托福写作经典加试题及答案
托福独立写作练习题参考答案
托福独立写作练习题参考答案托福独立写作题目：是否应该在城市中建设更多的公园？在当今城市化进程快速发展的背景下，公园作为城市绿色休闲空间的重要组成部分，越来越受到人们的关注。
然而，是否应该在城市中建设更多的公园一直是一个备受争议的话题。
本文将从社会、环境以及个人健康等多个角度探讨，旨在呈现全面而客观的观点。
首先，建设更多的公园对社会具有积极的影响。
公园是市民进行休闲娱乐、锻炼身体的理想场所。
在公园中，人们可以享受到大片的绿色环境，呼吸新鲜空气，缓解工作和生活带来的压力。
此外，公园还为城市中的居民提供了一个社交、交流的平台。
人们可以在公园里结识新朋友，扩大社交圈子，促进社会和谐与稳定。
其次，建设更多的公园能够改善城市环境质量。
随着城市化进程的加快，城市地区常面临着严重的环境问题，如空气污染、噪音污染等。
而建设公园可以增加城市的绿地覆盖率，帮助净化空气，吸收有害气体。
此外，公园中的树木和植被可以起到降低温度的作用，减缓城市热岛效应。
因此，建设更多的公园有助于改善城市的生态环境，提升居民的生活质量。
此外，建设更多的公园对个人健康也具有积极的促进作用。
现代城市生活中，人们长时间呆在封闭的室内环境中，缺乏户外活动。
这导致了很多健康问题，如缺乏运动、肥胖、压力过大等。
而公园提供了人们锻炼身体的场所，可以鼓励人们走出室内，进行户外活动。
同时，绿色环境和自然气息还有助于缓解压力，提升人们的心理健康。
因此，建设更多的公园有助于提高城市居民的整体健康水平。
然而，要注意的是，建设更多的公园也需注意平衡发展。
城市的土地资源有限，如果过多地建设公园可能会削弱其他基础设施的发展，如住房、道路等。
因此，在建设更多公园的同时，政府也应该注意进行合理的规划和布局，确保资源的合理利用。
综上所述，建设更多的公园对城市社会发展、环境改善以及个人健康都具有积极的促进作用。
政府应该重视公园建设，并采取适当的措施鼓励和支持，以提升城市居民的生活质量和幸福感。
2020年托福写作模拟试题及答案(卷十)
2020年托福写作模拟试题及答案（卷十）大学应加强设施建设还是招聘好老师托福写作题目为：Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers。
下面大家一起来看看托福写作真题的分析及范文。
Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers.托福写作范文参考一:Cradles of cultivating talents, universities are supposed to provide most high-caliber education. Responding to the expectation, universities have to think the issue over. Compared with hiring more teachers, from my own perspective, keeping facilities and resources in the universities most advanced and updated is more essential not only for students but also for renowned professors.First of all, students are able to enjoy a better study environment if their schools utilize advanced equipment. With the assistance of exquisite inventions such as electronic screen and projectors, as well as laboratory equipment, like microscopes and chemical reactors, studying would no longer be a tedious and repetitious information engrafting process, but a way everyone would like to get involved in. Similarly,definitions and formulas of physics and chemistry will graven in students’minds deeply if they are aided by the equipment when experimenting. However, hardly can professors crystalize abstract concepts into definite ideas without advanced teaching devices.What is more, as for famous teachers themselves, a university that does not invest in its facilities would be appealing. To be constantly enthusiastic on researching their respective academic fields, teachers have a great demand for exquisite facilities to maintain progressing on their own fields. The most sophisticated technological devices offered in universities enable these teachers to conduct successful researches and remain at the top, which is really attractive to those renowned professors. By contrast, old and obsolete teaching and studying facilities will certainly not inspire teachers to keep further academic researching. Also, practically impossible will teachers have interest in making progress.Granted, it is conceded that hiring more teachers in universities means guaranteeing education quality in some sense because every student will be concerned and cared about. Even slightest and most subtle academic performance changes of students will be noticed; therefore, teachers can encourage and guide frustrated and upsetting students in time. However, while weighing the benefits brought by investing in facilities and hiring more teachers, we can conclude thatfacilities are more worthwhile.In conclusion, I should reiterate that universities should update their facilities, making a top priority. Without advanced facilities, a university will not be helped further improved.托福写作写作参考二:7月16日托福独立写作范文Advanced facilities, like libraries, research center, university hospital are indispensible parts of a good university while famous teachers are also a big component of a prestigious higher institution. Personally, I think it is better for universities to spend more money in hiring famous professors.Admittedly, research centers can be a place where advanced technology is incubated, a library that incorporates state-of-the-art technology can also be conducive to students' study, however, I still believe that famous professors play a more significant role in assessing the reputation of a university.First off, well-respected professors in a specific field can bring lots of benefits not only to the whole community but also to the university. To more specific, prestigious professors can come up with theories and solutions to the most intriguing problems faced by human beings, like treatment of cancers, diabetes and even heart attack. Economists can use data and economic models in their empirical study to predict theeconomy, and it can provide lots of information for the authority to make timely adjustment to their policies. Electronic engineers can design some micro-chips that can sustain large-scale computation. The benefits that professors bring to the school can be also enormous. For instance, a Novel Prize laureate can attract countless research foundations and donations from both the private and public sectors, with this large sum of money, the university can in turn renovate labs, research centers and even libraries.Additionally, well-established professors and researchers can educate and enlighten brilliant young students and cultivate future scientists. Famous professors are usually expert in education, they might have been teaching and researching in their field for more than a few decades, thus have accumulated lots of rich teaching experience and developed the most effective teaching approach. Together with their superb charisma, lots of bright young adults will be motivated and inspired and therefore embark on the road of scientific endeavor and exploration. Such inspirations and motivations cannot be brought by improved facilities. Indeed, it is the expertise and charisma of these famous professors that attract thousands of brilliant young students to enroll in a college.To conclude, hiring more famous professors are more advisable than renovating facilities since the scientific discoveries brought byprofessors can bring colossal benefits to both the community and the university, and also the expertise and charisma of well-established professors can attract, enlighten and cultivate future scientists.想要高薪但是工作时间长的工作吗托福写作题目为：Would you prefer a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time。
2018年6月10日托福考试写作真题+解析+高分范文-臻顺赴美
2018年6月10日托福考试写作真题+解析+高分范文-臻顺赴美臻顺赴美把2018年6月10日的托福考试真题的写作题目根据回忆整理，在这次托福考试中，写作部分都考到了真题题目呢?独立写作题目In order to adapt to the life in university and succeed, if you are a freshman, which method do you think is better？1. attending a one-week orientation or introduction program when you are in the university campus and before classes begin2. meeting regularly in your first year with students in your major field who have entered the university for several years Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.题目关键解析：题目的正确理解是-1假如你是大学新人 (限定住了你是新人)2为了”适应大学生活“并且能”成功“,3策略A：在大学校园开课之前参加一周的”迎新培训“4 策略B：每周规律地与学长/姐会谈（同方向入学已经几年的）题目的解决要求是：哪一个方式更好，使用理由与事实性细节支撑论证？此题目的难度在于：在叙述题目主干（新生+为了在大学+适应以及成功）的叙述中ETS（故意）叠加了很多限定条件。
Well begun is half done！开头段满分范例：Freshman is a person who is confronted with a new environment and has to come up with ideas of creativity and skills of novelty to deal with all challenges . So does a freshman in university. And which way is more parasitical for him to adapt to this new surrounding?Personally ,compared with proposal of getting some instruction at the beginning of new semester ，the counterpart proposal of meeting some experienced fellows of senior grade is much better to facilitate a nice adaptation for new university life and thus boosts his success in many aspects.主体段满分范例：First， the frequent meeting of the academic issues with the senior students , step by step, will help one to acquire some scientific study methods , making him to overcome the school difficulty more easily ; however , a fixed time of orientation at the very beginning will not forsee and solve those practical and personal problems . (论证展开部分请同学们自行思考)综合写作以上是为大家梳理整理的“2018年6月10日托福考试真题写作回忆汇总”，更多托福最新资讯请关注臻顺赴美托福频道!。
toefl试题及答案
toefl试题及答案TOEFL试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据所听对话，选出正确的答案。
A. 学生在图书馆找书。
B. 学生在询问课程安排。
C. 学生在讨论课题研究。
D. 学生在讨论作业问题。
答案：A2. 根据所听讲座，选出正确的答案。
A. 教授在讨论历史事件。
B. 教授在分析文学作品。
C. 教授在讲解科学理论。
D. 教授在介绍艺术作品。
答案：B二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 阅读以下段落，回答以下问题："The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in the way people worked and lived."A. What was the main impact of the Industrial Revolution?B. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the daily life of people?答案：A. The main impact of the Industrial Revolution was the significant changes in the way people worked and lived.B. The Industrial Revolution affected the daily life of people by altering their work patterns and living conditions.2. 阅读以下段落，选择最佳 "The role of technology in education has been a topic of debate for many years. Some argue that it enhances learning, while others believe it can be a distraction."A. The Pros and Cons of Technology in EducationB. The History of Technology in EducationC. The Debate Over Technology in EducationD. The Future of Technology in Education答案：C三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 根据以下提示，进行口语回答：- Describe a memorable event from your childhood.- Explain why it was memorable.答案示例：One of the most memorable events from my childhood was the day I learned to ride a bicycle. It was a sunny afternoon, and my father was teaching me. After several attempts and falls, I finally managed to ride without support. The feeling of accomplishment and the joy of mastering a new skill madeit an unforgettable experience.2. 根据以下情景，进行口语回答：- You are planning a trip with friends. Discuss thefactors you consider when choosing a destination.答案示例：When planning a trip with friends, I consider several factors such as the interests of the group, the budget, the weather, and the accessibility of the destination. We usually discuss our preferences and make a list of potential places. Then, we evaluate them based on the mentioned factors and make a decision that suits everyone.四、写作任务（Writing Task）1. Write an essay discussing the importance of environmental protection and the role individuals can play in it.答案示例（略）：考生需根据题目要求，撰写一篇不少于300字的议论文，阐述环境保护的重要性以及个人如何参与其中。
托福2021年11月20日作文考试真题及答案
托福2021年11月20日作文考试真题及答案托福的作文考试，有独立写作和综合写作两部分，需要大家对两者进行进行了解。
下面是小编整理的托福2021年11月20日作文考试真题及答案。
独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for older people to take risks and explore new things than younger people.综合写作水手死于铅中毒，有些人认为是罐头食品的原因。
阅读：1.罐头虽然里面含有金属铅但是制作的时候这个剂量都是控制的，只是少量，而且食物在罐头里储存的时间很短，所以不应该是罐头导致的。
2.当时的其他船员也都会食用这种罐头，假如真的因为罐头不可能只有这一例中毒案件3. 他们有一个净化水的系统，所有用水都是干净的，所以不可能是食物导致的。
听力反驳：1. 虽然放的时间很短，但确实那些食物是inside of cans2. 水手身体没有经过test而且light poisoning很难被识别出来3. 通过净化器的水不能用于drinking和cooking，而海水对人身体不好，所以净化器没有用。
速度提升其实对于托福作文来说，不外乎四个字“熟能生巧”。
但是互相我们写托福写作的过程，其实2个部分最为消耗我们的时间，第一个就是构思的过程，第二个就是想一句话怎么表达的过程。
这两个部分是最为消耗时间的。
因此，其实缩减写作文时间的过程，就是减少这两个部分所消耗的时间。
首先说第一个部分，构思的过程。
其实想必绝大多数上过辅导班的考友们都知道托福作文就是传统的，龙头凤尾猪肚子，这样的写作方式。
第一段表明自己的观点，然后接下来每一段一开始给出分论点，最后一段进行总结，就这么简单。
但是实际上，这是我们想的方向不对，总是在向很宏观的想。
这里的诀窍就是向细分领域想!当我们总是在想建筑对社会很好的时候，我们就是会很想象到理由以及例子，但是如果我们想得很细的时候，就发现好说了，比如我们可以说赵州桥，既有实用价值，也有观赏价值。
托福(写作)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)
托福（写作）历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.jpg /> Question Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage.正确答案：The reading asserts that the new herbicide is not responsible for the death of the conifers in the community park. The professor then explains why he thinks the herbicide is responsible for the death of the conifers. The first argument the reading presents to explain why the new herbicide is not responsible for the death of the conifers is that the herbicide has passed government safety testing. The professor is not convinced by this argument because the government testing focused on the safety of people and animals, not on the safety of plants. The reading’s second argument for why the herbicide could not have killed the trees is that there are still many healthy trees in the park. But the professor says that the herbicide was introduced through a river in the park. All of the trees by the river have died. Only those trees on the high ground away from the river have survived. In other words, those trees have still survived because they have not been exposed to the herbicide. The reading’s final argument for why the herbicide is not responsible for the death of the conifers is that there is a reasonable alternative explanation, climate change. The professor rebuts this by saying that the way in which the trees died does not indicate that it was due to climate change. The reason is that if the trees were really dying due to climate change, yellow leaves should die first, but some young, green leaves also fall off. Therefore, he thinks it is only reasonable to assume that conifers were killed by the herbicide.解析：面对公园里针叶树的死亡，阅读文章认为这不是杀虫剂导致的，并提出三点论据：首先，除草剂是通过了政府安全测试的；其次，公园里还有很多健康的树木；最后，树木死亡也有可能是气候变化导致的。
5月13日托福写作真题及答案解析
5月13日托福写作真题及答案解析2017年05月13日托福写作考题回忆综合阅读：金字塔中转轴的意图1.作为一种通风设备，在金字塔底层房间会有很多工作烟雾（因为照明），所以shaft可以达到通风效果2.和星星位置有关系，赋予宗教含义3.作为一种通道，让国王的灵魂来世可以进来听力：并不赞同1.外部的空气渗透到上层房间就停止2.并没有任何科学记载，证明和星星联系。
并没有任何宗教含义。
3.通道的门经常是处于封闭状态，并没有来世灵魂进入这一说法。
Sample Answer：Both the reading passage and the lecture discuss the functions of the shafts found in the Great Pyramid. However, the lecture questions the accuracy of the theories proposed in the reading one by one.In the first place, whereas the author argues that the shafts are built for ventilation, the speaker refutes this for two reasons. Firstly, unlike the higher shafts, the shafts of the lower chamber are unable to reach the outer wall, which makes it impossible to bring in fresh air. Secondly, since the four shafts are quite similar, they are likely to have the same function. But in this case, only two of them are capable of bringing in fresh air, while the others are not. For these reasons, the lecturer asserts that these shafts are not for ventilation.In the second place, the lecturer discounts the reading passage’s claim that there’s a link between the shafts and the alignment of stars. He goes on to say that theconnection between stars and gods didn’t appear until the later period of ancient Egypt. Nevertheless, the pyramid was built during the earlier years and the star alignment theory simply didn’t exist at that time. This directly contradicts the reading passage which states that the shafts are built for religious reasons.The final point on which the author and the lecturer disagree with each other is whether the shafts are built in order to help king’s soul travel to afterlife. The reading makes the claim that these shafts are likely to be passageways for the king’s soul. In contrast, the lecturer contends it doesn’t necessarily mean the passageway should be an actual shaft. He gives an example of other pyramids building symbolic passageways for their dead kings, which indicates that ancient Egyptians believed souls could easily cross through walls and did not need any actual passageway. This goes against the idea in the reading passage.(315 words)独立Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child(5-10 years old)?1.being helpful2.Being honest3.Being well organized解题思路：选being helpful1.可以帮助到他人，获得他人的认可2.自己同时获得成就感，培养正确价值观3.这个年龄段的小孩很难做到完全照顾自己，良好的组织能力对他们而言有些难度Sample Answer：Childhood is the golden age of people’s lives because it is a time of physical growth and great leaps forward intellectually and socially. Being helpful, honest and well organized are values that parents and educators try to instill in children from a very young age, but I would argue that among these values, honesty would be the most important one to share with a young child.First and foremost, honesty is the cardinal principle of conducting oneself. Imparting honesty into children can hold them accountable for their behavior and teach them how to distinguish right from wrong from a young age. Unlike adults, children are normally unaware of the consequence of telling lies, and teaching them the value of honesty can help them realize how to act with integrity and confidence. For example, children who are conscious of being honest are more likely to contribute positively to the whole society in the future and will never defraud their clients and customers in workplace. In contrast, students who are dishonest may plagiarize other people’s thesis and fail to achieve success even though they perform well at school.Besides, being honest can help us win the trust and respect from others, even from those who are unfamiliar with us. It is widely known that childhood is an important period for children to learn lifelong social and emotional skills they need. Therefore, making them capable of being honest helps children learn how to behave in a more socially acceptable way. Just imagine, an honest child always gets along well with everyone at school, with a bunch of good friends around him. When he grows up, people are more willing to collaborate with him as well as to give him a hand when he gets into troubles. On the contrary, a dishonest child will be looked down upon by others and be regarded as a public enemy.Undeniably, being helpful and well organized are both important qualities, which do benefit children in their own way. The young generation can learn responsibility and find enjoyment in helping others. But the fact is, 5 to 10-year-old children are too young to be able to take care of themselves, not to speak of giving a hand to other people. As for the organizational skill, it just makes little sense since kids of that age are naturally active and naughty. Overemphasis on children’s organizational ability would have an adverse impact on their growth. If children are required to be well organized at any time, their creativity and imagination will be stifled.To sum up, I’m not saying that being helpful and well-organized are of no use, but compared to the importance of honesty, these two values can be crossed off the priority list.(456 words)。
托福加场试题及答案
托福加场试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 文章摘要在阅读部分，考生需要阅读一篇关于海洋生物多样性的科学文章，并回答相关问题。
B. 问题及答案1. 文章主要讨论了什么？A. 海洋生物多样性的减少B. 海洋生物多样性的增加C. 海洋生物多样性的稳定性D. 海洋生物多样性的分布答案：A2. 作者提到了哪种海洋生物？A. 海豚B. 鲸鱼C. 海龟D. 珊瑚答案：D2. 听力部分A. 听力材料概述听力材料包括一段关于城市交通问题的讨论。
B. 问题及答案1. 讨论中提到了哪些交通问题？A. 交通拥堵B. 空气污染C. 噪音污染D. 所有以上答案：D2. 讨论中提出了哪些解决方案？A. 增加公共交通B. 限制私家车C. 建设自行车道D. 所有以上答案：D3. 口语部分A. 口语题目描述一次你解决困难的经历。
B. 参考答案在一次团队项目中，我遇到了困难。
我们团队成员之间意见不一致，导致项目进度缓慢。
我首先组织了一次会议，让每个成员表达自己的观点。
然后，我提出了一个折中的方案，将大家的想法整合在一起。
最后，我们达成了共识，项目得以顺利进行。
4. 写作部分A. 写作题目你是否同意以下观点：政府应该投资更多的钱在教育上？B. 参考答案我同意政府应该投资更多的钱在教育上。
首先，教育是提高国民素质的关键。
投资教育可以培养更多的专业人才，推动社会进步。
其次，良好的教育可以减少贫困，提高人们的生活水平。
最后，教育投资有助于创新和科技发展，为国家带来长远的利益。
请注意，以上试题及答案仅供参考，实际考试内容可能会有所不同。
iBT加试题全部答案
加试全答案一.两河流域苏美文明与埃及文明之比较-1. Astonishing = amazing-2. Sentence simplification =A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.-3. Its substance refers to - -------------the political history of ancient Mesopotamia-4. Obscure = unclear-5. 原文提到the ancient Sumerians did not “share the Egyptian's concern with the hereafter”〃之reason原因= to provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of Ancient Sumerian society-6. the "city of Ur"位置= near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates rivers.-7. Vast = very large-8. EXCEPT问题= continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.-9.不是宗教事简单的证据= the idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.-10. Considerable= substantial-11. EXCEPT问题= The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-stated.-12. insertion问题=第4个方块-13. 分类问题=Ancient Egyptian Civilization政治统一了很久时间有相当多建筑物遗址Sumerian Civilization城邦国家是一个特色从文件中所记载这一个文明受到外部的侵略苏美文明与埃及文明之比较答案 1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g二. 达尔文进化论。
托福(作文)模拟试卷34(题后含答案及解析)
托福（作文）模拟试卷34(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. WRITINGWRITINGWriting Based on Knowledge and Experience1．Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person’s childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important period of a person’s life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.正确答案：Are the childhood years the most important period of a person’s life? It is generally accepted that a person’s childhood years are very important period of a person’s life, but it is hardly appropriate to say those years are the most important. We do not reject the importance of childhood years. Actually it is rather important for later part of a person’s life. Our lives, to a large extent are subject to our recognition of our surroundings. Our world views have been structured from very early stage of our childhood, mainly through our daily experiences. Everyone therefore actually has his or her own world different from those of others, because even though we all live in a single world, each and every one of us in fact lives in distinctive worlds which are determined by distinctive perceptions that vary widely from individual to individual. Hence, we should not be surprised by the extent to which a person’s life is influenced by one’s childhood. Childhood, however, is only part of one’s life, and it is merely one of several determinatives that shape one’s adult life. Among various determinatives is one’s learning ability. Human beings are superior to any other animals on the Earth simply because of their vigorous ability to learn. Psychology teaches us that training and self-training can dramatically alter one’s characteristics and even the ability to learn, which may eventually alter his/her life. Furthermore, learning is a life-long process, which means every part of one’s life could be an essentially crucial period, and could play an indispensable role in one’s life. Examples are available everywhere. Einstein was taken for an idiot by his teacher when he was a child. Even though every thankful man would have known exactly that that does not necessarily mean he was really an idiot, the awkward attitude of his stupid teacher absolutely made Einstein’s childhood an awful one. Nevertheless, Einstein led a wonderful life. Most parents nowadays seem to believe the statement that childhood is the most important phase of one’s life, and therefore often force their children to learn those alleged essential skills for the sake of the future. The fact is, such behavior is rather presumptuous, because there still are many other important factors that affect one’s life. 涉及知识点：作文2．Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Usespecific reasons and examples to support your answer.正确答案：Should children he required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so? Helping out with household tasks is the first job that most people usually partake. From an early age, children are encouraged to help around the house, doing little tasks that help out their parents and grandparents. I believe that this is an important feature of society, and should be continued. It is very important for children to learn how to be responsible for their environment. This is a skill that they will take with them throughout their lives, and it should be fostered at an early age. If people are able to keep a clean house or workplace, they will be able to achieve tasks much more easily. For example, if children learn early in life that everything has its place, then this lesson will not only teach them to keep things tidy, but also instruct them on how to stay organized. Another reason why this is important is because it promotes a strong work ethic in children at an early age. If a child is given responsibilities around the house, and it is made sure that the child completes these tasks, the child will learn how important it is to follow through on instructions. Many parents go so far as to punish their children for not doing chores, which I think will ultimately be beneficial for the children. It will help them in all of their later endeavors in life. Finally, encouraging children to do work around the house as soon as they are able to gives them an appreciation of what their parents do for them to keep them safe, clean and warm. Many young children have no idea how difficult it is to keep a house in good condition. It is important that children learn from an early age how much their parents do for them, and learn to respect their parents more based on this. Overall, I agree with putting children to work early in life around the house. Of course, there are limits on this. Children should not become the maids of the household. They should be given enough work to encourage a strong work ethic and an appreciation of their parents, but not so much that they have no time to do anything else. 涉及知识点：作文3．Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better?正确答案：Should high schools require students to wear school uniforms or permit them to decide what to wear to school? While in most present day high schools it is controversial that whether students should wear uniforms, most elementary schools have adopted uniform policy with wide support. Uniforms serve students’benefits in several ways. First of all, uniforms act as social equalizers. Children often feel less social pressure when everyone in the school dresses the same way. Students who cannot be fashionable due to limited family finances are made to feel more comfortable among their peers. Moreover, the wearing of uniforms influences students’ perceptions of school climate. Students are made to feel as if they are a part of a team by wearing a uniform. School climate is improved considerably because kids perceive that they fit in because they look like everybody else. Inaddition, school uniforms would assist students and parents in other ways. Students would learn to appreciate the elimination of so many choices when getting dressed for a school day. Students would not be tardy for school as often because of the indecision about what to wear in the mornings. However, when it comes to high school, further details should be carefully examined. Students in high schools are in a much different situation from students in elementary schools. High school students are sometimes called young adults, by which people are expecting their maturity, at least to some extent. It is moderate that schools are expected to operate a well-disciplined, structured environment that is conducive to learning. But the uniform is not the right answer to various difficulties and problems that the high school education is confronting. For example, while proponents address the safety that uniform policy would bring, opponents are aware of the fact that campus violence would not be reduced because of uniforms. Having grown up already, most students no longer feel that uniforms help them become a part of the school. Furthermore, uniforms may not save parents as much money as many people would like to believe. Uniforms do not eliminate the need for clothing needed for outside school. Students many times do not wear their school clothing the rest of the day once they are out of school. Sneakers, jackets, boots, casual clothing, and more will still be needed. What may first appear to be economical may not be accurate in reality. It has been said that a controversy cannot exist without a fundamental dispute, and it seems that the answer to the school uniform debate is not a simple yes or no. There is no clear consensus as to the benefits of school uniforms. However, as to high schools, uniform policy should eventually be reconsidered as many other regulations which have already been eliminated including “Boys’hair should not touch collar,”or “Girls’skirts must be longer than knees.”涉及知识点：作文4．Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.正确答案：Is playing a game fun only when you win? Playing games is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the world. Every country has a number of popular games that are played all the time. For example, in China, mahjong and Chinese chess are both very popular. I think playing game in itself is full of fun, winning a game is just an extra pleasure. It would be impossible to think that one could win a game all the time when they first start playing it. This is especially true for strategy games such as the above-mentioned. In many cases, playing against the top players of a game and losing is an honor, not a disappointment. The age-old adage says that practice makes perfect. This is as true in games as it is in any other endeavor. In order to win a game all of the time, you need to practice it over and over and learn the strategies of the game. Practice is necessary to win a game. If this was really an annoying process, no one would ever play games. However, it is the journey of the game, not the destination that is important. Going through the actual game is the fun part; if one wins a game, that is an added bonus. People truly enjoy the process of playing a game. If winning was the only thing that was important, we would all play“Rock-Paper-Scissors”all of the time. People enjoy the process of playing a game because of the social aspects. Playing a game, especially a long, enduring game like mahjong is a bonding experience. Many of these games can last for days, being picked up and left off time and time again. Games are great for bonding with other people, which makes them excellent for improving one’s social skills, in addition to having fun. In conclusion, I strongly believe that games can be fun even if I am not the winner. Games must be played a multitude of times if one hopes to get good at them, and this is a fun process to go through. Games bring us closer to our friends, as we have fun experiences with them. There are many excellent reasons to play a game besides winning. 涉及知识点：作文。
12月20日托福写作真题答案及解析
12月20日托福写作真题答案及解析12月20日托福综合写作Integrated Writing:READNINGLISTENINGAlaska whales 和Iceberg属于两种不同的种类1两种动物的颜色不太一样1 由于海藻本身有色差，加之在不同的季节颜色不一样，所以被其覆盖的whale 看起来会darker一些；同时观察时节不一样，也影响了观察的结果。
2 生存的水域不一样2 两种动物的饮食习惯不一样：一种喜欢吃mammals, 故原地不同；另一种喜欢吃fish，故被Russia海域的鱼吸引走了。
3 年龄不一样3 用fin测年龄不靠谱。
在20岁之后，fin就停止生长了。
所以，实际年龄会比估计的年龄大一些。
12月20日托福独立写作题目Independent Writing:Out of the following three things, which one would you prefer to regulate in order to improve your health? 2012.1.13NA/2012.11.2ML1. The kind of food you eat2. The amount of exercise3. The amount of stress in your lifeModern society has turned humans into curious creatures. Our ancestors were highly active thanks to their hunter-gatherer lifestyle; they ate fairly balanced diets due to the limited availability of fats and simple carbohydrates; and they relied on stress as a survival mechanism that kept them alert during intermittent periods of danger. Now, many of us spend upwards of 8 hours a day sedentary at our jobs; we eat unbalance diets of pre-prepared foods in order to save time; and we are constantly stressed due to a never-ending bombardment of stressors coming from our contemporary lifestyle. Managing all three things--diet, exercise, and stress--would be a daunting task for anyone, so if I had to pick one thing to improve my health, it would probably be exercise.To begin with, exercise is much easier to manage than both your diet and your stress. In order to manage your diet effectively, need to reduce or eliminate certain foods you enjoy eating, as well as create a comprehensive plan that balances your intake of different nutrients like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. This is too much for most people, which explains the prevalence of “fad diets” that involve, for example, only eating a single type of food; these diets rarely ever work, and can even be dangerous. Managing stress is similarly difficult, because there are so many potential stressors to account for (work, kids, bills, etc.) and it may not be plausible to try and manage all ofthem. Exercise, on the other hand, can be effective even when simple. Take running: This exercise requires no forethought and can be done pretty much everywhere by pretty much everyone, yet carries a laundry list of health benefits ranging from boosting the immune system to lower the risk of breast cancer.Also, exercise has the scientifically measurable benefit of improving mood. When we perform physically demanding activities such as running, the brain releases a rush of endorphins that produces feelings of euphoria. From an evolutionary perspective, this is a neurological reward that encourages us to run and be healthy--we’r e basically built to be runners. If you can incorporate running (or some similar form of exercise) into your weekly routine, you’ll notice your mood improve almost immediately. And there’s also another, indirect way exercise improves mood: When you’re fit, you feel much better about yourself. I don’t just mean in the narcissistic way, either-- knowing that you’re exercising is just a good feeling.Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, exercise can lead to both better eating habits as well as lower overall stress. Exercise is in fact an excellent way to manage stress, and is recommended by medical authorities as a way to strengthen the brain’s buffers against it. It is even recommended by doctors for treating depression. This stress reduction from exercise can in turn lead to better food choices, since stress is an major contributor to poor eating habits, and eating healthy is much easier when you’re feeling good about yourself. Anyone who’s reached for junk-food during a stressful situation can tell you that.Obviously, diet, exercise, and stress management are all important for living a healthy life. However, if you had to choose only one, I’d say that exercise wins out when it comes to getting the most bang for your buck.。
托福写作真题及解析
托福写作真题及解析2022年托福阅读真题及解析1托福阅读第一篇欧洲人口增加原文回顾：欧洲经济发展相关，工业化和食物的增长促进了人口的增长。
高速城市化：人们开始从乡下往城镇转移，因此带来了工作，生活资料等一系列的变化。
细节讲到了熟练工和普通人的区别，考了两个题。
最后讲到了人口的增加导致人均工资下降的问题。
学习：After a century of virtually no population growth, the countries of Western Europe experienced dramatic population increases between 1750 and 1800. Many countries doubled in size. In some countries, the growth continued through the nineteenth century. The population of Great Britain, for instance, doubled between 1750 and 1800 and then tripled between 1800 and 1900.There were several reasons for the sudden increase. Medical advances and improved hygiene limited the devastation caused by epidemic diseases and plagues. The introduction of new food crops, most notably the potato, provided a better diet for thepoor and reduced the incidence of famine. The combination of greater public order and fewer civil wars meant that life was less hazardous. The net result was a lower death rate and soaring populations.The growing population, with a rising proportion of children to raise and older people to care for, put increased pressure on every aspect of society. Many peasants were no longer able to provide land for their children, who were forced to look for other ways to make their living. Small artisans in the cities suffered similar problems, unable to provide places for their children in their own workshops.The exact relationship between population growth and industrialization is unclear, though the two are clearly intertwined. (Even countries that were late to industrialize shared in the general population increase, and its related problems.) What is clear is that the growth in population increased the demand for both food and manufactured goods and provided an abundance of cheap labor to produce them.托福阅读第二篇非洲铁技术的发展原文回顾：非洲铁的发展，非洲曾经是被殖民的地方，殖民者大量开采非洲的铁矿资源，并且他们在非洲大规模的用铁矿资源冶炼金属，牵扯到起源，谁把铁的技术引进非洲，以及铁技术之后的发展和改变。
2023年托福写作真题
11.1.8MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: The food we ate in the past was healthier than the food we eat today.(Food)11.1.22MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: For parties celebrating occasions such as graduation or birthday, it is better to invite a lot of people instead of only inviting friends and family members.（Family & Friends)11.1.30MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: The world is changing quickly.People are less happy than before.11.2.12MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: In a busy and crowded world, we should not expect people to be polite to others.(Old vs.New)11.02.20MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement:People who move out of their native village or town are happier and more successful than those who stay in native village or town for all their life.(Success)11.02.26MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: Young people do not have any influence on decisions that may affect the future of the world.(Young vs.Old)11.03.04NAThe most important problems in today’s world will be solved in our lifetime.11.03.11NAAlthough science and technology will continue to improve, the most significant improvement for the qual ity of people’s lives has already taken place.11.03.12MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: People should buy things made in their own country, even if the price is higher than the things made elsewhere.(Money)11.03.13MLSome people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores.What is your opinion? (Family) 11.03.19NAMovies and television have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.11.03.20MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: People would be happier if they had fewer possessions.(Money)11.03.26MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: Young people should try different jobs before they decide which job they should take.(Work)11.04.02Which kind of universities do you prefer, universities whose graduates can find good jobs or universities where there are famous professors? (Education)11.04.09MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: The government should spend more money on art museums than on playgrounds.(Government)11.04.15NAComparing to hiring famous teachers, school should pay more attention to improve facilities.11.04.22 NAWhich kind of universities do you prefer, universities whose graduates can find good jobs or universities where there are famous professors?11.04.23MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement: A job with more vacation time but a low salary is better than a job with a high salary but less vacation time.(Employment)11.04.30NAIt is important to know about what is happening around the world, even if it doesn’t affect your personal lives.11.5.14 MLDo you agree or disagree: it is easier for people in the past to identify which type of career or job has a secure or successful future.11.5.28 ML（2023.5.28 NA）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: A person's clothes reveal a lot about his personality.11.5.29 ML（2023.10.10 ML）Do you agree or disagree: it is easier to achieve success today than in the past.11.6.11 ML (2023.7.10 NA)Do you agree or disagree with the statement: although a lot of people know the environmental situation (global warming etc.), however, the present situation is unlikely to change in the future,11.6.25 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience good people are being rewarded and bad people are being punished.11.7.8The friends that you can have fun with are more important than the friends that you can get help from?11.7.9People should take time to relax with hobbies or physical activities that are very different from what they do at work.11.7.23Teachers should give students more group assignments because students work more efficiently in groups.11.7.31Physical exercise is much more important for the old than the young.11.8.5If one of your friends needs assistance in one of the courses you are good at, it is better for him to turn to you or ask a tutor for help?11.8.13The young people today are facing more personal and work-related challenges than their parents did fifty years ago.11.8.20The most important investment for a company is to spend money to improve the work skills of its employees.11.8.21For the successful development of a country, the government should focus its budget on young children’s education rather than on universities.11.8.27Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Patience is usually not a good thing; we should take actions at once.11.8.28Movies are worth watching only when they teach something about real life.11.9.8The rapid growth of cities has a mostly positive impact on the development of the society.11.9.24Educating children has become more difficult task because now children spend more time on cell phones, online games and social web site.11.9.25It is easier for parents to raise their children than 50 years ago.11.9.28In order to solve the problems of the present and the future, people should review the past.11.10.16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people today are less dependent on their parents than in the past.11.10.20Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Printed books have had greater effects on society than television has had.11.10.22Famous entertainers and athletes deserve to have more privacy than they have now.11.10.27Most business people are motivated by the desire for money.11.10.30The most important characteristic of a good political or business leader is an ability to accept the responsibility of the mistakes.11.11.5 NADo you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should spend money on traveling and vacation rather than save money for future use.11.11.12 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? More and more people are spending much money on animals though there are also many places are worth using.11.11.13Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One can learn a lot about a person from the types of friends the person has.To improve the quality of education, university should spend more money on professors’ salary.11.11.19 NADo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Some jobs can pay high salaries but require employees to leave their family and friends.Some jobs pay few salaries but allow employees staying with family and friend.Which job do you prefer? Why?11.11.20 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important characteristic for a politician or a leader is good communication skill.11.11.26 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for people to work at home with a computer than at their own office?11.12.2 NADo you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who cannot accept the criticism from others will not be successful at working in a group.11.12.9 NADo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Your job has more effect on your happiness than your social life does.11.12.10.MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Increasing teachers’ salary can improve educational level.11.12.11 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Improvement of schools is the most important factor for the development of a nation.11.12.17 NADo you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is impossible to be completely honest with your friend.11.12.18 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for government to spend money on building future housing or preserving historic or traditional buildings and homes?12.1.8 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? People would be happier if they had fewer possessions.12.1.14 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? All school teachers should take course every five years to update their knowledge.12.2.5 MLPeople should have goals that are challenging rather than goals that are safe and practical.12.2.11 MLDo you agree or disagree.Talented people's leadership is born naturally and can't be learned by people.12.2.17 MLSome people prefer to buy new technological devices; others choose to buy them when they are in common use.Which do you prefer?Describe the differences between two singers that you are familiar with.Include reasons and examples to support your response.12.2.24 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? In terms of t eamwork, those who can’t take any criticism from other people can never succeed.12.2.25 MLCan two people be good friends if one person has more money than the other?12.3.4Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Employees who always follow their supervisor’s instructions are more valuable to their companies than employees who try to find new or better ways?12.3.10If you need to discuss upsetting or controversial problems with others, will you use e-mail/text messaging or use telephone/voice-messaging?12.3.18Do you agree or disagree with the statement: There is never a good reason to be impolite (rude) to another person.12.3.24 MLDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? If parents want their children to do well at school, they should limit the time their children spend on watching TV.12.4.14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important for government to protect animals and wilderness areas for future generations.12.4.22Do you agree or disagree that it is more important for universities to spend money on facilities (such as libraries, computers and technology) rather than on hiring famous teachers?12.4.28Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important to know about events happening around the world; even it is unlikely to affect your daily life.12.5.12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to choose a university which has a good prospective of employment than the one with famous professors.12.5.20Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Since people care public recognition more than money, they will work harder after their efforts are recognized——even if there is no more money given.12.5.26Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers had greater influence on young children in the past than today.12.6.9Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is often not a good thing for people to move to a new town or a new country because they will lose their friends.12.6.15Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important characteristic for a politician or leader is good communication skills.12.6.17Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Rather than help their children do school work, parents should encourage their children to do work independently.12.6.30Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to learn about a foreign country is to read the newspapers and magazines from that country.12.7.14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If your friend need extra help in schoolwork, suppose you are good at the subject which your friend needs help, it is better for your friend to ask you for help than get help from a professional tutor.12.7.15Is it important for government to provide money for the things that are beautiful than things that are practical.12.7.22Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can take care of their family members better when they live in big cities than in the countryside.12.7.28Some people prefer to live away from family and friends with high salaries; other people prefer to stay with your family and friends with less pay.Which is better for you?12.8.19Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Car has had a great effect on the society than the airplane.12.8.25Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The opinions of celebrities, such as some entertainers or athletes, are more important to younger people than to older people.12.8.26Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents should allow children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.12.9.2Competition among friends usually has a negative effect on the friendship.12.9.8Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world has changed a lot during the past 50 years.12.9.16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important investment for a company is to spend money on improving the work skills of its employees.12.9.22Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Although science and technology will co ntinue to improve, the most significant improvement for the quality of people’s lives have already taken place.12.9.23The most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime.12.10.13Nowadays, it is much easier to achieve success with help from one's family than what is like before.12.10.14To make children do well in school, parents should limit the hours that children spend on watching TV or movies.12.10.19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Reading a student does on his/her own is as important as, or even more important than reading a student does because it is assigned by teachers.学生自己读旳书与老师布置旳同样重要还是更重要。
toefl+经典加试完整版
一、两河流域苏美尔文明与埃及文明之比较1. 相关知识背景：世界最早的文明之一──美索不达米亚文明（又称两河文明）发源于底格里斯河（Tigris）和幼发拉底河（Euphrates）之间的流域──苏美尔（Sumer）地区（中下游地区）。
美索不达米亚是古巴比伦（Babylon）的所在，在今伊拉克（Iraq）共和国境内。
两河文明：发源于亚洲底格里斯河（Tigris）与幼发拉底河（Euphrates）河流域，又称美索不达米亚（Mesopotamia）文明。
两河文明也是有史可考的最古老的文明，其文明形成期可以追溯到公元前4000年，正式形成于约公元前3500年。
当时生活在两河流域的是苏美尔人，建立了苏美尔文明。
之后陆续有闪米特人、赫梯人、亚述人、波斯人、马其顿人、罗马人、阿拉伯人和突厥人相继入侵。
两河流域继苏美尔人之后最伟大的文明就是由闪米特人汉穆拉比建立的巴比伦。
留学,签证,申请,美国,英国,加拿大,欧洲尼罗河文明：发源于非洲尼罗河（Nile）流域，又称古埃及文明，其历史也可追溯到公元前4000年。
公元前3100年左右，上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及，开始了史称的埃及王朝时期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。
2. 文章内容：第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。
（有题）平原，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。
开头，it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。
一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。
埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。
M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow，周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障。
第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化。
第三段：S 文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面原因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。
所以对S的了解主要基于文字。
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第一套：综合写作阅读：对于产品单一或者产业链单一的公司怎么发展(1) 在已有产品上升级版本（新包装）(2) 在产品设计方面推出新产品，比如皮带啊裤子啊你可以生产靴子啊，这样能一起买了(3) .和别的公司合作，比如说巧克力公司.和冰淇淋公司合作推出巧克力味冰淇淋听力：lecture里反驳(1) 老顾客不喜欢新包装，.会觉得被offense，不买新包装，.同时又有人觉得老包装old fashion，就全不买了(2) 一系列产品不能保证质量，万一买了靴子发现质量不好，可能皮带等也都不买了，reputation完了(3) 合作变成竞争，巧克力公司自己也生产冰淇淋了怎么办？不就和冰淇淋公司闹起来了么独立写作Many people spend lots of time watching sports on TV or following their favorite team. Does it have negative impacts on their lives?"To each his own," as the proverb indicates. This is applicable to the hobbies or interests one would spend time on pursuing. Some people however use too much time following their favorite sports teams either on TV or going to the stadium rooting up for their teams or buying team T shirts or caps. Does this have unfavorable impact on them? Yes, in my opinion, those people are negatively affected in their life.First, sports games last a long time and followers need to spend a great deal of time on the event. Although it is a great way to relax，followers will be addicted easily. They will watch these sports programs after finishing working, at night, or on the weekend. Some sports, such as football or tennis, consumes hours in regular conditions or longer in overtime games. In such condition, will the sports followers quit and go back to their work or study? No, of course. They might stay up late or postpone what they are doing for the game. No matter what the result is，they are affected in their life and may not be alert in doing their work. On the other hand, people who are not addicted to the sport can spend time doing other important things that benefit their lives and their plan, for work will have less chance of being interrupted.Second, sports lovers will try all the method to bolster their favorite team. In other words, they might need to spend money and be, sometimes, addicted to legal, but adverse habits. For example, some game cards provide bets as "non-profits" or "for-disabled" kind of charitable purpose. My male coworker, who loves to watch Euro football match, spent a lot of money for gambling. However, the chance to win is rare. Eventually, he had a huge debt because of gambling on his favorite sport: Euro football. In addition，following the favorite team on live competitions has the costs, such as paying for the ticket to the games，the cost of commuting, food, hotel and etc. This money needs to be deducted from savings and any budget that are prepared for their study or tuition.Admittedly, there are petty benefits watching or following their favorite teams on TV. For instance, when they watch the games, they shout out loud for their team, which is a great pressure reliever. In addition, watching sports are usually considered a group activity. In other words, they will enhance the relationship with their friends, colleges or family members when they enjoy and appreciate the sports together. However, either watching TV at home or physically attend the sports events is costly. Besides，they sit all day and eat all day during the event which is undoubtedly harmful to their health in the long run.Finally, everything has its downside. For the sports related activities，it will bring more negative impacts on people's life. As we usually hear from TV that the followers become violent when the team they support lose the game. The impacts are so profound that people might not be eager to fulfill their duties and they might need to spend a great deal of cash for this interest.第二套：综合写作1.阅读：marsupials不如placental mammals.适应性强。
给了三原因：(1) marsupial的幼崽joeys，没发育完全就生出来了，所以需要装在pouch里，vulnerable，抵抗力很差，immune system不行；而placental的幼崽生下来就发育完全了，比较高级。
(2) Marsupial can't effectively control their body temperature, this is a great disadvantage so they are inferior to placental ；(3) marsupial.竞争不过placental，澳洲kangaroo 那么多完全是因为没有placental.竞争（marsupial only thrive in Australia because placental didn't arrive there until recently)。
听力：professor说，marsupial.适应性很强，有些方面比placental__还猛。
逐条反驳阅读材料：(1) joeys 在妈妈的口袋里很安全(marsupial's joeys can be protected in pouches and develop their organs, this can give them more time to cope with environmental challenges.)喝妈妈的奶增强抵抗力(defeat infection )，帮助建立immune system，很有适应力（They can get antibody from milk of parent)；(2) marsupial不光能控制体温还能故意改变体温，比如降低体温减少体力消耗增强存活率（some marsupials lower their body temperature on purpose in order to save energy, so it's not true)；(3) 两种哺乳动物共同生存在Australia的时间是Millions of years ago’而不是文章中说的until recently，所以placental不用和marsupial.竞争。