英语四级-英语语法知识复习
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Grammar
Grammar must be learned through language, and not language through grammar.
十大词类
1 名词 n. 指人、物、事、时等实体或抽象事物。 注意：名词使用要分清可数或者不可数 可数名词－[C] 不能单独使用，正确形式： a book, the book, my book, this book, books • 2 动词 v.表示各类动作：work, study, live 等。 • 3 形容词 adj.形容词(adjective -- adj.) 修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征 eg: lovely, kind, nice… • 4 副词 adv .副词(adverb -- adv.) 修饰动词、形容词、副词等 以说明动作或状态的特征：fast, quickly等。
• 5 介词(preposition -- prep.) 又称前置词，在句中 不单独作任何句子成分。后面必须有名词、名词性 词组或名词性从句作它的宾语，构成介词短语。 in, on, by, with等。 • 6代词(pronoun -- pron.) 代指一类人,事或物。 掌握：人称代词，物主代词，指示代词，反身代词 I / me my / mine this/ those myself 疑问代词：who, whom… 注意： 代词使用必须和它所代替的名词在人称、 数、性、格上取得一致。
状语，修饰动词，修饰形容词，或是修饰整个句子
的词都可以叫做状语。
I asked our people to check on his family and see that everything was properly handled. The idea of becoming a writer had come to me off and on since my childhood in Belleville. He had a primly pointed jaw, a primly straight nose, and a prim manner of speaking. With an amused look in his eye, he told me that when they approached the little farm ……, his friend stood in amazement and said, …… After he passed away, I thought more and more about Tony’s career. When I got to my hotel room I didn’t unpack right away. Whether we like it or not, the world we live in has changed a great deal in the last hundred years. But as history shows, the past was not that wonderful.
2. 并列句 【主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）】
+Biblioteka Baidu
（and/or/but）
【主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）】
a. Today most work is done by teams of people and all of them have different strengths and weaknesses. b. Schools are the main formal institutions of society but their structures are designed only for self-development. c. How these things interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable.
同位语，并不是修饰这个名词，而是把这个名词
的成分展开来说，是补充说明.
Shopping, an necessary activity in everyday life, is far more convenient in the city than in the country.
I included one equation, Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2. But what I was feeling was pure delight at this demonstration that my words had the power to make people laugh.
定语
In recent years, the Internet has been gaining in popularity at an amazing rate. ） It had references to things that probably meant something to the driver. He must have been completely lost in something (that) he was reading. The topic on which my eye stopped was “the Art of Eating Spaghetti”. There are not too many people who have had such a long friendship.
补语，加形容词或分词，是常见的一种结构
I found English grammar dull and difficult. I found myself nodding in agreement. But one evening I found him standing in the driveway. I went into my house unhappy.
分词做状语
• Lying on the sofa, I finally faced up to the unwelcome task, took the list out of my notebook, and scanned it. • Sometime later, Tony arrived on a Sunday afternoon, neatly dressed.
• 7 数词 num. two, fifth 等。 • 8 冠词 art. a, an, the等。
• 9 连(接)词(conjunction -- conj.) 连接: 词与词、词组与词组、句子与句子表示某 种逻辑关系。 and, but等。
• 10 感叹词 interj. Oh,ah等。
7种句子成分
3种句子类型
1.简单句 ： 写作的主打句型：简约不简单 主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）
N + V. + (N) + Adj. + Adv. a. He arrived. b. Seeing is believing. c. We cannot afford to pay such a price. d. These children can generally deal with the problems effectively by themselves in their adult years. e. Water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and channels. f. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of popes and well-built sewers, supplied the residents of Roman with as much water per person as today. e. Despite of our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans.
主语：可以是名词，代词，动名词，不定式和从句
等一切具有名词特性的表达来充当
Vivid memories came flooding back of a night in Belleville when all of us were seated around the super table. To write it as I wanted would violate all the rules of formal composition. It’s no fun to lose any friend — losing a real old one is even tougher. What I was feeling was pure delight at this demonstration that my words had the power to make people laugh.
宾语的组成成分和主语完全一样。
But I realized that Old Ed was still on his mind. But I doubted whether Tony had the capacity to do precision work. Some people want to go back to what they see as a purer and simpler age. How or when he got to America, I don’t know. The only difference were where you put the decimal point. ……, Without explaining them or showing how they fit into the framework of scientific ideas.
谓语:只能是动词充当；且一个完整的小句有
且只能一个动词做谓语。
We were getting close to our destination so I skipped to the last paragraph. The only way to prevent further developments would be a global state (that suppressed anything new). The science (people learn in school) can provide the basic framework. Popular books and magazine articles about science can help to put across new developments.
3. 复杂句 【主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）】
分词做定语
• Until then I had been bored by everything associated with English courses. • Mr. Fleagle distributed a homework sheet offering us a choice of topics.
Grammar must be learned through language, and not language through grammar.
十大词类
1 名词 n. 指人、物、事、时等实体或抽象事物。 注意：名词使用要分清可数或者不可数 可数名词－[C] 不能单独使用，正确形式： a book, the book, my book, this book, books • 2 动词 v.表示各类动作：work, study, live 等。 • 3 形容词 adj.形容词(adjective -- adj.) 修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征 eg: lovely, kind, nice… • 4 副词 adv .副词(adverb -- adv.) 修饰动词、形容词、副词等 以说明动作或状态的特征：fast, quickly等。
• 5 介词(preposition -- prep.) 又称前置词，在句中 不单独作任何句子成分。后面必须有名词、名词性 词组或名词性从句作它的宾语，构成介词短语。 in, on, by, with等。 • 6代词(pronoun -- pron.) 代指一类人,事或物。 掌握：人称代词，物主代词，指示代词，反身代词 I / me my / mine this/ those myself 疑问代词：who, whom… 注意： 代词使用必须和它所代替的名词在人称、 数、性、格上取得一致。
状语，修饰动词，修饰形容词，或是修饰整个句子
的词都可以叫做状语。
I asked our people to check on his family and see that everything was properly handled. The idea of becoming a writer had come to me off and on since my childhood in Belleville. He had a primly pointed jaw, a primly straight nose, and a prim manner of speaking. With an amused look in his eye, he told me that when they approached the little farm ……, his friend stood in amazement and said, …… After he passed away, I thought more and more about Tony’s career. When I got to my hotel room I didn’t unpack right away. Whether we like it or not, the world we live in has changed a great deal in the last hundred years. But as history shows, the past was not that wonderful.
2. 并列句 【主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）】
+Biblioteka Baidu
（and/or/but）
【主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）】
a. Today most work is done by teams of people and all of them have different strengths and weaknesses. b. Schools are the main formal institutions of society but their structures are designed only for self-development. c. How these things interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable.
同位语，并不是修饰这个名词，而是把这个名词
的成分展开来说，是补充说明.
Shopping, an necessary activity in everyday life, is far more convenient in the city than in the country.
I included one equation, Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2. But what I was feeling was pure delight at this demonstration that my words had the power to make people laugh.
定语
In recent years, the Internet has been gaining in popularity at an amazing rate. ） It had references to things that probably meant something to the driver. He must have been completely lost in something (that) he was reading. The topic on which my eye stopped was “the Art of Eating Spaghetti”. There are not too many people who have had such a long friendship.
补语，加形容词或分词，是常见的一种结构
I found English grammar dull and difficult. I found myself nodding in agreement. But one evening I found him standing in the driveway. I went into my house unhappy.
分词做状语
• Lying on the sofa, I finally faced up to the unwelcome task, took the list out of my notebook, and scanned it. • Sometime later, Tony arrived on a Sunday afternoon, neatly dressed.
• 7 数词 num. two, fifth 等。 • 8 冠词 art. a, an, the等。
• 9 连(接)词(conjunction -- conj.) 连接: 词与词、词组与词组、句子与句子表示某 种逻辑关系。 and, but等。
• 10 感叹词 interj. Oh,ah等。
7种句子成分
3种句子类型
1.简单句 ： 写作的主打句型：简约不简单 主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）
N + V. + (N) + Adj. + Adv. a. He arrived. b. Seeing is believing. c. We cannot afford to pay such a price. d. These children can generally deal with the problems effectively by themselves in their adult years. e. Water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and channels. f. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of popes and well-built sewers, supplied the residents of Roman with as much water per person as today. e. Despite of our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans.
主语：可以是名词，代词，动名词，不定式和从句
等一切具有名词特性的表达来充当
Vivid memories came flooding back of a night in Belleville when all of us were seated around the super table. To write it as I wanted would violate all the rules of formal composition. It’s no fun to lose any friend — losing a real old one is even tougher. What I was feeling was pure delight at this demonstration that my words had the power to make people laugh.
宾语的组成成分和主语完全一样。
But I realized that Old Ed was still on his mind. But I doubted whether Tony had the capacity to do precision work. Some people want to go back to what they see as a purer and simpler age. How or when he got to America, I don’t know. The only difference were where you put the decimal point. ……, Without explaining them or showing how they fit into the framework of scientific ideas.
谓语:只能是动词充当；且一个完整的小句有
且只能一个动词做谓语。
We were getting close to our destination so I skipped to the last paragraph. The only way to prevent further developments would be a global state (that suppressed anything new). The science (people learn in school) can provide the basic framework. Popular books and magazine articles about science can help to put across new developments.
3. 复杂句 【主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）+ （定语 + 状语 + 补语）】
分词做定语
• Until then I had been bored by everything associated with English courses. • Mr. Fleagle distributed a homework sheet offering us a choice of topics.