2017雅思阅读5分真题
2017雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(2)
2017雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(2)原文与译文：Yesterday, in the House of Commons, Charles Kennedy’s parliamentary colleagues gave moving tributes to his life. There is never a rush, of course, to speak ill of the dead, but these tributes had the clear ring of sincerit y. David Cameron said his “character and courage inspired us all”, and Nick Clegg that he always put people before politics. Outside the commons, colleagues and friends have spoken repeatedly of Kennedy’s compassion, decency, and principled nature as well as of his ongoing battle with human frailty in the form of alcoholism.It seems Charles Kennedy displayed what the New York Times Columnist David Brooks would call “eulogy virtues”. In his most recent book “The Road to Character”, Brooks contrasts eulogy virtues like kindness, faithfulness and humility with what he calls resume virtues - the kind of things we put on our CV. He’s convinced that both eulogy virtues and resume virtues take work to develop, and is worried that western society pushes us to put our efforts into the ones that will help improve our careers, not our characters.It's the age old question- what makes a good life? How do we go deeper amongst the clamour of a culture that monetises status anxiety and defines us by what earn, own or look like?David Brook’s call for us to do the hard work of developing character, to cultivate self-restraint and self-suspicion in the age of the selfie stick, isn't really controversial. It's obvious, when we stop to think about it, that the real legaci es of our lives aren’t job titles, twitter followers or cellulite free thighs. But how do we develop the eulogy virtues, when the gravitational pull of the self is so strong?Christians would be the first to acknowledge that these virtues don't come natu rally. The church’s hunch is that change happens through vulnerable, committed relationships. To overcome the tyrant self we must confess our frailty and darkest tendencies - first to God, and then to others.Behavioural science is beginning to add evidence to what religions have long understood - virtue develops best in relationalcommunities. Not short term communities of self interest made up of “people like us”, but awkward, diverse, grace filled communities, established for the long term. The New Testament encourages Christiansto be part of communities like these, to encourage one another, bearwith each other and create space for the hard conversations. To keep reminding each other of the virtues that matter and the things that last. These kind of communities aren't of course unique to Christianity, and they are often far from perfect, but if we want to be remembered not for our fleeting achievements but our depth of character, they might be the best hope we have.昨天，在下议院，查尔斯·肯尼迪的同事为他的一生发表了催人泪下的悼词。
雅思阅读题及答案解析
雅思阅读题及答案解析雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017不要为已消逝之年华叹息，须正视欲匆匆溜走的时光，以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017，希望能给大家带来帮助!Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry's greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title "Thoughts on Music" has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is "digital rights management" (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple's DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has "locked in" customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of "state-sponsored piracy". Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? "This is clearly the best alternative for consumers," he declares, "and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat."D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe's regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, "those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free." Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple's. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related "lock in".F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM's defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs's argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Questions 1-7 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs'idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer'choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word "unfazed" in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from ReadingPassage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he chan ges his mind with a possible expectation that Europe's regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companie s to sell their music DRM-free.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key：抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman：开展览会的`人，出风头的人物3. unassuming：谦逊的，不夸耀的，不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off person's back: 不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate: 受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed: 不再担忧，不被打扰Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-131. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A "… the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store."2. FALSESee the third senten ce in Paragraph A "…At issue is 'digitalrights management' (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft."3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Paragraph A "Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another."4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B "It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has 'locked in' customers."5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. "Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling)."6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E "So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related 'lock in'".7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony "Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility."8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C "All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation."9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context "Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today."10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F "Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most."11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C "They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM."12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C "They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised."13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C "Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly."14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D "Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free."【雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017】。
2017年10月28日雅思阅读机经真题及答案解析
【导语】2017年10⽉28⽇雅思阅读考试已结束，以下是整理的2017年10⽉28⽇雅思阅读机经真题及答案解析，仅供参考。
⼀、考试概述： 本次考试的⽂章两篇旧题⼀篇新题，第⼀篇是关于长寿的影响因素，第⼆篇是跟英国农村房屋的分布相关的，第三篇介绍了游戏对记忆的好处。
⼆、具体题⽬分析 Passage 1： 题⽬: 长寿的影响因素 题型：暂⽆ 新旧程度：新题 ⽂章⼤意：暂⽆ 参考⽂章：暂⽆ 参考答案：暂⽆ Passage 2： 题⽬：Exploring the British Village 题型：标题配对7+填空题6 新旧程度：旧题 ⽂章⼤意：英国村庄 参考答案： 段落细节配对: 1. iv 2. v 3. i 4. vii 5. viii 6. ix 7. ii 填空题： 8. cottage 9. Domesday Book 10. self sufficient 11. remnants 12. defense 13. triangular (答案仅供参考) Passage 3： 题⽬: Video-games’ Unexpected Benefits to Human Brain(游戏的好处) 题型：单选题4 +判断题4+⼈名配对5 新旧程度：旧题 ⽂章⼤意：讲游会对⼤脑产⽣哪些好处，⽐如会让孩⼦聪明，教授孩⼦⾼级思维⽅式，真正锻炼⼤脑，能让孩⼦思考如何更好的分配资源，如何合作等等。
参考⽂章： Video Games’ Unexpected Benefits to Human Brain A James Paul Gee, professor of education at the University of Wisconsin Madison, played his first video game years ago when his six-year-old son Sam was playing Pajama Sam: No Need to Hide When It’s Dark Outside. He wanted to play the game so he could support Sam’s problem solving. Though Pajama Sam is not an “educational game”, it is replete with the types of problems psychologists study when they study thinking and learning. When he saw how well the game held Sam’s attention, he wondered what sort of beast a more mature video game might be. B Video and computer games, like many other popular, entertaining and addicting kid’s activities, are looked down upon by many parents as time wasters, and worse, parents think that these games rot the brain. Violent video games are readily blamed by the media and some experts as the reason why some youth become violent or commit extreme anti-social behavior. Recent content analyses of video games show that as many as 89% of games contain some violent content, but there is no form of aggressive content for 70% of popular games. Many scientists and psychologists, like James Paul Gee, find that video games actually have many benefits - the main one being making kids smart. Video games may actually teach kids high-level thinking skills that they will need in the future. C “Video games change your brain,” according to University of Wisconsin psychologist Shawn Green. Video games change the brain’s physical structure the same way as do learning to read, playing the piano, or navigating using a map. Much like exercise can build muscle, the powerful combination of concentration and rewarding surges of neurotransmitters like dopamine, which strengthens neural circuits, can build the player’s brain. D Video games give your child’s brain a real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at school. Some of the mental skills trained by video games include: following instructions, problem solving, logic, hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills. Research also suggests that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with adults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Jacob Benjamin, doctor from Beth Israel Medical Center NY, found a direct link between skill at video gaming and skill at keyhole or laparoscopic surgery. Also, areason given by experts as to why fighter pilots of today are more skillful is that this generation’s pilots are being weaned on video games. E The players learn to manage resources that are limited, and decide the best use of resources, the same way as in real life. In strategy games, for instance, while developing a city, an unexpected surprise like an enemy might emerge. This forces the player to be flexible and quickly change tactics. Sometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain a real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You: How Today’s Popular Culture, says gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon. Young gamers force themselves to read to get instructions, follow storylines of games, and get information from the game texts.。
剑桥雅思17 Test2 Passage1阅读原文及答案解析
剑桥雅思17 Test2 Passage1阅读原文及答案解析第1段In late 1946 or early 1947, three Bedouin teenagers were tending their goats and sheep near the ancient settlement of Qumran, located on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in what is now known as the West Bank. One of these young shepherds tossed a rock into an opening on the side of a cliff and was surprised to hear a shattering sound. He and his companions later entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them. The teenagers took the seven scrolls to a nearby town where they were sold for a small sum to a local antiquities dealer. Word of the find spread, and Bedouins and archaeologists eventually unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from 10 nearby caves; together they make up between 800 and 900 manuscripts. It soon became clear that this was one of the greatest archaeological discoveries ever made.第2段The origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were written around 2,000 years ago between 150 BCE and 70 CE, is still the subject of scholarly debate even today. According to the prevailing theory, they are the work of a population that inhabited the area until Roman troops destroyed the settlement around 70 CE. The area was known as Judea at that time, and the people are thought to have belonged to a group called the Essenes, a devout Jewish sect.第3段The majority of the texts on the Dead Sea Scrolls are in Hebrew, with some fragments written in an ancient version of its alphabet thought to have fallen out of use in the fifth century BCE. But there are other languages as well. Some scrolls are in Aramaic, the language spoken by many inhabitants of the region from the sixth century BCE to the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. In addition, several texts feature translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek.第4段The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments from every book of the Old Testament of the Bible except for the Book of Esther. The only entire book of the Hebrew Bible preserved among the manuscripts from Qumran is Isaiah; this copy, dated to the first century BCE, is considered the earliest biblical manuscript still in existence. This article is from laokaoya website. Along with biblical texts, the scrolls include documents about sectarian regulations and religious writings that do not appear in the Old Testament.第5段The writing on the Dead Sea Scrolls is mostly in black or occasionally red ink, and the scrolls themselves are nearly all made of either parchment (animal skin) or an early form of paper called ‘papyrus’. The only exception is the scroll numbered 3Q15, which was created out of a combination of copper and tin. Known as the Copper Scroll, this curious document features letters chiselled onto metal – perhaps, as some have theorized, to better withstand the passage of time. One of the most intriguingmanuscripts from Qumran, this is a sort of ancient treasure map that lists dozens of gold and silver caches. Using an unconventional vocabulary and odd spelling, it describes 64 underground hiding places that supposedly contain riches buried for safekeeping. None of these hoards have been recovered, possibly because the Romans pillaged Judea during the first century CE. According to various hypotheses, the treasure belonged to local people, or was rescued from the Second Temple before its destruction or never existed to begin with.第6段Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls have been on interesting journeys. In 1948, a Syrian Orthodox archbishop known as Mar Samuel acquired four of the original seven scrolls from a Jerusalem shoemaker and part-time antiquity dealer, paying less than $100 for them. He then travelled to the United States and unsuccessfully offered them to a number of universities, including Yale. Finally, in 1954, he placed an advertisement in the business newspaper The Wall Street Journal – under the category ‘Miscellaneous Items for Sale’ – that read: ‘Biblical Manuscripts dating back to at least 200 B.C. are for sale. This would be an ideal gift to an educational or religious institution by an individual or group.’ Fortunately, Israeli archaeologist and statesman Yigael Yadin negotiated their purchase and brought the scrolls back to Jerusalem, where they remain to this day.第7段In 2017, researchers from the University of Haifa restored and deciphered one of the last untranslated scrolls. The university’s Eshbal Ratson and Jonathan Ben-Dov spent one year reassembling the 60 fragments that make up the scroll. Deciphered from a band of coded text on parchment, the find provides insight into the community of people who wrote it and the 364-day calendar they would have used. The scroll names celebrations that indicate shifts in seasons and details two yearly religious events known from another Dead Sea Scroll. Only one more known scroll remains untranslated.2剑桥雅思17 Test2 Passage1阅读答案解析第1题答案：rock对应原文：第1段：One of these young shepherds tossed a rock into an opening on the side of a cliff and was surprised to hear a shattering sound.答案解析：根据题目上一行的opening on the side of cliff定位到第1段的这句话，空前词threw与toss同义替换，由修饰关系确定rock为正确答案。
2017年11月4日雅思阅读机经真题答案及解析
【导语】为了⽅便⼤家的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家第⼀时间整理了2017年11⽉4⽇雅思阅读机经真题答案及解析。
本⽂为⼤家汇总了友版的2017年11⽉4⽇雅思考后回忆，并附上相关解析。
仅供参考。
⼀、考试概述： 本次考试的⽂章两篇新题⼀篇旧题，第⼀篇描述了两个科学家在撒哈拉的发现，研究了古代⼈的⽣存⽅式，第⼆篇是讲了利⽤⼼理学对课堂⾏为进⾏研究，第三篇是讲⾮语⾔交流的，⼈类除了⽤语⾔交流，其他⼿势、⾏为等的⾮语⾔形式也很重要 ⼆、具体题⽬分析 Passage 1： 题⽬：Human Remain in Green Sahara 题型：判断题4 +简答题3+填空题6 新旧程度：旧题 ⽂章⼤意：描述了两个科学家在撒哈拉的发现，研究古代⼈的⽣存⽅式。
参考⽂章： Human Remain in Green Sahara A On October 13,2,000, a small team of paleontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere，on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg，turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert”a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degreeheat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored. B Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones:'Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human." C In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed far fetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a‘moonlighting paleontologist.’ But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreed to join him. D Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart. E Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea-- along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits-- made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to the dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones. F Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed one tooth from each of four skulls and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burial sat roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller ‘sleeping’ skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who. G In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth. H Even at the site, Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long，narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment，” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means hewas eating a lot of protein and had a strenuous lifestyle-- both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said,“which you might expect of a herder." I Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three came from a cow species. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery，M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing. J Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian —and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle，”Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”。
雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析
雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析赶脚的对头是脚懒，学习的对头是自满。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. Thechallenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bough t the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but wasless pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do nothave to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write YES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life. Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increaseimpulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的.试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。
2017年7月雅思真题回忆及解析
2017年7月雅思真题回忆及解析学习是一个长期坚持的过程，对于考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，日积月累，考试就会更容易一点点。
无忧考网搜集整理了2017年7月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2017年7月举行了4场考试，考试时间为7月8日、7月15日、7月20日、7月29日。
以下内容仅供参考。
7月8日雅思口语真题回忆：Describe a time you were not allowed to use your mobile phone.You should say:when and where it was;why you were not allowed to use your phone;what you wanted to use your phone for;and explain how you felt about not being able to use your phone.解析：题目要求描述你不被允许用手机的时刻，这种时刻可以时某个重要的场合，比如考试，开会等等。
题目中的问题要素都要一一作答。
Last Monday, I went to visit a famous grand museum that is located in the center of the city. The administrator said that we are not allowed to use our mobile phones and cameras during the visit because taking photographs of exhibitions are not allowed. I obeyed the rules, handed in my mobile phone and other personal stuff and enjoyed the visit. Suddenly, it occurred to me that I didn’t tell my mom that I would be late for home and I took the only keys of my home. She possibly couldn’t get into the rooms if she came home earlier than me. Then I couldn’t focus on my visit. I wanted to use my mobile phone to call her. But the workers in the museum told me that they could only return our mobile phones after the visit is over, otherwise they will shoulder the responsibility of any loss of visitors’ stuff.I was worried and restless all the time during the following visit.This is the first time that I wanted to use my phone so much. I felt a great sense of unease and danger if I lost the contacts by mobile phones. The most key point is we are in the era of science and technology. Mobile phones have become the most common product that most people have access to. It has become a normal habit that whenever you wanna use it, you can use it. If you can’t, it seems thatyou’re deprived of some basic need. We often say that we rely too much on our electronic devices, but I have to say they are really helpful in all sorts of emergencies.Describe a challenging experience you hadYou should say:What experience it was;When you had it;Why it was challenging;And explain how you felt about it.解析：话题要求描述一项颇有挑战性的经历，可以是重大考试、求职等比较重要的人生经历，也可以是学习一项技能等比较细节的经历。
2017年雅思英语考试阅读测试试题
2017年雅思英语考试阅读测试试题Never give up, Never lose the opportunity to succeed.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思英语考试阅读测试试题，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!Hackers target the home front1. One of the UK's leading banks has been forced to admit that organised hacking gangs have been targeting its executives. For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalised emails containing keyloggers to its senior management. This has included executives up to board level and is now the subject of a separate investigation by the Serious and Organised Crime Agency.2. The hackers are homing in on the trend for people to work from home. The hackers make the assumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate IT department.Growing threat3. For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option of flexible working.4. And the hackers are employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. Each email they send is meticulously built to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling the internet for information. Once the email is composed, the malware is just as carefully designed: it is often modified to avoid detection by security software.5. The keylogger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames and passwords stolen by the keyloggers, connect to VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, which many companies use to create an encrypted pathway into their networks.6. Once inside a bank's network, the hackers can communicate directly with computers holding account information and manipulate funds.7. Has this actually happened? In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs have been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as a result. The attacks are not believed to have focused on RBS but to have been across the whole of the banking industry.8. Royal Bank of Scotland said that the bank had suffered no losses as a result of the attacks and added: "RBS has extremely robust processes in place in order to protect our systems from fraud. Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area ora particular bank."9. It is not just banks that have been targets. Last year attempts were made to steal information from the Houses of Parliament using malicious email. Messagelabs, the company responsible for monitoring much of the email traffic of the government and big business for suspect software, said at the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks.10. According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Messagelabs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seenonce every two months, but now they are seeing one or two a day. This has been accompanied by an increase in quality in the creation of Trojans and spyware.11. "The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors."Increased vigilance12. Tony Neate, the head of Get Safe Online, a government-funded organisation set up to raise awareness among UK businesses of computer criminals, says: "There is now an attempt to target individuals within UK businesses - including the banking sector. What is happening is that crime is doing what it always does, which is look for the weakest link. Home working is where they perceive a weakness.13. "This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office."(667 words)Questions 1-4 Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. What do the hackers use to attack the computer system of the Royal Bank of Scotland?2. Which word is most likely to be used by hackers to describe home computers?3. What do the majority of people in the UK prefer?4. How do hackers collect information so as to compose emails?5. What do hackers obtain illegally to gain access to banks’ computer network?Questions 5-12 Complete the sentences below with words from the passage.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6. The use of login details of VPNs by criminals does not necessarily result in any ______________.7. Royal Bank of Scotland claimed that they are not the only victim of ______________.8. Corporate networks will be another target of hackers with improved _______________.9. The attacks on individuals have been greatly increased within _______________.10. With ________________, software used by criminals can eliminate its competing programs.11. Home users are chosen as a target because they are considered as a __________ .12. Get Safe Online is calling for an increase in _____________ to ensure safe home working.Answers Keys:1.答案：personalised emails/keyloggers (见第1段第2句：For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalised emails containing keyloggers to its senior management.)2.答案：vulnerable (见第2段：The hackers make the assumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate IT department. )3. 答案：flexible working (见第3段: For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option of flexible working.)4. 答案：trawling (the) internet (见第4段第2句：Each email they send is meticulouslybuilt to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling the internet for information.)5. 答案：logins and passwords/usernames and passwords (见第5段第第1、2句：The keylogger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames and passwords stolen by the keyloggers, …)6. 答案：losses (见第7段第2句：In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs have been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as a result.)7. 答案：Trojan email attacks (见第8段最后1句：Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area or a particular bank.)8. 答案：techniques (见第9段最后1句：…said at the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks. )9. 答案：two years (见第10段第1、2句：According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Messagelabs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seen once every two months, but now they are seeing one or two a day.)10.答案：(an) antivirus system (见第11段："The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors." )11. 答案：weakness (见第12段最后1句：Home working is where they perceive a weakness. )12. 答案：vigilance and security (见第13段："This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office.")。
2017年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案5
READING TEST You are advised to spend about 15 minutes on Questions 1-14 which refer to Reading Passage below. The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility. When we consider our children's mobility, they can be driven to more places (and more distant places) than they could visit without access to a motor vehicle. However, allowing our cities to be dominated by cars has progressively eroded children's independent mobility. Children have lost much of their freedom to explore their own neighborhood or city without adult supervision. In recent surveys, when parents in some cities were asked about their own childhood experiences, the majority remembered having more, or far more, opportunities for going out on their own, compared with their own children today. They had more freedom to explore their own environment. Children's independent access to their local streets may be important for their own personal, mental and psychological development. Allowing them to get to know their own neighborhood and community gives them a 'sense of place'. This depends on active exploration', which is not provided for when children are passengers in cars. (Such children may see more, but they learn less.) Not only is it important that children be able to get to local play areas by themselves, but walking and cycling journeys to school and to other destinations provide genuine play activities in themselves. There are very significant time and money costs for parents associated with transporting their children to school, sport and to other locations. Research in the United Kingdom estimated that this cost, in 1990, was between 10 billion and 20 billion pounds. The reduction in children's freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local community. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets become less sociable places. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous exchanges that help to engender a feeling of community. This in itself may exacerbate fear associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available who know their neighbors' children, and who can look out for their safety. The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic jams near schools at the end of a school day, will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children's loss of freedom. As individuals, parents strive to provide the best upbringing they can for their children. However, in doing so, (e.g. by driving their children to sport, school or recreation) parents may be contributing to a more dangerous environment for children generally. The idea that 'streets are for cars and back yards and playgrounds are for children' is a strongly held belief, and parents have little choice as individuals but to keep their children off the streets if they want to protect their safety. In many parts of Dutch cities, and some traffic calmed precincts in Germany, residential streets are now places where cares must give way to pedestrians. In these areas, residents are accepting the view that the function of streets is not solely to provide mobility for cars. Streets may also be for social interaction, walking, cycling and playing. One of the most important aspects of these European cities, in terms of giving cities back to children, has been a range of 'traffic calming' initiatives, aimed at reducing the volume and speed of traffic. These initiatives have had complex interactive effects, leading to a sense that children have been able to 'recapture' their local neighborhood, and more importantly, that they have been able to do this in safety. Recent research has demonstrated that children in many German cities have significantly higher levels of freedom to travel to places in their own neighborhood or city than children inn other cities in the world. Modifying cities in order to enhance children's freedom will not only benefit children. Such cities will become more environmentally sustainable, as well as more sociable and more livable for all city residents. Perhaps it will be our concern for our children's welfare that convinces us that we need to challenge that we need to challenge the dominance of the car in our cities. Questions 1-5. Read statements 1-5 which relate to Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the reading passage. Answer T if the statement is true, F if the statement is false, or NI if there is no information given in the passage. One has been done for you as an example. Example: The private car has made people more mobile. Answer: T Q1.The private car has helped children have more opportunities to learn. Q2.Children are more independent today than they used to be. Q3.Walking and cycling to school allows children to learn more. Q4.Children usually walk or cycle to school. Q5.Parents save time and money by during children to school. Questions 6-9. In Paragraphs 4 and 5, there are FOUR problems stated. These problems, numbered as questions 6-9, are listed below. Each of these problems has a cause, listed A-G. Find the correct cause for each of the problems and write the corresponding letter A-G, in the spaces numbered 6-9 on the answer sheet. One has been done for you as an example.There are more causes than problems so you will not use all of them and you any use any cause more than once. Problems Causes Example: Answer Low sense of community feeling F Q6.streets become less sociable ____ Q7.fewer chances for meeting friends ____ Q8.fears of danger for children ____ Q9.higher accident risk ____ A few adults know local children B fewer people use the streets C increased pollution D streets are less friendly E less traffic in school holidays F reduced freedom for children G more children driven to school Questions 10-14. Questions 10-14 are statement beginnings which represent information given in Paragraphs 6, 7 and 8. In the box below, there are some statement endings numbered ⅰ-ⅹ. Choose the correct ending for each statement. One has been done for you as an example. Example: By driving their children to school, parents help create… Answer: ⅰ Q10.Children should play… Q11.In some German towns, pedestrians have right of way… Q12.Streets should also be used for… Q13.Reducing the amount of traffic and the speed is… Q14.All people who live in the city will benefit if cities are… List of statement endings ⅰ … a dangerous environment. ⅱ … modified. ⅲ … on residential streets. ⅳ … modifying cities. ⅴ … neighbourhoods. ⅵ … socializing. ⅶ … in backyards. ⅷ … for cars. ⅸ … traffic calming. ⅹ … residential.。
雅思考试阅读试题及答案
雅思考试阅读试题及答案2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案导语：雅思阅读考试分学术类和培训类两种，分别针对申请留学的学生和计划在英语语言国家参加工作或移民的人士。
三篇文章40道题目总共用时60分钟，包括将答案誊写到答题卡上的时间。
下面是小编为您收集整理的.英语资料，希望对您有所帮助。
Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure IneffectivePublished: February 5, 2007 New York Times1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are asked to select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look like their bank’s, and should not enter their passwords.4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.6.“The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image,” said Stuart Schec hter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. “From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time.”7.He added: “If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better,” he said.8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites to find better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do: ask customers to download new security software, or carryaround hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their identities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.12.SiteKey “gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site,” said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. “It was very well received.”13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured. The error message also had a conspicuous spelling mistake, further suggesting something fishy.14.Mr. Gupta of Bank of America said he was not troubled by the results of the survey, and stressed that SiteKey had made the bank’s Web site more secure. He also said that the system was only a single part of a larger security blanket. “It’s not like we’re betting the bank on SiteKey,” he said.15.Most financial institutions, like Bank of America, have other ways to tell if a customer is legitimate. The banks often drop a small software program, called a cookie, onto a user’s PC to associate the computer with the customer. If the customerlogs in from another machine, he may be asked personal questions, like his mother’s maiden name.16.Rachna Dhamija, the Harvard researcher who conducted the study, points out that swindlers can use their dummy Web sites to ask customers those personal questions. She said that the study demonstrated that site-authentication images are fundamentally flawed and, worse, might actually detract from security by giving users a false sense of confidence.17.RSA Security, the company that bought PassMark last year, “has a lot of great data on how SiteKey instills trust and confidence and good feelings in their customers,” Ms. Dhamija said. “Ultimately that might be why they adopted it. Sometimes the appearance of security is more important than security itself.”(811 words )Questions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage1.According to internet security experts, secondary security measures provide little additional protection against fraud.2.In the Harvard and MIT study, two subjects didn’t log on without seeing the correct pictures.3.According to Schechter, more than 90% of online banking customers studied logged on without seeing the right pictures.4.The image system is the only security measure that the banks mentioned in the passage have currently.5.Bank of America is the first bank that adopted the imagesystem.Questions 6-13Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by choosing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6.What is ING Direct and Vanguard?7.What might online banking customers be cheated to give at a fraudulent Web site?8.What may stop online banking customers from using new verification methods?9.The key to online banking security is to verify the ______ of customers.10.Where is PassMark Security located?11.What is the reason why SiteKey is popular among online banking customers?12.What was used instead of images in the Harvard and M.I.T. study?13.How many security methods are mentioned in this passage?1. 第一段“Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.”似与问题文字很接近，但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的一个措施，而非泛指所有secondary security measure。
雅思考试阅读真题解析
雅思考试阅读真题解析在雅思考试中很多同学会做不完阅读题目，因为种种原因长期在六分上下徘徊。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思考试阅读真题解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!Amateur NaturalistsYou should spend about 20 minutes on Question 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage below.The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-HWhich paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet27. Definition of Phenology introduced28. Sparks first noticed amateur records29. Surprise function of casual data in science30. It seems like mission impossible without enormous amateur data collection31. Example of using amateur records for a scientific prediction32. Records from an amateur contributed to climate change33. Collection of old records compiled by a family of amateur naturalistsQuestions 34-36Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet.34. In Waiter Coates' records, there are plenty of information of .35. Robert Marsham is well-known for noting animals and plants' .36. The number of waterfowl in North America decreases because of increased according to some phenologists.Questions 37-40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet37 Why do a lot of scientists question the amateurs’ data?A. Data collection is not professionalB. Amateur observers are careless.C. Amateur data is not reliable sometimes.D. They have one-sided work experience38 Example of leaves Mark Schwartz used to explain that?A. Amateur records arc not reliable at all.B. Amateur records arc not well organized.C. Some details are very difficult to notice.D. Valuable information is accurate one.39 What suggestion of scientists for the usage of amateur data?A. Use modified and better approaches.B. Only Observation data is valuable.C. Use original materials instead of changed ones.D. Method of data collection is the most important.40 What's the implication of phenology for ordinary people?A. It enriches the knowledge of the public.B. It improves ordinary people's relations with scientists.C. It encourages people to collect more animal information.D. It arouses public awareness about climate change.更多雅思阅读相关试题推荐：1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.【2017年雅思考试阅读真题解析】。
雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案
雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案人的知识和人的力量这两件东西是结合为一体的;工作的失败都起于对因果关系的无知。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!Volatility KillsYou should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.ADespite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades.B“In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses,” comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. “How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth.” If these collapses hadnot occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher.CThe prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals—new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors—are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru (Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance—factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption—actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes.DPerhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly acceleratingdivergence of the world’s poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest of the world, even other developing nations such India and China.ECollier find that bad governance is the main reason countries fail to take advantage of the revenue bonanza that results from a boom. Moreover, a democratic government, he adds, often makes the aftermath of a boom worse. “Instead of democracy disciplining governments to manage these resource booms well, what happens is that the resource revenues corrupt the normal functioning of democracy—unless you stop (them from) corrupting the normal function of democracy with sufficient checks and balances”, he said at a talk in January at the Carnegie Council in New York City.FCollier advocates that African nations institute an array of standards and codes to bolster governments, one of which would substitute auctions for bribes in apportioning mineral rights and another of which would tax export revenues adequately. He cites the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which took in $200 million from mineral exports in 2006 yet collected only $86,000 in royalties for its treasury. “If a nation gets these points right,” he argues, “it's going to develop. If it gets them wrong, it won't.”GTo encourage reform, Collier recommends that the G8 nations agree to accept these measures as voluntary guidelines for multinationals doing business in Africa—companies, for instance, would only enter new contracts through auctions monitored by an international verification group. Such an agreement would follow the examples of the so-called KimberleyProcess, which has effectively undercut the trade in blood diamonds, and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in which a government must report to its citizens the revenues it receives from sales of natural resources.HThese measures, he says, are more important than elevating aid levels, an approach emphasized by economist Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University and celebrity activists such as Bono. Collier insists that first Angola receives tens of billions of dollars in oil revenue and whether it gets a few hundred million more or less in aid is really second-order.Questions 1-4Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA Jeffrey D. SachsB Paul CollierC Jorge Arbache1. An unexpectedly opposite result2. Estimated more productive outcomes if it were not for sudden economic downturns3. A proposal for a range of recommended instructions for certain countries to narrow the widening economic gap4. An advocate for a method used for a specific assessmentQuestions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The instability in economy in some African countries might negatively impact their continuing growth after a certain level has been reached.6. Collier is the most influential scholar on the study of volatility problem.7. Certain African governments levy considerable taxes on people profiting greatly from exportation.8. Some African nations' decisions on addressing specific existing problems are directly related to the future of their economic trends.9. Collier regards Jeffrey D. Sachs' recommended way of evaluating of little importance.Questions 10-13SummaryComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.According to one research carried by the World Bank, some countries in Africa may suffer from 10 due to the lack of according preconditions. They experienced a growth stimulated by 11 , but according to another study, they may not keep this trend stable because they don't have 12 which would attract investors. To some countries with abundant resources this fast-growth period might even mean something devastating to their endeavor. During one specific decade accompanied by 13 as a matter of fact, the governing saw a deterioration.参考译文：致命的波动性A尽管乍得共和国的首都都有**交火，肯尼亚经历着**，津巴布上演着骇人的通货膨胀，撒哈拉以南的非地区的经济作为一个整体比前几年要发展好很多。
2017雅思英语试题及答案
2017雅思英语试题及答案2017年雅思英语试题及答案一、听力部分1. 选择题A. 8:15B. 8:30C. 8:45答案：B2. 填空题Question: What is the man's name?Answer: John3. 配对题Question: Which course is recommended for beginners?Answer: Course A二、阅读部分1. 选择题A. The history of the companyB. The company's productsC. The company's management答案：A2. 判断题Question: The company has expanded its business to other countries.Answer: True3. 填空题Question: What is the main purpose of the new policy?Answer: To reduce pollution.三、写作部分Task 1: 描述图表Write at least 150 words describing the following chart.[图表内容：某城市2007年到2017年的人口变化][写作示例]The chart illustrates the population changes in a city from 2007 to 2017. Initially, in 2007, the population was at 500,000. Over the next few years, there was a steady increase, reaching a peak of 750,000 in 2012. After a slight decline, the population stabilized at around 700,000 by 2017. This trend suggests a general growth in the city's population over the decade.Task 2: 议论文Write at least 250 words discussing the following topic.Topic: "The use of social media has a negative impact on young people's social skills."[写作示例]The proliferation of social media has been a subject of debate, with some arguing that it negatively affects the social skills of young people. While it is true that social media provides a platform for communication, it also leads to a decrease in face-to-face interactions, which are crucial for developing social skills. Young people who spend excessive time on social media may become less adept at reading non-verbal cues and maintaining real-life conversations. This can result in a lack of empathy and understanding in interpersonal relationships. Therefore, it is essential to balance online and offline interactions to ensure the development of well-rounded social skills.四、口语部分1. 个人陈述Question: Describe a book that you have read recently and enjoyed.[回答示例]I recently read a book called "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. It's a classic novel that explores themes of racial injustice and moral growth. I enjoyed the book because it provides a deep insightinto human nature and the importance of empathy. The characters are well-developed, and the story is both engaging and thought-provoking.2. 讨论题Question: Do you think technology has made people's lives easier or more complicated?[回答示例]I believe technology has made people's lives both easier and more complicated. On one hand, technology has streamlined many tasks, making them more efficient and convenient. For example, smartphones allow us to communicate instantly and access information at our fingertips. However, the constant connectivity can also lead to information overload and a lack of privacy. Additionally, reliance on technology can sometimes hinder our ability to solve problems independently. Overall, while technology has undoubtedly improved many aspects of our lives, it is important to use it wisely to avoid potential drawbacks.请注意，以上内容为模拟试题及答案，实际雅思考试的题目和答案会有所不同。
2017雅思阅读考试题库
2017 雅思阅读考试题库雅思分学术类(Academic)和普通类(General Training)两种题型，学术类主要适合留学生或访问学者，普通类主要适合移民申请人和某些非留学类别(例如工作签证)的申请人。
以下是小编整理的关于雅思阅读考试题库，希望大家认真阅读!第一套Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatestshowman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss ofApple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts onMusic”has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future ofdigital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunesmusic-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technologyguarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standardfor DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type ofmusic-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, calledFairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobscalled for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire fromEuropean regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to otherfirms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot beplayed on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), anyiTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rivalfirm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill lastyear compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of“state-sponsored piracy”.Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, becauseit would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM doesis restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s.Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTuneslibrary is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re- ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surgein piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Questions 1-7 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14…towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key：抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman：开展览会的人，出风头的人物3. unassuming：谦逊的，不夸耀的，不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果GS 出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果GS 出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off person’s back: 不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate: 受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed: 不再担忧，不被打扰Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-131. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A “…the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music- store.”2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A “…At issue is ‘digital rights management’(DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.”3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Paragraph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for onetype of music-player may not work on another.”4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to otherfirms has ‘locked in’customers.”5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. “Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related‘lock in’”.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.”9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.”10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn’t it lead to a surgein piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, peoplewishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.”11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.”13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.”14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”第二套Next Year Marks the EU’s 50th Anniversary of the TreatyA. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan- European institution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a timebefore is another matter.B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then.C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty: the Maastricht treaty in 1992, the Treaty of Amsterdamin 1997, the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted, not immobilised, by this setback.D. In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously, restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself, and in normal circumstances, the EU’s50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless, a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to vetoit) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutional and other reforms extracted from the failed attempt at constitution-building and—hey presto—a new quasi-constitution will be ready.E. According to the German government—which holds the EU’s agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by the middle of the year, perhaps to put to voters, perhaps not. There would then be a couple of yearsin which it will be discussed, approved by parliaments and, perhaps, put to voters if that is deemed unavoidable. Then, according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin, blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection, the whole thing will be signed, sealed and a new constitution delivered in 2009-10. Europe will be nicely back on schedule. Its four-to- five-year cycle of integration will have missed only one beat.F. The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what is happening in national capitals. The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation. If it functions, it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to, reckoning that an active European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.G. That did not happen in 2005-06. Defensive, cynical and self- destructive, the leaders of the three largest euro-zone countries—France, Italy and Germany—were stumbling towards their unlamented ends. They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU, as a result, barelyfunctioned. But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone, and this fact alone will transform the European political landscape.H. The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries, bureaucraticmomentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007. That does not mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular. The British government, for one, will almost certainly not want to go with the flow, beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe. More important, the voters will want a say. They rejected the constitution in 2005. It would be foolish to assume they will accept it after 2007 just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.Questions 1-6 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. After years’introspection and mistrust, continental European governments will resurrect their enthusiasm for more integration in 2007.2. The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of French and Dutch voters.3. The Treaty of Rome , which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union, was signed in 1957.4. It is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.5. French government will hold the EU’s presidency and lay down the agenda during the first half of 2008.6. For a long time in hisotry, there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of European countries.Questions 7-10 Complet the following sentencces.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1for each answer.Write your answer in Boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7. Every four or five years, European countries tend to make a rapid progress towards ___________________by signing a new treaty.8. The European constitution is supposed to ______________________for yet more integration of European Union member countries.9. The bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin rashly ignore the possibility of __________________and think the new consitution will be delivered in 2009-10.10. The politics of the three large continental countries,__________________ and the economic recovery will join together to urgethe integration in 2007.Questions 11-14 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them inboxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.11. Which of the following statemnts is true of Euopean economic development.A. The economy of Europe developed much faster than that of Asia before 2006.B. The growth of European economy was slightly slower than that of America in 2006.C. The development of European economy are likely to slow down by 2007.D. The recovery of European economy may be considerably accelerated by 2007.12. The word “immobilised”in the last line of Section C means ___________.A. stopped completely.B. pushed strongly.C. motivated wholely.D. impeded totally.13. Which of the following statements about the treaties in European countries is NOT TRUE.A. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992.B. The Treaty of Amsterdan was signed in 1997.C. The Treaty of Nice was signed in 2001.D. The Treaty of Rome was signed in 2007.14. The European constitution failed to be ratified in 2005--2006, becauseA. The leaders of France, Italy and Germany were defensive, cynical and self-destructuve..B. The voters in two countries of the Union --France and Holland rejected the constitution.C. The leaders of the EU thought that it was unneccessary to pursueany European policy.D. France, Italy and Germany are the three largest and mostinfluential euro-zone countries.Notes to the Reading Passage1. pan-Enropeanpan- 前缀：全，总，泛pan-African 全/泛非洲的(运动)pan-Enropean 全/泛欧的(机构建设)2. outstrip超越，胜过，超过，优于Material development outstripped human development “物质的发展超过了人类的进步”3. ebb回落跌落;衰退或消减The tide is on the ebb. 正在退潮。
雅思阅读理解考试试题及答案
雅思阅读理解考试试题及答案2017年雅思阅读理解考试试题及答案没有一个大学，是比拥有我们从未使用过的'能力的大自我和人类意志与理智所创造的现实，更能包罗万象的了。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思阅读理解考试试题及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!Text oneBackground music may seem harmless, but it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it. Recorded background music first found its way into factories, shop and restaurants in the US. But it soon spread to other arts of the world. Now it is becom/#ing increasingly difficult to go shopping or eat a meal without listening to music.To begin with, "muzak" (音乐广播网) was intended simply to create a soothing (安慰) atmosphere. Recently, however, it's becom/#e big business—thanks in part to recent research. Dr. Ronald Milliman, an American marketing expert, has shown that music can boost sales or increase factory production by as much as a third.But, it has to be light music. A fast one has no effect at all on sales. Slow music can increase receipts by 38%. This is probably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunity to spot items they like to buy. Yet, slow music isn't always answer. liman found, for example, that in restaurants slow music meant customers took longer to eat their meals, which reduced overall sales. So restaurants owners might be well advised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving—unless of course, the resulting indigestion leads to com/#plaints!1. The reason why background music is so popular is that______.A. it can have a powerful effect on those who hear itB. it can help to create a soothing atmosphereC. it can boost sales or increase factory production everywhereD. it can make customers eat their meals quickly2. Background music means ________.A. light music that customers enjoy mostB. fast music that makes people move fastC. slow music that can make customers enjoy their mealsD. the music you are listening to while you are doing something3. Restaurant owners com/#plain about background music because ______.A. it results in indigestionB. it increases their salesC. it keeps customers movingD. it decreases their sales4. The word "up-tempo music" probably means_____.A. slow musicB. fast musicC. light musicD. classical music注释：1. spread to 传到，波及，蔓延到2. to begin with 首先，第一点(理由)To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.首先，我们必须全面地考虑全体员工的素质。
2017年10月21日雅思阅读机经真题回忆及答案解析
【导语】以下是⽆忧考整理的2017年10⽉21⽇雅思阅读机经真题回忆及答案解析，仅供参考。
⼀、考试概述： 本次考试的⽂章两篇旧题⼀篇新题，第⼀篇是关于托马斯杨这个⼈的⼈物传记，第⼆篇是跟仿⽣科学相关的，讲⼈们可以利⽤⾃然中的现象改善⽣活，第三篇介绍了四种不同的性格和它们对团队合作的影响。
本次考试第⼀篇及第三篇⽂章较容易，最难的为第⼆篇⽂章，但是很多考⽣花费很多时间在第⼆篇上，导致没时间做简单的第三篇⽂章，所以希望⼤家考试中能灵活选择做题顺序。
⼆、具体题⽬分析 Passage 1： 题⽬：Thomas Young 题型：判断题7 +简答题6 新旧程度：旧题 ⽂章⼤意：关于托马斯杨的个⼈传记 参考⽂章： Thomas Young The Last True Know-It-All A Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classicists) and substantial essays on "Bridge,” "Chromatics," "Egypt," "Languages" and "Tides". Was someone who could write authoritatively about so many subjects a polymath, a genius or a dilettante? In an ambitious new biography, Andrew Robinson argues that Young is a good contender for the epitaph "the last man who knew everything." Young has competition, however: The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren's 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlen's 2004 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), another polymath. B Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Young explained the process of accommodation in the human eye on how the eye focuses properly on objects at varying distances. Young hypothesized that this was achieved by changes in the shape of the lens. Young also theorized that light traveled in waves and he believed that, to account for the ability to see in color, there must be three receptors in the eye corresponding to the three "principal colors" to which the retina could respond: red, green, violet. All these hypothesis were subsequently proved to be correct. C Later in his life, when he was in his forties, Young was instrumental in cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, a tablet that was "found" in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone contains text in three alphabets: Greek, something unrecognizable and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The unrecognizable script is now known as demotic and, as Young deduced, is related directly to hieroglyphic. His initial work on this appeared in his Britannica entry on Egypt. In another entry, he coined the term Indo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India. These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who, unlike many remarkable children, did not disappear into oblivion as an adult. D Born in 1773 in Somerset in England, Young lived from an early age with his maternal grandfather, eventually leaving to attend boarding school. He had devoured books from the age of two, and through his own initiative he excelled at Latin, Greek, mathematics and natural philosophy. After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by his mother's uncle, Richard Brocklesby, a physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesby's lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London, following the medical circuit, and then moved on to more formal education in Edinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. After completing his medical training at the University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set up practice as a physician in London. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a few years later was appointed physician at St. George's Hospital. E Young's skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. Earlier, in 1801, he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. These were published in two volumes in 1807. In 1804 Young had become secretary to the Royal Society, a post he would hold until his death. His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London and methods of ship construction. From 1819 he was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude. From 1824 to 1829 he was physician to and inspector of calculations for the Palladian Insurance Company. Between 1816 and 1825 he contributed his many and various entries to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous books, essays and papers. F Young is a perfect subject for a biography - perfect, but daunting. Few men contributed so much to so many technical fields. Robinson's aim is to introduce non-scientists to Young's work and life. He succeeds, providing clear expositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptian hieroglyphs). Some readers of this book will, like Robinson, find Young's accomplishments impressive; others will see him as some historians have - as a dilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book, readers will not end up knowing Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society, attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition, he was an accomplished horseman. However, his personal life looks pale next to his vibrant career and studies. G Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson, "their marriage was a happy one and she appreciated his work." Almost all we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes about optics and that she worried about money when his medical career was slow to take off. Very little evidence survives about the complexities of Young's relationships with his mother and father. Robinson does not credit them, or anyone else, with shaping Young's extraordinary mind. Despite the lack of details concerning Young's relationships, however, anyone interested in what it means to be a genius should read this book. 参考答案： 判断题： 1.“The last man who knew everything” has also been claimed to other people. TURE 2. All Young’s articles were published in Encyclopedia Britannica. FALSE 3. Like others, Young wasn't so brilliant when grew up. FALSE 4. Young's talents as a doctor are surpassing his other skills. NOT GIVEN 5. Young's advice was sought by people responsible for local and national issues. TRUE 6. Young was interested in various social pastimes. TRUE 7. Young suffered from a disease in his later years. NOT GIVEN 填空题： 8. How many life stories did Young write for Encyclopedia Britannica? 46 9. What aspect of scientific research did Young do in his first academic paper? human eye 10. What name did Young introduce to refer to a group of languages? Indo-European 11. Who inspired Young to start the medical studies? Richard Brocklesby 12. Where did Young get a teaching position? Royal Institution 13. What contribution did Young make to London? gas lighting (答案仅供参考) Passage 2： 题⽬: Learn the nature 题型：段落细节配对4+填空题5+⼈名理论配对 4 新旧程度：新题 ⽂章⼤意：讲仿⽣科学的，写出⼤⾃然⾥有很多现象可以被学习和利⽤，⽤于科学研究改善⼈类社会和⽣活。
雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017
雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017不要为已消逝之年华叹息，须正视欲匆匆溜走的时光，以下是小编为大家搜索整理的雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry's greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title Thoughts on Music has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is digital rights management (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work onanother. Apple's DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has locked in customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of state-sponsored piracy. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixespromptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? This is clearly the best alternative for consumers, he declares, and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe's regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free. Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple's. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in atypical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related lock in.F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM's defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs's argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Questions 1-7 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kindof music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs'idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer'choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word unfazed in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if theDRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe's regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key：抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman：开展览会的人，出风头的人物3. unassuming：谦逊的，不夸耀的，不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off person's back: 不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate: 受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed: 不再担忧，不被打扰Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-131. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A … the future of digitalmusic, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A …At issue is 'digital rights management' (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Paragraph A Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has 'locked in' customers.5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related 'lock in'.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context Mr Jobs isevidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the musiccompanies to sell their music DRM-free.。
2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案（4）
2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案（4）小编为大家带来2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(4)，欢迎大家参考!更多相关内容请关注本站!2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(4)1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing,as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第一层：The transcription 主 needs 谓 a certain amount of 定editing,宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第二层：(状语从句)as 引even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2第三层：(状语从句1)even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语(状语从句2)as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主要点本句中as引导原因状语从句，其中该句还带有一个由even if引导的让步状语从句;介词短语between words of similar sounds 修饰difference，such as write and right修饰words，as well as……为同等比较状语从句，其中省略了与主句相同的部分。
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Reading
The world's friendliest city
A team of social psychologists from California has spent six years studying the reactions of people in cities around the world to different situations.The results show that cities where people have less money generally have friendlier populations.Rio de Janeiro in Brazil,which is often known for its crime,comes out top,and the capital of Malawi,Lilongwe,comes third.
But what makes one city friendlier than another?The psychologists from California State University say it has got more to do with environment than culture or nationality.
They carried out a study into the way locals treated strangers in
23cities around the world.The team conducted their research through a series of tests,where they dropped pens or pretended they were blind and needed help crossing the street.
The study concludes that people are more helpful in cities with a more relaxed way of life such as Rio.While they were there, researchers received help in93percent of cases,and the percentage in Lilongwe was only a little lower,However,richer cities such as Amsterdam and New York are considered the least friendly.Inhabitants
of Amsterdam helped the researchers in53percent of cases and in New York just44percent.The psychologists found that,in these cities,people tend to be short of time,so they hurry and often ignore strangers.
adapted from an article by Victoria Harrison,BBC News
city positive aspects negative aspects%of help
received
Rio de Janeiro
•friendly
inhabitants
•more
1........lifestyle
•People don't
have so much
2.............
•Has reputation for
3.............
93%
Amsterdam and
New York•richer
People...
•have little 4............
•don't pay
attention
to5............
Amsterdam:53%
New York:44%
Reading
The happiest country in the world
Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and diverse landscapes in the world.Preserving tropical rainforests isn't Costa Rica's only success,because the government also makes sure everyone has access to health-care and education.So when the New Economics Foundation released its second Happy Planet index,Costa Rica came out number one.The index is a ranking of countries based on their impact on the environment and the health and happiness of their citizens.
According to Mariano Rojas,a Costa Rican economics professor,Costa
Rica is a mid-income country where citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their relationships with others.‘A mid-income
level allows most citizens to satisfy their basic needs.The government makes sure that all Costa Kicans have access to education,health and nutrition services.Costa Ricans,he believes,are not interested in
status or spending money to show how successful they are.
Created in2008,the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and ranks143countries according to three measurements: their citizens'happiness,how long they live(which reflects their health),and how much of the planet's resources each country consumes. According to researcher Saamah Abdallah,the Index also measures the outcomes that are most important,and those are happy,healthy lives for everyone.
adapted from Yes!Magazine
The Happy Planet Index
Year started:1..................
Number of countries it lists:2.................
Measures each country's happiness according to:
•its effect on the3.................(i.e.the quantity
of the Earth's 4....................that it uses);
•The5.............of the population(i.e.how long people live);•how happy its6...............are.
Answer Key
Reading:1relaxed2money3crime4time5strangers
Listening:1Leo Blucher2Blumengasse343121105741st
5nine/9days6two hundred/2007kitchen8(the)sea
9quiet10parking space/parking/space
Reading:1200821433environment4resources5health6citizens。