翻译理论与实践 (文稿)
翻译实践报告实训内容(精选9篇)
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翻译理论与实践 第一节
(二)理解逻辑关系
为了透彻理解原文，译者往往还得上下有联系地理 解原文的逻辑关系。有时原文里的一个词、一个词 组或一个句子可能有几种不同的意思，就得仔细推 敲，估计实际情况，根据逻辑推理来决定哪一种是 确切的译法。 It is good for him to do that. 这样做对他有好处。 他这样做是件好事。
第三部分：“五四”之后的近代翻译 史
“五四”是我国近代翻译史的分水岭。“五四” 以前最显著的表现是，以严复、林纾等为代 表翻译了一系列西方资产阶级学术名著和文 学作品，“五四”以后，我国翻译事业开创 了一个新的历史时期，开始介绍马列主义经 典著作和无产阶级文学作品。
第三部分：“五四”之后的近代翻译 史：
玄奘：
世称三藏法师，俗称唐僧 。他在唐太宗贞观 二年出发去印度求经，十七年后才回国。他 带回佛经657部，主持了比过去组织制度更加 健全的译场。他不但把佛经由梵文译为汉文， 而且把老子著作的一部分译成梵文，成为第 一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人。
第二部分：“五四”之前的近代翻译 史
翻译理论与实践
第一章：我国翻译史简介
第一部分：佛经翻译 安世高 三支 释道安 佛教三大翻译家
安世高：
佛经翻译是在东汉桓帝建和二年（公元一四 八年）开始的，安世高是当时的译者，也是 佛经翻译的创始人。
三支：
支娄迦谶（支谶）：月支国人，译了十多部佛经， 译笔生硬，读者不易看懂。 支亮：支谶的弟子 支谦：字恭明，三国时期高僧，月支国优婆塞人， 体形细长黑瘦。汉末来中国，他的祖父法度在东汉 灵帝时，率国人数百移居中国，支谦同来，至洛阳， 受业于支谶的门人支亮。他懂得多种西域文，精通 梵语，博览经籍，翻译了数十种佛经重要典藉。因 其博学超众，曾被吴主孙权拜为博士。
翻译理论与实践(29)
作业讲评：The Founders of Modern ScienceThe men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。
[英语学习]翻译理论与实践
![[英语学习]翻译理论与实践](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/99dcc22e0912a216147929cd.png)
The definition is:
Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
成都家教，成都家教网；
综合各家之长: (Sum Up)
• 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种 语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、 传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是 推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 • Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.
推荐网站
1. 中国翻译协会
2. 传神社区
3. 众译网
4. 翻译中国
5. 正方翻译论坛
推荐期刊
1. 《中国翻译》 中国翻译协会 主办
2. 《上海翻译》
上海科技翻译学会 主办
成都家教，成都家教网；
课堂简报——《译文》
课堂简报——《译文》
成都家教，成都家教网；
Alexander Fraser Tytler:
• A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
翻译理论与实践(14)
作业讲评：British newspapers – all of them some of the time, and some of them all the time – behave badly in two ways. They intrude unnecessarily and often hurtfully into people’s privacy; and they publish inaccurate, sometimes made-up stories. The victims have little redress. If they are rich and the article is defamatory, they can sue for libel. Most cannot afford to do so, and even the rich cannot prevent an invasion of their privacy. Fierce competition, particularly between tabloid newspapers, leads to more feet in more doors.英国的报纸有两点做得很不象话。
一是无端侵犯别人的私生活，并往往给人造成精神上的伤害；二是刊登失实的，有时甚至是无中生有的报道。
所有的报纸都无一例外，有的偶尔为之，有的则几乎天天如此。
受害人名誉受损，但得不到什么洗刷。
受害人若是有钱人家，加上报纸刊登的文章又确是恶意中伤，那么他们便可以诽谤罪向法院起诉。
但大多数受害人是打不起这种官司的。
即使是有钱人也不能使自己的隐私免受侵犯。
各种报纸之间，特别是各种图片小报之间的激烈竞争，导致这种寻觅个人和家庭隐私材料作报道的行为日见其多。
Comparison between English and Chinese (continued)substitutive (替换) vs. repetitive（重复）1．Substitution (替代)1).Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.2). In any case work does not include time, but power does在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。
翻译的实习报告
翻译的实习报告一、实习背景及目的我于XX年XX月加入公司名称的翻译部门，担任翻译助理实习生。
实习期为三个月，旨在通过实践提升翻译技巧、了解翻译项目管理流程并对翻译行业进行深入了解。
二、实习工作内容1. 翻译和校对文档在实习期间，我参与了多个翻译项目。
根据分配，我负责将英文文档翻译为中文，并对翻译结果进行校对，确保准确性和流畅性。
这其中包括合同、商务文件、产品说明书等各类文档。
在翻译过程中，我积极学习和运用语境分析、术语研究等技巧，努力保持对原文意思的准确传达。
2. 协助项目管理除了翻译工作，我还协助项目经理进行项目管理和进程跟踪。
在项目开始阶段，我负责收集和整理所需的参考资料，协助翻译团队掌握背景信息和专业术语。
在项目进行中，我及时与翻译人员沟通，解答他们在文本理解或术语使用方面遇到的问题，并协助解决翻译中的难点。
3. 学习和讨论翻译技巧在实习期间，我们每周组织一次集体学习和讨论会。
在这些会议上，我们分享和探讨各自在实践中遇到的翻译问题和解决方法。
这些讨论对我提高翻译水平和增强团队合作意识起到了积极作用。
三、实习心得和收获1. 专业技能的提升通过参与实际翻译项目，我巩固了翻译基础知识，提高了翻译的准确性和效率。
在校对过程中，我对常见错误和注意事项进行了总结，并学会了使用各类翻译工具提高工作效率。
同时，通过与项目经理的合作，我了解了翻译项目的管理流程，包括任务分配、进度跟踪和协作沟通等方面。
2. 跨文化交流的体验在实习期间，我接触并翻译了大量来自不同国家和文化背景的文档。
这使我更加了解各国文化习俗、法律法规，提高了我的跨文化沟通能力。
同时，通过与翻译团队的合作，我学会了团队协作和解决工作中的分歧，这对我的人际交往和合作能力也带来了很大的提升。
3. 对翻译行业的认识通过实习，我对翻译行业的运作有了更深入的了解。
我明白了翻译职业的要求和挑战，同时也认识到了自身在职业发展中的不足之处，为今后的学习和提升制定了明确的计划。
翻译理论与实践(4)
浪漫
一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。女孩是他的同事，他们在一个办公室工作。小伙子性格内向，不善言辞，他不知道如何向女孩表达他的爱慕之意。写情书罢，小伙子是学理工的，一直搞技术工作，满脑子的图形，就是没有一句有文采的话。至于直截了当告诉女孩说“我爱你”，小伙子更没有那胆量。这样的恋情应该说没有什么希望的了。事实上一年后他们结了婚。有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我上班第一件事就是为她泡上一杯她喜欢的喝的绿茶。她胃不好，我经常备些胃药放在她桌上。一开始她不知道是我做的这些事情，时间长了就知道了。”我不知道，泡茶送药是否是一种浪漫。浪漫是没有定式的，或许那些实实在在的呵护和关爱才是真正的浪漫。
翻译的单位问题
以词为单位
What is this?-------什么是这？
短语为单位
a girl in red……一个女孩穿红衣服
分句为单位
Her mother died when she was only ten.
她母亲死了，当她只有十岁时
句子为单位
I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue. (Francis Bacon)
Some language points in the target text:
endowment
1.money that is given to a college or hospital, etc. in order to provide it with an income, or the giving of this money
The two girls set out,one just in front of the otheralong a narrow path. They had walked for some time when Daojing, who was ahead, turned and stared fixedly at her companion. Her face was unusually white,“I have got to give up my studies,…”（消除歧义）
理论与实践作文600
理论与实践作文600"英文回答，"In theory, everything seems perfect and ideal. We learn about different concepts, principles, and methods that seem to work flawlessly on paper. However, when it comes to putting these theories into practice, we often encounter various challenges and obstacles that we didn't anticipate.For example, in my economics class, we learned aboutthe concept of supply and demand. The theory made perfect sense to me, and I could easily solve problems on paper. However, when I tried to apply the same concept to real-life situations, I found that there were many other factors at play that complicated the simple supply and demand model. Things like consumer behavior, market trends, and government policies all had an impact on the actual market situation."中文回答，"理论和实践之间总是有一定的差距。
汉英新闻翻译理论与实践
汉英新闻翻译理论与实践随着中国国力的增强和国际地位的提升，为了对外宣传的需要，越来越多的汉语新闻被翻译成英语。
在这个过程中，有成绩，也有不足。
本文通过系统分析新闻翻译，尤其是汉语新闻翻译的特点、原则，系统介绍了汉语新闻的标题、导语和正文的翻译方法和策略。
标签：汉语新闻特点和原则翻译策略随着我国经济的高速发展和社会的不断进步，我国在国际舞台上的地位空前提高，在许多重要国际场合都能看到中国元素，听到中国声音。
相对世界强国来说，我们的对外传播力度、强度、精准度都难以与之相比。
目前，中国面临的一个迫切需要解决的问题就是如何对外介绍自己。
[1]如果有一批新闻业务精通，英语应用娴熟，国际视野开阔的新闻写作者或翻译高手，我国的对外传播就能顺利开展，就能在很大程度上扭转我国目前在国际舞台上的被动局面，树立在国际上的形象。
一、对外传播及特点对外传播是通过中国人自主创办或与外国人合办的报纸、杂志、广播、电视等传播媒介，以境外人士为主要传播对象，以让世界了解中国为目的而进行的新闻传播活动。
对外新闻报道有以下3个特点[2]：1.有明确的针对性和目的性。
对象是能够阅读和听懂英语的外国人，其目的是让外国人熟悉和了解中国新闻事件，明白中国的观点，创造有利于中国的舆论环境，并帮助树立有利中国国际形象。
2.采用西方思维方式和写作方法。
根据他们的实际接受水平，以他们的语言和思维方式进行新闻创作。
3.传播效果应该以国家为主导。
树立有利于中国的国家形象，应以国家为主导，符合党和国家的内外政策。
二、新闻特点和翻译特征新闻具有时效性、显著性、重要性、地理相邻性、矛盾性、冲突性、独特性和人情味的特色，具备权威、精确、时事价值、即时性、简洁和特定框架格式的特点。
其中刘教授对“新闻翻译”做出如下定义：“新闻翻译就是运用目的语表达原语新闻，因此目的语读者不仅可以获得原语报道中的新闻信息，而且和原语读者拥有近乎相同的感受。
”[3]新闻翻译有4个特征：1.新闻报道强调高效性和集中性，翻译需要在限定时间内完成；2.新闻翻译文本应该体现新闻体，倒金字塔形，译文应保持原文的内容和写作风格；3.新闻翻译多采用全译、选译和编译的形式；4.新闻翻译要求译者在翻译过程中仔细谨慎，认真核对原语信息，及时完成校对工作。
翻译理论与实践(29)
作业讲评：The founders of modern scienceThe men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。
翻译理论与实践论文
中南财经政法大学研究生课程考试试卷（课程论文）论文题目On the Aesthetic Effects of theTranslation of Haunting Olivia 课程名称翻译理论与实践完成时间 2015.2专业年级 2014级翻译硕士中文摘要文学翻译是语言再现的艺术, 是审美的翻译。
小说作为文学文本，是一种特殊的艺术形式，翻译小说的最终目的就是实现小说的审美再现。
本文以美国作家凯伦·罗舒的短篇小说《游魂奥莉维亚》为研究对象，分析了小说中的人物语言个性、人物塑造和修辞，介绍了小说的翻译过程。
并且本小说的中文翻译文本，以以上对小说的具体三方面的分析为基础，着重分析了本人翻译过程。
本文结尾还列出了本人在翻译过程中遇到的困难。
关键字：审美；翻译；人物语言个性；人物塑造；修辞AbstractLiterary translation is an art of language representation with aesthetic effect. As one kind of literary text, fiction is a special art form, and the aim of fiction translation is to represent the aesthetic effects. This paper analyzes character personalities reflected by their speech, characterization and rhetoric, introduces the process of translating this fiction. And this paper will emphasize on analyzing my translation process and some strategies and skills. Also, this paper lists some problems I have met during translation.Key words:aesthetic; translation; character personalities reflected by their speech;characterization; rhetoricContentsABSTRACT (2)Ⅰ. Introduction of the author (4)Ⅱ. Analysis of the short story (5)2.1 What is the story about (5)2.2 Aesthetic analysis of the source text (5)2.2.1 Distinct character personalities reflected by their speech (5)2.2.2 Vivid characterisation (6)2.2.3 Rhetorical beauty (7)Ⅲ. The analysis of source text’s translation (7)3.1 The translation of distinct character personalities reflected by their speech (7)3.1.1 The translation of linguistic meaning (8)3.1.2The translation of pragmatic meaning (9)3.2 The representation of vivid characterisation (10)3.2.1 The translation of portrait description (10)3.2.2The translation of action description (10)3.2.3The translation of psychological description (11)3.3 The translation of rhetorical beauty (12)3.3.1 The translation of metaphor (12)3.3.2The translation of symbol (12)Ⅳ. Problems in the process of translation (13)Ⅴ.What I’ve learnt from the project (15)Bibliography (16)Appendix (17)Ⅰ. Introduction of the authorKaren Russell (born July 10, 1981) is an American novelist and short story writer whose haunting yet comic tales blend fantastical elements with psychological realism and classic themes of transformation and redemption. Setting much of her work in the Everglades of her native Florida, she depicts in lyrical, energetic prose an enchanting and forbidding landscape and delves into subcultures rarely encountered in contemporary American literature.The vividly realized stories in her debut collection, St. Lucy’s Home for Girls Raised by Wolves (2006), revolve around a cast of adolescents, often parentless, caught between the worlds of childhood and adulthood, wilderness and civilization, island and mainland, the living and the dead. In her novel Swamplandia! (2011), R ussell revisits and expands on the opening story of her earlier collection, “Ava Wrestles the Alligator,” to explore the intricacies and consequences of a family’s grief following the death of their matriarch. Narrated primarily by its thirteen-year-old protagonist, Ava, the novel weaves together a chilling odyssey into a swampland netherworld; lush descriptions of the flora, fauna, and history of the Everglades region; and profound observations about human nature in the face of irreparable loss.Russell’s recently published collection of stories, Vampires in the Lemon Grove (2013), navigates new and diverse terrain, from a nineteenth-century silk factory in Japan, to a drought-ravaged homesteader settlement on the plains of Nebraska, to the traumatic memories of an Iraq War veteran. Through the wildly inventive premises of these and other stories, Russell is widening the scope of her already far-reaching and distinctive imagination.Karen Russell received a B.A. (2003) from Northwestern University and an M.F.A. (2006) from Columbia University. Her short stories have appeared in such publications as The New Yorker, Granta, Zoetrope, and Oxford American. She was a fellow at the Cullman Center (2010) and at the American Academy of Berlin (2012), and she has taught writing and literature at Columbia University (2006–2009), Williams College (2009), Bard College (2011), Bryn Mawr College (2012), and theUniversity of Rutgers, Camden (2013).Ⅱ.Analysis of the short story2.1What is the story aboutThe short story Haunting Olivia is about two boys，Wallow and Timothy took a crab sled to look for their little dead sister and describes the wonderful scene they saw and their deep missing for their sister during search. In the novel, crab sledding is the closest thing island kids have to a winter sport. Wallow, Timothy and Olivia often played this game. One day, they’d spent all day crab sledding down the beach, and Wallow and Timothy wanted to go to Granana’s house. But Olivia wanted to play for a while. While neither of them is willing to accompany Olivia who was only 8 years old. After giving her a final push that sent her racing down the slopes, they left. Sine then, Olivia disappeared for ever. Wallow and Timothy planned to look for their little sister by rowing crab sled, and they thought Olivia must be in a cave of Glowworm Grotto drawn by herself. They began working their way around the island to find that cave. This fiction describes what Timothy saw under the water wearing goggles, the night sky above the sea and the scene in the cave during the process of their searching for Olivia, and reflects their deep missing for Olivia.2.2Aesthetic analysis of the source text2.2.1 Distinct character personalities reflected by their speechFiction contains the aesthetic factors which hide in semantic information and exists in characters’conversation(Hu Anjiang, 2005). In the fiction, character personality is an important factor inducing or restricting the variations of language style. Words are the voice of the mind; words are the reflections of one person. So the characters’conversation is undoubtedly the best explanation of self image. The meaning of “words are the voice of the mind”is that the conversations can show characters’ ideological trend, convey the mood of characters and reflect the character'spsychology. That words are the reflections of one person means conversation can reveal one’s characters' personality and nature. In Haunting Olivia, all the conversations between characters convey a certain sense and highlight characters’distinctive individuality. Conversations between Wallow and Timothy, including conversations taking place when they try the goggles, their first booty, founding in the process of two people looking for Olivia. It vividly portrays two little lovely and innocent kids whose relationship is close; Conversations between Olivia and her brothers reflect Olivia is a naughty，smart and cute; Conversations between the two boys and Granana reflect Granana is a very simple old woman having experienced hardships……2.2.2 Vivid characterizationOne important feature of fiction is to shape a large number of the vivid characters. These images not only inspired but also move the reader, and bring reader into poetic realm, and let them own extremely rich aesthetic experience at the same time(Hu Xianyao & Lili, 2009). Here, I will analyze the vivid characters in this fiction from three aspects: portrait description, action description and psychological description(Liu Xinlei, 2011).Portrait description depicts the characters by describing the character's appearance, clothing and gesture, and it is a way of revealing characters’ thoughts and personalities of a way. This novel has many portrait descriptions in paragraph ten, these descriptions use extensive adjectives and similes which compare Olivia's face to red apple and compare the Wallow teeth to the tusks of warthog. Thus it vividly highlights the Olivia's cuteness and Wallow’s funny appearance. But the sentences in source text are hard to understand, so when translating into Chinese, translators should convert them into ones conforming to Chinese patterns. In addition to the portrait description, action description can also vividly shape the characters.There are a large number of action descriptions in the novel. Paragraph 25 vividly depicts the picture of Timothy jump from pier down to water. In addition, paragraph 30 also lively the pleasant scene of rowing crab sled on the beach. Theseaction descriptions are consisted of a series of verbs, so we should pay attention to choose the corresponding words during translation.Novelists prefer using psychological description to shape the characters. By describing characters’ inner world, the author can directly narrates the ups and downs characters’ emotion and shows the characters’mind and personality traits. Psychological description is well organized, and readers can logically see characters’rational spirit world. The psychological descriptions of Timothy after seeing the ghosts of dead children show that timothy was very scared. And the psychological description: "I'd rather drown in Olivia's ghost than have question look at me that way" shows us the struggle in Timothy’s spirit world.2.2.3 Rhetorical beautyNovelist can’t improve language skills and create charm language art without rhetoric. The rhetoric is a kind of language art, which can let reader have an aesthetic experience when reading a novel. Haunting Olivia uses a large number of rhetorical devices, such as:1. Aesthetic effects created by metaphorsCompared with simile, the relationship between ontology and vehicle are not directly express. Metaphor gives readers more vast space for imagination. This novel use metaphor for many times and make the source text vivid (Chen Dingan, 2004). The description of Olivia eyes and the scene emerging in Timothy’s mind after hearing grandfather used to take Granana skinny-dipping swim. All these show the aesthetic effects of metaphor.2. Aesthetic effects created by symbolIn the novel, symbol is a micro rhetoric as important as metaphor. In this novel, there are many descriptions of light in the cave including the light coming from the the caves, the light of glowworms and the light shadow on the stone at the bottom of cave. The description of the light symbolizes the Timothy’s mood changes.Ⅲ.The analysis of source text’s translation3.1 The translation of distinct character personalities reflectedby their speechJust as the analysis of character personalities reflected by their speech above, the aim of conversations is to depict characters and convey a certain meaning, so the translation is to translate meaning. But meaning has multiple levels, semiotics provides the most comprehensive meaning theory: As a kind of symbol system, language has three meanings: referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning. Here I mainly analyze linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning applied in my translation. Linguistic meaning refers to the relationship between the language symbols of the same language system. Pragmatic meaning refers to the relationship between symbols and the user, namely the relationship between language and its users( Xu Jun, 2014).3.1.1 The translation of linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning is owned by a certain kind of language, so it’s hard to keep it in the process of translation, but it does not mean it can not be conveyed. Linguistic meaning includes the sound system meaning, grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, syntactic meaning, etc. Please look at the following example:Source text：“I want my parents to stop sailing around taking pictures of Sudanese leper colonies. I want Wallow to row back to shore and sleep through the night. I want everybody in the goddam family to leave Olivia here for dead.”Target text：“我想爸妈不要旅行去拍苏丹拍一些麻风病人隔离区的照片；我想瓦洛划回岸上然后好好睡一觉；我想这个讨厌的家庭中每个人都让奥莉维亚死在这儿。
翻译理论与实践(26)
作业讲评：这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。
虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。
在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。
世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。
跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it was, enabled us to see many places and meet old friends while making new acquaintances. An important topic of discussion was how the Chinese nation could become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century. Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts and have different experiences of life, they all bear in the innermost recesses of their hearts an indelible mark of the fine traditions of the Chinese culture. They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation. In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is moving toward greater prosperity. People across the Taiwan Straits are to promote exchanges and work together for achieving earlier reunification of our motherland . The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the forefront of the historical arena (stage). In what way should the young generation embrace the new century replete with hopes? This is a question to which we have to seek an answer.indicate (SHOW) verb[T]to show, point or make clear in another way:Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.[+ question word] Please indicate wh ich free gift you would like to receive.[+ (that)] She indicated to me (that) she didn't want me to say anything.indication noun[C or U]There are few indications (that) the economy is on an upswing.Helen's face gave no indication of what she was thinking.indicative adjectivebeing or relating to a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen: Resumption of the talks is indicative of an improving relationship between the countries. indicator noun[C]Commodity prices can be a useful indicator of inflation, he claimed.an economic indicatorsomersault , noun[C]a rolling movement or jump, either forwards or backwards, in which you turn over completely, with your body above your head, and finish with your head on top again: She was so happy she turned three somersaults on the lawn.somersault , verb[I]The bus plunged down the embankment, somersaulted twice and finally landed on its side. nestle Show phoneticsverb[I or T; + adverb or preposition]1to rest yourself or part of your body in a warm, comfortable and protected position: She nestled (her head) against his shoulder.2to be in, or put something in, a protected or sheltered position, with bigger things around it:Bregenz is a pretty Austrian town that nestles between the Alps and Lake Constance. nestling Show phoneticsnoun[C]a young bird which has not yet learned to fly and still lives in the nest built by its parents翻译知识与对策：成语、熟语和歇后语的翻译汉语中的大量成语、熟语源自民间传说或历史典故。
(完整word版)英语翻译理论与实践
黄山学院外语系课程讲稿专业名称：英语专业课程名称：《英汉翻译理论与实践1》主导教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》授课教师：程汕姗A Brief Introduction to Translation◇Teaching Contents:I.Discussion:●What is translation?●What is a successful translation?●What difficulties might occur in translating process?A.What is translation?1.Key words:source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message /information; equivalence / correspondence2.Nature of translationTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly interms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words withsimilar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language.Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of formfrom the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。
《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告
《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告本文主要探讨翻译的概念、分类、方法和策略。
作为一项跨文化的活动，翻译在人类社会交往中起着重要的作用。
因此，翻译理论与实践的学习和探索对于加强国际交流和促进文化交流具有积极的意义。
一、翻译的概念翻译是指通过语言的转换，将一种语言表达的意义转换为另一种语言的表达方式。
翻译可以是口译，也可以是笔译，主要目的是传达信息和沟通。
翻译是一种交际行为，需要翻译者具备良好的语言、文化背景知识和翻译技能。
二、翻译的分类翻译可以按照不同的标准进行分类，以下列举几种常见的分类方式。
1.按照翻译对象分类可以将翻译分为文学翻译、科技翻译、商业翻译等不同类型，不同的翻译对象需要翻译者掌握不同的语言和专业知识。
2.按照翻译形式分类可以将翻译分为口译和笔译两种，口译是将一种语言口头翻译成另一种语言，笔译是将一种语言的书面内容翻译成另一种语言。
3.按照翻译技术分类可以将翻译分为直译和意译两种，直译是按照字面意思进行翻译，意译是根据上下文、语境和文化背景进行翻译。
三、翻译的方法翻译是一项复杂的技术活动，需要采用多种方法和策略。
以下列举几种常见的翻译方法。
1.直接翻译法直接翻译法是指以字面意义为基础进行翻译，不考虑上下文和语境等因素。
这种方法在一定程度上能够保证翻译的准确性，但是会忽略一些文化和语言因素。
2.逐字翻译法逐字翻译法是指将原文中的每个单词或词组按照顺序翻译成目标语言的对应单词或词组。
这种方法在一些情况下可以获得比较好的结果，但是会忽略语法和语言习惯等因素。
3.意译法意译法是指将原文中的意思翻译成目标语言的意思，不拘泥于字面翻译。
这种方法能够更好地传达原文的意思，但是需要熟练掌握两种语言和文化背景知识。
四、翻译的策略为了更好地完成翻译任务，翻译者需要采用一些策略。
以下列举几种常见的翻译策略。
1.译前准备在翻译前，需要对原文进行仔细阅读和理解，分析原文的语言和含义。
同时，需要了解目标读者和目标语言的文化背景和习惯，为翻译做好充分的准备。
翻译理论与实践
The avenue is flanked by rows of new buildings.马路旁是一排排新建的大楼。
The governor made an inspection tour in the eastern provinces.总督视察了南方各省。
The first electronic computers came into use in 1958.第一批电子计算机1958年问世。
Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.朗太太刚刚来过，她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。
I would have asked why Mrs. Dean had deserted the Grange; but it was not proper to disturb her at that moment, so I turned away …我原想问问迪恩太太为什么丢下田庄走了，可当时不好打扰她，于是我便转身走了。
―What was I talking of?‖ said she, beginning again when t hey were all in the street.―我刚才说什么来着？‖等大伙儿来到了街上，她又说了起来。
Such mistakes are not made twice.这种错误绝不能再犯。
The work must be finished before Christmas.这项工作必须圣诞节前完成。
He was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly.他很少说话，只是不停地抽着烟斗。
I must confess that with their repetition, and perhaps because of their very inconsequence, chores can in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction.我必须承认，正由于其反复性，或许还由于其无关紧要，家务事到头来还能给人带来些许的满足感。
翻译理论与实践(31)
作业讲评：One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of eighteen, presented herself at the clerk’s desk of the principal hotel in Columbus, Ohio, and made inquiry as to whether there was anything about the place that she could do. She was of helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. Any one could see where the daughter behind her got the timidity and shamefacedness which now caused her to stand back and look indifferently away. She was a product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father. Poverty was driving them. Together they presented so appealingly a picture of honest necessity that even the clerk was affected.1880年秋天的一个早晨，有一个中年妇人，带着一个18岁的青年女子，走进俄亥俄州科伦坡市的大旅馆里，到帐房的写字台面前，问他旅馆里有没有她能做的活。
翻译理论与实践(23)
作业讲评：What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected. This extra something lies deep within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested.Motivation is a personal trait that is primariry instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents. An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals. A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize. This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also. These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.一个人在科学上要有独创的贡献，往往并非单纯的能力问题，而是还有一些别的因素，一些表面上触摸不着的、难于觉察的东西。
这些外加的东西深深寓于个人之中，需要培养并经受考验。
动力是因人而异的，主要由长者逐渐灌输，诸如教师或父母。
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翻译理论与实践复习资料应英081班痞子第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flaver.( Columbia Encyclopedia)2. Translating consists in reproducing in the recepter language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
（孙致礼 2003：6 ）二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize “faithfulness”! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance. (译事三难，信，达，雅。
求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉)Faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text.Expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. Elegance means the translated text should keep the style of the original.① Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war。
那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．④ For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.古往今来多少离合悲欢,谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！⑤ Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)In the case of the effect, translating is like painting from a copy what to desire and get is not alike in appearance but in spirit.(以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
)① From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the villege. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往．② He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market.――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归．3.Qian ZhongshuTheory of Huajing: The highest standard of literary translation is “Hua” (化)(digestion), when a translator converts a language into another one, his or her version can completely keep the original flavor as well as show no signs of stiff word-for-word translation because of the conventional differentiation of language and culture.（文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。
）① Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。
② The young people were all in high favour, especially Alice, whose sweet face and temper would have endeared her to the devil himself, but there was much shaking of heads over her handsome husband, Peter, who had a hot eye for a fine leg, as Matty put it, and was apt to put an arm round the kitchen girls if he had the chance.仆人们对家里年轻的主人都充满好感，特别对艾丽丝更是如此。
她的脸蛋长得甜甜，脾气又特别随和，就是魔鬼见了她也会喜欢。
但谈起她那位英俊的丈夫——彼得，许多仆人是摇头的，玛蒂形容说，他见了女人标致的大腿，眼睛就会色迷迷的，如果逮着机会还会去搂一把年轻厨娘的腰。
4. Alexander Fraser Tytler(1)A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.(3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.① You country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the people who struggle against terrorism. ――贵国一直坚定地站在反恐怖主义的前列．② It is the champion of apartheid.――它是导致种族隔离的罪魁祸首③A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts.――千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容．④ Being invited to dance, she would not very well refuse.――有人请她跳舞，她不好意拒绝．5. Eugen A. Nida(1) Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language.(Nida and Taber: The Theory and practice of Translation: 1969; 24)(2)The reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of text must have understood and appreciated it 。
Nida: Language, Culture and Translating, 1993; 118①Poison (a name of cosmetic)――百爱神②Coca-Cola――可口可乐③《半夜鸡叫》 A Cock Crying at Midnight6. Peter Newmark(1)The main functions of language are expressive (the subjective or ‘I’ form), the descriptive or infor mative (the ‘it’ form) and the vocative or directive or persuasive (the ‘you’ form), the minor functions being the phatic, the metalingual and the aesthetic. All texts have aspects of the expressive, the informative and the vocative function(2)Semantic t ranslation is used for ‘expressive’ texts, communicative for ‘informative’ and ‘vocative’ texts.(3)Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.①迎客时说：路上辛苦了．――Did you enjoy your trip?②请客时说：没什么菜，随便吃．――Help yourself.7. Vermeer and Nord:(1) Skopo s: The translation purpose justifies the translation process…the end justifies the means.(2) The viability of the brief depends on the circumstances of the target culture, not on the source culture.(3) One of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the addressee.(4) A text is made meaningful by the receiver and for the receiver.① Red Star Over China——《西行漫记》②While facing foreign pressure, China was also weakened by social unrest which resulted from a great increase in population and inadequate farmland. This led to peasant uprisings. The Taiping Rebellion. The most seriousone was the Taiping Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan. The rebellion was one of the most destructive unrest in history, taking as many as 30 million lives. …中国面临外患的同时，又因人口大增而耕地不足，引发社会动荡，国力减弱，农民起义此起彼伏。