英汉互译第二讲

“碧云天，黄花地，西风紧，北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉？总是离人 泪。”------王实甫《西厢记》 Grey are the clouds in the sky and faded are the leaves on the ground. /Bitter is the west wind as the wild geese fly from the north to the south. /How isn’t that in the morning the white-frosted tree are dyed as red as a wine flush face? /It must have been caused by the tears of those who are about to depart. ------熊式一译 英桂冠诗人John Masefield所作Ode to the West Wind用以怀念故乡 Herefordshire. It’s warm wind, the west wind, full of bird’s cries /I never hear the west but tears are in my eyes, /For it comes from the west lands, the old brown hills, And April’s in the west wind, and daffodils. (那是一种温暖的风，西风吹时，万鸟争鸣；一听西风起，我眼眶中 泪盈盈，因为它是来自西土，那褐色的故乡边， 春天就在西风中到来， 还有水仙。------钱歌川译)
2.1.2 文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系
语言与文化密不可分，文化的差异可以通过语言反映出来。 “Language is a means of human intercourse.” (Frisdric Engles) “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.” (Karl Marx) Language is human-specific, found only among human beings. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, a system of signs, created by human beings and used for human communication.” (Saussure) 一、自然条件的差异 “东风夜放花千树”、 “等闲识得东风面，万紫千红总是春” Biting east winds; a piercing east wind; How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind!
2 汉英翻译基础知识
汉英翻译与文化 中英思维方式对比 汉英语言对比
2.1 汉英翻译与文化
2.1.1 文化的定义与分类
"Culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation. It thus refers to the norms, values, standards by which people act, and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible. Culture is...a set of mechanisms for survival, but it provides us also with a definition of reality. It is the matrix into which we are born." (Robert Murphy, 1986: 14 ) "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by...[members] of society." (E.B. Taylor , 1871)
美国著名翻译理论家尤金.奈达定义为“某一人群及其生存环境中所特有的某 种活动、思想及其在物体和活动中所表现出来的物质形式的总和”。 本教材（陈宏薇）将文化定义为：文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造 的物质财富和精神财富的总和。（《现代汉语字典》第一条定义）

“The definition of culture is what the society does or thinks.”(Edward Sapir) “Culture as a way of life, Culture might be defined as the ideas, customs, skills, arts, and tools which characterize a given people in a given period of time.”(H.D.Brown) Robertson said, “Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects and techniques which characterize the life of a human community. Culture consists of all the shared products of human society.” E.T.Hall said in 1977 that “Culture is everything and everywhere.” E.A.Hoebel and E.Frost see culture in nearly all human activity. They define culture as an “integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are not the result of biological inheritance.” Daniel Bates and Freg Plog said, “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and art that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” 戚雨村先生在《语言· 文化· 对比》一文中，对广义文化和狭义文化作 了精辟的概括：“广义的文化指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物 质财富和精神财富的总和，狭义的文化指社会意识形态、以及与之相 适应的制度和组织机构；有时也特指教育、科学、文学、艺术等方面 的精神财富，以便与政治、经济、军事等方面的知识和设施相区别。” （见《外语研究》1992年第2期）
如：顺其自然（Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency）、听其自然（leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is）、听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God’s mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one’s fate)、听天 安命(accept the situation). 重伦理思想观念还体现在汉语与英语的亲属称谓翻译对比。 “张明和李丹是表亲。张明的母亲是李丹的姑母，李丹的 母亲是张明的舅母。” Zhang Ming and Li Dan are cousins. Zhang Ming’s mother is Li Dan’s aunt who is the sister of Li Dan’s father，while Li Dan’s mother is Zhang Ming’s aunt who is the wife of Zhang Ming’s mother’s brother．
二、习俗的差异 汉英习俗的差异是多方面的。如对狗的态度：狗在汉语文 化中是一种卑微的动物，与狗相关得表达一般含有贬义， 如“走狗、狗腿子、狗东西、癞皮狗、狗急跳墙、狗仗人势、 狗眼看人低、狼心狗肺”等。 英语文化中人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚， 如“a lucky dog(幸运儿)”、“Love me, love my dog(爱屋及 乌)”、“Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日)”等。 又如颜色பைடு நூலகம்面，中国人喜爱红色，认为它代表热情、喜悦 和兴旺。传统中国婚礼上新娘子总是红色的奇葩，以示吉利； 新房也必由大红“喜”字 但英美文化中红色常与暴力、流血和战争有关。 因而为避免读者误解，著名翻译家David Hawkes不但把 《红楼梦》翻译成“The story of the stone”，还将全书的 “红”字都译为“green”。同样的差异还体现在白色、绿色 等颜色上。

英国是一个岛国，渔业和航海业发达，看以下词语： all is fish that comes to one’s net 凡能到手的都要 You can’t make a crab walk straight. 江山易改，本性难移。 She sailed through the hall. 她自由自在地走过大厅。 顺藤摸瓜 track down by following clues 归根结蒂 to get to the root of the problem 雨后春笋 spring up like mushrooms 多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries
依据不同的标准，文化分类也林林总总。 从地域分，有本土文化和外来文化、城市文化和农村文化、东方文化和 西方文化、大陆汉文化和港澳台汉文化等； 从时间分，由原始文化、奴隶制文化、封建文化、资本主义文化、社会 主义文化等； 从宗教信仰分，有佛教文化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯兰教文化等； 从生产方式分，有游牧文化、农业文化、工业文化、信息文化等； 从生产工具分，有旧石器文化、新石器文化、青铜文化； 从人类把握世界的方式分，有科学文化和人文文化； 从性质分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化等； 从结构层次分，有物质文化、制度文化、精神文化等。
2.2 中英思维方式对比
2.2.1中国人注重伦理(ethics);英美人注重认 知(cognition)
“以儒家为代表的先哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然 奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实政治和伦理道德的关注”。 儒家思想“关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非 自然之性”。 而海洋性地理环境中发展起来的英美文化促使英美人对天 文地理的浓厚兴趣，使他们形成了探求自然的奥秘，向自 然索取的认知传统。