daily necessities is getting ever more plentiful. Packaging has greatly improved, too, something which deserves our praise.But we have to suppress our bravos if we compare the prices of new articles with those of the old ones, OR if we think of the wastage of containers and bags, which can be used only once (and. some of which cost precious, foreign exchange).China has suffered in the past by not stressing better packaging in its foreign trade. It is necessary to import packaging machines and materials to promote export sales. But although the packaging of products on the domestic market can stand a lot of improvement, we should never emulate the West blindly.The basic aim of packaging is to protect the value of a commodity. But enterprises in some Western countries mainly see it as a way to increase the exchange value of a commodity, and to generate super profits.At the same time, because they have surplus packaging materials, it is possible for them to indulge in more packaging. The trend there is the more packaging, the better.Packing costs account for more than one-third of the price of medicines and cosmetics in the United States. In some cases, packaging costs make up more than one-half of the price.It would be inappropriate for Chinese enterprises to ignore the importance of packaging to increase sales, but it would be equally inappropriate to overdo it because Chinese consumers cannot afford high packaging costs.In addition, an acute shortage of raw materials makes it impossible to produce new packaging materials. So it is important to economise on packages.Labour costs are high in Western countries. So. consumers often get the best deals insupermarkets where they must serve themselves. Because products in bulk cannot be placed on the shelves, even fruits and vegetables have to be packaged. So to a large extent, we can ascribe the development of Western packaging techniques to the supermarket approach in selling.But China has only a handful of supermarkets and this situation is not likely to change for many years to come. Shop assistants will always be needed. So, while our country is developing packaging for its conditions, it should not be impatient to reduce the commodities in bulk.In Shanghai, consumers have appealed to shops to continue Selling cookies in bulk. Packaged cookies cost almost three times as Much. I think the best solution is simply to provide consumers with a choice.It is worth noticing that in recent years strong opposition to "excessive packaging" from consumers' organizations has resulted in some stores in the West selling no-brand or generic products. The quality is unchanged; only the packaging is different.One supermarket in Japan has marketed more than 1,000 kinds of no-brand products since 1980. Its employees attributed the store's success to always taking the consumers' interest into account and saving them money by reducing unnecessary packaging.The praise may be exaggerated. But their words are food for thought. Shouldn't our enterprises have the spirit to save as much as-possible for consumers while they are improving their packaging'?76. What has China suffered front in the past according to this passage?A. China has suffered from not paying attention to packaging in its foreign trade.B. China has suffered from shortage of packaging machines.C. China has suffered from backward technology of packaging.D. China has suffered from few supermarkets so that labor costs are relatively high.77. About what percentage do packaging costs account for the price of cosmetics in America?A. 50%B.40%C. 33%D. 20%78. What's the result of better packaging?A. It can promote export sales.B. It may decrease export sales.C. Manufacturers can't afford the cost.D. Customers can't afford the high price.79. In China there is still the commodities in bulk mainly because ___.A. shop assistants are neededB. labor costs are lowC. consumers like itD. there is a shortage of raw materials80. Consumer organizations strongly opposes excessive packing because _____.A. products don't deserve itB. consumers are unwilling to pay forC. it's a waste of raw materialsD. consumers are often confused by its packing Passage 5Boston colleges and universities need to keep better tabs on the thousands of students who live off campus without infringing on their civil liberties. The City Council should hold off on an ordinance that would compel disclosure of off-campus addresses to give college officials an opportunity to do a better job on their own.Councilors Michael P. Ross and Jerry P. McDermott, angered by loutish behavior on weekends, have floated a proposal that would compel colleges to give the Boston police names and addresses of all students living off-campus. This goes too far in infringing on the students' right to privacy, as the。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

2006年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePart I Vocabulary and Structure(20%)Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then markthe corresponding Letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.Police believe that many burglars are amateurs who would flee if an alarm sounded or lights ______.A.came outB.came onC.came toD.came down【答案】B【解析】句意：警察相信，很多的盗贼都是业余的，警报一响或者灯一亮，他们撒腿就跑。

come on开启。

come out出现；出版；结果是；宣布。

come to谈到；苏醒。

come down 下来。

2.Mr.Jenkins drove along at his usual high speed______for police cars in his mirror from time to time to make sure he was safe.A.pulling outB.running throughC.going aheadD.watching out【答案】D【解析】句意：Jenkins先生照旧高速驾驶，时不时地通过反光镜堤防着警察以确保自身安全。

watch out当心。

pull out拔出；使度过难关。

run through贯穿；刺。

go ahead继续向前。

3.Miss Tracy moved to New York in the early1960s,apparently to escape jealous friends who were becoming increasingly______of her success.A.delightfulB.gracefulC.resentfulD.respectful【答案】C【解析】句意：Tracy小姐20世纪60年代搬到了纽约，很显然，是为了躲开那些日益不满她的成功的爱嫉妒的朋友们。

resentful不满的。

delightful高兴的。

graceful优美的。

respectful表示尊敬的。

4.In theory,governments are free to set their own economic policies;in practice,they must conform to a global economic model or risk being______by the market.A.replacedB.overlookedC.saturatedD.penalized【答案】D【解析】句意：理论上，政府有制定经济政策的自由；实际上，他们必须遵守国际经济模式，否则就会被市场惩罚。

saturate使饱和。

5.Mrs.Black finds that her piano has always had the magic power of taking her away from the grim realities of daily life and______her to fairyland of her own once she started to play.A.transformingB.transportingC.transplantingD.transcending【答案】B【解析】句意：Black女士发现她的钢琴总是有一种魔力，一开始弹奏，就能让她逃离可怕的生活现实，带她去往属于她的乐园。

transport运输。

transform使转变。

transplant移植。

transcend超越。

6.It is hard to think of a field in which it is not important to______what is likely to happen and act accordingly.A.look outB.figure outC.turn outD.point out【答案】B【解析】句意：一般情况下，在每个领域里，弄清楚接下来会发生什么，并且相应付出行动，这都是很重要的。

figure out弄明白。

look out留神。

turn out结果是。

point out指出。

7.At about the same time,some black Christians walked in protest out of churches where they were forced to worship in______sections.A.segregatedB.sustainedC.connectedD.engaged【答案】A【解析】句意：与此同时，一些黑人基督徒表示抗议，走出教堂，因为教堂让他们在隔离区膜拜。

segregate隔离。

sustain保持。

engage从事。

8.San Francisco climbs and falls over numerous hills,which provides______views of the wide bay and the Golden Gate Bridge.A.flashyB.transientC.breathtakingD.ambiguous【答案】C【解析】句意：洛杉矶横跨无数座小山，因此风景独特，美不胜收，能欣赏到宽宽的海湾和金门大桥。

breathtaking惊人的。

flashy一闪而过的。

transient瞬间的。

ambiguous模棱两可的。

9.Martin Luther King,Jr.persuaded his followers to bring the______of the American Negroes to the attention of the United Nations,but they did not act very effectively.A.conspiracyB.pledgeC.plightpulsion【答案】C【解析】句意：马丁路德金劝告他的支持者们让联合国注意到美国黑人的困难处境，但是他们却没有有效执行。

plight困境。

conspiracy阴谋。

pledge保证。

compulsion强制。

10.Even though strong evidence has proved the nicotine to be______the tobacco company stillinsists that its products are harmless.A.solubleB.deficientC.addictiveD.skeptical【答案】C【解析】句意：虽然有充分的证据证明尼古丁能使人上瘾，但是烟草公司仍然坚持说它的产品无害。

addictive上瘾的。

soluble可溶的。

deficient有缺陷的。

skeptical怀疑论的。

11.Prof.Flynn found no students in the lecture hall when he arrived,Only then did he realize thathe came______.A.too muchB.so muchC.much tooD.much so【答案】C【解析】句意：Flynn教授到达演讲大厅时，发现一个学生也没有，这时他才意识到他来得太早了。

too much和so much后接名词。

much so后不能接形容词，一般单独使用。

12.I wanted to be sure______a sudden emergency that we gave the right advice.A.on account ofB.in case ofC.at the risk ofD.in spite of【答案】B【解析】句意：以防万一有什么突发紧急事件，我想确保我们给出了正确的建议。

on account of由于。

13.______in India,the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it inA.Originally cultivatedB.Having originally cultivatedC.Originally being cultivatedD.Although it originally cultivated【答案】A【解析】句意：香蕉最初是在印度种植的，后来葡萄牙人在非洲找到了它，把它引进到了美国。

这里是香蕉被种植，所以应该用被动语态，故排除B、D选项，因为没有表示现在进行时的意思，所以也排除C选项。

14.It was the end of my exhausting first day as a waitress,and I really appreciated______timeto relax.A.to haveB.havingC.to have hadD.of having【答案】B【解析】句意：第一天当服务员，忙碌了一整天，结束的时候我特别期待能好好休息一下。

appreciate后接动名词形式。

15.We’ve just installed central heating,______should make a tremendous difference to thehouse next winter.A.whatB.thatC.itD.which【答案】D【解析】句意：我们刚刚安装了集中供热设备，明年冬天屋里就会变得很暖和了。

这里是非限制性定语从句，which指代前面we’ve just installed central heating这一事实。

16.So fast______that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.A.has light traveledB.light travelsC.does light travel【答案】C【解析】句意：光传播的速度如此之快以至于我们无法想象。