专业英语翻译封面及格式
专业英语翻译格式要求
标题（居中，三号黑体）(——如有附标题，则为小三号黑体)作者1，作者2（小四号楷体）摘要：“摘要”两字用小四号黑体加粗，摘要内容宜用小四号宋体。
关键词：“关键词”三字小四号黑体加粗，其他用小四号宋体，关键词之间用中文逗号隔开，结束处不加标点。
总体要求：总字数不少于3500字，参考文献无需翻译，但应完全罗列。
表格名称、内容需翻译，图名需翻译，图内解释无需翻译，但应将原图截下放于相应位置处。
文章标题段前段后都为0.5行，单倍行距。
以下正文除各部分标题、插图和表格外，一律用小四号宋体，正文为1.1倍行距。
段前6磅，段后0磅。
首行缩进2字符，无左右缩进，其他具体字体要求见注2。
1.一级标题（四号，黑体，加粗，一级标题是段前段后0.5行，单倍行距）1.1 二级标题（小四号，宋体，加粗，二三级标题都是段前段后6磅，单倍行距）1.1.1 三级标题（小四号，宋体，加粗）图表名称的格式：图片名称标注在下方，表格名称标注在表格上方，居中，汉字用宋体，数字、英文用Time New Roman , 罗马字用Symbol，字号五。
表1 名称……表格要求见注3表格以序号、名称的格式标注，居中，中英文对照，表格为三线表（表格套用格式为简明型1）。
x/cm I/mA v/(m⋅s-1) h/m p/MPa10 30 2.5 4 11012 34 3.0 5 111注：表注和图注用五号宋体，表注左对齐，图注居中。
1.1.2 三级标题（小四号，宋体，加粗）基金项目：基金项目类别（编号）；基金项目类别（编号）作者简介：第一作者姓名（出生年-），性别，职称，主要研究方向通信联系人：姓名，职称，主要研究方向：……. E-mail：……(第一作者为研究生、博士后时，应当以作者中的导师为通信联系人；其他情况时，在作者简介后直接加E-mail，不写通信联系人。
)图1 名称……图形要求见注4图号和图名用五号宋体，图下居中。
1.2 二级标题（小四号，宋体，加粗）2.一级标题注释统一采用页下注：五号宋体。
英译汉封面和正文格式
本科毕业论文英文翻译专业班级：08电子商务01班学生姓名：程龙学号：0820070102指导教师：朱湘晖职称：副教授管理学院制英文原文：（二号黑体）Internet advertising（二号Times N ew Roman）（小四Times New Roman，1.5倍行距）As the Internet continues to develop with new technique and technology, Web Advertisement is nothing new to Internet user these days. It uses a paid advertising method to disseminate information through the net to persuade potential consumer. Today, Web Advertising, to the bulk of the masses, is a mean for information receiving not to be missed, being also the key to keep cash register of web sites ringing.With the influx of new technology, Web Advertising appears in multiple form and format. Base on different criteria, Web Advertising can be categorizes into several group. Judging from the mode of presentation and standard o f current technique, Web Advertising can be grouped as, Banner Ads, Co-brand Contents Ads, Advertorial Ads, pop up Ads, Special Dynamic Ads, Email Ads, Event Ads, offline Ads and more. From Web Advertising's design point of view, Web Advertisement format can be divided into words advertisement, pictorial advertisement, animation advertisement and Online Video advertisement.Being part of the Internet, Chinese web site's approach of Web Advertising s similar to that of the rest of the world. But due to the particularity of the Chinese Internet users, and their level of acceptance, the following are the most common form of Chinese Web Advertising: MNTL, NP, EU2, Monster, pop up Ads, Flash- out Banner and Slide News. Although similar to those used internationally, but in term o f design and impact, they are still unable to induce the full potential of the market. Comparing to world class Web Advertising design abroad, Chinese Web Advertising designs till has room for improvement.译文: （二号黑体，要另起一面）南京链家地产的背景（二号黑体）2001年11月12日，链家在北京正式成立，目前北京有三百多家店，在北京房地产行业中，是龙头老大。
2、英文翻译封面格式范例
(3)英文原著若为纸质复印件或不可更改的pdf格式文件，则英文原著与中文翻译单独编制页码；除上述情况外，英文原著与中文翻译整体编制页码。
（4）建议在英文原著首页以页脚的形式注明英文原著的来源，如本页下题注所示，书写格式同正文中的参考文献格式要求。
英文翻译
题目:
Development of LCD Telephone Alarm System
专业班级:
2010电子信息工程01
学号:
XБайду номын сангаасX
姓名:
XXX
指导教师:
XXX教授
XXX高工(校外)
学院名称:
电气信息学院
201年月日
说明：(1)翻译内容的正文格式同毕业设计(论文)格式，也应该有“武汉工程大学毕业设计(论文)说明书”字样的页眉；
外文翻译封皮
管理学院
外文翻译
专业：
班级学号：
学生姓名：
指导教师：
外文翻译排版要求
（1）纸型、页码及页边距
●纸型：B5，单面打印
●页码：位于页脚五号居中，按阿拉伯数字连续编排。
封皮无页码。
●页边距：上2.54cm，下2.54cm，左3cm，右2cm
●距边界：页眉1.5cm，页脚1.75cm
●行距：多倍行距，1.3。
●装订：两个钉左侧均匀装订
（2）字体及字号
英文部分（在前）：
全文采用Times New Roman字体。
一级标题，Times New Roman字体四号字，加粗；
二级标题，Times New Roman字体小四号字，加粗；
正文部分，Times New Roman字体，小四号字。
中文部分（在后）：另起一页
全文采用宋体字体。
一级标题，宋体四号字，加粗；
二级标题，宋体小四号字，加粗；
正文部分, 宋体小四号字。
1。
有关印刷的专业英语术语及缩写
有关印刷的专业英语术语及缩写各位大大好哦，这里和大家分享一些英文的翻译，希望能帮助到有做外贸印刷的朋友们。
希望多多转载哦。
彩盒：retail box/color carton 礼盒：gift box说明书：manual/booklet 贴纸：label商标：brand 木盒：wood box卡牌：tag/card 海报：poster杂志：magazine1、纸质：paper stock /(raw) material书纸：WFUC（wood free uncoated）/ Woodfree铜板：WFC(wood free coated) / Art paper /Gloss Artpaper/ C2S ---Coated two sides哑粉：Matte coated paper / Matte/ Matt单粉： SBS C1S双面白或者单粉：WBB(White back board)？粉灰：CCNB / grey back (灰底)/ FBB(folding box board)（微软的称法）牛皮纸：Craft paper 坑纸：Corrugated Paper Flute A(A坑)纸板:：pasteboard 双灰板：grey board再生纸：recycled(循环) paper 合成纸：synthetic paper格拉辛底：glassine paper 胶底纸：adhesive label可移胶底纸：Removable label 非可移胶底纸：Permanent label彩纸：printed paper 卡纸：Paperboard，board , card board面纸：Top sheet 底纸：Liner sheet2、印刷颜色ink information/printing单黑：black ink only, 专色：PMS，special color四色：4 colors CMYK----- Cyan 青, Magenta 品红, Yellow 黄, black 黑3、尺寸 size /dimension :长：length 宽width 高Height 深Depth 厚度：thickness展开尺寸：open size/flat size 成型尺寸：close size/finished size内尺寸：inner size 外尺寸：outer size 压线：score line4、说明书装订和页数page and bindery单张说明书:leaf let /leafManual booklet: 此一般为单黑说明书Brochure:小册子一般此彩色说明书页数：page count 页码：page number(NO.)页page 版panel；单张single sheet，切边trim to size对折fold in half 3折 3 fold风琴折：concertina fold accordion fold骑马钉saddle stitch，staple 胶装perfect bound /bindingWire 钉 Wire-O binding YO圈锁线：scwing 规格:specification 简称specs车中线：single sewing精装书：case(hard) bound book cloth book空白页：unprint page blank page 未切页：uncut pages封面：Cover 内文：Text/content自封：self cover 信封：envelope前封面(封一)：front cover 后封面:back cover封二：inside front cover左右自反：work and tumble 天地翻：work and turn5 表面处理: coating/finish光油gloss varnish, 哑油: matte varnish水油aqueous, Water-base varnish 磨光:polish /calendering吸塑油:blister varnish. 过局部UV: spot UV丝印: silk screen. 光胶:OPP,PP laminating烫金:gold/golden hot stamp 烫银:silver hot stamp击凸:embossing embossed模具：mould Plate(版) 烫金版：foil gold 烫银版：foil silver 6、后序加工裱纸：laminating 对裱：mounting啤切：die cut 粘贴：Glue （Joint）裁切：trim 切：cut /cutting驳盒：multi joints gluing自动扣底：automatic bottom auto-lock bottom扣底：lock bottom tuck top盖: Lid 底: Base 硬盖: Rigid Top7、外购件：丝带: ribbion 塑料：plastic (PVC PET PETG)热收缩：shrink wrap CD套：CD（wrap）sleeve泡沫：foam 金属：metallic双面胶：double-side tape 自粘性的：self-adhesive真空包装：Vacume packing V形状：V-shape防水：water proof 色稿：color proof数码稿：digital proof8、运输散货：bulk 大货生产：mass production lot货柜：（集装箱）：container纸箱：carton 卡板：pallet护角：corner protect 包装：packing packaging最大：Maximum (max) 最小：Minimum(Min)净重：Net weight (NW) 毛重：Gross Weight(GW)体积：CBM 出厂价：Ex-work一般常用的:买主：buyer 卖主：vendor/suppier 客户：client/customer兰图：blue draft 看附件：see attachedCTF----computer to firm(计算机直接出菲林)CTP---computer to plate(计算机直接出版)FTP---file transfer protocol(文件传送协议)FYI---for your information(仅供参考)Confirm return?（确定退回）Notification of accepted quotation(通知已被确认的报价单)Purchasing（manager）采购（经理）拼版：make up 校板纸：makeready sheet样板：sample 实地：solidDearGot the artwork of colour box and manual in good condition. Thank you.I have some questions:1: for box1): what material of paper do you need?2): what finish of the box do you need? Polish, PP laminating, or matte PP laminating?2: For manual1): what material? Normal paper like A4 or Gloss Artpaper?2): is the manual printed in 2 sides with A4 size?About your questions:1. Most of the material is almost ready, just wait for the packing box.2. The stain and shrink mark will be remove from the product, I will show youthen.3. The new printed LOGO will be ready on 7-Oct,I will show you picture whenit is ready.。
翻译实训封面及最终上交要求(1)
河南机电高等专科学校外语系2011-2012学年第二学期翻译实训班级商英102班姓名孟婉学号1011022022012年5月Food Illustration1.特仑苏牛奶（Deluxe milk）Not all milks could be called Milk Deluxe.翻译：不是所有的牛奶都叫特仑苏。
“Deluxe” in the Mongolian language is" gold milk", is also a brand of Mengniu .翻译：特仑苏在蒙语中是金牌牛奶的意思，同时它是作为蒙牛的一个商标。
2.火腿肠（ham）配料（Ingredients）：Pork（猪肉）Chicken （鸡肉）Water （水）Sweet （糖）corn Sugar（玉米葡糖）Corn syrup （玉米糖浆）质量等级:General level注意：Fast expansion bag（膨胀包装）食品生产证号：OS4100 0401 00503.薯片（potato chips）（配料）Ingredients:Peanut（花生）, Wheat Flour（小麦粉）, Sugar（糖）, Corn Syrup（玉米糖浆）, Salt（食用盐）, Dehydrated Shrimp （干虾）, Monosodium（钠），Ammonium（铵）, Food Additives（食品添加剂）Product Type:烘炒类Product Standard Code: GB\T22165Shelf Life（保质期）:九个月4.面包（bread）配料（Ingredients）: Wheat flour（小麦粉）, Edible vegetable oil（食用菜油）, White granulated sugar（白砂糖）, Malt syrup（麦芽糖）, Seaweed tablets（螺旋藻片）, Milk powder （奶粉）, Edible salt（食用盐）, Food additives（食品添加剂）Allergen information（过敏原）；contains Wheat（包含小麦）Net Wt（净重）: 150gShelf Life（保质期）:12 Months5.金丝猴糖（candy）配料（Ingredients）：high maltose（高级麦芽糖），syrup（糖浆）, sugar（白砂糖），condensed milk（浓缩牛奶）, whole milk powder（全脂奶粉），Butter（黄油），hydrogenated, Vegetable oil（植物油）, rice paper（米纸）Methods（储存方法）: cool storage（冷藏）, Dry place（干燥处）, avoid direct sunlight（避免阳光直射）。
毕业设计中英文翻译封皮格式及装订顺序
毕业设计中英文翻译学生姓名： 学号： 学专 指导教师：年 月（小二号居中）三号楷体 三号楷体 三号楷体1．×××××××（一级标题用小3号黑体，加粗，并留出上0.5行，段后0.5行）（作为文章2级标题，用小4号黑体，加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体）××××××…………1.1.1 ××××（作为正文3级标题，用小4号黑体，不加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体，行距1.5倍）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………装订顺序：1、英文文章2、中文翻译外文翻译译文题目一种自动化夹具设计方法原稿题目A Clamping Design Approach for Automated Fixture Design原稿出处Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2001) 18:784–789一种自动化夹具设计方法塞西尔美国，拉斯克鲁塞斯，新墨西哥州立大学，，工业工程系，虚拟企业工程实验室（VEEL）在这片论文里，描述了一种新的计算机辅助夹具设计方法。
对于一个给定的工件，这种夹具设计方法包含了识别加紧表面和夹紧位置点。
通过使用一种定位设计方法去夹紧和支撑工件，并且当机器正在运行的时候，可以根据刀具来正确定位工件。
外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译院年级专业：2009级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓 名：学 号：附 件：备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除.【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based onthe theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman.【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）(注:以下为英文文献正文内容,英文全文3000字.具体标题以原文为准.全文字体为Times New Roman.行间距为1.5倍.字号大小与论文正文的各级标题一致.如下:)I.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons fromthe failure of the WONG LO KAT.II.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.III.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal teabeverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.【摘要】本文是对凉茶饮料的宏观环境以及凉茶市场内部主要品牌的竞争对手进行了系统分析。
2008级外文翻译封面(模板)
外文资料翻译翻译资料名称(外文) A new type of deep drawing die designand experimental results翻译资料名称(中文) 一个新型拉伸模具的设计及实验结果院（系）：机械工程系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：学号：指导教师：完成日期： 2012年2月一个新型拉伸模具的设计和实验结果Vedat Savas *, Omer Secgin部机教育，技术教育学院，法兰特大学，土耳其埃拉泽摘要：在大批量生产金属板料杯形零件时，深拉深成形是一项很重要的成形工艺。
在拉深成形过程中，有许多可变化的因素直接影响着拉深的效果和拉深件的质量，如坯料形状、凸模和凹模的圆角半径以及坯料材料的可成形性能等。
特别是在深拉成形过程中，为了获得最佳的产品质量，坯料和凹模的形状对拉深成形影响较大。
文章对五种类形压料板和凹模型状的影响情况进行了重点试验和分析，并在拉深凸模和凹模的圆角半径保持不变的条件下，依据金属板料的拉深比，测量压料板压力的分布情况。
由试验研究得出，在深拉成形工艺过程中，坯料和凹模问的夹角直接影响着压料板压力的分布和拉深比。
1．简介拉伸是金属板材成形的重要方法之一。
由于其效率高，在工业领域中十分有用。
径向绘制为坯料向内法兰经过的张力的径向和圆周压缩[1]。
后者可能会导致拉伸比法兰起皱大，或杯直径厚度比过高。
通常压边力要适中，以确保坯料不会起皱。
[2]法兰上径向拉应力的得出是由杯壁上的的张力和冲头的力量决定的。
因此，当拉伸较大拉伸比的坯料时，较大的径向的张力法兰杯壁上需要较高的拉伸应力。
弯曲和不屈也提供了的模具在杯壁上的拉应力。
此外，杯壁上的张力，以及增加在法兰和模具半径，可以帮助克服摩擦阻力。
由于拉应力，杯壁可以承受是有限的终极材料拉伸强度，拉伸比例可能在有限的约2.1或2.2，得出更深杯拉伸成型时必须进行特殊的拉伸过程如液压成形[3]，水力机械成形[4]，反压[5]，hydraulicpressure增强[6]，等等。
外文文献翻译封面格式和要求模版
毕业论文外文文献翻译年级专业：2011级国际经济与贸易姓 名：学 号：附 件：Challenges and Opportunities备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献当选择一篇或一部份进行翻译（很多于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部份，第一部份为外文文献，页码从正文开始到英文终止；第二部份为该外文文献的中文翻译，页码从头从正文开始到终止，中英文两部份之间用分页符隔开。
也确实是说，第一外文文献部份终止后，利用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除字体统一利用Times new roman之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）【Abstract】Exports of dairy products are becoming increasingly important in terms of export earnings for Australia. The industry is the fourth highest foreign exchange earner compared toall Australia's food exports. However, Australian exports of dairy products account for about 67 per cent of the total Australian production of dairy products, and about 13 per cent of total world exports of dairy products. About 68 per cent of Australian dairy products exports are sold on Asian markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenging issues and opportunities for Australian exports of dairy products on world markets and to identify potential and emerging export markets for Australian dairy is highly restricted on its access to world dairy product markets by the impact of export subsidies and other trade barriers of overseas markets. The current cconomic and political crises in Asia are also not favourable to maintain export sales on some of the Asian export support schcme in Australia has made exporting attractive relativc to domestic sales. But it is anticipated that the termination of the scheme after June 2000, will reduce production and exports by 6 and 20 per cent, respectively in the short run. However, in the long run,resources will be efficiently used without government intervention and Australian dairy products will also bc competitivc on the domestic is scope for greater market opportunities in the emerging markets in Asia and other parts of the world for Australian dairy will also bcnefit from the agreement on international trade that directs exporting countries to reduce export subsidy and remove non-tariff trade barriers on exports of dairy products. Australia should implement appropriatc measures to increase the milk yield per ww, to improve the quality of dairy products and to identify the need for market promotion and rescarch in order to increase the volume of dairy product exports on world markets, especially in Asia and othcr potential markets such as Middle East,Africa, Europe and the Americas. 【Keywords】Australia, Dairy Milk（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一路单唯一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，倍行距）I. DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIADairy manufacturing is one of Australia's leading dairy terms of foreign exchange earnings, the industry ranks fourth (after meat, wheat and sugar) compared to all Australia's food exports(ADIC, 1996). The real gross value of production was estimated atA$billion in 1997, accounting for about 66 per cent of the combined value of market and manufacturing milk at the farm gate. The total real value of Australian exports of dairy products was about $ billion in 1996, and represented about 8 per cent of total farm exports. Likewise, Australia's dairy exports contributed about 2 per cent to total Australian exports in 1995-96 (Doucouliagos,1997). However, Australia has little influence on world price as its share accounted for about 13 per cent of world trade in 1996.Manufacturing milk is produced in all states in Australia, and there are significant regional differences in the production of dairying due to climatic and natural resources that are favorable to dairying to be produced based on year round pasture grazing (NSWA, 1996-97). In 1997, national milk production was estimated at 9 billion litres, and New South Wales is second behind Victoria, accounting for 13 per cent and 62 per cent, respectively of the nation's annual milk production(ABARE, 1997). Total milk production increased at an average of about per cent between 1988 and 1997. About billion litres of milk were used for manufacturing purposes, accounting for about 79 per cent of the total milk production. Victoria accounts for 79 per cent,Tasmania 6 per cent, and NSW 5 per cent of the total dairy products produced in the country (ADC,1997).The production of dairy products recorded an average increase of per cent between 1988 and 1997. However, Australian exports of dairy products as a proportion of total production increased on average by per cent over the same period. This was due to world surplus production of dairy products as a result of domestic industry support by some of the world's largest producers (EU and USA). Subsidised exports of dairy products account for about 50 per cent of globally traded dairy products, and this lowers international market prices of dairy products (ADIC, 1997). Australian production of dairy products accounted for about 4 per cent of total world production, and about 13 per cent of total world export sales . Thus, price taker countries such as Australia are adversely affected by the exportable surpluses of dairy products directed to world markets by major exporting countries.The expansion of milk production in Australia has come from an increase in the number of dairy cows. The number of daq cows increased from 1,714,000 head in 1988 to 2,046,000 head in 1997, an average increase of about per cent. The milk yield per cow also recorded an average increase of about 2 per cent over the same , the milk yield per cow declined by about 5 per cent in 1997 compared to 1996. This is attributed to drought and other adverse weather conditions experienced by many dairy-producing regions.Australia's dairy products industry has the potential to increase the volume of its production and exports since the country is well endowed with natural resources necessary to increase dairy also has suitable climate that is favourable to dairy production based on year round pasture production. In addition, Australia's dairy farms are family owned and operated, and hired labour does not contribute a higher percentage to the cost of production. Thus, Australia is considered as one of the efficient, low cost milk producing countries (ADC,1997). The country has also locational advantage to have access to the Asian markets, which are the major importers of Australian dairy domestic production capacity and the exports of dairy products are positively related. Accordingly,the volume of exports could be increased through the expansion of manufacturing milk production by increasing the number of dairy herds and milk yield per cow, provided Australia makes an effort to undertake marketing promotion and research to capture sizeable market shares in the potential and emerging study carried out by ABARE has projected that milk production in Australia will increase by about 3 per cent a year to the 1999-2000 fiscal has been attributed mainly to the estimated increase in the number of dairy herds, milk yield per cow, improved pasture, livestock management techniques and increased capital investment (ADIC, 1996).ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING MILK IN AUSTRALIA To facilitate the proper functioning of a free market system, market information must be available so that buyers and sellers are aware of the production and pricing arrangements (Kidane and Gunawardana,Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 00:35 10 June 2021 1997, p. 37). Thus, producers and consumers would perform their functions efficiently, and prices and quality of dairy products will be competitive. To assist in meeting these market criteria, the government has established the Australian Dairy Industry Council (ADIC), Products Federation Inc. (ADPF), Australia Dairy Farmers' Federation Ltd. (ADFF), Market MilkFederation of Australia Inc. (MMFA),Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC) and Dairy Research Development Corporation (DRDC). These organisations are expected among other things to disseminate market information and coordinate production and market activities. For example, some of the major objectives of the ADC are to improve the domestic market for dairy pioducts; to provide technical and product advice to emerging markets; to undertake a range of export promotion activities in overseas markets;and international promotion focused on growing Asian markets such as Japan, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Singapore, etc. (ADIC,1996). The farm gate pricing and domestic milk support schemes are discussed below.(i)Farm Gate PricingThe government does not have formal control over the prices processors pay to farmers Producing milk used in manufacturing products. The manufacturing milk prices are based on both milk fat and protein, and payment to farmers by processors also depends on the quality, volumes and seasonal incentives. High prices are offered to farmers by factories to encourage them to maintain production during the dry period.Most manufacturers offer different prices as their profits are affected by factors such as product mix, marketing strategies and processing efficiencies (NSWA, 1996-97). Consequently, farm gate prices paid for manufacturing milk are lower than the prices paid for market milk . (ii)Domestic Milk Support SchemePrior to July 1, 1995, the marketing of manufactured dairy products were funded by a levy on all Australian milk production under the Market Support Scheme (Crean Plan). The scheme raised domestic farm gate prices for manufacturing milk above international prices by about 2 cents a litre. However, following the Uruguay Round agreement on manufactured dairy products, Australia introduced a scheme known as 'Domestic Market Support Scheme (DMS)' on July 1, 1995. The new scheme that is administered by the Australian Dairy Corporation imposes compulsory levies both on market milk and manufacturing milk for sales on the domestic market. In 1997-98, the rates of these levies were about and cents per litre,respectively (ADC, 1997). The funds raised by these levies are targeted to make domestic support payment to farmers who produce manufacturing milk. This scheme provides incentives to farmers to increase production of milk used in dairy products for export markets. However,this extended market arrangement will cease at the end of June 2000,and like many other industries,the dairy industry will receive Commonwealth assistance estimated at 5 per cent in tariff terms after June 2000. In 1995/96, this implicit export subsidy increased gross returns on manufacturing milk by about 7 per cent (Industry Commission, 1997). This has made exporting dairy products more attractive and has encouraged milk producers to use most of the resources in the production of dairying.However, it is predicted that the removal of this export support will reduce milk production by 6 per cent and the volume of exports by 20 per cent as producers will concentrate on the domestic markets. This will have a short term effect of reducing manufacturing milk producers' incomes, and may also encourage producers to move some resources into alternative enterprises in the long run. Consequently, this is likely to reduce production of manufactured dairy products for export markets with effect from the end of June 2000. However, given the available resources necessary to increase the volume of production, with efficient use of resources without government intervention and export promotion undertaken by ADC and DRDC, Australian dairy producers will still have the incentives to focus on both export and domestic markets. Optimal allocation of resources is also likely to increase dairy production, while domestic prices will decline, as the exportable surplus will be directed to domestic markets (ABARE, 1991a). DAIRY PRODUCTS EXPORTS AND CHALLENGING ISSUESIn Australia, milk production is subject to seasonal influences, but production and exports of dairy products have recorded an average increase of about per cent and per cent between 1988 and 1997. The export price, which includes export freight,insurance, export commission and handling charges, is very attractive compared to the domestic wholesale prices. This partly acts as an incentive for producers to direct a large percentage of their dairy products to export markets and Australian dairy products to be less competitive on domestic markets.Australia is considered as a relatively non-subsidized exporter compared to EU and the USA, and Australia has to compete with countries, which have considerable domestic dairy industry support and guaranteed price for manufactured products. Australia is being excluded by the impact of these export subsidy programs of the major competitors to have access to world markets. As specified in the Uruguay Round Outcome (GAW, the agreement (reduction in export subsidies and use of tariffs as trade barriers)is being implemented over a five year period with effect from , the short run effect from the termination of the domestic support scheme and thelimited access that Australia will have to overseas markets until the Uruguay agreement is fully implemented, will have negative impacts on the exports of Australian dairy products.Cheese, skim milk powder and whole milk powder are the major components of exports of Australian dairy products and account for 22, 33 and 17 per cent of the total exports. Australian exports have continued to grow and accounted for about 67 per cent of total production of dairy products in 1997. However, Australia still has the potential to increase the volume of dairy production,which can be achieved by improved feed, breeding and farm management practices. But Australia will have to give priority to export development to sell the additional supply of dairy products to emerging markets in Asia, Middle East, Africa and the Americas.In 1997, major importers of Australian dairy products (mainly skim milk powder, cheese and whole milk powder) were Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore, and their market shares accounted for about 41 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products. Japan and the Philippines are the major importers of Australian cheese and skim milk powder, respectively. In 1997, Japan's imports of cheese accounted for about 47 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese, and the Philippines's imports of skim milk powder accounted for about per cent of ~ustralia's total exports of skim milk powder (ABARE, 1997). The total volume of exports and total real value of dairy products have increased by 21 per cent and per cent, respectively in 1997 compared to 1996. The world dairy production also increased by about 2 per cent over the same period. This partly affected the Australian export prices and the increase in the value of exports is substantially lower compared to the volume of exports .Asia is the leading export market for Australian dairy , it is anticipated that there are considerable hurdles-to maintain sales on export markets in the region. Most of the Asian nations are experiencing slow economic growth due to the recent financial crisis and political instability in some parts of the region.Australia imports dairy products (mainly cheese) to meet the increasing domestic consumption as most of the country's dairy products are exported due to the relative attractiveness of exporting to domestic total domestic consumption of dairy products fluctuated throughout the 1990s but has shown an upward trend in recent years. Thus, the volume of dairy products sales on the domestic market had also fluctuated during the same period but increased on average by about 2 per cent between 1988 and 1997. Similarly, the consumption per person ofdairy products has been fluctuating since 1989 but has increased on average by per cent over the same period.Imports of dairy products increased on average by about per cent, and exports of the same product recorded an average increase of about per cent, between 1988 and of imported dairy products are relatively lower compared with the prices of domestically processed dairy products. Imports of dairy products at lower prices have made the Australian processed dairy products less competitive on domestic markets. New Zealand is the major supplier of cheese to Australia. The closer Economic Relations agreement between New Zealand and Australia has made Australia's domestic markets more accessible to New Zealand's exportable surplus production of dairy products (ABARE, 1991b). Australia's production costs are similar to those in NZ, but dairy products imported from NZ are relatively cheaper compared to Australia's dairy products sold on domestic markets. Limited domestic market capacity and the inaccessibility of other overseas markets for NZ's exportable excess production, are some of the factors that made NZ's dairy products relatively cheaper on the Australian domestic market.Ⅳ.EXPORT MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTXALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS In 1997, Australian total real export value of dairy products was estimated at $ billion and recorded an increase of about per cent compared with 1996 . Australian exports of dairy products to . Asia and other Asian countries accounted for about 44 and 25 per cent of their total imports of dairy products, respectively and about 69 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1996. Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore,Thailand and Taiwan are the major importers of Australia's dairy products, and their imports account for about 55 per cent of Australia's total exports (ABARE, 1997).Japan, which is considered the number one Asian per capita consumer of dairy products, is the largest importer of dairy products in the Asian region. It is also the largest market for Australian dairy products and the major export market especially for Australian cheese. In 1996, its total imports of dairy products were estimated at thousands tonnes, and about 48 per cent of its total imports was purchased from Australia .Cheese accounted for about 22 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1997, and exports to Japan accounted for about 48 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese (ABARE, 1997). Under the Uruguay Round agreement on dairy products trade, Japan iscommitted to purchase a minimum of about 137,202 tonnes of dairy provides greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in the Japanese market. This is based on the assumption that Japan would take action to reduce any existing trade barriers under the proposed Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) free trade agreement and the Uruguay (GATT) commitment.The bulk of Australia's dairy products are exported to the Asian countries, mainly due to Australia's geographical proximity to the region. The lower transportation costs have given Australia competitive advantage over other exporting countries. However, as a result of the recent financial crisis and political instability in some of the Asian countries, their economic growth is slowing down. Australia will need to give priority to export development to emerging markets in which it has competitive advantage. Australia has to diversify its export market base and focus on the markets in Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Europe, Russia, and the Pacific. The imports of dairy products of these countries accounted for about 12, 24, 11, 8 and 3 per cent of total world exports, respectively in 1996. Australia's exports of dairy products to these countries account for about , , , , and per cent of total world exp&, respectively during the same are also estimated at 20 per cent of the total consumption requirements. The preferential tariff agreement between China and Australia will remove the trade barriers for Australian dairy products exports to China (ADIC, 1996).Australia's exports to China accounted for about 5 per cent of China's total dairy products imports in 1996. There is also a scope for greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in S. Korea. It is estimated that per capita consumption of dairy products will rise from 45 kg in 1991-92 to more than 63 kg in 2000 (ADIC, 1996). The country is expected to liberalise its trade barriers under the Uruguay Round arrangement. Australia's exports of dairy products to S. Korea account for about per cent of Australia's total exports and per cent of S. Korea's total imports . The geographical proximity and quality of Australian dairy products will provide better opportunities for Australian exporters to have large market shares in the Chinese and S. Korean markets.Australian exports of dairy products to Europe mainly consist of cheese, and the Australian exports account for 5 per cent of Europe'stotal imports of cheese. However, after the implementation of the Uruguay Round agreement, Australia's exports to Europe increased at anaverage of over 30 per cent between 1995 and 1997 (ABARE,1997). Australia has to make efforts to establish markets in the EU member countries as the annual global EU quotas are increasing by 83,175 tonnes for cheese and curd, 67,933 for SMP and 10,000 tonnes for butter (ADC, 1997). Likewise, the USA has agreed to increase import levels for all major dairy products, and Australia has to compete in terms of quality and volume to increase its market share in the USA market.【摘要】关于澳大利亚的出口收入，奶制品出口变得愈来愈重要。
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南京理工大学泰州科技学院
专业外语外文资料翻译
学院 (系)： 土木工程学院
专 业： 土木工程
姓 名：
学 号：
外文出处：
附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；
2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
(用外文写)
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
（空一行）
译文标题（3号黑体，居中）（空一行）
（可作为正文第1章标题，用小3号黑体，加粗，
0.5行，段后0.5行）
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×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………
2 ×××××××（作为正文第2章标题，用小3号黑体，加粗，
并留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5
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参考文献：（“参考文献”四个字为小四号黑体加粗，内容字体为Times New Roman，字号为小四号，不需要翻译，如下所示）
[1] Frangopol, D. M., Structural optimization using reliability concepts. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1985,111, 2288-2301.
2.1
2.2
（1）
说明：
1、针对科技文献的翻译只要翻译题名、摘要、关键词、正文部分，作者、单位、注释和参考文献部分不用翻译；针对书或教材章节的翻译，直接翻译从正文部分开始。
2、关于封面的“外文出处填写”，科技文献的填写发表其文献的杂志名称，书或教材章节的填写书名。
3、其他部分
（1）标题
（a）翻译书的学生，标题用书的中的章节名称，如翻译是书中1.2节内容，则用第1章的章名作标题，若翻译3.2-3.5节则用第3章的章名作标题。
（b）翻译科技文献的学生，标题则用科技文献中主要标题。
（2）图表的排版要尽量和原文保持一致，图号和图名放在图的下方，表号和表名放在表的上方，表格要求为三线表格式。
图号、图名、表号和表名的字体为5号宋体，居中。
附件2：外文原文。