英汉问候语对比研究(英文)
[精品]汉英招呼语的差异
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[精品]汉英招呼语的差异[论文关键词]问候语礼貌原则文化差异跨文化交际策略[论文摘要]语言是文化的载体。
问候语存在于所有语言之中。
它们为恰当开始谈话并且为建立、维持和商定社会关系提供了手段。
它们也是常规用语，构成了礼貌语言的一部分。
本文对比了中英问候语内容、结构、人称代词使用上的差异，分析了中英问候语礼貌原则差异产生的深层文化原因，从而说明选择恰当的跨文化交际策略的重要性。
问候语作为人类社会一种普遍存在的现象，其主要功能就是运用礼貌的语言行为来维护社会秩序，建立和保持良好的人际关系，避免交际中不必要的误会与冲突，实现成功交流的目的。
不同语言、不同文化习俗影响问候的不同表达形式。
一、中英问候语差异对比（一）分类及内容差异1．祝愿式问候。
这类问候表达的是说话人一种良好祝愿，在中英两种语言中都有其表现形式。
例如我们所熟悉的 您好”新年好”、 Merry Christmas”等。
但由于语言不同、文化习俗不同，不同语言中问候语也会有不同的表达形式。
英文中有 Good morning”（早上好） 适用于早上起床后至午饭间这段时间，在正式、非正式场合均可使用，但它与中文的 您早”并不对应， 您早”在中国多用于起床后至早饭前这一短暂时间， 早睡早起”是中国人的养生之道，行为准则之一，因此 您早”在汉语中还蕴含有赞扬之意，如上午10 点见人还说 您早”，则多有挪揄之意了。
2．关心式问候。
关心式问候一般体现说话人对对方身体或工作、生活等方面的关心。
受文化差异的影响，关心式问候在不同语言中表达形式大不相同。
我们常以中国普通老百姓日常问候语 吃了吗”、 去哪儿”、忙不忙”为例，这是极为普通而又随便的问候语，问与答的双方都不把它当成正式的问题，纯打招呼而已。
对外国人来说不是这样的，在英语中这两个问题都涉及个人的隐私，是不能这样发问的。
3．交谈式问候。
有时候人们打招呼是以对方正在干着的事情为话题，通过提问的方式来进行的，这类问候形式在汉语中非常普通。
[本科毕业论文]英汉问候语与告别语对比研究[管理资料]
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A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF GREETINGS AND PARTINGSIN ENGLISH AND CHINESELI Dan(Department of Foreign Languages, Guangdong Women’s Professional Technical College,Guangzhou 511450, China)Abstract:This article makes a study in comparison between English and Chinese on linguistic routines and politeness of greetings and partings. The comparisons of the structural features, social functions, and vocabularies of English and Chinese greetings and partings are included. The article gives a quantificational analysis ,based on a language survey, on the differences such as different ways of expressing and their users, and illustrates the importance of the study of politeness to facilitate cross-cultural communication. Although greetings and partings appear to be unexceptional in their structure and function, they are in fact highly complex international phenomena.Key words: greetings; partings; cross-cultural communication; ceremonial greetings; illocutionary acts英汉问候语与告别语对比研究李丹（广东女子职业技术学院外语系，广东广州，511450）摘要: 本文从常规用语和礼貌的角度对英语和汉语话语中的问候语和告别语进行了对比研究，内容包括其结构特征、种类、和社会功能等，并且通过语言调查统计的资料，对英汉问候语和告别语在表达方式和使用对象等方面的差异进行了量化分析，以实际语言事实说明必须加强礼貌语言对比研究，促进跨文化交际。
英汉问候语差异比较
英汉问候语差异比较本文旨在比较英汉问候语的差异，从而增进对两种文化及其语言的理解。
在跨文化交流中，问候语是建立友好关系的关键，不同的文化背景下的问候语使用也会有所不同。
因此，了解英汉问候语的差异对于提高交际能力、促进跨文化交流具有重要意义。
研究对象本文以英汉问候语为研究对象，通过分析相关文献资料，包括英语和汉语的教科书、口语教材、电影、电视剧以及实际交际场景中的英汉问候语使用情况，来探究其差异。
差异分析1.语音方面：英语中的问候语发音一般较为简单，通常是升调，而汉语中的问候语发音相对复杂，调型多变，有时甚至会出现降调。
2.词汇方面：英语中常使用“Hello”、“Hi”、“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”等词来表达问候，而汉语中则倾向于使用“你好”、“早上好”、“晚上好”等词。
3.用法方面：英语中通常在首次见面或不太熟悉的人之间使用正式的问候语，而在亲密的朋友和家人之间则使用非正式的问候语，如“Hey”、“Hi”。
而在汉语中，无论面对熟悉的人还是陌生的人，一般的问候语都是“你好”，只有在特殊场合如正式场合或书面语中才会使用较为正式的问候语。
原因探讨英汉问候语差异的原因主要可以从历史、文化、语言地位等方面进行考虑。
在历史方面，英语和汉语的发展历程截然不同，这种差异也反映在了问候语上。
此外，英汉两种文化的价值观也有所不同。
英语文化中强调个人主义，因此英语中的问候语使用较为简洁直接；而汉语文化中强调集体主义，所以汉语中的问候语使用较为温和礼貌。
此外，英汉两种语言的语言地位也有所不同。
英语是全球通用语言，而汉语则主要在中国及海外华人社区中使用。
这也导致了英汉问候语的差异。
启示与建议通过比较英汉问候语的差异，我们可以得到以下启示和建议：首先，在跨文化交流中，我们需要了解并尊重对方的文化和语言习惯。
在交际过程中，适当的调整自己的语言和表达方式，可以更好地融入对方的文化环境。
其次，教育机构在开展外语教学时，应注重培养学生的跨文化意识，让他们了解目标语言的文化背景和习惯用法。
浅谈英汉问候语对比
青岛科技大学英汉语言对比课程论文浅谈英汉问候语对比题目 __________________________________A Comparative Study on Greetings Between Englishand Chinese指导教师__________________________辅导教师__________________________学生姓名__________________________学生学号__________________________院（部）____________________________专业_____________________________________年 ___月 ___日摘要问候语是人与人之间为了维持关系而说出的一种具有寒暄功能的语言，它一般不承载信息，就是为了打招呼，也就是说，它只具有感情功能而不具有信息功能。
问候语是人际交往的第一步，是交谈得以实现的基础。
不管哪种语言团体，问候语都是人与人交流不可缺少的一部分。
但是不同的语言团体由于文化习俗的不同，问候语的表达习惯及使用方法也不同。
如果不了解这其中的差异，就会在跨文化交际中引起不必要的误会。
因此，本文旨在研究英语和汉语问候语之间的异同，通过比较，了解英汉问候语在内容，意义，结构和称谓方面的差别，从而使我们更加了解问候语，在以后的使用中更加灵活自如。
关键词：问候语交际差异内容结构称谓AbstractGreeting is a kind of phatic language which is used to sustain relationship between people. It is emotive rather than informative since it is just for greeting each other. Greeting is the first step for communication and is what the communication is based on. No matter which language community is, greeting is an indispensible part of language. However, the means of presentation and usage of various languages differ sharply due to different cultures and customs. If we do not know the distinctions between them, we will inevitably cause misunderstandings between each other. Hence, this paper centers on the difference and similarities between Chinese and English greetings. Through contrast, we will be familiar with the difference between Chinese and English greetings through content, meaning, structure and appellation, which is of great help for us to use them freely and flexibly.Key words: greeting communication difference content structure title目录一．问候语的定义 (1)二．问候语的功能 (1)三．英汉问候语的相同点 (2)1.关于双向 (2)2.关于主题 (2)四．英汉问候语的不同点 (3)1.内容差别 (3)2.意义差别 (3)3.结构差别 (4)4.称谓差别 (4)五．结论 (5)六．参考文献 (6)一．问候语的定义在人们见面的时候，为了社会关系的需要，会说出一种话语来拉近彼此的关系，这就是问候语，它又叫见面语、招呼语,它短小简单,是人们生活中最常用的重要交际口语。
中西方问候的方式差异英语作文
中西方问候的方式差异英语作文英文回答：Greeting customs vary significantly between Western and Eastern cultures, reflecting different social norms, values, and beliefs. In Western societies, greetings tend to bemore informal and casual, while in Eastern cultures, they are more formal and elaborate.In Western countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, the most common greeting is a handshake. A handshake is a firm, brief grasp of the other person's hand, usually accompanied by eye contact and a smile. Handshakes are typically used between people of the same or opposite sex, and they convey a sense of equality and respect.In some Western cultures, such as France and Italy, itis also common to greet people with a kiss on the cheek. This type of greeting is typically reserved for closefriends or family members, and it conveys a sense ofaffection and intimacy.In Eastern cultures, such as China and Japan, greetings are more formal and elaborate. The most common greeting in China is the bow. A bow is a slight bending of the head and body, usually accompanied by eye contact and a smile. Bows vary in depth depending on the level of respect that is being conveyed. A deeper bow is a sign of greater respect.In Japan, the most common greeting is the handshake. However, Japanese handshakes are typically much lighter and less firm than Western handshakes. Japanese handshakes also tend to be held for a longer period of time.In addition to the physical gestures involved in greeting, there are also verbal greetings that vary between Western and Eastern cultures. In Western cultures, the most common verbal greeting is "Hello." Hello can be used in a variety of situations, from formal to informal. Other common verbal greetings in Western cultures include "Hi," "Good morning," "Good afternoon," and "Good evening."In Eastern cultures, verbal greetings are typicallymore formal and respectful. The most common verbal greeting in China is "你好" (nǐ hǎo), which means "Hello." Nǐhǎo is typically used in formal situations. Other common verbal greetings in China include "早上好" (zǎoshànghǎo), which means "Good morning," and "下午好" (xiàwǔhǎo), which means "Good afternoon."In Japan, the most common verbal greeting is "おはようございます" (ohayo gozaimasu), which means "Good morning." Ohayo gozaimasu is typically used in formal situations. Other common verbal greetings in Japan include "こんにちは" (konnichiwa), which means "Hello," and "こんばんは" (konbanwa), which means "Good evening."The different greeting customs between Western and Eastern cultures reflect the different social norms, values, and beliefs of these cultures. Western greetings tend to be more informal and casual, while Eastern greetings tend tobe more formal and elaborate. These differences in greeting customs can be a source of confusion and misunderstanding when people from different cultures interact with eachother. However, by understanding the different greeting customs of different cultures, we can avoid misunderstandings and build stronger relationships.中文回答：东西方问候方式的差异体现了不同文化中的社会规范、价值观和信仰。
寒暄语系统对比
英汉寒暄系统对比研究内容摘要语言交际中的日常语与社会经济文化密不可分,日常用语的变化直接体现着人与人之间社会环境和社会关系的变化。
而在日常交流中必不可少的寒暄语在特定的语境及行为对象中具有不同的效果。
本文通过对寒暄语的含义以及英汉寒暄语的对比分析发现,尽管它们都在各自的语言对话中有相应的功能和表现,但两者的基本形式与内容有较大的差异,这里将从英汉社会与文化的差异来分析英汉寒暄语的差异。
关键词：寒暄语含义形式文化差异AbstractThe words and expressions for everyday use in communication can’t be separated from social economy and social culture. The change of the words and expressions for everyday use directly reflects the change of social environment and social relations. However, the phatic communion which is necessary in the daily communication has its different effect in the special context or among different listeners. This paper includes the meaning of phatic communion and its contrast between English and Chinese. Although English and Chinese phatic communion perform similar role in the two languages, their forms and contents are quite different. It tries to discuss the differences of phatic communion between English and Chinese from the differences of English and Chinese society and culture.Key words: phatic communion; meaning; forms; the differences of culture绪论：随着我国对外开放的深入和发展，越来越多的以英语为母语的外国人正涌入我国，他们已经成为我们在工作和生活中不可避免的交际对象。
中英问候语的研究
学生毕业论文题目中英问候语的比较研究姓名唐容学号*************系部外语系专业应用英语( 资料翻译)指导教师王皓职称讲师2013年月日长沙师范专科学校教务处制目录摘要 (1)关键词 (1)Abstract (1)Key words (1)一、问侯语的重要性及其基本要求 (1)（一）问候语性的重要性 (1)（二）问候语的基本要求 (1)二、中英问候语的共性 (1)（一）中英问候语结构的共性 (1)（二）中英问候语情感的共性 (2)（三）中英问候语礼貌的共性 (2)三、中英问候语的差异 (2)（一）中英问候语内容的差异 (2)（二）中英问候语称谓的差异 (3)（三）中英问候语礼貌的差异 (3)四、中英问候语差异的原因探究 (4)五、结束语 (6)参考文献 (6)致谢 (7)中英问候语的比较研究11应用英语301班唐容指导老师：王皓摘要：问候语作为人际交往和社会生活中必不可少的语言行为，不仅是人们相互致意表达感情的符号，同时也是社会历史文化习惯的积淀。
汉语和英语作为东西方两种截然不同的语言，其问候语在方式内容、称谓、情感色彩等方面存在的共性与差异也直接体现了两种语言历史文化习俗的差异。
在全球化日益显著的今天，国际间的交流与合作更加密切，尤其需要认清由于各自的文化背景和传统不同所形成的不同语言文化模式，从而更准确地理解运用中英问候习语，达到成功实施跨文化交际的目的。
关键词：问候语；差异；文化；共性；情感A comparative study of English greetingsStudent majoring in Applied English TangTutor WanghaoAbstract: greetings as language behavior the essential interpersonal and social life, is not only the people greet each other to express feelings of symbols, but also social and historical culture accumulation. Chinese and English East and West as two different language, similarities and differences exist in the way content, appellation, emotional color and other aspects the greeting is also directly reflects the differences between the two languages of the historical and cultural customs. In the globalization increasingly prominent today, the international exchange and cooperation more closely, especially the need to recognize the formation of their different cultural backgrounds and traditions of different languages and cultures, thus more accurate understanding of the use of English greeting idioms, achieve the successful implementation of the aim of cross-cultural communication.Keywords: greetings; difference; culture; characteristics;emotion引言：作为人们交流思想胡工具，语言在人类社会进程中起着不可估量的巨大作用。
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析06秋专升本学员张先存学号z06205604001礼貌作为一种社会现象,普遍存在于各国语言中,但由于语用文化价值差异和语用习惯特点的不同,人们对礼貌的理解、处理和运用方式则各不相同.中西方由于受到不同文化、民族心理和价值观的影响,会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行.而这种差异往往会影响我们进行有效的跨文化交际,因此在英语学习中我们有必要了解汉英礼貌语用方面的差异.一。
汉英礼貌用语的对比：例1：问候语以什么样的方式与别人见面打招呼，分手告别，也因东西方文化传统和风俗习惯的不同而不同。
西方人则注重逻辑，他们讲究科学，追求准确、系统的分析和实证，西方形式逻辑中有三大定律，即同一律、矛盾律、排中律；在演绎推理中有三段论，即大前提、小前提和结论。
在语言上表现为重视语言的形式，人称要一致、单复数有讲究、时态有要求，主语和谓语要配合，介词讲究搭配等等，每个细节都不能马虎。
例如：中文说“你吃了吗？”可以表示字面意义，也可以表示问候，这里的“吃”字后面的“饭”可以省略，不论早饭、中饭、晚饭都可以这样说，也不管什么时候吃的。
而英语中可能要说三句不同的话“Have you had your lunch/super/dinner?” 而且他们并不能用来表示问候，除了字面意义，这三句话可能用来暗示一种邀请，但说话人至少要考虑到两个问题：吃的是哪一餐饭，用什么时态，这些问题不清楚，这句话就没法说。
所以，中国人见面时常用的客套话是：“吃过饭了吗？”“你去哪儿？”而与英美人打招呼，不要说“Have you had your meal?”或者“Where are you going?”他们会以为你想邀请他一起外出用餐或你在打听他的私事呢。
而当他们正等着听你的下文时，你却谈起旁的事情。
这样往往会使对方觉得莫名其妙。
他们会想，不请我吃饭，干吗问我吃过饭没有？即使你见他正在用餐，一般也不能说“Are you having meal?”（你在吃饭？）或者“You are going to the dinning room?”（你去吃饭吗？）他们认为这简直是无用的话，明知故问，你不是看见我正在吃饭吗？又如你正巧遇见一个美国人在修理他的汽车，你走过去说声“Hello. ”或者“Hi.”就行了。
中西问候语差异英语作文
中西问候语差异英语作文Greetings are an important part of social interaction, as they help to establish a connection between people. In different cultures, there are different ways to greet others. In this essay, we will compare and contrast the differences between Chinese and Western greetings.In China, people often greet each other with a handshake and a nod of the head. The handshake is not asfirm as in the West, and it is usually accompanied by a slight bow. The nod of the head is a sign of respect and acknowledgement. In addition, Chinese people often address each other by their formal titles, such as "Doctor" or "Professor," as a sign of respect.In the West, people often greet each other with a handshake or a hug. The handshake is usually firm and accompanied by good eye contact. In some cases, people may also give each other a pat on the back. In addition, Westerners often use first names when addressing each other,even in formal settings.Another difference between Chinese and Western greetings is the use of small talk. In China, it is common to ask about a person's health, family, and work before getting down to business. This is seen as a way toestablish a personal connection and build trust. In the West, small talk is also common, but it tends to be more informal and focused on current events or shared interests.Finally, the way in which people say goodbye also differs between Chinese and Western cultures. In China, it is common to say "再见" (zài jiàn), which means "see you again," or "下次见" (xià cì jiàn), which means "until next time." In the West, people often say "goodbye" or "see you later," and may also give a wave or a hug.In conclusion, while there are some similarities between Chinese and Western greetings, such as the use of a handshake, there are also significant differences in terms of the level of formality, the use of small talk, and the way in which people say goodbye. By understanding thesedifferences, we can better navigate cross-cultural interactions and build stronger relationships with people from different backgrounds.。
问候语与告别语英汉对比研究
问候语与告别语英汉对比研究一、本文概述本文旨在深入探究英汉两种语言在问候语与告别语使用上的异同，并分析其背后的文化和社会因素。
问候语与告别语作为人际交往的基本环节，不仅反映了语言的表达方式，更体现了文化的独特性和社会的习俗。
通过对比英汉两种语言在这一方面的用法，我们可以更好地理解两种文化的差异，提高跨文化交流的能力。
文章首先将对问候语和告别语的定义及功能进行阐述，明确研究范围和目标。
随后，将分别探讨英汉两种语言在问候语和告别语使用上的常见形式和特点，包括日常用语、正式场合用语以及特殊情境下的用语等。
在此基础上，文章将进一步分析英汉问候语与告别语在文化和社会方面的差异，如个人主义与集体主义的影响、礼仪习俗的差异等。
通过本文的研究，我们期望能够揭示英汉问候语与告别语背后的文化和社会因素，为跨文化交际提供有益的参考。
也希望本文能够激发更多学者对这一领域的兴趣，推动英汉对比研究的深入发展。
二、英汉问候语对比在跨文化交流中，问候语是表达尊重和友好的重要方式。
英汉两种语言在问候语的使用上存在显著的差异，这些差异反映了两种文化的不同价值观、社会习俗和个人习惯。
在英语中，常见的问候语如“Hello”“Hi”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”等，通常用于日常非正式的场合。
而在正式场合或商务环境中，人们可能会使用“Good day”或“How do you do”等更为正式的问候语。
值得注意的是，英语中的问候语往往不需要过多地涉及私人生活，而是更多地关注对方的日常和天气等公共话题。
相比之下，汉语中的问候语则更为丰富和复杂。
在日常生活中，人们可能会使用“大家好”“早上好”“晚上好”等基本的问候语。
但在更亲密的场合，如朋友或家人之间，问候语可能会包含更多的私人元素，如“吃了没”“去哪儿了”等，这些问候语体现了对对方生活的关心和关注。
在商务或正式场合，汉语中的问候语可能会更加注重礼仪和尊重，如使用“大家好”等更为恭敬的称呼。
英汉问候语的跨文化对比研究
英汉问候语的跨文化对比研究作者：朱奕霏来源：《读与写·中旬刊》2017年第09期摘要：问候语是人们生活中最常用的交际口语。
无论东方人还是西方人，问候语的使用都是非常普及的。
但由于不同文化风俗的影响，问候语的表达存在很大不同之处。
正确地认识和理解这些差异，对于加深东西方文化的交流有着重要意义。
关键词：问候语；礼貌；跨文化语用学中图分类号：G648文献标识码：B文章编号：1672-1578（2017）09-0023-011.引言问候是保持交际双方社会关系极其重要的策略。
古今中外，问候语都是礼貌现象的重要组成部分。
毋庸置疑，英语文化和汉语文化一样都认为礼貌非常重要。
然而英语文化的人们可能认为有些汉语问候语不能接受甚至具有冒犯性，尽管这些问候语在汉语文化里是相当得体的。
为了更好地进行跨文化交流，就需要我们从文化和语用的角度对英汉问候语进行系统分析，找出其中差异，探讨并解决在跨文化交际中遇到的实际问题。
2.跨文化语用学跨文化语用学是对不同文化背景的人之间的交际进行的研究，其重点是对不同文化的语言活动进行跨文化的对比研究。
跨文化语用学的产生是语用学理论发展的结果。
跨文化语用学研究的内容主要有三个方面：跨文化语用语言学研究，跨文化社会语用学研究和语际语用学研究。
跨文化语言语用学研究的是不同文化中相同或相似的语言形式的语用功能的异同。
社会语用学研究的是影响语言使用的社会环境。
语际语语用学指的是第二语言学习者在学习第二语言过程中所掌握的目的语，又称作"过渡语"和"中介语"，所以语际语语用学也可以叫做过渡语语用学和中介语语用学。
我们将从这几个方面对英汉问候语进行分析。
3.跨文化语用学的英汉问候语分析3.1语义相同，结构相似，作为问候语却大相径庭。
跨文化语用语言学认为，两种语言中语义相同或结构相似的词可能会有不同的"解释倾向性"。
比如汉语的"吃了吗？"和英语中的"Have you eaten？"意思都是问对方有没有吃饭。
浅析中英问候语的差别与发展
浅析中英问候语的差别与发展问候语是人们日常交流中必不可少的一部分，是建立良好人际关系、促进社会和谐发展的重要手段。
中英两种语言体系下的问候语存在着明显的差异和独特的特点，本文将从中英问候语的差异、发展及原因三个方面进行简要分析。
中文问候语较为复杂，通常会使用一些敬语和谦辞来表达对他人的尊重和谦虚。
如“你好”“再见”等。
而英语中的问候语则相对简单直接，常使用“Hello”“Hi”“Goodbye”等。
中英问候语在话题选择上也有所不同。
中文问候语中常询问对方的家庭、工作、身体状况等，而英语问候语则更注重天气、新闻等公共话题。
中文问候语更加注重时间观念，通常会根据不同的时间段采用不同的问候语。
如早上好、下午好、晚上好等。
而英语问候语则相对较为笼统，没有严格的时间限制。
中英问候语的差异主要源于两国的社会文化背景。
中国自古以来就是一个礼仪之邦，注重等级观念和群体意识，而英语国家则更注重个人主义和自由平等。
这种社会文化背景的不同导致了中英问候语的差异。
随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，中英文化交流日益频繁。
英语作为全球通用语言，在我国得到了广泛推广和应用。
因此，现代年轻人更倾向于使用简单、实用的英语问候语。
中文问候语通常需要使用大量的词汇和语法结构来表达情感和态度，而英语问候语则更加注重口语化和简洁明了。
这种语言自身特点的不同也导致了中英问候语的差异。
中英问候语作为两种不同的语言体系，存在着明显的差异和独特的特点。
这些差异主要源于两国的社会文化背景、经济发展和语言自身特点等多方面因素的综合作用。
在当今全球化的时代背景下，中英文化交流日益频繁，中英问候语也在不断发展变化。
未来，我们应更加中英文化交流与融合，促进两种语言的共同发展和繁荣。
随着全球化的推进，跨文化交际越来越成为日常生活和工作的重要组成部分。
在这个过程中，问候语作为交际的起点，起着至关重要的作用。
本文将对比分析中文和英文的问候语，并探讨在跨文化交际中如何应对不同文化背景下的问候方式。
从问候语看中西方文化差异
From English-Chinese Greetings See the Differences between Chinese and WesternCultureClass:two Number:200814025226 Name:Zhong XinghuaAs a conventional greeting terms, it is widely used in the human daily language communication. In Chinese and western cross-cultural communication, the started contact between people is greeted each other. Some with profound "China brand" greeting in western eye is puzzled; Some with a "western characteristic" greeting for Chinese people also don't understand. This mutual view about "don't understand" serious impact on the smooth communication, even caused serious cultural conflict, so I think it is necessary to find out the deep reason, and take some measures to avoid the cultural conflict.1. the conflict on languageThe greeting is the most common people's life of oral communication, it is the beginning to cut the topic, so the usage of greeting is directly related to communicatesmoothly. Erving Goffman thought the greeting is communicative signal of the beginning to recognize. China and the western countries have different cultural background, different historical origin.In greeting, the language of them also have a big difference. For example, the Chinese meeting and greeting people often used to say "you eat?" (Have you had the meal?) , "where to go?" (Where are you going?) and so on, as people life changes in the concept of, new greetings appears, such as "a raise?" (Have you got your salary raised?) , "You went out to play in holidays?" (Have you been traveling during the holidays?)and so on.As for the Chinese speaking, these are very common greeting and it's literally words, they care to each other, and the fine words about their asking can reflect the concern to others, but westerners may anger, they thought it was inquiring about other people's privacy, not polite behavior, is not appropriate topic, was disgusted. Westerners meet an acquaintance in the most commonly say “hello” that is "Good morning" ,"Good afternoon"or "Good night" (Good evening), and so on. Western greetings content is simple, is not mixed withspecific information, just on the meaning of expressing politeness. But ,for Chinese people, this is not enough enthusiasm greeting. The language content to difference of the Chinese and western is not successful communication, which is the language of the conflict. Greeting from language style aspect, there are also differences between Chinese and western. In China, for example, people mention their partners are more implicative tactful, some women to greet him when says "you damn fool", this make westerners puzzled, don't understand what's so called their husband. In the west, between a husband and wife say "hello" common "dear", this kind of word call our lover to show the feeling of happiness, but this style of greetings in China does not exist more.We all know, the language is the tool to exchange of information.As one of the language, it will lead to different language of the conflict, the language differences in essence reflect the cultural conflict. The language is a part of the culture, at the same time, it is the carrier of culture. Words can't exist separating from culture, because language can see a variety of ethnicculture. E. t. Hall said: "culture is humanized life environment. Every aspect of human life is from the influence of culture and with the cultural changes ,or rather, the existence of cultural decided, including self expression way and swept away way." Knowing the culture to the research of the language is very important. So, through the surface analysis greetings, the conflict on language is actually different from analyzing of the cultures of the conflict.2. cultural conflictAlong with the development of economic globalization, the diverse culture exist the phenomenon of popularization.we are bringing in different cultures of western society people more and more opportunities. In this case, in order to achieve successful cross-cultural communication, in order to achieve "universal harmony", the author thinks that we need to understand the differences between the Chinese and western culture and the differences of cultural conflict brought, from which we can avoid further this conflict happened, so as to promote between Chinese and western greetings and conversation better.(1) greetings clubby code viewGreetings communication standard is a man in the communication what to do and not to do what is basic principle and attitude. In Chinese and western different cultural background, people often say "hello" communication in their own place or social standards of behavior to determine each other behavior of rationality. The standards of behavior is different, it often can cause unhappy, even the conflict on communication. For example, when the Chinese say "hello" child, like on the other side, head gently patting or clench ears to show friendly. The greeting in western eye is highly respect the practice of children, parents will be very angry and resentful. Say so, in cross-cultural communication, people to identify and correct usage of behavioral standards to ensure that communication is smooth. (2) "benevolence" conceptIn Chinese traditional culture, "benevolence" the idea to communication language influence, especially in the choice of greeting. "Just the lover" require people to live together in harmony, helping others, caring and loving for others to sympathy. In this principle, peopleare actively building harmonious relations between people, trying to establish mutual affection. This kind of care about each other in human relations is based on greeting the selection of language effect. It makes people communicate with care, as far as possible to remind the greeting and greet each other, such as "the day was cold and wearing more" (It 's so cold that you need wear more clothes.), "Don't tired" (Don' t be tired.), and so on. This kind of greeting to be gradually expandto greet the aspects of the basic necessities, involving the other party of the health, life, family and various aspects of personal situation. In the Chinese view, this is a decent greeting type, it will closes the distance, build a kind of sweet atmosphere, but this kind of greeting can cause westerners antipathy, resulting in the communication misunderstandings and cut off.3. Cross cultural conflict strategic countermeasures (1) respecting personality and characteristicsIn order to avoid the conflict on language, incross-cultural communication, we need to learn from each other's cultures and pragmatic habit and thedifferences between Chinese and western culture objectively. In order to strengthen the understanding of these differences, we should read western culture background and related books through watching the film and TV programs. Westerners in exchange greetings had better convert western daily to greet, also want to spread the national culture essence, make the other side can also understand the differences. we mustrespect ,understand and compare, eventually to exchange and communicate.(2) joining the foreign languageOur aim is eliminating communicating conflicts, learning to this group communication culture, to foster intercultural communication competence. The final purpose of foreign language learning is to improve intercultural communication competence. The classroom is the main place of foreign language learning. So as a foreign language teacher, in the teaching of foreign language at the same time should use class to communicate culture content, it should include cultural phenomenon , descripte deep cultural explored. Only in this way, students can understand the western cultureand cultivate their different cultural tolerance ability. (3) in-depth study Chinese and western daily languageIn order to conform to the global integration, in order to strengthen the different language and cultureof the people mutual understanding and communication, some daily language, such as the greeting, farewell language and thank words need to study so as to promote the daily cross-cultural communication, achieve a global integral harmony.In short, the greeting is an important form of speech communication. Understanding the differences between Chinese and western greeting and leading to the differences of cultural conflict need time, people have responsibility to analyze these conflicts and find good countermeasures to resolve these conflicts, so do the real intercultural communication.。
浅析中英问候语文化差异
浅析中英问候语文化差异问候语是人们日常交流中的重要组成部分，是不同文化之间交流的起点。
中英问候语文化之间存在显著的差异，这种差异反映了不同文化背景下人们的生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式的不同。
本文将从问候语的构成、使用场合和表达方式三个方面，对中英问候语文化差异进行浅析。
问候语的构成中文问候语通常包括称谓和问候语素两部分。
称谓根据不同场合和关系有多种形式，如“老师”、“校长”、“亲爱的”等。
而问候语素则通常由“吃了没”、“好”、“在忙吗”等词构成。
在中文问候语中，称谓和问候语素的组合使用非常重要，需要根据不同的人和场合进行相应的调整。
英文问候语则通常由简单的寒暄和问候短语组成，如“Hello”、“Hi”、“How are you?”。
在英文中，人们往往通过简单的寒暄用语来表达对对方的关心和友好，并不强调称谓的使用。
使用场合中文问候语根据使用场合的不同可以分为多种类型。
在工作场合，人们通常会使用正式的问候语，如“早上好”、“晚安”。
在家庭和私人场合，人们则更倾向于使用非正式的问候语，如“吃了没”、“去哪里”。
在中国文化中，问候语还需要根据不同的节日、季节和时间段进行相应的调整，比如在春节期间人们会互相道贺“新年好”。
英文问候语的使用场合相对简单。
在日常交往中，人们普遍使用简单的寒暄和问候用语。
而在正式场合，如商务会议或晚宴等，人们则使用更加正式的问候语，如“Good morning”、“Nice to meet you”。
虽然英文中也存在一些特殊场合下的问候语，但总体来说不如中文繁琐。
表达方式中文问候语的表达方式比较多样化。
在表达对他人的关心时，人们通常会采用委婉、含蓄的方式，询问对方的生活、工作和学习等方面的情况。
同时，在中国文化中，面带微笑、语气平和、声音适中也是表达友好和尊重的重要因素。
英文问候语的表达方式则相对简单明了。
在表达对他人的关心时，人们通常会直接询问对方的近况或工作等方面的情况。
在英文中，语气和声音的变化往往不如中文那样受到重视。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究
英汉礼貌用语对比研究礼貌用语在人际交往中起着至关重要的作用，它能够帮助我们建立良好的人际关系，促进有效沟通，并展现个人的素养和文化背景。
英语和汉语作为两种具有广泛影响力的语言，在礼貌用语的使用上存在着一定的差异。
本文将对英汉礼貌用语进行对比研究，以揭示它们在形式、表达习惯和文化内涵方面的不同之处。
一、问候语在英语中，常见的问候语有“Hello”“Hi”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”等。
这些问候语比较简洁直接，使用范围广泛，适用于各种场合和关系。
例如，在朋友之间、同事之间、陌生人之间都可以使用。
而汉语的问候语则更加丰富多样，并且会根据时间、场合和关系的不同而有所变化。
早上见面可以说“早上好”，中午可以说“中午好”，晚上则说“晚上好”。
此外，还有“吃了吗？”“最近怎么样？”“忙啥呢？”等问候方式，这些问候语不仅是简单的打招呼，还可能包含着对对方生活的关心。
在正式场合，汉语中常用“您好”来表示尊敬。
这种问候语比较庄重，适用于对长辈、上级或者初次见面的人。
二、感谢语英语中的感谢语通常是“Thank you”“Thanks”，表达比较直接和简洁。
在程度上的区分，可以加上“Thank you very much”“Thanks a lot”等来加强感谢的程度。
汉语中的感谢语则相对丰富一些。
比如“谢谢”“多谢”“感谢您”等。
而且，在表达感谢时，中国人可能会更加委婉和含蓄。
有时候会说“麻烦您了”“给您添麻烦了”等，这些表达方式虽然没有直接提到“感谢”，但实际上也传达了感激之情。
此外，对于别人的帮助，中国人还可能会通过回赠礼物或者请客吃饭等方式来表达感谢，而不仅仅是通过语言。
三、道歉语英语中的道歉语常见的有“Sorry”“I'm sorry”，如果想要更加强调歉意，可以说“I'm terribly sorry”“I'm so sorry”。
在汉语中，“对不起”“抱歉”“不好意思”是常用的道歉语。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究-文学学士毕业论文
AbstractThis paper is a comparative study on the different use of polite language between English and Chinese. As an universal phenomenon, politeness exists in all kinds of cultures，which plays a vital role not only in maintaining friendly relationship between human beings but also in creating the harmonious atmosphere conversation. As English-speaking countries and China have different cultures, they use different ways to express their own polite words and deeds, and the different nationalities’ understan ding of polite language always affects the effective cross-culture communication between them. What is more, it would causes unsuccessful cross-cultural communication. A comparative study of polite language between English and Chinese, will urge English learners to reduce the faults in using cross-cultural language, and will simultaneously achieve effective human communication through using appropriately polite expressions.Key Words:polite language; communication; comparative study; cultural differences中文摘要礼貌是人们在频繁的交往中彼此表示尊重与友好的行为规范。
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英汉问候语对比研究AbstractLanguage is the medium for human communication. Greeting, as a component of language, plays a most important role in the communication. It is one kind of speech act that frequently occurs in everyday life. Greetings are words used to start an everyday communicative interaction or acknowledge of the presence of other. Therefore, proper greeting behavior is crucial for the foundation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. However, since China is totally different from the Western countries both in its history and its culture, it is undoubtedly that greeting, which is closely related to its culture, will be quite different from that in the Western countries. Misusing the greeting may easily lead to misunderstanding in the intercultural communication. Therefore, to acknowledge the differences existing in the greeting is the first step to achieve mutual understanding and respect. This paper, with some related theories presented, aims at making a contrastive study of greetings in English and in China. Some researches are also done with the greeting on its level, its functions and the elements influencing it.Key Words：Greeting; English; Chinese; cultural differences; cross-cultural communication【摘要】语言是人们进行交流的媒介。
问候语是语言的一个组成部分，也是社交礼仪的重要部分；它是日常生活中频繁使用的言语行为之一，具有建立和延续各种人际关系的作用。
在商务英语的日常交际中，适当的问候举止是建立和维持人与人之间关系的关键。
然而，由于中国的历史背景和文化背景与西方国家有着相当大的差异，存在于文化之中的问候语也随之有着相当大的差异。
这种差异在跨文化交际中很容易引起误解。
因此，为促进不同语言和文化背景下人们的相互沟通，有必要深入了解中西文化中问候语的差异。
本文通过对中西方文化背景中一些典型问候语的对比研究，阐述了两种文化中关于问候语的相关理论，在层次、功能、根源等方面对问候语进行研究。
【关键词】问候语；英语；汉语；文化差异；跨文化交际1. IntroductionWith the development of society and culture, communications between people become more and more important. When China implemented its reform and opening up policy, especially after China entered WTO, communication with other countries has become more important. However, people in different countries hold different beliefs and values, which result in misunderstanding. In order to avoid the embarrassment, we should know the cross-cultural communication greeting.Greetings are important, because they frequently occur in everyday social interactions all over the world. Proper greeting behavior is crucial for the foundation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Greetings are words used to start an everyday communicative interaction or acknowledge of the presence of others. As an everyday practice that is reutilized and happens at very low levels of awareness in interactions, greeting is seemingly a spontaneous reaction to the encountering of people. It is such a quick, simple, and conventionalized episode of communication that people usually give no thought to what happens during those few seconds of interaction. Being part of a culture that is very often seen in everyday life, such practices are important in understanding the structure and the essence of a society and culture.The study of greetings is important in the following three aspects.First, a theoretical study of greeting as an everyday practice can help people to realize that greetings in everyday life are important for the understanding of a culture and society. Although a seemingly minor episode of interaction, greeting has an important function in the management of human relations. It is by means of greeting that friends acknowledge, confirm, and strengthen their friendship. While performing greeting rituals, interactants signal to each other their respective social status, their degrees of familiarity, and the roles they will play in the coming encounter. A study of greetings thus contributes much to understanding the structure of the interpersonal relationship in a given social community.Second, the study of greetings helps to develop a situational approach towards the study of cross-cultural communication. Generally speaking, greeting is a routinized situational frame transmitted in a given social cultural community. Like many other frames such as apologizing, complimenting, etc., greeting is one of the cultural blocks, which varies cross-culturally. A systematic study of greeting with sociocultural factors taken into account will tend to better understand the structure of a certain society and culture.Third, a contrastive study of greeting can help people to enhance their cross-cultural awareness. With the development of society and culture, especially the development of globalization, chances are that cultural clashes will inevitably arise between people with different cultural backgrounds. As a result, an urgent task confronted by people is to enhance people cross-cultural awareness for the purpose of avoiding or overcoming cultural clashes in cross-cultural communications. Since greetings occur among people all over the world, it appears to be an excellent unit of social behavior to study if one intends to make a contrastive study on what is universal, what is traditional, and what is distinctive in cross-cultural communications.A better understanding of cultural differences in greetings will surely boost the maintenance and improvement of human relations in cross-cultural communications.2. Varieties of Chinese and English greetingsGreeting expressions are abundant in English and Chinese. They can be classified in various ways.2.1 Greetings classified according to timeGreetings in both languages seem to vary with time: some greetings can be used for any day or at any time of the day whereas others cannot. They can be divided into the following subcategories:(1) All-time greetings, (2) Real-time greetings(3) Seasonal greetings, (4) Introductory greetings,(5) Ceremonial greetings.All-time greetings are those not contained in usage by the time: they can be used by for any and at any time of day. For example: Hello! /Hi! (你好!) /How are you? (你身体好吗?)Real-time are those used in close relation to the time of the day: each of them can only be used at a specific time of the day accordingly. For example: Good morning! (早上好!)/ Good afternoon! (下午好!)/Good evening! (晚上好!)Seasonal greetings are those used only on some special days, such as Christmas, New Year’s Day. For example: Happy New Year! (新年好!) Merry Christmas! (圣诞节快乐!) Good luck for everything. (万事如意!)Introductory greetings are those used when two people are introduced to each other. For example: How do you do!Ceremonial greetings are those used at birthdays, wedding ceremonies, and other occasions. For example: Happy birthday! (生日快乐!) Congratulations! (恭喜!)2.2 Greetings classified according to formalityGreetings vary with speech style. They can be classified according to their formality of usages.(1) Formal greetings (2) Informal greetingsFormal greetings are those used on important occasions where maximum attention needs to be paid to speech and where speakers must be very polite. For example: How do you do? 您好！Informal greetings are those used in conversations to create a relaxed language environment. For example: Hello! 你好！3. Differences in Chinese and English greetings3.1 Difference in contents“Although one talks of culture in discrete terms, the fact is that there are cultural similarities which also minimize the potential problems of intercultural communication. Overlap in culture makes it possible for us to talk Western culture as opposed to African or Oriental culture. Within Western culture, one can proceed to further differentiate into European, English, German, French culture, etc. It is precise in those cases where the widest cultural divergence exists that greatest care needs to be taken to avoid conflict and breakdown in communication.”“In Chinese culture, four specific sentences occur more frequently among people based on where and when they meet. They are 你好! (How do you do?), 今天你忙吗? (Are you busy today?) 你去哪儿?(Where are you going?) 吃了吗?(Have you eaten yet?) Response to “你好” is its repetition “你好”. However, responses to the other greetings are normally answers on the basis of the real circumstance or position the addressee is in at t he moment he/she is greeted.”你好!(How do you do?) is often used as a greeting among people who do not know each other or know one another but not very well, especially in the normal situation, for example,A teacher in languages department meets a teacher in history department on their way to work.A: 你好!(How do you do?)B: 你好!(How do you do?)今天你忙吗?(Are you busy today?) is often used as a greeting between colleagues or acquaintances before, after or during the office hours, for example,Two people who know each other meet in the door of the office building when they go to their own offices.A:今天你忙吗? (Are you busy today?)B:很忙/不太忙。