电子商务专业英语(第二版)_翻译
电子商务专业英语商务英语翻译
1你能报给我这些商品的价格吗？Would you please quote me the price of these goods2 所报价格需包括到温哥华的保险和运费。
Price quoted should include insurance and freight to Vancouver3 希望您报成本加运费、保险费到温哥华的最低价格。
I’d like to you quote the lowest price of CIF to Vancouver4 请告知我们贵方能供货的价格。
Please inform us of the prices at which you can supply5 若贵方价格合理，我们可能向你们大量订货。
If your prices are reasonable, we may place a large order with you6 若我方向你们长期订货，请告知能给予多少折扣，不甚感激。
If I give you a long-term regular order, please let us know what discount you can grant，I really appreciate.7 请就下列每项货物向我方报成本加运费、保险费到西雅图的最低价格，其中包括我们百分之五的佣金。
Please quote us the lowest price of CIF to Seattle, for each of the following goods ,including our five percent commission.1.我们的包装完全适合于海运。
Our packing is completely suitable for transport by sea2.我们将完全按照你的指示包装货物。
We will packing the goods completely according to your instructions3.为了避免损坏，货物将采用木箱包装，但是这种包装的费用比较高。
电子商务专业英语(第二版)_翻译
第1章电子商务概述1.1 引言美国很少有人能够真正地享受到买车过程中的快乐。
虽然一些汽车经销商已经通过引入固定价格和不砍价策略来改善客户的购车经历，但仍有许多的经销商继续采用卖气旺盛的销售办法，使顾客感到筋疲力尽、困惑，甚至担心自己可能在交易中受骗。
1995年，Autobytel公司（Autobytel公司的网址是）开始提供在线购车服务，承诺为购买者提供一个不砍价的购车经历，并为汽车经销商提供一种能够增加新车销售量、降低销售成本的销售渠道。
顾客在购车前会通过互联网或走访当地的经销商来了解汽车的配件和特性，目前大概有超过95%的购车者是通过互联网来了解汽车信息的。
顾客若要享受Autobytel公司的购车服务，需要在该公司的网站上进行注册，并指定自己心仪的汽车的性能指标。
Autobytel提供给购车者他所选择的汽车的约定价格，并把购车者的联系信息转给当地的加盟经销商。
经销商付费给Autobytel以便获得Autobytel只把自己推荐给特定区域顾客的权利。
经销商随后会与顾客进行联系并完成交易。
顾客从快速、没有争论的、直接而且价格明确的购车过程中受益，而经销商则可以从提高销量和不支付佣金给销售员中获利。
Autobytel接收经销商每月缴纳的加盟费，并将网站上的广告位卖给保险公司和金融机构。
Autobytel目前已经与20000家汽车经销商签约。
汽车经销商每年支付给Autobytel 的费用已经超过7千万美元（而且通过卖网站上的广告位和向汽车销售商提供服务，Autobytel每年又可赚取2千万美元）。
在2007年，Autobytel公司和类似于Autobytel的公司在网上的汽车销量已占全美新车销量的30%。
从1995年到2002年，Autobytel经历了快速成长，然后就是销售增长趋缓。
像在电子商务最初的泡沫期成立的其他公司一样，Autobytel不得不转变它的经营重点。
Autobytel从不惜代价追求收入的增长，开始转向仔细的控制成本。
电子商务 中英对照E-commerce Chapter11
Learning Objectives
• How electronic wallets work
• 电子钱包是如何工作的
• The use of stored-value cards in electronic commerce
• 电子商务储值卡的使用
• Internet technologies and the banking industry
• 哪个支付方式同时对公司和用户都有利
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Four different payment technologies
• 4种不同的支付方式: 1. Payment card 2. Electronic cash 3. Software wallets
–现金、支票、信用卡、借记卡 • 90% of all United States consumer payments
• 90%的美国消费者使用的支付方式
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Electronic transfer: small but growing
segment
Payment Cards 支付卡
• Single-use cards 一次性卡 –Cards with disposable numbers –有一次性号码的卡 • Addresses concern of giving online vendors payment card numbers • 适合担心给供应商卡号的用户 • Valid for one transaction only • 有效期为一项交易
Payment Cards 支付卡
2013新版电子商务英语单词翻译
concept观念，概念
circumstantial详细的，详尽的
conБайду номын сангаасern关系；关心
circumvent 包围；陷害；绕行
concise简明的，简洁的
classic 经典的；古典的
concurrent共点；同时发生的事
classification分类；类别，等
broadly 明显地；宽广地
bulb 电灯泡
bust破产
buzz嗡嗡声
bypass 绕开；忽视 旁路
backup支持；后援 备份
banking银行业；银行业务
barely仅仅，勉强；几乎不
dimension维；尺寸
duplicate复制 重复
director 主任，主管；导演
dynamic动态；动力
directory目录；工商名录
disable使失去能力 禁用
disadvantage缺点；不利条件
disclaimer免责声明
costly昂贵的
counsel法律顾问；忠告
countermeasure对策；反措施
detect察觉；发现 检测
dive潜水；跳水
detection侦查，探测
diverse不同的；多种多样的
adequately充分地；足够地；适
archaic古代的；陈旧的；
average平均；平均数
advantage优势；利益；有利条
architectural 建筑学的；建筑上
adverse不利的；相反的
arguably可论证地；可争辩地
2023年自考专业(电子商务)《电子商务英语》考试全真模拟易错、难点汇编叁(带答案)试卷号：27
2023年自考专业(电子商务)《电子商务英语》考试全真模拟易错、难点汇编叁（带答案）（图片大小可自由调整）一.全考点综合测验(共45题)1.【问答题】翻译：financial transaction正确答案：财务往来2.【填空题】收入;岁入n. r_______________正确答案：revenue3.【单选题】They are gonging to （）a new school for the poor studentsA.set onB.put onC.set upe up正确答案：D4.【问答题】In what seems like the prehistoric times of computer history; the earth ’ s postwar era, there was quite a widespread rumor that computers would take over the world from man one day. Already today, less than fifty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but not less foreseen problem. People tend to be over-trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority. Indeed, they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed, or that a computer may simply malfunction. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. Questioning and routine double-checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.37. According to the passage, the author would probably disapprove of__________.A. investment in computersB. complete dependence on computersC. double-check on computersD. the use of computer38. In the author ’ s opinion, people should__________.A. be reasonably doubtful about computersB. use computers for business purposes onlyC. substitute computers for basic thinkingD. check all their answers when using computers39. What is suggested in this passage?A. Computer won ’ t change our personal lives.B. Computer can create unforeseen problems.C. Computer has taken control of the world.D. Computer cannot affect our businesses.40. What is the main purpose of this passage?A. To look back to the early days of computers.B. To explain what technical problems may occur with computers.C. To discourage investment in computers.D. To warn against a mentally lazy attitude towards computers.正确答案：37. B、38. A、39.B、40.D。
电子商务专业英语(翼汶莉)-精品文档-电子商务专业英语(翼汶莉)-第1章
UNIT 1 Internet
Most would say that E-mail was and still continues to be the killer application that makes the Internet irresistible as a technology for both business and individuals. It's hard to fathom a world without Email; however it wasn't that long ago that we relied on post or at most the fax. E-mail has made sending a text message half way around the world instantly child's play. Not only was it fast, easy and very effective, it was free. Originally conceived in 1972, E-mail is now essential to practically all types of businesses and personal communications. We still usually log on only to check our E-mail and whether you send one E-mail, two or thousands the cost is free.
UNIT 1 Internet
Looking back, the essential idea of the Internet is extremely basic; however with several innovations, the Internet has grown and evolved to where it is currently at today.
电子商务英语翻译
电子商务文献翻译班级：电子商务0902姓名：陈正祥学号：090506037STRUCTURE AND MACRO-LEVEL IMPACTS OF ELECT RONIC COMMERCE: FROM TECHNOLOGICAL INFRAST RUCTURE TO ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACES VLADIMIR ZWASS电子商务的结构和宏观影响：从技术层面的基础设施建设到虚拟的电子市场Abstract摘要Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is sharing business information, maintaining busi ness relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunicati ons networks. Traditional E-commerce, conducted with the use of information technol ogies centering on electronic data interchange (EDI) over proprietary value-added net works, is rapidly moving to the Internet. The InternetWorld Wide Web has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce, which has been vastly broadened and red efined by the use of the new medium.通过通讯网络电子商务可以实现分享信息，维护商业关系和进行商业交易的目的。
传统的电子商务在附有专有价值的网络上以电子信息交流为中心使用信息技术，目前正在逐渐向因特网转移。
电子商务专业英语2版宋德富习题参考答案
电子商务专业英语（第二版）参考答案（不放在书内）Unit 1［Ex 1］1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. T7. T8. T9. F 10. F 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. F 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. T 21. T 22. T 23. F 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. F 28. f 29. F 30. T 31. T 32. T 33. F 34. T［Ex 2］1. Electronic2. Communication3. Subset4. Business-to-Business5. Customer6. C2C7. C2B8. Bidirectional9. G2C 10. Employees［Ex 3］Part A. 1. D 2. H 3. A 4. F 5. B 6. G 7. C 8. EPart B 1. intranet 2. Integration 3. Branding 4. Supplier 5. flat fee 6. auction7. Consumer 8. marketing［Ex 4］1. focuses2. facilitate3. encompass4. bidding5. empowers/has empowered/empowered6. is transmitted7. to promote8. offer［Ex 5］公司（纳斯达克挂牌AMZN）是总部在美国华盛顿州西雅图的一家电子商务公司。
Amazon是最早通过英特网销售产品的主要的公司之一。
Jeff Bezos在1994年创建了该公司，并在1995年上线交易。
起始阶段只是一家网上书店，后来变化成销售多系列产品，如家用录相系统，DVD，音乐CD，MP3格式，计算机软件，视频游戏，电子产品，服装，家具，食品，玩具等等。
电子商务专业英语
IP 因特网协议Internet ProtocolTCP 传输控制协议Transmission Control ProtocolOSI 开放式系统互联参考模型Open System InterconnectionISP 互联网服务提供商Internet Service ProviderHTML 超文本标识语言Hypertext Markup LanguageSEO 搜索引擎优化Search Engine OptimizationPR 公共关系Public RelationIT 信息技术Information TechnologyCRM 客户关系管理Customer Relationship ManagementIMA 因特网商家账号Internet Merchant AccountPSPs 支付服务提供商Payment Service ProvidersQoS 服务质量Quality of ServiceSCM 供应链管理Supply Chain ManagementQC 质量控制Quality ControlPLC 产品生命周期Production Life CyclePC 个人计算机Personal ComputerBasics填词1. Internet is a loose network of computers localed all over the world。
2. The most widely used part of Internet is the World Wide Web. Its outstandingfeature is hypertext.3. Common computer networking devices are Router、Bridge、Network、Switch、Ethernet hub and Repeater.4. The three major forms of e—commerce and B2B、B2C、C2C.5. Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods ofservices from a seller in real-time without an intermediary service over the internet。
电子商务专业英语词汇表
《电子商务英语词汇表》Chapter 1：Overview of Electronic Commerce The open case：Dell—Using E-Commerce for Success【教学内容】1、掌握“Dell—Using E-Commerce for Success”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）Dell——戴尔公司（2）PC（personal computer）——个人电脑（3）mail order——邮件订单（通过邮件产生订单）（4）configure——配置（5）customized——定制的（6）build-to-order——按单生产（7）cornerstone——奠基石（8）business model——商业模型（9）snail mail——蜗牛邮寄（10）Web——网页（11）online-order-taking——在线订购（12）network switches——网络交换设备（13）auction——拍卖（14）refurbished——翻新的（refurbished computers, 翻新机）（15）Business-to-business ——B2B（16）Premier Dell Service——“首要客户服务”（大客户、重要客户服务）（17）direct marketing online——网上直销（18）notebook——笔记本电脑（19）desktop——桌面电脑（20）e-procurement——电子采购（21）purchasing agents——采购代理、采购部门（22）preconfigured——预先配置的（23）order fulfilled——订单履行（24）e-working——电子办公网（25）portal——门户，这里作“接口”（26）tender——投标（27）exchange——交易（系统）（28）shipper——运输商（29）logistics——后勤学，这里作“物流”,logisticscompanies,物流公司（30）inventories——库存（31）application ——应用软件（32）consulting services——咨询服务（33）communication system——通信系统（34）e-collaboration——电子合作（35）web service——web服务（36）ERP(Enterprise resource planning)——企业资源整合（37）E-customer service——电子客户服务（38）CRM(Customer relationship management）——客户关系管理（39）demand-planning——需求计划（40）factory-execution——生产执行（41）order-to-delivery——按单配送（42）high-performance——高性能，这里做“高绩效”（43）factory-scheduling——生产计划、生产进度（44）profit——利润（45）initial public offering (IPO)——证券（46）charity——慈善（47）National Cristina Foundation——国家救济基金会（48）students at risk——贫困学生（49）economically disadvantaged persons——经济困难的人群（50）recycling program——回收计划（51）urban——城市（52）reassemble——重新组装（53）educational institutions——教育机构（54）stage——上演（55）consumer electronics——消费电子化1.1 Electronic Commerce: Definition and Concept【教学内容】1、掌握“Electronic Commerce: Definition and Concept”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）electronic commerce——电子商务（2）e-commerce——电子商务（3）guru——大师（领袖、权威）（4）commerce——商务（5）e-business——电子业务（电子商务）（6）business partners——商业伙伴（7）collaborate——合作（8）conducting——执行、实施（9）transactions——交易（10）artificial intelligence——人工智能（11）data processing——数据处理（12）decision making——决策支持（13）decision making system ——决策支持系统（14）policymaking——政策制定（15）profound——深刻的（16）industry structure——产业结构、行业结构（17）consumer segmentation——客户分割（18）commercial——商业（19）trade——贸易（20）delivery——交付（21）transact——交易（22）e-business——电子业务（23）dimension——维度（24）brick-and-mortar——砖加水泥（25）pure-play——专营的（电子商务）（26）click-and-mortar——鼠标加水泥（27）value-added-networks——增值网（28）inter-organizational——跨组织的（29）intra-organizational——组织内部的（30）routine——惯例1.2 The EC Framework, Classification, and Content【教学内容】1、掌握“The EC Framework, Classification, and Content”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）field——领域（2）diverse—不同的（3）framework——框架（4）exhibit——展品（5）infrastructure——基础设施（6）mandate——授权、托管（7）geographic——地理的（8）exclusively——专有的（9）majority—— 多数（10）category——类别（11）counterpart——配对物（12）joint ventures——合资（13）operational——运作（14）direct marketing——直销（15）online banking——网上银行（16）e-purchasing——电子采购（17）promotion——优惠（18）affiliate——会员、联盟（19）consortia——银行团（20）EDI(Electronic data interchange)——电子数据交换（21）Cable TV——有线电视（22）B2B(Business to Business)——企业-企业（23）B2C(Business to Customer)——企业-消费者（24）B2B2C(Business to Business to Customer)——企业-企业-消费者（25）C2B(Customer to Business)——消费者-企业（26）C2C(Customer to Customer)——消费者-消费者（27）Peer-to-Peer applications——端到端应用（28）Mobile commerce(m-commerce)——移动商务（29）Intrabusiness EC——企业内部电子商务（30）B2E(Business-to-employees)——企业-员工（31）Collaborative commerce——合作商务（32）Non-business EC——非商业电子商务（33）E-learning——电子学习（网上学习）（34）E2E(Exchange-exchange)——交易所对交易所（35）E-government——电子政务（36）search engine——搜索引擎（37）VAN (value added network) ——增值网（38）WAN (wide area network)——广域网（39）LAN (local area network)——局域网（40）HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) ——超文本传输协议（41）HTML（Hyper Text Markup Language）——超文本标记语言（42）XML (eXtensible Markup Language)——可扩展标记语言（43）telecom——telecomminication，电讯，远程通讯（44）delivery——传送、递送、交付1.3 The Digital Revolution Drives E-Commerce【教学内容】1、掌握“The Digital Revolution Drives E-Commerce”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）digital economy——数字经济（2）digital communication network——数字通信网（3）extranet—外联网（4）Internet economy——互联网经济（5）New economy——新经济（6）Web economy——万维网（网站）经济（7）digitizable products——数字化产品（8）database——数据库（9）digital currencies——数字货币（10）financial tokens—— 金融代币（11）microprocessor——微处理器（12）home appliance——家用电器（13）automobile——汽车（14）convergence——集中、收敛（15）computing——计算（16）communication——通信（17）stimulate——刺激（18）low inflation——低通货膨胀率（19）innovation——变革1.4 The Business Environment Drives E-Commerce【教学内容】1、掌握“The Business Environment Drives E-Commerce”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）business environment——商业环境（2）CEO——Chief Executive Officer（3）Qantas Airway——澳航（4）turbulent—动荡的、吵闹的（5）expedite——加速（6）the environment-response-support model——环境响应支持模型（7）unprofitable facilities——不盈利机构、部门（8）critical response activities——关键响应行为（9）necessity——必要性、需要（10）workforce——劳动力（11）obsolescence——（技术）过时、退化（12）information overload—— 信息过剩（13）deregulation——解除（放松）管制（14）subsidy——补助、津贴（15）ethics——伦理道德1.5 EC Business Models【教学内容】1、掌握“EC Business Models”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）business model——商业模型（2）revenue——收入、收益（3）revenue——收益模型（4）outline——概括Chapter 3：Retailing in Electronic Commerce: Products andServices3.1 Internet Marketing and Electronic Retailing【教学内容】1、掌握“Internet Marketing and Electronic Retailing”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）retailer——零售商（2）retailing——零售（业）（3）electronic retailing——电子零售（业）（4）e-retailing——电子零售（业）（5）e-tailer——电子零售商（6）operate——运作、运行（7）manufacture——制造商、制造企业（8）physical——物理的、现实的（9）electronic retail ——电子零售（10）intermediary——中间环节（11）factory outlets——工厂店（12）wholesale——批发（13）distribution——分销（14）ubiquity—无处不在的，普遍存在的（15）catalog sales——邮购销售方式（16）vacation service——度假服务（17）portal——门户网站（18）consolidate——合并、统一（19）revenue——收入（20）value proposition——价值观（21）fare——费用（22）travel accessories—— 旅游用品（23）stand-by tickets——返航机票（24）otherwise-empty seat——剩余的空座位（25）steep——急剧的（26）eurailpass——欧洲铁路旅行优惠票3.2 E-Tailing Business Models【教学内容】1、掌握“E-Tailing Business Models”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）manufacturer——生产商（2）transaction——交易（3）enterprise——企业（4）HRM——human resource management,人力资源管理（5）IT——Information Technologe信息技术（6）SCM——Supply Chain Management（7）ERP——Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源规划（8）CRM——Customer Relationship Management客户关系管理（9）mail order——邮购（10）direct marketing ——直销（11）pure-play e-taile r—— 纯电子商务的电子零售（12）click and mortar——鼠标加水泥（13）internet(online) mall ——互联网商城，在线商城（14）distribution channel —— 分布渠道3.3 Travel and Tourism Services Online【教学内容】1、掌握“Travel and Tourism Services Online”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）travel online——在线旅行、在线旅游（2）online travel service——在线旅行服务（3）conventional travel agency——传统的旅行中介，旅行社（4）car rental agency——汽车租赁代理（5）revenue ——收入（6）consultancy fee——咨询费（7）vacation service——度假服务（8）reserve ticket——订票（9）accommodation——住宿（10）entertainment——娱乐（11）travel magazine——旅行杂志（12）fare comparison ——费用比较（13）city guide——城市指南、向导（14）currency conversion calculator——现金转换计算器（15）driving map——驾驶地图（16）travel accessory ——旅行装备设施（17）travel bargain——旅行折扣（18）discount——折扣（19）cheap ticket——廉价机票（20）chat room——聊天室（21）stopover——中途停留（22）corporate travel——社团旅游（23）intelligent Agent——智能代理软件Chapter 4: Consumer Behavior, Market Research, andAdvertisement4.1 Learning about Consumer Behavior Online【教学内容】1、掌握“Learned Learning about Consumer Behavior Online”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）royalty—— 皇权，至上（2）critical——关键的，重要的（3）lure——吸引（4）factor——因素（5）independent variables——自变量（6）intervening (or moderate) variables——介入（缓解）变量（7）intervene——介入、干涉（8）moderate——中等的, 适度的, 适中的；减轻、缓和（9）dependent variables——因变量（10）decision-making——决策的，决策（11）resell——再卖, 转售（12）demographic——人口统计学的（13）ethnicity——种族划分（14）occupation——职业（15）household income——家庭收入（16）correlate——使相互关联（17）unfavorable——不宜的, 不顺利的, 相反的, 令人不快的（18）psychological——心理上的（19）stimuli——鼓励, 刺激物（20）marketer——销售商4.2 The Consumer Decision-Making Process【教学内容】1、掌握“The Consumer Decision-Making Process”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）decision-making——决策、决策的（2）clarify——澄清、阐明（3）marketer——销售商（4）lead up to——先导、准备（5）culminate——告终, 完结（6）purchasing-decision——购物决定（7）revert——回返（8）broker——经纪人（9）Decision Support System——决策支持系统（10）facility——工具（11）customer loyalty——客户忠诚。
电子商务英语(第二版) (1)[5页]
![电子商务英语(第二版) (1)[5页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/66303874ec3a87c24128c42a.png)
UNIT 11.(1) IBM defines electronic business as "the transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies."(2) The three categories that are most commonly used are: business-to-consumer (or B2C), business-to-business (or B2B), transactions and business processes.(3) It can help increase profits.(4) Electronic commerce can increase sales and decrease costs, increase purchasing opportunities for the buyer and improve the general welfare of society. Some business processes may never lend themselves to electronic commerce because of goods characteristics. In addition to technology and software issues, many businesses face cultural and legal obstacles to conducting electronic commerce.2.A. PDA(personal digital assistant) B2C(business-to-consumer)B2B（business-to-business）C2C（consumer-to-consumer）B2G（business-to-government）EDI（electronic data interchange）auction advertising campaignsB. 贸易伙伴电子采购接触互联网文化法律障碍企业间交易提货单Ｃ. (1) G （2）B（3）E（4）J （5）F （6）A （7）C （8）D（9）H （10）I 3.正如电子商务可以增加卖主的销售机会，它也增加了买主的购买机会。
《电子商务英语》-Unit_2
wide adj. 宽的 4注解：speed v& n.
v. 加快，（使某事物）加速 n. 速度，快速
Text A The Internet allows direct access to information, products, and services, which cuts out middlemen and causes economic deflation. 通过互联网可以直接获得信息、产品以及服务，避免了 中间环节，节省了开支。 4注解：cut out 去除，删除 deflation n. 通货紧缩
Text A Because the business centers around the Internet, be sure to discuss the management team's level of Internet expertise and where they gained it.
the competition 竞争者; 对手
Text A The company must also get the word out about its web site by adopting submission to database ...... 公司还必须把网址提交到搜索引擎的数据库中并且在公 司发送的所有电子邮件的末尾添加URL，从而广泛宣传 其网址。 4注解：get the word out 宣传，广而告之 adopt v. 采取，采纳 submit v. 提交，递交 submit a resignation 提交辞呈 v. 屈服，服从
(1)外形，轮廓。
He saw the outline of a house against sky. (2)提纲，大纲，概要。 an outline of European History
2022-2023年自考专业(电子商务)《电子商务英语》证书考核易错、难点精编(带答案)试卷号：15
2022-2023年自考专业(电子商务)《电子商务英语》证书考核易错、难点精编（带答案）（图片大小可自由调整）一.全考点综合测验(共45题)1.【单选题】（）this pair of shoes?A.How many isB.How many areC.How much isD.How much does正确答案：C2.【问答题】Explain to the complainant why you make such a decision.正确答案：跟投诉者解释你为什么作出这样的决定。
3.【问答题】The internet providers consumers with a great number of choices.正确答案：互联网为消费者提供了大量的选择。
4.【问答题】翻译：create an account正确答案：建立账户5.【单选题】His wife, to whom he __________ for thirty years, was childless.A.has marriedB.has been marriedC.had marriedD.had been married正确答案：D6.【单选题】How much did you pay （）your new dress?A.withB.onC.inD.for正确答案：D7.【问答题】它很便宜，但在另一方面，质量很差。
(on the other hand )正确答案：It’s cheap，but On the other hand ，the quality is poor.8.【问答题】翻译：tangible benefit正确答案：有形利益9.【单选题】I made up my mind that under no circumstances__________ to such principle.A.couldn ’ t I agreeB.I couldn ’ t agreeC.I could agreeD.could I agree正确答案：D10.【问答题】翻译：credit card正确答案：信用卡11.【填空题】完型填空(本大题共10 小题，每小题 1 分，共10 分)从选项中选择一个最适合短文的选项，错选、多选或未选均无分。
商务英语( 第二版 )课文翻译
高级商务英语阅读课文译文第1 课主课文译文新长征“中国制造”这个标记很久以前就不新鲜了，它贴在鞋子上、玩具上、服装上，以及为跨国公司制造的其他商品上，世界各地到处可见。
现在真正新鲜的是以中国品牌出售的中国制造的商品。
目前中国只有为数不多的几家公司拥有足够的财力和管理知识来打造国际名牌；其余的绝大多数公司还在为在国内获得知名度而努力奋斗着。
但是正在海外市场上试水的各大先锋公司，很有可能把事情做大。
一些人认为，在创业精神饱满的本地管理层的协助下，或者在一些想在其产品系列里添加新产品的外国公司的协助下，中国商品在极具竞争力的价格的基础上，若把卖点放在产品质量和异国情调上，那末10 年之内，中国品牌将一个一个地走向全球。
总部在香港的广告公司中国精信（Grey China）的执行董事陈一木丹（Viveca Chan）说：“如果世界上只有一个国家具备创立全球品牌的潜力，那么这个国家就是中国。
”短期之内，中国商品最有希望打入国际市场的当属中草药和特色食品，当然也包括那些体现中国浪漫并具有异国情调的产品，例如化妆品、时装和音乐作品。
中国总部设在上海的泰勒·娜尔森·索福瑞（Taylor Nelson Sofres）市场调研公司的中国区总经理Kevin Tan 说：“与中国相联系的神秘色彩还有许多。
化妆品是种靠形象推销的产品，假如你要做化妆品，你会一下子就发现，中国化妆品来头不小。
”努力走向世界的中国品牌还有一些领导时尚潮头的饮料和啤酒品牌，也包括家用电器等具有品牌潜力的产品，它们都能以竞争性的价格提供高品质的产品。
这些中国品牌中的一部分，最终将会通过合资、兼并和收购的途径走向国际市场。
而对于合资双方中的外国投资者来说，这些品牌则将成为他们更快地进入中国消费市场和销售渠道的载体，同时这些中国品牌也能进一步充实国外投资者在国际市场上已经确立的优质品牌的阵营。
整个20 世纪90 年代，“中国品牌”这个概念一直在发育着，而目前在国内受到的重视更大了。
电子商务英语Unit1
4. from… perspective
from … point of view
e.g. 1. From our perspective, the NC doesn't make the PC
obsolete. 按我们的想法，NC不会使PC过时。
2. 从客观的角度来讲，这个地区的天气太差了。 From an objective perspective, the weather in this region is simply too bad.
e.g.
1. He embarked on a new enterprise. 他着手创办新企业。
2. Early in the morning they embarked on the ship for Shanghai. 他们一早就登上了开往上海的轮船。
3. 他开始使用一个新办法来连接办公室内的所有机器。 He embarked on a new method to link every machine in an office.
2. engage in
take part in or be occupied in sth.
e.g. 1. He has engaged in farming for 20 years. 他从事农业20年。
2 . 我没有时间说闲话。 I have no time to engage in gossip.
3. They are engaged in import and export. 他们做进出口贸易。
3. in that
for the reason that ,because. e.g. 1. I like the city, but I like the country better in that I
电子商务专业英语(翼汶莉)-精品文档-电子商务专业英语(翼汶莉)-第2章
UNIT 2 Introductions to Electronic Commerce
History of ecommerce is unthinkable without Amazon and Ebay which were among the first Internet companies to allow electronic transactions. Thanks to their founders we now have a handsome ecommerce sector and enjoy the buying and selling advantages of the Internet. Currently there are 5 largest and most famous worldwide Internet retailers: Amazon, Dell, Staples, Office Depot and Hewlett Packard. According to statistics, the most popular categories of products sold in the World Wide Web are music, books, computers, office supplies and other consumer electronics.
UNIT 2 Introductions to Electronic Commerce
The Following Is 2010 Executive Summary of Ecommerce ——Which Comes From E-commerce Annual Report by William Blair & Company, L.L.C.
新职业英语(2版)第二册课文翻译(U1.2、4、5-8)
Unit 1 Text A 职场时装潮流许多人每天都在捕捉职场时装的潮流，以便能与那些衣着时尚得体的人们步调一致。
他们认为按最新潮流穿衣打扮能为自己赢得时尚和时髦的好名声。
尽管这样做合情合理，你还是要小心谨慎。
许多人并没有意识到，追随职场时装潮流有利也有弊。
好处之一，正如上面所提到的，穿一套时髦的衣服去上班，很可能会得到一堆夸奖。
这种感觉很不错，也让人引以为豪。
然而事实上这种追随弊大于利。
例如，职场时装潮流往往不区分工作和职业。
在一家新潮的咖啡馆或零售店工作，着装要求很可能是休闲服。
而在一家法律或保险公司上班，着装则需要更职业化。
不幸的是，很多职场新潮时装是为工作中的一般大众而设计，而非为特定职业设计。
因此一不小心就可能出问题。
在追随这种时装潮流之前，要好好地仔细审视一下所谓的潮流。
比如，潮流是不是时兴半身裙或连衣裙，而不论其长短呢如果确实如此，那么最重要的是要考虑自己的工作性质。
如果是办公室的职业白领，连衣裙就非常适合。
但如果是在零售店当经理，连衣裙或半身裙则可能会妨碍工作，影响工作效率。
很多人会因为穿了时髦的职场时装而备受称赞，但事情并非总是如此。
最不希望的是不但没有受到夸奖，还落下坏名声。
正是因为这个原因，你必须考虑别人对你的看法，你必须确保给别人留下的是个好印象。
到底要不要将职场最时髦的潮流带入衣柜，这个决定得自己做，但在做出决定前请考虑考虑上面提到的问题。
Text B波音公司行为准则波音公司行为准则为全体波音公司员工制定了必须遵守的行为规范。
波音公司的企业经营建立在公平、公正的基础上，符合道德规范和法律、法规。
在企业经营中，诚信是公司处理一切关系的基础，包括公司与客户的关系、供应商和公众的关系以及员工之间的关系。
在履行公司职责时，波音公司要求员工以最高商业道德标准要求自己。
员工不得参与损害公司诚信、公平、声誉或者为公司带来麻烦的任何活动。
员工应确保：●不参与可能导致公司及个人利益冲突的任何活动。
电子商务专业英语(翼汶莉)-精品文档-电子商务专业英语(翼汶莉)-第10章
UNIT 10 The Internet of Things
Software that resides in servers and/or Internetconnected objects can initiate a sequence of events, with or without human intervention. The combination of embedded microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, network interfaces, and the greater Internet makes it possible for the Internet to evolve from a network of interconnected computers to a network of interconnected objects. Such objects may or may not have their own Internet Protocol addresses.
UNIT 10 The Internet of Things
Many everyday objects already incorporate embedded microcontrollers and will increasingly include wireless interfaces. Typical microcontrollers incorporate a microcomputer, storage, software, and interfaces for sensors and actuators that can reside aboard everyday objects. With addition of a network interface, people and machines can monitor and control such objects from a distance, via the Internet. Objects containing sensors can interconnect with one another and can be monitored by distant servers or people.
电子商务专业英语课后答案.doc
Chapter 1 Introduction to E-CommerceANSWER1.Answer the following questionsL business-to-consumer, business-to-business, business processes, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government2.A business model is a set of processes that combine to achieve a company's goal, which is to yield a profit.NO.3.A revenue model is a specific collection of business processes used to identify customers, market to those customers, and generate sales to those customers.4.books and CDs, etc.5.Transaction costs are the total of all costs that a buyer and seller incur as they gather infonnation and negotiate a purchase-and-sale transaction.6.As more people or organizations participate in a network, the value of the network to each participant increases. This increase in value is called a network effect.7.The key issues that any company faces when it conducts international commerce include trust and culture, language, infrastructure, international law and currency.8.Localization means a translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment, such as business and cultural practices, in addition to local dialect variations in the language・II.Fill in the blanks in each of the following1.Internet2.dot-com pure dot-com3.internationalmodity5.electronic traditional6.vertical integration.rmation coordination8.value chainChapter 3 E-Business ModelsI.a) True b) False. This is the concept of a true auction. c) False・ A reserve price is the lowest price a seller will accept in an auction・ d) True e) False. The name-your price model allows customers to get Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 115a lower price by clearing the price with a number of vendors・ This does not involve an auction. f) False. Brick-and-mortar business are offline businesses・ This term is often associated with companies who have both and online and offline presence・ g) False. Web-based training is currentlyused by organizations around the world, h) True i) True j) TrueII.a) Brick-and-mortar b) Demand sensitive pricing model c) shopping cart d) auction e) vertical, horizontal f) community g) reverse auctions h) B2B exchanges i) online trading j) comparison shopping III.Categorize each of the following items as it best relates to the storefront model, the auction model or the dynamic pricing models:a)Auction model b) Auction model c) Storefront modeld) Storefront model e) Dynamic pricing・ f) Dynamic pricingChapter 4 B2B E-CommerceI.Write an Abstract of this paper in about 100 words.Abstract- Just as the industrial revolution mechanized the manufacturing functions of firms, the infonnationrevolution is automating their merchant functions. Four types of potential productivity gains are expected frombusiness-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce: cost efficiencies from automation of transactions, potentialadvantages of new market intermediaries, consolidation of demand and supply through organized exchanges, andchanges in the extent of vertical integration of firms. The article examines the characteristics of B2B onlineintermediaries, including categories of goods traded, market mechanisms employed, and ownership arrangements,and considers the market structure of B2B e-commerce.II.Answer the following questions1.The popular phrase B2B e-commerce refers to the substitution of computer data processing and Internet communications for labor sendees in the production of economic transactions.2.Expectations about productivity gains from B2B e-commerce can be usefully divided into four areas: possible efficiencies from automation of transactions, potential economic advantages of new market intermediaries, consolidation of demand and supply through organized exchanges, and chcinges in the extent of vertical integration of companies.3.Intermediaries can reduce transaction costs relative to direct exchange, by reducing the costs of search, certifying product quality, mitigating communication costs, and providing guarantees for buyer or seller commitments・4.E-commerce intermediaries can be classified into four main categories: brokers, auctioneers, dealers, and exchanges. 116电子商务专业英语(第二版)III.State whether the following are True or False?l.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.TChapter 5 Electronic Payment SystemsANSWERI.Answer the following questions1.List five parties may be involved in the e-payment method・They are:a)Customer/payer/buyer. The party making the e-payment in exchange for goods or servicesb)Merchant/payee/seller. The party receiving the e-payment in exchange for goods and servicesc)Issue匚The banks or nonbanking institutions that issue the e-payment instrumentused to make the purchased)Regulator. Usually a government agency whose regulations control the e・paymentprocesse)Automated Clearing House (ACH). An electronic network that transfers moneybetween bank accounts2.List Characteristics of Successful E-payment Methods Interoperability and portability; security; anonymity; divisibility; easy of use; transaction fees; critical mass・3.What are virtual credit cards?This is an e-payment system in which a credit card issuer issues a special number that can be used in place of regukir credit card numbers to make online purchases・ This allows users to use a credit card online without having to disclose the actual credit card number.4.Describe the difference between the contact card and contactless card・A contact card is inserted in a smart card reade匚These cards have a small gold plate about one -half inch in diameter on the front; when the card is inserted in the reader, the plate makes electronic contact and data are passed to and from the chip.In addition to the chip, a contactless card has an embedded antenna・ In this case, data (and applications) are passed to and from the card through the card's antenna to another antenna attached to a cardreader unit or other device.5.List Advantages of E-billingChapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 117From the perspective of the billing firm, the most obvious benefit is the reduction in expenses related to billing and processing payments・ E-billing also enables better customer service. Another advantage relates to advertising.From the customer's perspective, E-billing reduces the customer^ expenses by eliminating the cost of checks, postage, and envelopes. E-billing simplifies and centralizes payment processing and provides better record keeping.II. Fill in the blanks in each of the following1.Credit cards, Charge cards, Debit cards2.e-wallet3.smart card, microprocessor, memory, nonprogrammable4.Stored-value5.e-check6.electronic bill presentment and payment (EBPP)Chapter 6 E-Commerce Security ANSWERI.Answer the following questions1.Describe the difference between a nontechnical and a technical cyber attack.Nontechnical attacks are those in which a perpetrator uses chicanery or other forms of persuasion to trick people into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that can be usedto compromise the security of a network.. These attacks are also called social engineering attacks. In contrast to nontechnical attacks, software and systems knowledge are used to perpetmte technical attacks ・ In conducting a technical attack, an expert hacker often uses a methodical approach ・2.How are DDoS attacks peipetrated?Once an attacker has access to a large number of computers, they load the specialized DDoS software onto these computers. The software lays in wait, listening for a command to begin the attack. When the cominand is given, the distributed network of computers begins sending out requests to the target computer. The requests can be legitimate queries for information or can beveryspecialized computer commands designed to overwhelm specific computer resources.3.What are the major forms of malicious code?Viruses, Worms, Macro viruses and macro worms, and Trojan Horses.4.What are some common mistakes that EC sites make in managing their security?Undervalued information. Few organizations have a clear understanding of the value of specific information assets.Narrowly defined security boundaries. Most organizations focus on securing their internal networks and fail to understand the security practices of their supply chain partners.Reactive security management. Many organizations are reactive rather than proactive focusing on security after an incident or problem occurs.Dated security management processes. Organizations rarely update or change their security practice to meet changing needs. Similarly, they rarely update the knowledge and skills of their staff about best practices in information security.Lack of communication about security responsibilities. Security often is viewed as an IT problem, not an organizational one.Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 1195.Describe the difference between physiological biometrics and behavioral biometrics・ Physiological biometrics are based on measurements derived directly from different partsof the body (e.g., sea ns of fingerprints, the iris, hand geometry, and facial characteristics)・ In contrast, behavioral biometrics are derived from various actions and indirectly from various body parts (e.g., voice scans or keystroke monitoring ).6.Describe the basic components of encryption・All encryption has four basic parts: the plaintext, ciphertext, encryption algorithm, and the key.7.What are the basic differences between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?In a symmetric (private) key system the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the plaintext. The sender and receiver of the text must share the same key without revealing it to anyone else——thus making it a so-called private system.Public (Asymmetric) key encryption uses a pair of matched keys—a public key that is publicly available to anyone and a private key that is known only to its owner.8.What is a personal firewall?Personal firewalls are designed to protect desktop systems by monitoring all the traffic that passes through the computer\ network interface card.Chapter 7 PricingI.True or FalseI.F 2.T3. F4.T5. FII.Fill the blanks1.Target-return pricing2.internd content is easy to package; of the low friction between buyers and sellers; the cost of adding new customers is low3.frenzy pricingIII.Answer the following questions1 ・ Identify the six results of the interactivity force of the Internet on pricing・(1)It is easier to reach wider audiences.(2)It is easier and cheaper to implement dynamic pricing strategies・(3)It is easier and cheaper to change prices・⑷ It is cheaper for consumers to investigate prices. 120 电子商务专业英语(第二版)(5)It is easier to understand and measure consumers? reactions to price promotions・(6)It is easier to receive customer feedback on price, understand customer willingness to pay for a product, and implement price scrimin at ion strategies.2.In what ways has the individualization force of the Internet affected pricing?(1)By informing companies of their pricing and product desires, consumers make it easier for firms toconvey prices of products in which they have an interest・(2)Customers can register their preferences with firms, making it easier for those finns to offer targeted, individualized pricing promotions・(3)Customers can more easily participate in dynamic pricing processes. Sites that practice dynamic pricing can notify customers via e-mail when their bids are no longer the highest.3.What is a loss leader? What types are most likely to be used?A loss leader is an item offered at very low prices (below its total cost) in order to attract greater store traffic. Typically, such items are well-known brands, staples for price-sensitive consumers, and/or seasonal/holiday/special demand items.4.Describe the two primary ways that the Internet has enhanced the attractiveness of dynamic pricing. First are decreased menu costs. Menu costs are the costs associated with changing the price of a good. For goods advertised on the Web, it is easy and virtually costless to change product prices, making it very attractive for firms to change their prices based on demand and supply conditions. Second is interactivity. The Internet makes it easy for sellers and buyers around the world to interactand negotiate prices. The fact that buyers and sellers can easily interact from their homes or workplaces via the Internet makes it easy to conduct dynamic pricing structures.Chapter 8 Internet MarketingI.Answer the following questions1.What is Internet marketing?Internet marketing is the process of building and maintaining customer relationships through online activities tofacilitate the exchange of ideas, products, and services that satisfy the goals of both parties.2.What are the seven stages of Internet marketing?The seven stages are (1) setting corporate and business-unit strategy, (2) framing the market opportunity, (3)formulating the marketing strategy, (4) designing the customer interface, (5) designing the marketing program, (6)crafting the customer interface, and (7) evaluating the results of the marketing program.3.What are the four stages of the customer relationship?The four stages are: (1) awareness (the degree to which the customer has some basic information, knowledge, Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 121or attitudes about a firm or its offerings, but has not initiated any communications with the firm);(2)exploration(customer and firm begin to initiate communications and actions that enable an evaluation of whether or not to pursuea deeper connection); (3) commitment (customer and firm feel a sense of obligation or responsibility for each other);and (4) dissolution (isolation of the most valuable customer group and subsequent focus on this particular group).4.What are the six classes of variables in the Internet marketing mix?The six variables are product, pricing, communication, community, distribution, and branding・5.What is the Marketspace Matrix?The Marketspace Matrix is a framework illustrating the levers that the Internet marketer may choose to use ateach stage of the customer relationship. These levers are the six classes of variables including product, pricing,communication, community, distribution and branding, and the stages of customer relationships are awaieness,exploration, commitment and dissolution.6.How do interactivity and individuality come into play in the design of the marketing program? Interactivity is the extent to which two-way communication flow occurs between the firm and customers; individuality refers to a consumer's personal experience with the firm. Both impact the design of all of the levers ofthe Internet marketing mix一price, market communications, and products and services・7.What are the critical success factors for the Internet marketing professional?The critical success factors are (I) customer advocacy and insight (marketing professionals need to strategicallycollect information from many disparate sources, create insightful customer mosaics, and effectively translate theminto marketing strategies and tactics); (2) integration (marketing professionals need to have an integrated or holisticview of the customer and the enterprise in order to create a uniquely advantaged strategic plan); (3) balanced thinking(marketing professionals need to be highly analytical and very creative in order to understand the strategic andtactical implications of the Internet); and (4) willingness to accept risk and ambiguity (marketing professionals needto retool themselves and their companies to enter into a whole new era of customer-centric marketing). 122电子商务专业英语(第二版)Chapter 9 Legal Issues of E■CommerceI.True or False1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6. F7.T&FII. Answer the following questions1.List some of the ways that the Internet can be used to collect information about individuals.(1)By reading an inciividuaPs newsgroup postings(2)By looking up an individual5s name and identity in an Internet directory(3)By reading an individuaPs e-mail(4)By conducting surveillance on employees(5)By wiretapping wireline and wireless communication lines and listening to employees(6)By asking an individual to complete a Web site registration(7)By recording an individuaPs actions as they navigate the Web with a browser, usually using cookies2.List four types of intellectual property.There are four main types of intellectual property in EC: copyrights, trademarks, domain names, and patents.3.List the legal rights covered by a copyright.A copyright is an exclusive grant from the government that confers on its owner an essentially exclusive right to: (1) reproduce a work, in whole or in part, and (2) distribute, perform, or display ♦Itto the public in any form or manner, including the Internet. In general, the owner has an exclusive right to export the copyrighted work to another country.4.List the legal rights of a trademark owner.The owner of a registered trademai-k has exclusive rights to: (1) Use the trademark on goods and services for which the trademark is registered. (2) Take legal action to prevent anyone else fromusing the trademark without consent on goods and services (identical or similar) for which the trademark is registered.Chapter 10 LogisticsI.l.B 2.A 3. A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.AII.Translations:1.物流是与时间有关的资源配置或是总供应链的战略管理。
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第1章电子商务概述1.1 引言美国很少有人能够真正地享受到买车过程中的快乐。
虽然一些汽车经销商已经通过引入固定价格和不砍价策略来改善客户的购车经历，但仍有许多的经销商继续采用卖气旺盛的销售办法，使顾客感到筋疲力尽、困惑，甚至担心自己可能在交易中受骗。
1995年，Autobytel公司（Autobytel公司的网址是）开始提供在线购车服务，承诺为购买者提供一个不砍价的购车经历，并为汽车经销商提供一种能够增加新车销售量、降低销售成本的销售渠道。
顾客在购车前会通过互联网或走访当地的经销商来了解汽车的配件和特性，目前大概有超过95%的购车者是通过互联网来了解汽车信息的。
顾客若要享受Autobytel公司的购车服务，需要在该公司的网站上进行注册，并指定自己心仪的汽车的性能指标。
Autobytel提供给购车者他所选择的汽车的约定价格，并把购车者的联系信息转给当地的加盟经销商。
经销商付费给Autobytel以便获得Autobytel只把自己推荐给特定区域顾客的权利。
经销商随后会与顾客进行联系并完成交易。
顾客从快速、没有争论的、直接而且价格明确的购车过程中受益，而经销商则可以从提高销量和不支付佣金给销售员中获利。
Autobytel接收经销商每月缴纳的加盟费，并将网站上的广告位卖给保险公司和金融机构。
Autobytel目前已经与20000家汽车经销商签约。
汽车经销商每年支付给Autobytel 的费用已经超过7千万美元（而且通过卖网站上的广告位和向汽车销售商提供服务，Autobytel每年又可赚取2千万美元）。
在2007年，Autobytel公司和类似于Autobytel的公司在网上的汽车销量已占全美新车销量的30%。
从1995年到2002年，Autobytel经历了快速成长，然后就是销售增长趋缓。
像在电子商务最初的泡沫期成立的其他公司一样，Autobytel不得不转变它的经营重点。
Autobytel从不惜代价追求收入的增长，开始转向仔细的控制成本。
公司采取了一些措施来提高服务质量，如通过终止和顾客抱怨较多的经销商的合作关系。
自从2004年以来，Autobytel公司通过购买其他的公司、提供销售管理服务和软件给销售商，已经逐步壮大。
Autobytel已经度过了2001~2003年的困难期，今天他已成长为本章所要讲述的电子商务第二次浪潮中的一个成功的参与者。
1.2 电子商务：第二次浪潮我们现在所谓的电子商务这种商业现象有着一段有趣的历史。
电子商务从20世纪90年代中期默默无闻地起步，进而迅猛地发展，又到2000年进入低迷期。
许多人在刚刚目睹了“.com泡沫”之后又看到了“.com泡沫的破灭”。
在2000~2003年间，许多行业观察家都著文宣告电子商务的破灭。
就好像在泡沫年代突然地成功激起了不切实际的期望一样，此时媒体报道的色彩又过分灰暗。
从2003年开始，虽然整体的经济依然停滞不前，但电子商务却展示出了新生的迹象。
在低迷期幸存的公司不仅有了销售的增长，而且其中许多的公司开始盈利。
虽然在泡沫年代的快速膨胀和大规模投资的情况不可能再次出现，但电子商务的第二次浪潮却正在袭来。
本节将给出电子商务的定义并描述它在第二次浪潮中如何再一次的成长。
21.2.1 电子商务对许多人来说，“电子商务”就是在称为万维网的互联网上购物。
但电子商务（e-commerce）的领域还包括很多其他的活动，比如企业间的交易活动、公司用来支持采购、销售、招聘、计划以及其他活动的内部业务流程。
有人喜欢使用electronic business （或e-business）来描述广义上的电子商务。
例如，IBM公司将e-business定义为“使用互联网技术实现的主要业务流程转型”。
但大部分人在使用“electronic commerce”和“electronic business”时却不加区分。
本书将采用电子商务(e-commerce)的最广泛的定义：使用互联网技术所从事的所有商业活动。
互联网技术包括互联网、WWW和其它的技术，比如在移动电话或掌上电脑（PDA, personal digital assistant）设备上使用的无线传输技术。
只在网上从事交易的公司通常被称为网络公司或纯网络公司，以区别于那些只在实际地域中进行商业活动的公司（或同时也有业务在网络上进行的公司）。
1.2.2 电子商务的类型有些人认为可以按照参与到交易或业务流程中的实体对电子商务进行分类。
因此将电子商务分为五类，分别是企业与消费者间的电子商务(B2C),企业间的电子商务(B2B)，企业业务流程，消费者间的电子商务(C2C)，企业与政府间的电子商务(B2G)。
最常见的有三种电子商务：●消费者在网上购物，通常称为企业与消费者间电子商务（或B2C）；●企业之间在网上进行的交易，称为企业间电子商务（或B2B）●支持企业、政府以及其他组织在网上进行销售和采购所需的交易和业务流程。
有些研究人员提出了第四类电子商务——消费者间的电子商务（C2C）,即个人之间进行的买卖。
例如，当某人通过拍卖网站向他人销售商品时，就构成了C2C电子商务。
在有些书中，把C2C电子商务归在B2C之内，因为个人销售商品的交易目的和企业类似。
还有些研究人员提出了另一种电子商务——企业与政府间的电子商务（或B2G），即企业与政府机构进行交易，比如，纳税和填写报表。
美国有越来越多的州建立了网站来帮助企业和政府机构进行交易，例如，加州的 Procurement网站方便了企业和政府进行在线交易。
在有些书中，把B2G 归为B2B电子商务一类。
表1-1总结了这五类电子商务。
表1-1 电子商务的类别1.2.3 电子商务的第二次浪潮经济学家克里斯·弗里曼(Chris Freeman)和弗朗西斯科·劳卡（Francisco Louçã）在其著作《光阴似箭：从工业革命到信息革命》中描述了工业革命的四次浪潮。
许多研究人员预测电子商务和由互联3 网带来的信息革命也将经历类似的浪潮。
并且他们认为电子商务的第二次浪潮已经开始了。
本节概述了电子商务第一次浪潮的特征并描述第二次浪潮的不同之处。
电子商务的第一次浪潮主要是美国的现象。
网页，特别是商务网站中的网页，大部分主要使用的是英语。
第二次浪潮以国际化为特点，支持许多国家的企业以多种语言开展商务活动。
在第二次浪潮中，对于高效的全球交易活动而言，语言翻译和外汇汇兑是两个亟待解决的问题。
在第一次浪潮中，由于很容易得到启动资金导致过分强调创建大型企业来抓住电子商务的机遇。
投资者对电子商务热情高涨，急于参与，而不考虑成本或可能存在的风险。
在第二次浪潮中，现有的企业用其内部的资金储备来为逐步扩大电子商务提供资金。
这些审慎的投资尽管放慢了增长速度，但却使电子商务的发展更加稳健。
在第一次浪潮中，特别是在企业与消费者间的电子商务所使用的是低速廉价的互联网技术。
大多数的消费者采用拨号上网。
家庭宽带上网数量的增加是企业与消费者间电子商务第二次浪潮的关键因素。
在2004年，美国宽带上网的家庭数量飞速增加。
据行业估算，在2004年初，大约12%的美国家庭使用宽带上网。
到2007年底，这个数字已经介于40%到50%之间。
其他的国家，比如韩国，资助国民上网，使用宽带的家庭比例甚至更高。
虽然这种接入方式成本高，但却别拨号上网快10倍以上。
速度的增加不仅使互联网的使用更有效率，而且它还改变了人们使用网络的方式。
例如，宽带上网可以使用户在线看电影、看电视——而这对于拨号上网而言几乎是不可能的。
在第一次浪潮中，互联网技术集成在企业间的交易和企业内部的业务流程主要是通过使用条形码和扫描设备来跟踪零部件、组装、库存和生产状态。
这些跟踪技术并未很好地集成。
而且，公司之间发送业务信息使用包括传真、电子邮件和EDI混合的通信方式。
在第二次浪潮中，电子商务使用无线射频设备和智能卡连同诸如指纹识别和视网膜扫描等生物技术来管理更大范围的业务和人员。
这些技术彼此集成并和通信系统进行整合，使得企业之间的通信和共享交易、库存水平及用户需求信息更加有效。
在第一次浪潮中，电子邮件（e-mail）是作为一种非结构化的通信工具来使用的。
在第二次浪潮中，商家使用电子邮件作为整合他们销售和与客户联系策略的一部分。
在第一次浪潮中，在线广告是许多失败的“.com”公司的主要收入来源。
在经历了在线广告和收入的2年低迷期后，许多企业以对将互联网作为有效地广告媒介又重新产生兴趣为开端，开始了电子商务的第二次浪潮。
一些类型的在线广告，例如招聘，呈现出非常快的增长态势，并且正在取代传统广告。
诸如谷歌（Google）这样的公司又发明了将广告发布给那些有可能对广告中的产品和服务感兴趣的互联网用户的方法。
在电子商务的第一次浪潮中，电子产品的销售困难重重。
唱片业无法（或者，有人说是不愿）想出在网上分销数字音乐的方法。
这就产生了数字盗版——侵犯音乐家知识产权——十分猖獗的环境。
电子书的也未获成功。
第二次浪潮则实现了支持网上分销音乐、视频和其它数字产品的可用技术。
Apple 公司的iTunes网站就是第二次浪潮中数字产品网上分销的成功例子。
它满足了顾客和它所在行业的需求。
电子商务的未来并非完全基于它的第二次浪潮。
第一次浪潮中很成功的公司，例如，eBay，和Yahoo通过不断地提供创新的产品和服务而变得更加兴盛。
电子商务的第二次浪潮也同样会对这些公司带来新的机遇。
1.3 商业模式、盈利模式和业务流程商业模式是指为完成公司目标（盈利）而建立的业务流程的集合。
在电子商务的第一次浪潮中，许多投资者都在寻找具有吸引力的商业模式的新企业。
一个好的商业模式可以带来销售的快速增长并4主导市场。
认为成功的关键就是简单地模仿成功的.com公司的想法导致了许多企业的失败，其中有些公司十分具有戏剧性。
模仿或采用别人的商业模式并非是通向成功之路的简单或聪明的办法。
相反，企业应该审查自己的业务要素，即他们应该识别出可以通过互联网技术简化、提高、或替代的业务流程。
企业和投资者当前依然在使用盈利模式的思想，即用于识别客户、向其推销并从中获取收益的业务流程的集合。
这种思想可以帮助企业区分产生收益的活动，以便进行交流和分析。
1.3.1 关注专门的业务流程除了由业务流程组成的盈利模式外，企业还要考虑其他的业务作为专门的业务流程。
那些流程包括购买原材料或用来经销的商品，将原材料和劳动转化为成品，管理运输和物流、招聘和培训员工、管理企业财务和其他业务活动。
在某些情况下，一些业务流程使用传统的商务活动就可以有效地完成，而新技术并不能改进它们。
一些顾客愿意触摸、嗅闻或近距离观察的产品很难通过电子商务进行销售。
例如，对于那些必须通过接触才能深切感受的商品，如时装（在网上无法触摸到它，并且电脑的显示器很难区分颜色的细微差别）、古董珠宝（要求近距离观察才能知道它的价值）。