欧陆2400系列PID调节器中文使用手册

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PID调节的详细说明

1. PID调试步骤没有一种控制算法比PID调节规律更有效、更方便的了。

现在一些时髦点的调节器基本源自PID。

甚至可以这样说：PID调节器是其它控制调节算法的吗。

为什么PID应用如此广泛、又长久不衰？因为PID解决了自动控制理论所要解决的最基本问题，既系统的稳定性、快速性和准确性。

调节PID的参数，可实现在系统稳定的前提下，兼顾系统的带载能力和抗扰能力，同时，在PID调节器中引入积分项，系统增加了一个零积点，使之成为一阶或一阶以上的系统，这样系统阶跃响应的稳态误差就为零。

由于自动控制系统被控对象的千差万别，PID的参数也必须随之变化，以满足系统的性能要求。

这就给使用者带来相当的麻烦，特别是对初学者。

下面简单介绍一下调试PID参数的一般步骤：1．负反馈自动控制理论也被称为负反馈控制理论。

首先检查系统接线，确定系统的反馈为负反馈。

例如电机调速系统，输入信号为正，要求电机正转时，反馈信号也为正（PID算法时，误差=输入-反馈），同时电机转速越高，反馈信号越大。

其余系统同此方法。

2．PID调试一般原则 a.在输出不振荡时，增大比例增益P。

b.在输出不振荡时，减小积分时间常数Ti。

c.在输出不振荡时，增大微分时间常数Td。

3．一般步骤 a.确定比例增益P 确定比例增益P 时，首先去掉PID的积分项和微分项，一般是令Ti=0、Td=0（具体见PID的参数设定说明），使PID为纯比例调节。

输入设定为系统允许的最大值的60%~70%，由0逐渐加大比例增益P，直至系统出现振荡；再反过来，从此时的比例增益P逐渐减小，直至系统振荡消失，记录此时的比例增益P，设定PID的比例增益P为当前值的60%~70%。

比例增益P调试完成。

b.确定积分时间常数Ti 比例增益P确定后，设定一个较大的积分时间常数Ti的初值，然后逐渐减小Ti，直至系统出现振荡，之后在反过来，逐渐加大Ti，直至系统振荡消失。

记录此时的Ti，设定PID的积分时间常数Ti为当前值的150%~180%。

GL2400中文说明书

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系列：
GL2400-16 Gl2400-24 GL2400-32 GL2400-40 PRS11 PRS12
14 路单声道麦克风/线路输入，2 路麦克风/双声道立体声输出 22 路单声道麦克风/线路输入，2 路麦克风/双声道立体声输出 30 路单声道麦克风/线路输入，2 路麦克风/双声道立体声输出 38 路单声道麦克风/线路输入，2 路麦克风/双声道立体声输出外置电源供 GL2400-16/24/32 外置电源供 GL2400-40
增益结构……………………………………………22 振荡器/噪声发生器的使用…………………………23 用推子或者增益控制来调音………………………23 PFL/AFL 的使用……………………………………24 dB……………………………………………………24 输入使用 …………………………………………24 极性…………………………………………………25 单声道/双声道 ……………………………………25 零调音台……………………………………………25 开关旋钮……………………………………………25 声音等级……………………………………………25 双功能………………………………………………26 矩阵的应用 ……………………………………27 建立 IEM 混音，创造氛围 ……………………… 28 使用矩阵去录音……………………………………28 推子前/后辅助设置 ………………………………28 辅助发送总线………………………………………29 建立单独的中心混音………………………………29 其它主信道输出应用………………………………29 直接输出的使用……………………………………30 立体声道的使用……………………………………30 信号组合提示 ……………………………………30 技术参数…………………………………………………………………………………………………31 总线结构图………………………………………………………………………………………………33 用户选择…………………………………………………………………………………………………34 提示表……………………………………………………………………………………………………35

CN2400系列精密PID自调节温度控制器说明书

P-64The CN2400 Series are precision PID, self tuning temperature controllers, in 1⁄4and 1⁄8DIN sizes.They have modular hardwareconstruction with an alarm option, and depending on the model, can accept a wide variety of field installable input,output, and communicationsmodules.The CN2404/08 controllers come with two digital inputs as part of their standard configuration. The control outputs, depending on type,can be configured for either heating,cooling or alarm.Precise ControlAn advanced PID control algorithm gives stable control of the process.A one-shot tuner is provided to set up the initial PID values and to calculate the overshoot inhibition parameters,for both heating and coolingapplications. In addition, an adaptive tuner will handle processeswith continually changingcharacteristics. Power feedback employs power control techniques which stabilize the controlledtemperature against supply voltage fluctuations on electrically heated loads. Dedicated cooling algorithms ensure optimum control of fan, water and oil cooled systems.Universal InputA universal input circuit with anadvanced analog to digital convertor samples the input at 9 Hz andcontinuously corrects it for drift. This gives high stability and rapidresponse to process changes. High noise immunity is achieved by rejection of 50/60 Hz pick-up and other sources of noise. Sensor diagnostics are also provided. The input covers all thermocouple types,Pt100 RTD and linear millivolts or milliamps. Input filtering from Off to 999.9 seconds is standard.Customized OperationCustom LEDs provide a bright, clear display of the process value and setpoint. Front panel auto/manual and run/hold buttons are provided.Optional Ramp and Soak profile features are available, as well as valve positioning control.AlarmsUp to four process alarms can be combined onto a single output. They can be full scale high or low,deviation from setpoint, rate ofchange or load failure alarms. Alarm messages are flashed on the main display. Alarms can be configured as latching or non-latching and also as ‘blocking’ type alarms which means they will become active only after entering a safe state.PDLINK Mode 1 Load Diagnostics PDLINK is a major innovation in the CN2404 and CN2408. When used in combination with an OMEGA ®SSC-TE10S solid state contactor, it allows the dc Pulse output of a CN2404 or CN2408 to transmit the power demand signal andsimultaneously read back a load fault alarm on the same pair of wires. This alarm will flash as a message on the controller frontpanel and can trip the alarm relay. It indicates that there is a fault in the heating circuit caused by either fuse failure, SSC open or short circuit,heater open circuit or the absence of line supply.CN2404 Series$529Basic UnitCN2408 Series$479Basic UnitShown smaller than actual size1⁄8DIN1⁄4DINCN2100, CN2200 & CN2400 Family CN2404 and CN2408 SeriesTemperature and Process ControllersProgramFeaturesߜPID or ON/OFF Control ߜHeating and Cooling ߜOne Shot Tuner withOvershoot Inhibition ߜSetpoint Rate Limit ߜUniversal TemperatureInputߜScalable LinearProcess Input ߜControl OutputsConfigurable asReverse/Direct Action or AlarmߜMultiple Alarms Configuredon a Single OutputOptional FeaturesߜRS-232, RS-422, orRS-485 Communications ߜ10 amp Heating Output(CN2404 only)ߜAnalog RetransmissionOutput (Isolated)ߜRemote Setpoint ߜRamp & SoakߜValve Positioner Control ߜCustom IR RangesavailableSpecificationsInputProcess Input Range:±100 mV and 0 to 10 Vdc Sample Rate:9 Hz (110 mS) Calibration Accuracy:0.2% of reading, ±1 LSD, ±1°C/F Resolution:<1 µV for ±100 mV range, <0.2 mV for 10 Vdc range Linearization Accuracy:No discernable errorZero Drift with Ambient Temperature:<1 µV per °C for ±100 mV range, 0.1 mV per °C on 10 Vdc rangeGain Drift with Ambient Temperature:<0.004% of reading per °CInput Filter:OFF to 999.9 secs Zero and Span Offset:User adjustable over the full display range Thermocouple Input Types:Refer to sensor inputs and display ranges table. Conforms to ITS 90 standard. Cold Junction Compensation: Automatic compensation typically>30 to 1 rejection of ambient temperature change. Internal or selectable for external references of 32, 113 and 122°F (0, 45 and 50°C) RTD Input Types:3-wire, Pt100 DIN43760Lead Compensation:No error for up to 22 ohms in all 3 leads ProcessRange:±100 mV, 0 to 20 mA or0 to 10 Vdc (All configurable between limits)Type:Linear, square root or custom 8 pointApplication:Process value DigitalType:single and triple input: Contact closure or 24 Vdc logic input Application:Manual select, 2nd setpoint, 2nd PID, keylock, setpoint rate limit enablerRemote Setpoint Input Module Types:Refer to general input informationApplication:Remote setpoint, setpoint trim, Hi, low power limit OutputsRelay (-R1, -R2, -R3):Rating:SPST relay, Min: 12Vac/dc, 100 mA ac/dc Max: 2A, 264 Vac/dc resistive (single and dual models available)Application: Heating, cooling or alarms Rating:Alarm relays:Min:6 V, 1 mA ac/dcMax:2 A, 264 Vac/dc resistivedc Pulse (-D1, -D2, -D3)Rating:18 Vdc at 24 mA non-isolatedApplication:Heating, cooling or alarmsPDLINK Mode 1:Heating with loadfailure alarm PDLINK will only workwith D1 optionac SSR (-T1, -T2, -T3)Rating:1A, 30 to 264 Vac resistive(single and dual models available)Application:Heating or coolingHigh Current Relay (-HC)Rating:SPST,10 amp, 264 Vac resistiveApplication:HeatingAnalog Range:0 to 20 mA (into600Ωmax) or 0 to 10 Vdc isolatedApplication:Heating, cooling, orprocess output. PV retransmissionor setpoint retransmissionTransmitter Supply:Rating:24 Vdc at 20 mADigital CommunicationsTransmission Standard:RS-4852-wire, RS-232, RS-422/RS-4854-wire at 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,19,200 baudProtocols:ModbusControl FunctionsControl Modes:PID or PI withovershoot inhibition, PD, PI, Ponly or On/OffApplication:Heating or coolingAuto/Manual:Bumpless transfer orforced manual outputSetpoint rate limit:0.01 to 99.99degrees or display units per second,minute or hour, same resolution astemperature displayCooling Algorithms:Linear; Water(non-linear); Fan (minimum ontime), Oil, proportional onlyTuningOne-Shot Tune:Automaticcalculation of PID and overshootinhibition parametersAdaptive Tune:Continuousassessment of the PID valuesAutomatic Droop Compensation:Automatic calculation of manualreset value when using PD controlAlarmsTypes:Full scale high or low Deviationhigh, low, or band, rate of changeModes:Latching or non-latchingNormal or blocking actionUp to four process alarms canbe combined onto a single outputGeneralDisplay:Dual, 4 digit LED sizesx 7 segment high intensity LEDDimensions and Weight:CN2404:96 W x 96 H x 150 mm D(3.78 x 3.78 x 5.91")600g (21.16 oz)CN2408:48 W x 96 H x 150 mm D(1.89 x 3.78 x 5.91")400g (14.11 oz)Supply:85 to 264 Vac 48 to 62 Hz,10 watts maxTemperature and RH:Operating:0 to 55°C (32 to 131°F),RH: 5 to 90% non-condensing.Storage:-10 to 70°C (14 to 158°F)Electromagnetic Compatibility:Meets generic emissions standardEN50081-2 for industrial environmentsMeets general immunityrequirements of EN50082-2(95) forindustrial environmentsSafety Standards:EN61010,installation category 2 (voltagetransients must not exceed 2.5 kV)Atmospheres:Electricallyconductive pollution must beexcluded from the cabinet in whichthis controller is mounted. Thisproduct is not suitable for use above2000 m (6,562 ft) or in corrosive orexplosive atmospheres withoutfurther protection.Digital CommunicationsThe CN2404 and CN2408 controllers are available withRS-232, four wire RS-422/485, and two wire RS-485 communications, using the MODBUS protocol.Sensor Inputs and Display RangesP-65SSC-TE10S-PDL1/PDL2 solidstate contactor2-wire ConnectionVac SupplyHeaterOP1OP2SP2REMLoad diagnostics using the PDLINK MODE 1 feature (dc Pulse output models only)CN2404-D1RS-485 CommunicationsOther Alarm and High Current Output Options“(dc pulse) output.Field Installable Input, Output,Model CN2408 Controller,CANADA www.omega.ca Laval(Quebec) 1-800-TC-OMEGA UNITED KINGDOM www. Manchester, England0800-488-488GERMANY www.omega.deDeckenpfronn, Germany************FRANCE www.omega.frGuyancourt, France088-466-342BENELUX www.omega.nl Amstelveen, NL 0800-099-33-44UNITED STATES 1-800-TC-OMEGA Stamford, CT.CZECH REPUBLIC www.omegaeng.cz Karviná, Czech Republic596-311-899TemperatureCalibrators, Connectors, General Test and MeasurementInstruments, Glass Bulb Thermometers, Handheld Instruments for Temperature Measurement, Ice Point References,Indicating Labels, Crayons, Cements and Lacquers, Infrared Temperature Measurement Instruments, Recorders Relative Humidity Measurement Instruments, RTD Probes, Elements and Assemblies, Temperature & Process Meters, Timers and Counters, Temperature and Process Controllers and Power Switching Devices, Thermistor Elements, Probes andAssemblies,Thermocouples Thermowells and Head and Well Assemblies, Transmitters, WirePressure, Strain and ForceDisplacement Transducers, Dynamic Measurement Force Sensors, Instrumentation for Pressure and Strain Measurements, Load Cells, Pressure Gauges, PressureReference Section, Pressure Switches, Pressure Transducers, Proximity Transducers, Regulators,Strain Gages, Torque Transducers, ValvespH and ConductivityConductivity Instrumentation, Dissolved OxygenInstrumentation, Environmental Instrumentation, pH Electrodes and Instruments, Water and Soil Analysis InstrumentationHeatersBand Heaters, Cartridge Heaters, Circulation Heaters, Comfort Heaters, Controllers, Meters and SwitchingDevices, Flexible Heaters, General Test and Measurement Instruments, Heater Hook-up Wire, Heating Cable Systems, Immersion Heaters, Process Air and Duct, Heaters, Radiant Heaters, Strip Heaters, Tubular HeatersFlow and LevelAir Velocity Indicators, Doppler Flowmeters, LevelMeasurement, Magnetic Flowmeters, Mass Flowmeters,Pitot Tubes, Pumps, Rotameters, Turbine and Paddle Wheel Flowmeters, Ultrasonic Flowmeters, Valves, Variable Area Flowmeters, Vortex Shedding FlowmetersData AcquisitionAuto-Dialers and Alarm Monitoring Systems, Communication Products and Converters, Data Acquisition and Analysis Software, Data LoggersPlug-in Cards, Signal Conditioners, USB, RS232, RS485 and Parallel Port Data Acquisition Systems, Wireless Transmitters and Receivers。

欧陆变频器使用手册功能参数详细说明样本

第五章功能详细阐明5.1 基本运营参数(P0参数 )0：G型机，合用于恒转矩负载1：P型机，合用于变转矩负载（风机、水泵负载）EV500系列变频器采用G/P合一方式，即用于恒转矩负载（G型）适配电机比用于风机、水泵类负载（P型）时小一档。

选取频率指令输入通道:0：面板电位器由操作面板上电位器来设定运营频率。

1：P0.03设定当选取[P0.01]=1，通过操作面板上上、下按键，可以变化P0.03参数中频率值，并且设定运营频率。

2：V1 由外部模仿电压输入端子V1（0 ～ 10V）来设定运营频率。

3：V2 由外部模仿电压输入端子V2（0～ 10V）来设定运营频率。

4：II 由外部模仿电流输入口II（0 ～ 20mA）来设定运营频率。

5：UP/DW端子递增、递减控制运营频率由外部控制端子UP/DW设定(UP、DW控制端子由参数P3.01 ～ P3.07选取)，当UP-COM闭合时，运营频率上升，DW-COM闭合时，运营频率下降。

UP、DW同步与COM端闭合或断开时，运营频率维持不变。

频率上升、下降按设定加减速时间进行。

6：外部脉冲信号运营频率由外部脉冲信号设定，脉冲输入端子由参数P3.07选用（X7）。

7：RS485接口通过RS485接口接受上位机频率指令，当采用上位机设定频率或在联动控制中本机设立为从机时，应选取此方式。

8：组合给定运营频率由各设定通道线性组合拟定，组合方式由参数P4.34拟定。

9：外部端子选取由外部端子来选取频率设定通道（选取端子由参数P3.01～P3.07拟定），端子状态与频率设定通道相应关系见下表：0：运转指令由操作面板控制1：运转指令由外部端子控制，键盘STOP 无效 2：运转指令由外部端子控制，键盘STOP 有效 3：运转指令由RS485通讯控制，键盘STOP 无效 4：运转指令由RS485通讯控制，键盘STOP 有效当输入频率通道选取面板数字设定([P0.01]=1),该转差补偿后拟定。

欧陆直流调速器调试步骤完整版

欧陆直流调速器调试步骤HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】欧陆590直流调速器调试步骤目录型号说明 (2)操作面板的使用 (3)接线 (4)1、主回路接线 (4)2、控制端子接线 (5)3、查看控制端子配置 (7)默认控制端子基本接线 (8)必要的修改参数 (10)浏览内部设置 (11)系统菜单目录 (13)通电运行 (15)中英文对照报警说明 (16)附录参数表 (24)一、型号说明二、操作面板的使用。

面板示意图三、接线1、主回路接线（1）L、N（辅助电流输入。

作为控制器控制电源输入）端子接AC220V 为控制电路供电。

（2）L1、L2、L3（三相主电源输入）接AC380V为主电路供电。

（3）A+、A-（电枢输出，A+正极，A-负极）接电枢端口。

（4）F+、F- （励磁输出。

F-为负，F+为正。

）接励磁端口。

上述端子一般分布图2、控制端子接线。

(1)、模拟端子A1 零伏电位，与 B1、C1 同电位，与地线隔离。

A2 模拟输入 1。

默认功能为速度输入，可修改。

A3 模拟输入 2。

默认功能为辅助速度或电流输入,在默认功能下，由 C8 来切换其输入功能。

C8 低态时为速度输入量，C8 高态时为电流量（电流控制方式），不可修改。

A4 模拟输入 3。

默认功能为斜坡速度输入，可修改。

A5 模拟输入 4。

默认功能为辅助（负）电流箝位，默认功能下由 C6 确定其是否使用。

C6 为低态时不使用此功能，C6 为高态时使用其功能来对负电流进行箝位。

可修改。

A6 模拟输入 5。

默认功能为主电流箝位或辅助（正）电流箝位，默认功能下由 C6 切换其输入功能，C6 为低态时为主电流箝位，同时作用于正负电流的箝位，可修改。

A7 模拟输出 1。

默认功能为速度反馈输出，可修改。

A8 模拟输出 2。

默认功能为速度给定输出，可修改。

A9 模拟输出 3。

默认功能为电流反馈输出，不可修改。

EZ2400(V) 操作手册说明书

EZ2400(V)操作手册Ft. Atkinson ，威斯康辛，美国Panningen ，荷兰 D3709-CN Rev B 05 -10HELLO目录CAB驾驶室同步操控 (无线) (1)特点 (1)功能 (1)Specifications技术规格 (1)安全须知 (2)使用前请检查系统 (2)清洁 (2)称重小电脑总览 (3)操作.. (5)启动称重小电脑 (5)系统去皮清零 (5)应用净重/总重模式称量 (5)打印按键 (7)计时选项 (7)应用存贮记忆模式称重 (8)打印存贮的重量 (10)自动计算平均重量 (10)打印平均重量 (11)其他功能 (12)锁定显示重量 (12)打印 (12)背光强度调节 (12)功能键使用说明 (13)菜单1至4及称量单位 (14)常见故障排除 (17)安装 (19)安装称重小电脑 (19)Load cell direction安装重量感应器 (19)连接电线 (20)连接称重感应器至接线盒 (21)更改系统参数及称量单位设置 (21)选配设备 (22)数据下载 (DDL) (22)发射器/接收器 (22)无线显示 (22)附件A1：产品符合欧盟标准声明版权所有。

未经Digi-Star书面许可，严禁复制、转载或抄袭该手册中的一切内容。

我们将对该手册内容不定期进行更新和修正，恕不另行通知。

虽经反复校对核准，因时间所限，本手册不免有疏漏遗误之处，Digi-Star感谢您通知我们这些错误。

尽管如此，我们对因此造成的损失不承担任何责任。

•驾驶室终端显示器帮助我们清楚而轻松查看加料重量，控制小电脑。

2400数字万用表中文说明书(吉时利)

Keithley 2400 Source Meter∙電壓源、電流源、電壓錶、電流錶四合一新型儀器，適用於快速直流測試∙可選高電壓型(1100V)、大電流型(3A) 或大電流脈衝型(10A) 電源／測量∙最大功率：20W (2400和2410)，60W (2420)，100W (2425/2430 直流模式)，1kW (2430 脈衝模式)∙五位半數字電錶, 0.012%準確度∙可作六線式歐姆測量∙程式控制電流／電壓，並可設定箝制準位∙最快速度可達1000點／秒(GPIB介面)∙內建快速「通過／失效」比較器，適用於自動化品質管制∙數位I/O可直接與其他儀器溝通∙IEEE-488和RS-232介面∙除量測電壓、電流外，並可直接量測電阻、功率、百分率、補償電阻（Offset Compensated Ω）、變阻器α值（Varistor α）、電壓係數，如需做接觸檢測（ContactCheck），可選用2400C 系列1美商吉時利儀器股份有限公司台灣分公司Keithley 2400系列(2400,2410,2420,2430)多功能電源電錶簡易操作手冊一、功能：二、面板簡介：123.456 uA( 量測值) ON（輸出開/關）Vsrc: +00.0000V （電源輸出值）Cmpl:105.000uA（箝位值）2美商吉時利儀器股份有限公司台灣分公司圖2-1 2400螢幕顯示圖螢幕顯示：如圖2-1所示，螢幕左上方所顯示為「量測值」，右上方為「輸出開/關」顯示，左下方為「電源輸出值」，右下方為「箝位值」顯示。

圖2-2 2400正面圖圖2-3 2400背面圖Power：電源開關MEAS選擇鍵：選擇所欲量測的訊號(1) V量測電壓(2) I量測電流(3) Ω量測電阻(4) FCTN量測功率, 補償電阻,電壓係數, 變電阻ALPHA值,百分率(初3美商吉時利儀器股份有限公司台灣分公司始設定為功率)SOURCE選擇鍵：選擇電源輸出型式(1) V輸出電壓(2) I輸出電流(3)▲和▼增加或減少輸出值或箝位值(Cmpl)操作鍵：(1) EDIT選擇設定電源輸出值或箝位值(2) TOGGLE切換輸出值與量測值位置(3) LOCAL取消遠端電腦控制,回到儀器面板控制(4) REL開啟/取消參考數值比較(5) FILTER開啟/取消數位濾波(6) LIMIT開啟/取消限制值測試(7) TRIG從面板觸發開始量測(8) SWEEP開始輸出設定好的掃瞄電壓或電流(9) DIGITS改變量測顯示數位(10) SPEED改變量測速度及精準度(11) STORE設定記憶數量並開始儲存(12) RECALL顯示儲存的量測數值(13) CONFIG設定（加上其他按鍵，如CONFIG + SWEEP 可設定掃瞄輸出）(14) MENU進入可儲存設定值,更改通訊方式(IEEE-488 or RS232),或校正(15) EXIT跳出(16) ENTER確認RANGE：範圍選擇4美商吉時利儀器股份有限公司台灣分公司(1)▲更改為較大的範圍(2)▼更改為較小的範圍(3)AUTO自動切換至最佳範圍OUTPUT：(1) ON/OFF開啟/取消電源輸出三、操作入門A.輸出電壓,量測電流1.接線如圖3-1。

PID调节器说明书

2、表示仪表面板尺寸规格，仪表深度约为1 3 . 5 m m (前部）+130m m (后部） A（A2为光柱）面板96×96mm，开口92×92mm B 面板160×80mm（宽×高），横式，开口152×76mm C（C2、C3为光柱）面板80×160mm（宽×高），竖式，开口76×152mm D 面板72×72mm，开口68×68mm（插入深度为110mm） D2 面板48×48mm，开口45×45mm（插入深度为110mm） E 面板48×96mm（宽×高），开口45×92mm F 面板96×48mm（宽×高），开口92×45mm
五、功能及设置 .................................................................................................... 25 1

（一）参数功能说明 ......................................................................................................................... 25 （二）部分功能的补充说明 ............................................................................................................. 42
（一）主要特点 ................................................................................................................................. 3 （二）型号定义 ................................................................................................................................. 4 （三）不同型号仪表的功能区别 ..................................................................................................... 7 （四）模块功能的进一步说明 ......................................................................................................... 8 （五）仪表维护 ................................................................................................................................. 10

OMEGA CN2000 PID控制器调节指南说明书

Temperature ControlTuning a PID (Three Mode) ControllerTuning a temperature controller involves setting the proportional,integral, and derivative values to get the best possible control for a particular process. If the controller does not include an autotune algorithm, or if the autotune algorithm does not provide adequate control for the particular application, then the unit must be tuned using trial and error.The following is a tuning procedure for the OMEGA CN2000controller. It can be applied to other controllers as well. There are other tuning procedures which can also be used, but they all use a similar trial and error method. Note that if the controller uses a mechanical relay (rather than a solid state relay), a longer cycle time (20 seconds) should be used when starting out.The following definitions may be needed:1)Cycle time - Also known as duty cycle; the total length of time for the controller to complete one on/off cycle. Example: with a 20 second cycle time, an on time of 10 seconds and an off time of 10 seconds represents a 50 percent power output. The controller will cycle on and off while within the proportional band.2) Proportional band - A temperature band expressed in % of full scale or degrees within which the controller‘s proportioning action takes place. The wider the proportional band, thegreater the area around the setpoint in which the proportional action takes place. This is sometimes referred to as gain,which is the reciprocal of proportional band.3)Integral, also known as reset, is a function which adjusts the proportional bandwidth with respect to the setpoint tocompensate for offset (droop) from setpoint; that is, it adjusts the controlled temperature to setpoint after the system stabilizes.4) Derivative, also known as rate, senses the rate of rise or fall of system temperature and automatically adjusts the proportional band to minimize overshoot or undershoot.A PID (three mode) controller is capable of exceptional control stability when properly tuned and used. The operator can achieve the fastest response time and smallest overshoot by following these instructions carefully. The information for tuning this three mode controller may be different from other controller tuning procedures. Normally a SELF TUNE feature will eliminate the need to use this manual tuning procedure for the primary output;however, adjustments to the SELF TUNE values may be made if desired.After the controller is installed and wired:1. Apply power to the controller.2.Disable the control outputs if possible.3.For time proportional primary output, set the cycle time. Enter the following value:CYCLE TIME 15 SEC (Only appears if output is a time proportional output. A smaller cycle time may be required for systems with an extremely fast response time.)Then select the following parameters:PR BAND 1_______5% (PB)RESET 1_________0 R/M (TURNS OFF RESET FUNCTION)RESET 2_________0 R/MRATE 1__________0 MIN (TURNS OFF RATE FUNCTION)RATE 2__________0 MINNOTEOn units with dual three mode outputs, the primary andsecondary tuning parameters are independently set and must be tuned separately. The procedure used in this section is for aHEATING primary output. A similar procedure may be used for a primary COOLING output or a secondary COOLING output.A. TUNING OUTPUTS FOR HEATING CONTROL 1.Enable the OUTPUT(S) and start the process.2. The process should be run at a setpoint that will allow the temperature to stabilize with heat input required.3.With RATE and RESET turned OFF, the temperature will stabilize with a steady state deviation, or droop, between the setpoint and the actual temperature. Carefully note whether or not there are regular cycles or oscillations in this temperature by observing the measurement on the display. (An oscillation may be as long as 30 minutes.)The tuning procedure is easier to follow if you use a recorder to monitor the process temperature.Figure 1. Temperature OscillationsPRIMARYSETPOINT PRIMARY SETPOINTPRIMARY SETPOINTT E M P .T E M P .T E M P .TIMEDivide PB by 2 if you observe this. TIMEThis is close to perfect tuning.TIMEMultiply PB by 2 if you observe this.Z4.If there are no regular oscillations in the temperature, divide the PB by 2 (see Figure 1). Allow the process to stabilize and check for temperature oscillations. If there are still no oscillations, divide the PB by 2 again. Repeat until cycles or oscillations are obtained. Proceed to Step5.If oscillations are observed immediately, multiply the PB by 2. Observe the resulting temperature for several minutes. If the oscillations continue, increase the PB by factors of 2until the oscillations stop.5.The PB is now very near its critical setting. Carefully increase or decrease the PB setting until cycles or oscillations just appear in the temperature recording.If no oscillations occur in the process temperature even at the minimum PB setting of 1%, skip Steps 6 through 11below and proceed to paragraph B.6.Read the steady-state deviation, or droop, between setpoint and actual temperature with the “critical” PB setting you have achieved. (Because the temperature is cycling a bit,use the average temperature.)7Measure the oscillation time, in minutes, betweenneighboring peaks or valleys (see Figure 2). This is most easily accomplished with a chart recorder, but ameasurement can be read at one minute intervals to obtain the timing.8.Now, increase the PB setting until the temperature deviation, or droop, increases 65%.The desired final temperature deviation can be calculated by multiplying the initial temperature deviation achieved with the CRITICAL PB setting by 1.65 (see Figure 3) or by use of the convenient Nomogram I (see Figure 4). Try several trial-and-error settings of the PB control until the desired final temperature deviation is achieved.9.You have now completed all the measurements necessaryto obtain optimum performance from the Controller. Only two more adjustments are required - RATE and ing the oscillation time measured in Step 7, calculate the value for RESET in repeats per minutes as follows:RESET = 8x 1____5T OWhere T O = Oscillation Time in Minutes.OR Use Nomogram II (see Figure 5):Enter the value for RESET 1.11.Again using the oscillation time measured in Step 7,calculate the value for RATE in minutes as follows:RESET = T O __10Where T O = Oscillation TimeOR Use Nomogram III (see Figure 6)Enter this value for Rate 1.12.If overshoot occurred, it can be eliminated by decreasing the RESET time. When changes are made in the RESET value,a corresponding change should also be made in the RATE adjustment so that the RATE value is equal to:RATE = 1______________6 x Reset Valuei.e., if reset = 2 R/M, the RATE = 0.08 min.13.Several setpoint changes and consequent RESET and RATE time adjustments may be required to obtain the proper balance between “RESPONSE TIME” to a system upset and “SETTLING TIME.” In general, fast response is accompanied by larger overshoot and consequently shorter time for the process to “SETTLE OUT.” Conversely, if the response is slower, the process tends to slide into the final value with little or no overshoot. The requirements of the system dictate which action is desired.14.When satisfactory tuning has been achieved, the cycle time should be increased to save contactor life (applies to units with time proportioning outputs only (TPRI)). Increase the cycle time as much as possible without causing oscillations in the measurement due to load cycling.15.Proceed to Section C.ST ARTUPDECREASEPBPRIMARY SETPOINTINCREASEPBCRITICALPBTIMET E M P .MEASURE THIS TEMPMEASURE THIS TIMEPRIMARY SETPOINTCRITICAL PB TIME WITH PBDEVIA TIONTEMP WITH PB1.65 · TEMPDEVIA TION WITH PBTIMEST ARTUP T E M PEXAMPLE3° DEVIATION WITH PB SET PB TO OBTAIN 5° FINAL DEVIATION1234510235101520304050152030405070100150100FINAL TEMPERA TURE DEVIA TION = 1.65DEVIA TION WITH CRITICAL PB SETTING.TEMPERA TURE DEVIA TION WITH CRITICAL PB SETTINGTEMPERA TURE CYCLE TIME IN MINUTESCORRECT RESET SETTING IN REPEA TS PER MINUTE0.120100.20.353211230.500.300.2010200.100.05300.030.02100TRMPERA TURE CYCLE TIME IN MINUTESCORRECT RA TE SETTING IN MINUTES5440503032201100.330.220.110.030.30.020.20.010.1Figure 2. Oscillation TimeFigure 3. Calculating Final Temperature DeviationFigure 4. Nomogram IFigure 6. Nomogram IIIFigure 5. Nomogram IIB.TUNING PROCEDURE WHEN NO OSCILLATIONS ARE OBSERVED 1.Measure the steady-state deviation, or droop, between setpoint and actual temperature with minimum PB setting.2.Increase the PB setting until the temperature deviation (droop) increases 65%. Nomogram I (see Figure 4)provides a convenient method of calculating the desired final temperature deviation.3.Set the RESET 1 to a high value (10 R/M). Set the RATE 1 to a corresponding value (0.02 MIN). At this point, the measurement should stabilize at the setpoint temperature due to reset action.4.Since we were not able to determine a critical oscillation time, the optimum settings of the reset and rateadjustments must be determined by trial and error. After the temperature has stabilized at setpoint, increase the setpoint temperature setting by 10 degrees. Observe the overshoot associated with the rise in actual temperature.Then return the setpoint setting to its original value and again observe the overshoot associated with the actual temperature change.Excessive overshoot implies that the RESET and/or RATE values are set too high. Overdamped response (no overshoot) implies that the RESET and/or RATE values are set too low. Refer to Figure 7. Whereimproved performance is required, change one tuning parameter at a time and observe its effect on performance when the setpoint is changed. Make incremental changes in the parameters until the performance is optimized.5.When satisfactory tuning has been achieved, the cycle time should be increased to save contactor life (applies to units with time proportioning outputs only (TPRI)). Increase the cycle time as much as possible without causing oscillations in the measurement due to load cycling.C.TUNING THE PRIMARY OUTPUT FOR COOLING CONTROL The same procedure is used as for heating. The process should be run at a setpoint that requires cooling control before the temperature will stabilize.D.SIMPLIFIED TUNING PROCEDURE FOR PID CONTROLLERS The following procedure is a graphical technique of analyzing a process response curve to a step input. It is much easier with a strip chart recorder reading the process variable (PV).1.Starting from a cold start (PV at ambient), apply full power to the process without the controller in the loop,i.e., with an open loop. Record this starting time.2.After some delay (for heat to reach the sensor), the PV will start to rise. After more delay, the PV will reach a maximum rate of change (slope). Record the time at which this maximum slope occurs and the PV at which it occurs. Record the maximum slope in degrees per minute. Turn off system power.3.Draw a line from the point of maximum slope back to the ambient temperature axis to obtain the lumped system time delay Td (see Figure 8). The time delay may also be obtained by the equation:Td = time to max. slope-(PV at max. slope - Ambient)/max. slope4.Apply the following equations to yield the PID parameters:Pr. Band = Td x max. slope x 100/span = % of span Reset= 0.4 / Td = resets/minute Rate = 0.4 x Td = minutes5.Restart the system and bring the process to setpoint with the controller in the loop and observe response. If the response has too much overshoot, or is oscillating, then the PID parameters can be changed (slightly, one at a time, and observing process response) in the following directions:Widen the proportional band, lower the Reset value, and increase the Rate value.Example: The chart recording in Figure 8 was obtained by applying full power to an oven. The chart scales are 10°F/cm, and 5 min/cm. The controller range is 100 to 600°F, or a span of 500°F.Maximum slope = 18°F/5 minutes= 3.6˚F/minute Time delay = Td = approximately 7 minutes.Proportional Band = 7 minutes x 3.6°F/minutes x 100/500°F = 5%.Reset = 0.4/7 minutes = 0.06 resets/minute Rate = 0.4 x 7 minutes = 2.8 minuteTuning a PID ControllerCont'dRESET OR RA TE T OO HIGH RESET OR RA TE T OO LOWT d o OTIMEPV185 minsT FFigure 7. Setting RESET and/or RATEFigure 8. System Time Delay。

PGM-2400P中文说明书,全

3
目录
1. 概述...............................................ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ..........................................................................6 1.1 主要特点.......................................................................................................6 1.2 技术参数.......................................................................................................7
只对本仪器的可燃气体检测部分进行了安全评估。校正：
为确保安全性，每天使用前用满量程 20-50%已知浓度的甲烷气体检查仪器的灵敏度，误差不得超过±20%。传感器的准确度可通过标定操作得到保证。
任何迅速接近满量程，并随之降低或波动的检测读数可能表明气体浓度已超出了上限，这种情况将是很危险的。
所有新购买的 RAE 公司的仪器在使用和维修前应该用已知浓度的标准气体进行校正。
4.4.1 调整停泵:高 ....................................................................................................18 4.4.2 调整停泵:低 ....................................................................................................19

欧陆3200说明书

设置目标温度(设定值) ...................................................................................14 报警指示 ..........................................................................................................14 自动, 手动和关闭模式....................................................................................15 选择自动, 手动或关闭模式............................................................................15 等级 1 中的操作参数......................................................................................15
上电 ....................................................................................... 12
初始配置 .............................................................................................................12 再次进入快速代码配置模式 ...........................................................................13 已配置过的控制器启动方式 ...........................................................................13 前面板布局 .........................................................................................................14

欧陆表使用手册

2400 系列 PID 调节器安装及操作手册章节页号第 1 章安装....................................................................................1-1 第 2 章操作....................................................................................2-1 第 3 章访问等级.............................................................................3-1 第 4 章整定....................................................................................4-1 第 5 章程序的操作.........................................................................5-1 第 6 章配置....................................................................................6-1 第 7 章用户校准.............................................................................7-1附录 A 定货代码.............................................................................A-1 附录 B 碳势控制器........................................................................B-1本产品由英国欧陆公司设计制造Issue 6 May 1997 Applies to 2400 controller software versions 3.0 and 3.5 i1-1第一章安装图1-1 2408 1/8DIN 尺寸的控制器图 1-2 2404 1/4DIN 尺寸的控制器面板安装夹棘齿外壳端子盖锁耳面板密封垫显示屏面板安装夹棘齿外壳端子盖标签面板密封垫北京佳瑞翔Installation 2400 Installation and Operation Handbook1-2 图 1-3 2416 1/16DIN尺寸的控制器2408外型尺寸2408OP1OP2SP2REMAUTO MANRUNHOLD图 1-4 2408外型5.91in1.89in面板安装夹棘齿端子盖标签锁耳面板密封垫10mm(0.4in)所推荐的仪表间最小间隔北京佳瑞翔2400 Installation and Operation Handbook Installation1-324042416外型图1-6 2416外型5.91in3.78in面板开孔45 x 45 mm1.77 x 1.77 in-0 +0.8-0 +0.03所推荐的仪表间最小间隔10mm (0.4in)38mm (1.5in)10mm (0.4in)1.89in5.91in-0 +0.6-0 +0.02所推荐的仪表间最小间隔面板开孔92 x 92 mm3.62 x 3.62 in北京佳瑞翔Installation 2400 Installation and Operation Handbook1-4 简介2416、2408型和2404型都是带有自整定及自适应功能的高精度温度控制器。

2408欧陆表使用手册

2. 将仪表插入开好的面板孔中。
3. 从上下两面装上安装夹，把其置于水平位置后可向前推动，直到夹紧为止。注意：为了从仪表面板上取下仪表，可用手指或者螺丝刀从仪表的侧面将安装夹挑开。
表芯的拨插如果需要，表芯是可以通过拨动外侧的锁耳，将其从外壳里向前拔出来。当要将表
芯插入其外壳内时，为了保证IP65的安全密封标准，就应确保锁耳置于正确的位置。
面板开孔
-0
45 x 45 mm +0.6
所推荐的仪表间最小间隔
-0
1.77 x 1.77 in +0.02
10mm (0.4in)
图1-6 2416外型北京佳瑞翔
38mm (1.5in)
1-3
Installation
2400 Installation and Operation Handbook
多段可设定点编程的电动阀门控制器
•
2416/VP,V4 2408/VP, V4, VM和2404/VP, V4, VM型
仪表的标签
在仪表侧面的标签上注明了定货代码、仪表系列号和接线方法。
附录A, “如何理解定货代码”中介绍了特殊仪表的软硬件配置。
仪表的安装
1. 按照仪表的开孔尺寸在面板上开好孔，见图1-4,1-5和1-6。
所有的电缆接线均在控制器的背面，以螺钉端子的方式连接。如果想要使用插接端子，插头应是AMP的 349262-1。应使用0.5- 1.5 mm2 (16 to 22 AWG)的电缆线。端子部分是用一块塑料防护罩保护的，以防止手指或者金属偶然触到裸露的导线。
后部端子排布
后部端子排布可见图 1-7,1-8和1-9。右边第一排接线端子是用来提供电力的，还有数字
150mm 5.91in

PID调节仪使用说明书

XM系列智能仪表使用手册XMA数字显示PID控制仪一、概述XMA系列数字显示PID控制仪，是以微电脑为核心的新一代智能化仪表。

可配合多种标准传感器或变送器，对温度、压力、液位、流量、重量等各种工业过程参数进行测量、显示与PID控制。

是一种高性能、多功能的智能化仪表，广泛适用于冶金、能源、建材、轻工等工业部门。

特点如下：1．软件运算进行线性化处理，线性化精度高2．通用性好，同一块仪表可混合使用不同分度号的测温元件3．按键修改仪表参数，掉电不丢失信息4．采用先进的数字自动调校系统．测量值零点迁移功能．测量值增益放大功能．变送输出零点迁移功能．变送输出增益放大功能5．采用国际通用卡入式结构，安装、维修、更换十分方便6．安装尺寸与传统仪表兼容，互换性好7．具有4~20mA或0~10mA输出8．自动稳零功能随时消除零点漂移9．具有热电偶冷端温度自动补偿功能10．传感器分度号可任意设定，即设即用，无需重新校表二、主要技术指标1．输入信号：◆毫伏信号：热电偶和霍尔变送器，输入阻抗＞1MΩ◆电阻信号：热电阻和远传压力表，三线制接法◆电流信号：0～10mA，4～20mA，输入阻抗≤250Ω◆电压信号：0～5V，1～5V，输入阻抗≥100KΩ2．显示范围：-1999～19993．测量精度：%FS或%FS4．分辨率：1、、或5．热电偶冷端补偿范围：0～50℃- 1 -6．输出信号：◆开关量输出：继电器ON/OFF带回差，触点容量为3A/220VAC（阻性负载，感性负载需加灭弧元件）◆馈电输出：DC24V，负载能力≤30mA◆模拟量输出：DC0～10mA（负载电阻≤750Ω）DC4～20mA（负载电阻≤500Ω）DC0～5V（输出电阻≤250Ω）DC1～5V（输出电阻≤250Ω）8．使用环境：环境温度：0～40℃相对湿度：≤85RH避免腐蚀性气体9．供电电源：线性电源：AC220C±10% 开关电源：AC90 10．功耗：线性电源：≤5W 开关电源：≤4W 11．重量；≤500克12．安装方式：盘装卡入式13．仪表外形及开孔尺寸：表一- 2 -三、操作方式(一) 仪表按键说明：“S”键：在正常工作方式下，按该键可进入设置方式；在设置方式下，该键用于确认输入数据；在设置过程中，按该键3秒后，将退出设置方式。

欧陆直流调速器 +简明使用手册

本文件的任何部分均不得存储在可恢复系统中，或者，未经欧陆传动系统有限公司的书面许可而以任何形式或以任何方式传输给任何非欧陆传动系统有限公司的雇员。

尽管已竭尽所能来确保本文件的精确性，但是，仍然有可能在不予通知的情况下对本文件进行修正或者补充，因此而产生的损坏，伤害及费用，欧陆传动系统有限公司将不予承担任何责任。

保修欧陆传动系统有限公司担保，按照欧陆传动系统有限公司IA058393C标准销售条款，自交货之日起12个月内，本产品在设计、材料与工艺方面无任何瑕疵。

欧陆传动系统有限公司保留在不予通知的情况下对本文件内容以及产品规格进行更改的权利。

　维修ＣＰＵ板注意事项：上电时同时按住“↑”“Ｅ”“ｐｒｏｇ”三键可进入ＣＰＵ板额定电流修改功能。

3-10安装调速器电源接线连接（1型、2型、3型、4型与5型）警告！电源端子承载着可能致命的电压。

在没有事先断开设备所有电源的情况下，禁止操作任何控制设备或者电机。

三相外部接触器（3、4）三相外部接触器应该连接在主交流电源接头上，并可为相关控制器提供适当的额定电源（交流1）。

接触器不会切换电流，并且主要用来断开电流并为电桥进行排序。

主接触器必须通过将线圈连接至端子3（进线）和4（中线）的方式，直接从控制器上获得电压。

由于另外串联接触器或者Array转换器将妨碍对控制器进行排序并造成不可靠性以及可能出现故障等问题，因此不允许使用。

在电源板上提供继电器跳线（CONN1），能够为端子3和端子4通电（辅助电源），或者使之无电压（对于用户自有接触器电源）。

请参阅第十三章：注意事项：如果三相接触器有一个涌入电流大于3A的线圈，则从属继电器必须用来驱动这个电流继电器线圈。

接触器与从属继电器（如果需要的话）的线圈电压必须与控制器附属供电电压相互兼容。