专业英语王立琦版课文翻译
专业英语课文翻译(课堂讲解部分整理汇总)
P2U7B
Artificial Netural Network 络
第二部分第七单元课文B
人工神经网
所有的自然神经元 都有树突、体细胞、轴 突和神经键4个基本部 分。基本上，一个生物 神经元从其它来源获得 输入，将之以一定方式 化合，执行针对结果的 通常是非线性的操作， 然后输出最后的结果。 如图表示了一个简单的 生物神经元及其四部分 之间的关系。
P2U7A Conventional and Intelligent Control
第二部分第七单元课文A 传统控制与智能控制
另外，为了控制复杂系统，有效处理复杂计算的问题也是研究 的领域之一；传统控制中其还在研究者关心之外，而当尝试控 制复杂系统时，很明显它已经是一个中心的问题。 此时正适合给智能控制中的智能一词作概要的说明。我 们注意到“智能”的精确定义已经不为人类所知数千年了。最 近这个问题以引起多个学科的注意，如心理学、哲学和生物学， 当然还有人工智能（AI）；注意AI被定义为使用计算模型实现 智能的研究。对于什么构成了智能还没有一致的意见。关于广 泛使用的智商测验的讨论表明我还远未理解这个问题。在这个 报告中我们也未尝试给智能下一个全面的定义。取而代之，我 们介绍和讨论了几种在前面提及的解决复杂系统控制时表现出 可用性的智能系统的特点。 现在罗列了关于“智能控制”的一些内容。智能控制器 设想模仿人类智力，如自适应和自学习、在巨大不确定性条件 下的自计划和处理大量的数据等等，以便能有效的控制复杂过 程；
P2U7B
Artificial Netural Network
第二部分第七单元课文B
人工神经网
络
人脑最基本的单元是一种细胞，是它们使我们可以记忆、思 考和运用以往的经验来指导我们的每一个行为。这些细胞被称为 神经元，每个神经元都与大约200，000个其他神经元相连。大 脑的能力就来自于这些基本单元及其之间多样的连接。 所有的自然神经元都有树突、体细胞、轴突和神经键4个基本 部分。基本上，一个生物神经元从其它来源获得输入，将之以一 定方式化合，执行针对结果的通常是非线性的操作，然后输出最 后的结果。下图表示了一个简单的生物神经元及其四部分之间的 关系。
外研版高一英语第二册课文翻译 Module 4 Fine arts(带要点)
Module 4 Fine Arts-Western Chinese and Pop ArtsA．This is a painting by the Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso, considered to be the greatest western artist of the twentieth century.Picasso and another painter, George Braque, started Cubism, one of the most important of all modern art movements. Cubist artists painted objects and people, with different aspects of the object or person showing at the same time.BThis painting by contemporary American artist Roy Lichtenstein (1923 - 1997) is a world famous example of pop art.Pop art (from the word "popular") was an important modern art movement that aimed to show ordinary twentieth-century city life.For example, it shows things such as soup cans and advertisements.CQi Baishi (1863-1957), one of the China's greatest painters, followed the traditional Chinese style of painting.Chinese painting is known for its brush drawings in black inks and natural colours.Qi Baishi the world of nature very carefully, and his paintings are special because of this.DXu Beihong (1895-1953) was one of China's best-known twentieth-century artists.Like Qi Baishi, Xu painted in the traditional Chinese style. Both painters have a beautiful brush line.Xu Beihong believed that artists should show reality, but not just imitate it. Instead, a picture should try to show the "life" of its subject.He is most famous for his lively paintings of horses.E Wu HangI'm studying art at school, and I enjoy it a lot, although I can get tired of looking at pictures all the time.I'm crazy about the paintings of Qi Baishi, and this delightful picture of the little shrimps is such a lovely example of his work.But I can't stand that picture of a golden-haired girl. I think it's stupid.F Sarah HardwickMy parents are fond of going to art galleries and often take me with them, so I've developed an interest in art.I must say, I love that picture of the six horses. They look so alive. It's by a Chinese artist, isn't it? I can tell by the style.I think the painting of the young girl is probably by Picasso. I really like him. I think he's an extraordinary artist.A．这是一幅西班牙艺术家巴勃罗•毕加索的画，他被认为是二十世纪最伟大的西方艺术家。
Unit 8 Nature and Nurture新编大学英语第二版第三册课文翻译
Unit 8 Nature and NurtureTwins, Genes, and EnvironmentHeredity or environment: which is stronger? The potentials which a person is born with determine in some way what he will do in life. Therefore heredity is fate, a kind of predestination. However, genes do not work in a vacuum; as soon as we begin considering the role that they play in the development of the individual, we see that there can be no development without the interacting environment. No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes.The relative effects of heredity and environment are most clearly observable in identical twins. Most identical twins are raised together and are remarkably alike in both appearance and behavior. These cases demonstrate that individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way. They do not indicate what would happen if these identical individuals were raised separately.A number of studies have been made of identical twins raised apart. The twins who were the subjects of these studies lived in America, were raised in much the same physical environments, and experienced much the same nutritional histories. Therefore, as one might expect, they maintained the closest resemblance to each other in physical appearance, height, and weight. Exceptions occurred when one twin had developed a rather severe illness and the other had not; but on the whole everyone is impressed by the great psychological and physical likenesses that exist between identical twins, even those who have been separated from infancy.In a study of nineteen sets of twins who had been separated from birth, investigators found that in approximately two thirds of the sets there were no more significant differences than existed among unseparated pairs of twins. This strongly suggests the power of the genes and the limitation of the effect of environment. However, it must be remembered that, although the identical twins who were studied lived in different families far removed from each other, the environments in those families were not, on the whole, substantially different. Usually every effort would be made to put each child in a home with a background similar to that of its own family, and therefore it should not be surprising to find that the twins developed similarly. But in those cases in which there had been a greater difference in the environments of the separated twins, the differences between the twins were more substantial. The following case illustrates what happens to identical twins when they are brought up in contrasting environments.Gladys and Helen were born in a small Ohio town and were separated at about eighteen months of age. They did not meet again until they were twenty-eight years old. Helen had been adopted twice. Her first foster parents had proved to be unstable, and Helen had been returned to the orphanage after a couple of years; after several months she was again adopted, by a farmer and his wife who lived in southeastern Michigan. This was her home for the next twenty-five years. Her second foster-mother, though she had had few educational advantages herself, was determined that Helen should receive a good education; Helen eventually graduated from college, taught school for twelve years, married at twenty-six, and had a daughter.Gladys was adopted by a Canadian railroad conductor and his wife. When she was in the third grade, the family moved to a rather isolated part of the Canadian Rockies, where there were no schools, and Gladys' formal education came to an end, and was not resumed until the family moved to Ontario. She stayed at home and did housework until she was seventeen, and then went to work in a knitting mill. She went to Detroit at nineteen, got a job, and married when she was twenty-one.Helen had been healthier than Gladys, in childhood and adulthood, but other than that, their environments had been very similar except for their educations. Their weight, height, hair color, and teeth were very similar. The differences that distinguished them were obviously associated with the different social lives they had led.Helen was confident, graceful, made the most of her personal appearance, and showed considerable polish and ease in social relationships. Gladys was shy, self-conscious, quiet and without charming or graceful manners. A scientist who studied them remarked, "As an advertisement for a college education the contrast between these two twins should be quite effective."Considering the nature of their environmental experiences, the differences in Helen and Gladys are not surprising. Since psychological traits depend so much upon experience, it is to be expected that they will reflect it. On the other hand, traits that are not liable to be influenced by the environment are more likely to exhibit a high degree of similarity in identical twins. Important as they are, genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait. What we can do is set by the genes, but what we actually do is largely determined by the environment.基因、环境与双胞胎遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大呢？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。
专业英语课文翻译
School of chemical engineering and pharmaceutical qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析 test tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹 random error偶然误差 reagent试剂 test tube brush 试管刷 test tube rack试管架 relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计relative standard deviation相对标准偏差selectivity选择性 boiling flask长颈烧瓶 Florence flask平底烧瓶sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck significant figure有效数字 solubility product溶度积 conical flask锥形瓶 wide-mouth bottle广口瓶standard addition标准加入法standard deviation 标准偏差 graduated cylinder量筒 gas measuring tube气体检测管standardization标定法stoichiometric point化学计量点volumetric flask容量瓶 transfer pipette移液管 systematic error 系统误差Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管 funnel漏斗有机化学Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管 acid anhydride 酸酐acyl halide 酰卤alcohol 醇watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿 aldehyde 醛aliphatic 脂肪族的alkene 烯烃alkyne炔ground joint磨口连接 Petri dish有盖培养皿 allyl烯丙基amide 氨基化合物amino acid 氨基酸desiccators干燥皿aromatic compound 芳香烃化合物 amine胺 butyl 丁基 long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗aromatic ring芳环,苯环branched-chain支链 chain链ücarbonyl羰基 carboxyl羧基 chelate螯合 Bchner funnel瓷漏斗 separatory funnel分液漏斗 Hirsh funnel 赫尔什漏斗 filter flask 吸滤瓶 chiral center手性中心conformers 构象copolymer共聚Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管物derivative 衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的plastic squeeze bottle 塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管 diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷 rubber pipette bulb 吸球 microspatula 微型压舌板 ester酯 ethyl乙基 fatty acid脂肪酸 pipet吸量管 mortar and pestle研体及研钵 functional group 官能团general formula 通式 filter paper滤纸 Bunsen burner煤气灯glycerol 甘油，丙三醇heptyl 庚基heterocyclie 杂环的burette stand滴定管架 support ring支撑环 hexyl 己基 homolog 同系物hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物 ring stand环架 distilling head蒸馏头 hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydroxide 烃基 side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶 ketone 酮 levorotatory左旋性的 methyl 甲基 air condenser空气冷凝器 centrifuge tube离心管 molecular formula分子式 monomer单体 fractionating column精(分)馏管octyl辛基open chain开链optical activity旋光性（度）Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器 organic 有机的 organic chemistry 有机化学crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳organic compounds有机化合物pentyl戊基economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer 聚合物，聚合体utility clamp 铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹burette clamp propyl丙基ring-shaped环状结构 zwitterion兼性离子 pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳 saturated compound饱和化合物side chain侧链ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞straight chain 直链tautomer互变（异构）体 wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平structural formula结构式triglyceride甘油三酸脂分析化学unsaturated compound不饱和化合物 absolute error绝对误差 accuracy准确度 assay化验物理化学analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分activation energy活化能adiabat绝热线amplitude振幅coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平collision theory碰撞理论empirical temperature假定温度enthalpycombustion detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算焓 enthalpy of 燃烧焓equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质enthalpy of fusion熔化热enthalpy of hydration水合热indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标enthalpy of reaction反应热level of significance显著性水平limit of quantitation定量限enthalpy of sublimation升华热entropy masking掩蔽 matrix基体 precision 精确度 enthalpy of vaporization汽化热熵 primary standard原始标准物purity纯度first law热力学第一定律first orderreaction一级反应1free energy自由能Hess’s law盖斯定律 propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯 sodium chloride氯化钠Gibbs free energy offormation 吉布斯生成能sodium nitraten硝酸钠 sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠heat capacity热容internal energy内能isobar等压线trans fats 反式脂肪genetic food isochore等容线isotherm等温线kinetic energy动能转基因食品food poisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) latent heat潜能Planck’s constant普朗克常数quantum危害分析关键控制点技术potential energy势能量子quantum mechanics量子力学rate law速率定律maternal and child health care妇幼保健护理spontaneous national patriotic health campaign committee(NPHCC) specific heat比热自发的standard enthalpy change全国爱国卫生运动委员会 rural health农村卫生管理标准焓变the state food and drug administration (SFDA) standard entropy of reaction标准反应熵 standard molar entropy标准摩尔熵standard pressure标压国家食品药品监督管理局state function thermal energy光谱：Astronomical Spectroscopy天文光谱学状态函数热能thermochemical equation Laser Spectroscopy激光光谱学Mass Spectrometry质谱热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱热力学平衡uncertainty principle Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy衰减全反射光谱测不准定理 Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy 电子顺磁谱 zero order reaction零级反应 zero point energy零点能Electron Spectroscopy电子光谱课文词汇 Infrared 实验安全及记录：Spectroscopy红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy 傅里叶变换光谱 eye wash眼药水 first-aid kit急救箱 gas line输气管 Gamma-ray Spectroscopy伽玛射线光谱 safety shower紧急冲淋房 water faucet水龙头 Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy flow chart流程图 loose leaf活页复用或频率调制光谱 X-ray SpectroscopyX射线光谱单元操作分类：色谱：Gas Chromatography气相色谱heat transfer传热Liquid-liquid extraction液液萃取 High Performance Liquid Chromatography liquid-solid leaching过滤 vapor pressure蒸气压高效液相色谱Thin-Layer Chromatography薄层色谱 membrane separation薄膜分离 magnesium silicate gel硅酸镁凝胶retention time保留时间空气污染：mobile phase流动相stationary phase固定相carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳反应类型：particulate matter颗粒物质photochemical smog光化烟雾agitated tank搅拌槽catalytic reactor催化反应器primary pollutants一次污染物secondary pollutants二次batch stirred tank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜污染物stratospheric ozone depletion平流层臭氧消耗 continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcanic eruption火山爆发exothermicreactions放热反应pilot plant试验工厂食品化学：fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜amino acid氨基酸,胺amino group 氨基multiphase chemical reactions 多相化学反应empirical formula实验式,经验式 fatty acid脂肪酸 packed bed reactor填充床反应器 peptide bonds肽键 polyphenol oxidase 多酚氧化酶redox reaction氧化还原反应reductant-oxidant氧化还原剂salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶steroid hormone甾类激素acid base reaction酸碱反应 additionreaction加成反应table sugar蔗糖 triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯 chemical equation化学方程式valence electron价电子食品添加剂：combination reaction化合反应 hybrid orbital 杂化轨道 acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂decomposition reaction分解反应adrenal gland肾上腺 ionizing radiation致电离辐射 substitution reaction 取代(置换)反应food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate味精,谷氨酸一钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors天然食用香料,天然食用调料nutrasweet天冬甜素potassium bromide 溴化钾2将所有的乙醇从混合物中蒸发出来。
新编英语教程unit1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11课文翻译
新编英语教程unit1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11课文翻译翻译Unit111、他暗示John是肇事者的企图是徒劳的。
（insinuate，futile）暗示，无用的；无效的His attempt at insinuating that John was the culprit turned out to be futile.2、当他未能完成期望他做的事时，他很善于临时找个借口来为自己开脱。
（improvise）临时做He is very clever at improvising excuses when he fails to do what is expected of him.3、他此行去西藏可以满足他想参观布达拉宫的愿望了。
（gratify）使满足；使满意，使高兴His trip to Tibet will gratify his desire to see Potala. (the Potala Palace)4、这个公司拥有雄厚的人力资源。
（command）命令，指挥；控制This corporation commands excellent/rich/abundant human resources.5、另外想个办法去款待你的客人。
不要老是请他们看影视光碟。
（alternative）二中择一；供替代的选择Think of an alternative way of entertaining your guests. Don’t always show them VCDs.6、沉溺于胡思乱想和心血来潮是有害的。
（caprice）任性，反复无常；随想曲It is harmful to indulge in whims and caprices.7、不属于你的东西不要作非分之想。
（lay one’s hands on，be entitled to）2有权；有…的资格Try not to lay your hands on anything that you are not entitled to.8、他没有来参加竞赛。
新编大学英语 第一册译文 浙江大学 第二版
新编大学英语第一册1-10单元课文参考译文Unit One以生命相赠炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。
在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。
2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8 岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。
3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。
救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。
他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。
如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。
4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。
快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。
5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。
孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。
医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。
接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。
6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。
此时小病人生命垂危。
然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。
过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。
7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。
“你叫什么名字？”8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。
9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。
在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。
10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。
11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。
12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。
医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。
13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。
他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。
(完整版)Unit2ThePowerofWords新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译
Unit 2 The Power of WordsThe Power of a NoteOn my first job as sports editor for the Montpelier (Ohio) Leader Enterprise, I didn't get a lot of fan mail, so I was intrigued by a letter that was dropped on my desk one morning.When I opened it, I read: "A nice piece of writing on the Tigers. Keep up the good work." It was signed by Don Wolfe, the sports editor. Because I was a teenager (being paid the grand total of 15 cents a column inch), his words couldn't have been more inspiring. 11 kept the letter in my desk drawer until it got rag-eared. Whenever I doubted I had the right stuff to be a writer, I would reread Don's note and feel confident again.Later, when I got to know him, I learned that Don made a habit of writing a quick, encouraging word to people in all walks of life. "When I make others feel good about themselves," he told me, "I feel good too."Not surprisingly, he had a body of friends as big as nearby Lake Erie. When he died last year at 75, the paper was flooded with calls and letters from people who had been recipients of his spirit-lifting words.Over the years, I've tried to copy the example of Don and other friends who care enough to write uplifting comments, because I think they are on to something important. In a world too often cold and unresponsive, such notes bring warmth and reassurance. We all need a boost from time to time, and a few lines of praise have been known to turn around a day, even a life.Why, then, are there so few upbeat note writers? My guess is that many who shy away from the practice are too self-conscious. They're afraid they'll be misunderstood, sound sentimental or insincere. Also, writing takes time; it's far easier to pick up the phone.The drawback with phone calls, of course, is that they don't last. A note attaches more importance to our well-wishing. It is a matter of record, and our words can be read more than once, savored and treasured.Even though note writing may take longer, some pretty busy people do it, including George Bush. Some say he owes much of his success in politics to his ever-ready pen. How? Throughout his career he has followed up virtually every contact with a cordial response—a compliment, a line of praise or a nod of thanks. His notes go not only to friends and associates, but to casual acquaintances and total strangers—like the surprised person who got a warm pat on the back for lending Bush an umbrella.Even top corporate managers, who have mostly affected styles of leadership that can be characterized only as tough, cold and aloof, have begun to learn the lesson, and earn the benefits, of writing notes that lift people up. Former Ford chairman Donald Peterson, who is largely credited for turning the company round in the 1980s, made it a practice to write positive messages to associates every day. "I'd just scribble them on a memo pad or the corner of a letter and pass them along," he says. "The most important ten minutes of your day are those you spend doing something to boost the people who work for you."Too often," he observed, "people we genuinely like have no idea how we feel about them. Too often we think, I haven't said anything critical; why do I have to say something positive? We forget that human beings need positive reinforcement—in fact, we thrive on it!"What does it take to write letters that lift spirits and warm hearts? Only a willingness to express our appreciation. The most successful practitioners include what I call the four "S's" of note writing.1) They are sincere. No one wants false praise.2) They are usually short. If you can't say what you want to say in three sentences, you're probably straining3) They are specific. Complimenting a business colleague by telling him "good speech" is too vague; "great story about Warren Buffet's investment strategy" is precise.4) They are spontaneous. This gives them the freshness and enthusiasm that will linger in the reader's mind long afterward.It's difficult to be spontaneous when you have to hunt for letter-writing materials, so I keep paper, envelopes and stamps close at hand, even when I travel. Fancy stationery isn't necessary; it's the thought that counts.So, who around you deserves a note of thanks or approval? A neighbor, your librarian, a relative, your mayor, your mate, a teacher, your doctor? You don't need to be poetic. If you need a reason, look for a milestone, the anniversary of a special event you shared, or a birthday or holiday. For the last 25 years, for example, I've prepared an annual Christmas letter for long-distance friends, and I often add a handwritten word of thanks or congratulations. Acknowledging some success or good fortune that has happened during the year seems particularly appropriate considering the spirit of the Christmas season.Be generous with your praise. Superlatives like "greatest," "smartest," "prettiest" make us all feel good. Even if your praise is a little ahead of reality, remember that expectations are often the parents of dreams fulfilled.Today I got a warm, complimentary letter from my old boss and mentor, Norman Vincent Peale. His little note to me was full of uplifting phrases, and it sent me to my typewriter to compose a few overdue letters of my own. I don't know if they will make anybody else's day, but they made mine. As my friend Don Wolfe said, making others feel good about themselves makes me feel good too.便笺的力量1 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。
专业英语王立琦版课文翻译
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltag e or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
专业英语蒋悟生第三版第一课及第十二课翻译
第一课1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bound ed on the outsid e by the plasma membrane.细胞的大部分物质由半流体物质组成，并且是由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
Organell es are suspend ed within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, solubl e proteins, and other materials need ed for cell functioning.细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2. The nucl eus: information central细胞核：信息中心The eukaryotic cell nucl eus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucl eoid.)真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，在其染色体上携带有遗传物质（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
研究生公共英语(下)课本翻译
Unit 1: Science vs. the Humanities科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。
要了解科学在于解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真实含义是什么。
科学一词来自拉丁语Scire，它的意思是“知道”。
所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。
但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。
这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。
我们所了解的有关艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度地分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。
Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.Unit5: The Science of Custom对人类学家来说，文化的涵义远胜于修养、品味、温文尔雅、教育以及美术欣赏等。
电子信息与通信工程专业英语王立琦版课文翻译
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance wit h Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrica l resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
专业英语部分课文翻译(整理版)
UNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。
换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。
在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。
因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性.就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。
在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。
纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。
因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒； L = 感应系数，享利。
电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。
因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u= ，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。
由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。
因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式 (1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。
归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和 (1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。
注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。
有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。
有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。
其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从电压源中流出的电流无关。
因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。
另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。
综英第三版第一课翻译
综英第三版第一课翻译Unit1 The Splendor of the Lake District坐落于英格兰西部一角的湖区是无可比拟的。
在这个仅有30里的角落里，英格兰最高耸险峻的山与最广阔幽深的湖紧紧依偎在一起，构成了最壮观美丽的风景。
令人敬畏的山峰和连绵起伏的丘陵耸立于绿意盎然的山谷中。
羊儿在不满苔藓的干石墙边闲适地啃食青草。
现在这个风景秀丽的乡村一角作为国家湖区公园成为英国景区的典范。
这里的风景布局完美紧凑，所以当人们大步流星地走在布满青草的山坡上时，可以观赏到脚下群山倒映于水中的壮丽平和的景象。
湖区有着很长的一段历史，由火山、地震和冰河世纪形成的壮观景象留下了险峻的火山岩山峰、美丽的褶皱景象以及其妙的冰川时代之谷。
高耸于凯斯维克之上的克斯尔里格怪石圈能够唤起人们对早期定居者以及它们被巍峨群山包围着的聚居地的回忆。
很多人被湖区独特的魅力所吸引，但当时却很少有人知道这个国家最一流的作家都热爱并居住在这里。
在格拉斯米尔的鸽舍，诗人威廉?华兹华斯与她的妹妹多萝西、妻子玛丽和最大的三个孩子生活在这儿。
当布谷鸟的钟声敲出和谐的乐音时，来访者轻叩了前门，然后坐在深窗边沿的座椅上，或者坐在壁炉旁，细细读起了多萝西那周的日记。
1802年的一个宜人的春天，多萝茜一次漫步时细数Ullwater边随风摇曳的场景，激发了他最著名诗歌的创作灵感。
小小的鸽舍里，那布满黑斑的墙壁见证了华兹华斯在狭小的厨房里自制蜡烛的熏烟。
“它们燃烧时发出刺鼻的烟味是由于羊肉里含有丰富的油脂。
”导游Ester Rutter若有所思地解释道：“因此蜡烛的光微弱，也让他们的视力变差。
华兹华斯漫步于山间田园时创作了大量的诗歌。
”相较于由华兹华斯勾勒出的山间上那极美的四英亩海德山花园，这个鸽舍后小而陡的花园也是简单中不失雅致。
透过那依然陈列在达芙鸽舍里厚厚的镜片细看鸽舍里陈列着的家具，古董还有肖像画，只要你一点想象就能看到华兹华斯在其间创作。
大学英语精读1第三版课文英汉对照
UNIT 1As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier.课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。
Some Strategies for Learning EnglishLearning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort.学习英语绝非易事。
它需要刻苦和长期努力。
Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them.虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。
以下便是其中的几种。
1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。
专业英语阅读课文翻译
专业英语阅读课文翻译Unit1 chemistry and chemists一、英译汉：化学是什么呢？给化学下个定义，就是对物质及其性质的研究。
给物质下个定义，就是所有有重量、占据一定空间体积的东西。
这些定义是能让人接受的，但是并没有解释一个人为什么要懂化学。
这个问题的答案是，我们生活的世界是化学的世界。
你自己的身体就是一个复杂的化学工厂：用化学过程使你所吃的食物和呼吸的空气变化到骨骼、肌肉、血液和组织，甚至你每天所用的能量。
如果疾病阻止这些过程的某个部分发挥正常功能，医生就会开一些化学类的药物，这些药物要么是从自然界中分离的，要么是化学家从化学实验室合成的。
如果没有化学，我们的生活将无法想象，因为化学就在我们身边发挥作用。
想想如果没有化学生活将会变成什么样子——我们家里将没有塑料、电、用来保护的涂料。
将没有合成纤维使我们有衣穿，没有化肥使我们有足够的食物吃。
因为汽车、轮船和飞机没有金属、橡胶和燃料，我们也不能旅行。
没有电话、收音机、电视和计算机，我们的生活将发生很大变化，所有这些产品都靠化学来生产其中的部件。
因为没有药物治疗疾病，人的寿命也将会变短。
化学处在科学研究的前沿，我们喜欢这个迅速发展的技术，你可以为此做出自己的贡献。
看看最近的几个科技研究：计算机图形学能使我们预知小分子能否与大分子结合或反应，这个足以给治疗疾病的药物带来场新的革命；化学家也正在研究运用化学试剂来获得太阳能并使海水淡化的方法；因为金属易腐蚀，化学家也正在研究使用新型的陶瓷材料代替金属的可能性。
在生物技术帮助下，我们发展了食品的新来源、产生燃料的新方法、以及新的丝绸补救方法。
因为计算机帮助我们预知和解释从试管得到的结果，结果的速度、准确性、质量得到迅速提高，所有这些给产品发展带来益处。
化学家应该给我们提供新材料伴随我们进入新世纪。
从事这项学科，你能为社会做出积极的贡献。
这儿有一些选择化学作为职业的好理由。
首先，如果你对化学有兴趣，你可以有机会给新技术的发展做出贡献。
新视野大学英语[第三版]第一册课文翻译
![新视野大学英语[第三版]第一册课文翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/ab5e8f5c783e0912a2162aaa.png)
新视野大学英语（第三版）第一册课文翻译第一单元奔向更加光明的未来1 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。
你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。
在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。
2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。
妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。
” “等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。
” 在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。
至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。
3 让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。
你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。
你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。
4 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。
在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。
你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。
你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。
我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。
5 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。
你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。
如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。
选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。
这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。
一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。
随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。
Unit-5-Athletes新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译
Unit 5 AthletesAthletes Should Be Role ModelsI love Charles Barkley like a brother, and except for the times when we're hanging and pushing each other under the boards in games between my team, the Utah Jazz, and his, the Phoenix Suns, we're great friends. We don't necessarily like the same things: Charles loves golf so much he would play at halftime if he could, but I think a golf course is a waste of good pasture-land. One of the reasons we get along so well, though, is that we both say what's on our minds without worrying about what other people are going to think—which means we disagree from time to time. Here's an example of what I mean: I disagree with what Charles says in his Nike commercial, the one in which he insists, "I am not a role model." Charles, you can deny being a role model all you want, but I don't think it's your decision to make. We don't choose to be role models, we are chosen. Our only choice is whether to be a good role model or a bad one.I don't think we can accept all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete and not accept the responsibility of being a role model, of knowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to set an example. I mean, why do we get endorsements in the first place? Because there are people who will follow our lead and buy a certain sneaker or cereal because we use it.I love being a role model, and I try to be a positive one. That doesn't mean I always succeed. I'm no saint. I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things. And I don't always wake up in a great, role-model mood. There are days when I don't want to pose for a picture with every fan I run into, when I don't feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those are the days I just try to avoid the public.But you don't have to be perfect to be a good role model and people shouldn't expect perfection. If I were deciding whether a basketball player was a positive role model, I would want to know: Does he influence people's lives in a positive way away from the court? How much has he given of himself, in time or in money, to help people who look up to him? Does he display the values—like honesty and determination—that are part of being a good person? I wouldn't ask whether he lives his life exactly the way I would live it or whether he handles every situation just the way I would handle it.I do agree with Charles on one thing he says in his commercial: "Just because I can dunk a basketball doesn't mean I should raise your kids." But sometimes parents need a little assistance. There are times when it helps for a mother and father to be able to say totheir kids, "Do you think Karl Malone or Scottie Pippen or Charles Barkley or David Robinson would do that?" To me, if someone uses my name in that way, it's an honor. Sure, parents should be role models to their children. But let's face it, kids have lots of other role models—teachers, movie stars, athletes, even other kids. As athletes, we can't take the place of parents, but we can help reinforce what they try to teach their kids.Parents just have to make sure they don't take it too far. Sometimes they put us on a pedestal that feels more like a tightrope—so narrow that we're bound to fall off eventually. This is not something I'm especially proud of, but I've had parents in Utah say things to me like, "You know, Karl, in our family we worship the ground you walk on. In our house your picture is right up there on the wall beside Jesus Christ." Now, that's going too far. Is it any wonder some athletes don't want to be role models? Who wants to be held up to that kind of impossibly high standard? Imagine someone putting a lifesized picture of you on a wall and saying things to your picture before they go to bed. That's scary.Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. I am sorry that Michael Jordan had to deal with the negative publicity he received about gambling. I don't think most people can imagine what it's like to be watched that closely every minute of every day. I was told once that it wouldn't be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah, but that's not true. Ever since I played on the Dream Team in the Olympics, I can't go anywhere without being the center of attention, and that's very confining at times. For instance, there have been occasions when I've felt like buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it down the street. First, the Jazz would have a fit and say it's too dangerous. Second, everyone would be watching to see if I wore a helmet, if I was obeying the speed limit, if I was taking turns safely—you name it. The first time I didn't measure up to expectations, I would hear, "What kind of example is that to set for other people who ride motorcycles?"But the good things about being a role model outweigh the bad. It's a great feeling to think you're a small part of the reason that a kid decided to give school another try instead of dropping out or that a kid had the strength to walk away when someone offered him drugs. But one thing I would encourage parents to do is to remind their kids that no matter which athletes they look up to, there are no perfect human beings. That ways if the kid's heroes should make mistakes, it won't seem like the end of the world to them.I would never criticize someone for saying what he thinks. If Charles doesn't consider himself a role model, that's certainly his right. But I think he is a role model—and a good one, too. And if he gets that NBA championship ring, I might just make him my role model.运动员该成为榜样吗？1. 我喜欢查尔斯•巴克利，就像他是我的亲兄弟一样，而且除了比赛中在篮板下彼此冲撞的时候（我在犹他爵士队；他在菲尼克斯太阳队），我们是很好的朋友。
Unit 4 Creativity新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译
Unit 4 CreativityThe Case for Creativity—Encouraging Children to ThinkCreativity is the key to a brighter future, say education and business experts. Here is how schools and parents can encourage this vital skill in children.If Dick Drew had listened to his boss in 1925, we might not have a product that we now think of as practically essential: masking tape. Drew worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, better known as 3M. At work he developed a sticky-side substance strong enough to hold things together. But his boss told him not to pursue the idea. Finally, using his own time, Drew perfected the tape, which now is used everywhere by many people. And his former company learned from its mistake: Now 3M encourages people to spend 15 percent of their work time just thinking and developing new ideas.It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing and one that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children, both at home and at school. The feeling is that if we teach them to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorrow's society.Creativity's benefits reach beyond music and art. Successful students and adults are the ones who discover a number of ways to approach problems.Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. Just because a person is highly intelligent does not mean that he uses it creatively. Creativity is the matter of using the resources one has to produce original ideas that are good for something.Unfortunately, schools have not tended to promote creativity. With strong emphasis on test scores and the development of reading, writing and mathematical skills, many educators sacrifice creativity for correct answers. The result is that children can give back information but can't recognize ways to apply it to new situations. They may know their multiplication tables, for example, but they are unable to apply them to story problems.In some schools, however, educators are recognizing the problem and are developing new approaches to teaching which should encourage creativity in their students. Some teachers are combining the basics with activities where the students must use their imagination. For example, instead of simply asking WHEN Columbus discovered the New World, teachers might ask students to think about what would have happened if his trip had taken him to New York first instead of to the Caribbean area. With that question, students would have to use what they know about Columbus, what they know about NewYork, and what they know about the Caribbean. Teachers feel that even if the answers seem silly, it's OK, that sometimes being silly is an essential step toward creativity. In the classroom as well as at home, children must have the right to have crazy thoughts, experts say. Then it is up to parents and teachers to work with the children to develop those thoughts into workable ideas. The best strategy is to encourage children by asking them questions, meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts. Experts say that it is important to create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative—a place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed.There are things that parents can do at home to encourage creativity. They can involve children in decision-making if the problem is appropriate, asking the child for suggestions. Parents can help their children to understand the consequences of various decisions. Parents should also encourage their children to talk out loud about things they are doing. Thinking and language skills are closely related. Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills.Having a sense of humor is also important in helping to develop creativity in a child. When parents show a sense of humor, children can see creativity in its purest form. By its nature, humor crosses conventional boundaries and breaks patterns. Creativity often does the same.It is important to give children choices. From the earliest age, children should be allowed to make decisions and understand their consequences. Even if it's choosing between two food items for lunch, decision-making helps thinking skills. As children grow older, parents should let their children decide how to use their time or spend their money, but not automatically help them too much if they make the wrong decision. This may be confusing for the child, but that is all right. This is because one of the most important traits of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion.关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考1 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。
英语必修⑤-unit1-Great-scientist的课文及翻译
英语必修⑤-u n i t1-G r e a t-s c i e n t i s t的课文及翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1JOHN SNOW DEFEATS "KING CHOLERA"John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. "This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in 10 days. He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown the cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.unit 1约翰·斯洛击败“霍乱王”约翰·斯洛是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。
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ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to anext ernal circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
晶体管是由一块固体半导体材料制成的，且至少有三个终端与外部电路连接。
电压或电流适用于一双晶体管的终端改变目前流经的另一对终端。
因为受控电流可以远大于控制电流，晶体管提供信号的放大。
晶体管是构建现代电子设备的基本单元，并在收音机，电话，计算机和其它电子系统被使用。
一些晶体管被单独包装，但大多数都在集成电路中。
TransformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to anther through inductively coupled electrical conductors . A changing current in the first circuit creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit. By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.译：变压器是一种通过感应耦合将电能从一个电路传输到另一个电路的装置。
在第一电路中的一个变化的电流创建一个不断变化的磁场；反过来，这个磁场诱导第二个电路中的电压变化。
通过向二次回路中增加负载，使电流在变压器中流动，从而将能量从一个电路传递到另一个电路中。
RelayA relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit . In the original form ,the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit ,it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.译：继电器是一种电子开关,控制另一个电路的打开和关闭。
在原始形式中，该开关是由一个电磁铁操作，打开或关闭一个或多个触点。
它是由约瑟夫亨利在1835年发明的。
由于继电器能够控制比输入电路功率更高的输出电路，广义上说, 它可以被认为是电子放大器的一种形式。
Types of circuitsIn any circuit where the only opposition to the flow of electrons is resistance , there is a definite relationship between the values of voltage , current, and resistance. This relationship was discovered by George Simon Ohm in 1827. It is known as Ohm’s law.译：任何电路中电阻仅仅阻止电子的流动, 电压，电流和电阻的值之间有一个明确关系。
这种关系在1827年由格奥尔格·西蒙·欧姆发现。
它被称为欧姆定律。
DualityBecause of the strong similarity between the Fourier analysis and synthesis equations in continuous time , there is a duality between the time domain and frequency domain . However , for the discrete-time Fourier transforms of aperiodic signals , no similar duality exists , since aperiodic signals and their Fourier transforms are very different kinds of functions : Aperiodic discrete-time signals are , of course, aperiodic sequences , while their Fourier transforms are always periodic functions of a continuous frequency variable .译：由于傅里叶分析和合成方程在在连续时间上有很大的相似性,有一个时域和频域之间的二元性。
然而,对于非周期信号的离散傅里叶变换,没有类似的二元性存在, 由于非周期信号和它们的傅立叶变换有着迥然不同的功能: 当然,非周期离散时间信号,非周期序列,然而他们的傅里叶变换总是周期性的频率连续变化的函数。
Network ConfigurationBroadly speaking , there are two types of network configuration based on their layout ,peer-to-peer networks and client/server network.Peer-to-peer networks are more commonly implemented where less than ten computers are involved and where strict security is not necessary. All computers have the same status , hence the term ”peer” , and they communicate with each other on an equal footing .Files , such as word processing or spreadsheet documents ,can be shared across the network and all the computers on the network can share devices ,such as printers or scanners ,which are connected to any one computer.译：广义地说，有基于两种类型网络配置的的布局，对等网络和客户机/服务器网络。
对等网络较为普遍实现，其中不到10台计算机参与并且不需要很严格的安全性。
所有计算机都具有相同的地位，因此被称为“对等”，而且他们平起平坐相互通信。
文件，例如文字处理或电子表格文档，可以通过网络共享来和所有的网络上的计算机进行设备共享，打印机或者扫描仪，可以连接到任何一台计算机。