流体力学与传热学基础(次英)思维导图
第一章 流体力学基础(10)
Pa s
在物理单位制中: P,泊 SI单位制和物理单位制粘度单位的换算关系为:
1Pa s 10P 第一章 流体力学基础
牛顿型流体和非流动流体
1)凡遵循牛顿粘性定义的流体称为牛顿型流体;否则 为非流动型流体。 牛顿型流体,如水、空气等; 2) 非流动型流体,如某些高分子溶液、悬浮液、泥浆 和血液等。 3) 本书所涉及的流体多为牛顿型流体。
第一章 流体力学基础
(2)通过喷嘴的流动
1 2
q+w=△h+ g△Z+
1 2 △ u 2
u2 2h1 h2
流体流过收缩喷嘴时获得的动能等于流体韩志的增加
第一章 流体力学基础
(3)通过节流阀的流动
q+w=△h+ g△Z+
1 2 △ u 2
h1 h2
流体截流前后的焓值不变
第一章 流体力学基础
在过程生产中,有些仪表是以静力学基本方程式为理论依
一、压强与压强差测量
1 U型管液柱压差计 指示液密度ρ0,被测流体密度为ρ,图中a、 b两点的压力是相等的,因为这两点都在同一 种静止液体(指示液)的同一水平面上。通 过这个关系,便可求出p1-p2的值。
指示剂的选择
@ 指示液必须与被测流体不 互容; @ 不起化学反应; @ 大于被测流体的密度。 指示液随被测流体的 不同而不同。
实际上流体都是可压缩的,一般把液体当作不可压缩流体; 气体应当属于可压缩流体。但是,如果压力或温度变化率很小 时,通常也可以当作不可压缩流体处理。
第一章 流体力学基础
稳定流动(定态流动)
稳定流动:流体在流动时,在任一点上的流速、压力等有关 物理参数仅随位置变化而不随时间改变。
流体力学与传热英文习题(64学时)
Problems of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer for Unit Operations of Chemical EngineeringZHONG Li(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology)1. Water is pumped at a constant velocity 1m/s from large reservoir resting on the floor to the open top of an absorption tower. The point of discharge is 4 meter above the floor, and the friction losses from the reservoir to the tower amount to 30 J/kg. At what height in the reservoir must the water level be kept if the pump can develop only60 J/kg?2. The fluid (density 1200 kg/m3 ) is pumped at a constant rate 20 m3 /h from the large reservoir to the evaporator. The pressure above the reservoir maintains atmosphere pressure and the pressure of the evaporator keeps 200 mmHg (vacuum). The distance between the level of liquid in the reservoir and the exit of evaporator is 15 meter and frictional loss in the pipe is 120 J/kg not including the exit of evaporator, what is the pump effective work and power if the diameter of pipe is 60 mm?3. Water comes out of the pipe (Φ108x4 mm), as shown in Fig. The friction loss of the pipeline which does not cover the loss at the exit of pipe can be calculated by the following equation:h f =6.5U2where U is the velocity in the pipe, finda. water velocity at section A-A'.b. water flow rate, in m3 /h.4. Water passes through the variable pipe. The velocity in the small pipe is 2.5 m/s. The vertical glass tubes are inserted respectively at the section A and B to measure the pressure (see fig.) If the friction loss between two section is 15 J/kg, what is the water column difference between two glass tubes? By the way, draw the relative liquid column height of two tubes in the Fig.5. A centrifugal pump takes brine (density 1180 kg/m3 , viscosity 1.2 cp) from the bottom of a supply tank and delivers it into another tank. The line between the tanks is 300 m of 25 mm diameter pipe (inner diameter). The flow rate is 2 m3 /h. In this line, there are two gate valves, four elbows (90o ) and one return bend, what is the friction loss if the roughness of pipe is 0.025 mm?6. The orifice meter (diameter of orifice 0.0001 m) is installed for measuring the flow rate. The indicating liquid of orifice is mercury if U shape pressure gauge reading is 0.6 meter and orifice coefficient can be taken as 0.61, what is the flow rate of water?7. Water flows through a pipe with a diameter di 100 mm as shown in figure.a. when the valve is closed, R is 600 mm and h equals 1500 mm. While the valve opens partially, R=400 mm and h=1400 mm, f=0.00625 (Finning factor) and k c =0.5 (contraction coefficient), what is the flow rate of water, in m3 /h?b. If the valve opens fully, what is the pressure of section 2-2', in N/m2 ? The equivalent length of the valve is1.5 m and the Fanning factor f keeps the same?(ρH2O=1000kg/m3, ρHg=13600kg/m3)8. The rotameter is installed to measure the water flow rate, as shown in figure. If the total length includingequivalent length of pipeline A is 10 m and the reading of rotameter is 2.72 m3 /h, what is the flow rate for pipeline B? (f A =0.0075, f B =0.0045)9. Water is transported by a pump (efficiency of pump 65%) from reactor to higher tank, as shown in Figure. The total equivalent length of pipe is 200 m including all local frictional loss. The pipeline is φ89⨯4.5 mm , theorifice coefficient C o and orifice diameter d o are 0.61 and 20 mm, respectively. Frictional coefficient λis 0.025 and the readings of vacuum gauge in reactor and pressure gauge in tank are 200 mm Hg and 49000N/m2 , respectively.Find:(1) Water mass flow rate, in kg/s when the reading R of U pressure gauge in orifice meter is 600 mm Hg? (ρH2O =1000 kg/m3, ρHg =13600 kg/m3)(2)Effective work of pump, in J/kg?C (density of air 1.205 kg/m3 , viscosity 1x10-5 Pa.s). Calculate the maximum diameter of particle if the settle obeys the Stoke s’ Law?11. A filter press(A=0.1 m2 ) is used for filtering slurry. The vacuum inside the filter is 500 mm Hg. One liter filtrate can be got after filtering of 5 min and 0.6 more liter filtrate is obtained after 5 more min. How much filtrate will be got after filtering of 5 more min?12. The following data are obtained for a filter press (A=0.0093 m2) in a lab.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pressure difference (kg f /cm2 ) filtering time (s) filtrate volume (m3 )1.05 502.27⨯10-3660 9.10⨯10-33.50 17.1 2.27⨯10-3233 9.10⨯10-3Find1) filtering constant K, q e , t e at pressure difference 1.05 kg f /cm2 ?2) if the frame of filter is filled with the cake at 660 s, what is the end filtering rate (dV/dt)E at P 1.05 kg f /cm2 ?3) compressible constant of cake s?13. A slurry is filtered by a 0.1 m2 filter press at constant pressure if the cake is incompressible. The filter basic equation is as follows:(q+10)2 = 250(t+ 0.4)where q---l/m2 t----minfind (1) how much filtrate is got after 249.6 min?(2) if the pressure difference is double and the resistance of cake is constant, how much filtrate can be obtained after 249.6 min? (cake is incompressible)14. A flat furnace wall is constructed of 120 mm layer of sil-o-cel brick, with a thermal conductivity 0.08 w/(m o C), backed by a 150 mm of common brick, of conductivity 0.8 w/(m o C), the temperature of inner face of the wall is 1400 o , and that of the outer face is 200o C.a. What is the heat loss through the wall in w per square meter.b. To reduce the heat loss to 600 w/m2 by adding a layer of cork with k 0.2 w/(m o C) on the outside of common brick, how many meters of cork are required?15. The vapor pipe (d o=426 mm) is covered by a 426 mm insulating layer (k=0.615 w/m o C). If the temperature of outer surface of pipe is 177 o C and the temperature outside the insulating layer is 38 o C, what are the heat loss per meter pipe and the temperature profile within the insulating layer?16. A steel spherical shell has inside radius r i and outside radius r o. The temperatures inside and outside walls are t i and t o, respectively and the conductivity is k. Derive the equation for heat transfer by conduction.17. Air at the normal pressure passes through the pipe (d i 20 mm) and is heated from 20o C to 100o C. What is the film heat transfer coefficient between the air and pipe wall if the average velocity of air is 10 m/s? The properties of air at 60 o C are as follows:density 1.06 kg/m3 , viscosity 0.02 cp, conductivity 0.0289 w/(m o C), and heat capacity 1 kJ/kg-K18. A hot fluid with a mass flow rate 2250 kg/h passes through a ∅25⨯2.5(outer diameter of pipe⨯ thickness of pipe wall) mm tube. The physical properties of fluid are as follows:k=0.5 w/(m o C), C p =4 kJ/kg-K, viscosity 10-3 N-s/m2 , density 1000 kg/m3 Find:a. Heat transfer film coefficient h i , in w/(m2 -K).b. If the flow rate decreases to 1125 kg/h and other conditions are the same, what is the h i ?c. If the diameter of tube (inside diameter) is decreased to 10 mm, and the velocity u keeps the same as that ofcase a, calculate h i .d. When the average temperature of fluid and quantity of heat flow per meter of tube are 40o C and 400 w/m, respectively, what is the average temperature of pipe wall for case a?e. From this problem, in order to increase the heat transfer film coefficient and enhance heat transfer, what kinds of methods can you use and which is better, explain why?Hint: for laminar flow, Nu=1.86[Re Pr]1/3for turbulent flow Nu=0.023Re0.8 Pr1/319. In a double pipe exchange (Φ23⨯2 mm), the cold fluid (Cp=1 kJ/kg, flow rate 500 kg/h) passes through the pipe and the hot fluid goes through the outside. The inlet and outlet temperatures of cold fluid are 20 and 80 o , and the inlet and outlet temperatures of hot fluid are 150 and 90o , respectively. The h i (film coefficient inside pipe) is 700 w/(m2 o C)and overall heat transfer coefficient U o (based on the outside surface of pipe) is 300w/(m2 o C), respectively. If the heat loss is ignored and the conductivity of pipe wall (steel) is taken as 45 w/(m o C), find:(1) heat transfer film coefficient outside the pipe h o?(2) the pipe length required for counter flow, in m?(3) what is the pipe length required if the heating medium changes to saturated vapor(140 o C) and it condenses to saturated liquid and other conditions keep unchanged?(4) When the exchanger is used for a year, it is found that it cannot meet the need of production (the outlet temperature of cold fluid cannot reach 80o C), explain why?20. Water flows turbulently in the pipe of Φ25⨯2.5 mm shell tube exchanger. When the velocity of water u is 1 m/s, overall heat transfer coefficient Uo (based on the outer surface area of pipe) is 2115 w/(m2 o C). If the u becomes 1.5 m/s and other conditions keep unchanged, Uo is 2660 w/( m2 o C ). What is the film coefficient ho outside the pipe? (Heat resistances of pipe wall and scale are ignored)21. Water and oil pass parallelly through a exchanger which is 1 m long. The inlet and outlet temperatures of water are 15 and 40 o C, and those of oil are 150 and 100 o C, respectively. If the outlet temperature of oil decreases to 80 o C, and the flow rates and physical properties and inlet temperatures of water and oil maintain the same, what is the pipe length of new exchanger? (Heat loss and pipe wall resistance are neglected)22. Air which passes through the pipe in turbulent flow is heated from 20 to 80 o C. The saturated vapor at 116.3 o C condenses to saturated water outside the pipe. If air flow rate increases to 120% of the origin and inlet and outlet temperatures of air stay constant, what kind of method can you employ in order to do that? (Heat resistance of pipe wall and scale can be ignored)23. Water flows through the pipe of a Φ25⨯2.5 mm shell-tube exchanger from 20 to 50 o C. The hot fluid (C p 1.9 kJ/kg o C, flow rate 1.25 kg/s) goes along the shell and the temperatures change from 80 to 30 o C. Film coefficients of water and hot fluid are 0.85kw/(m2 o C) and 1.7 kw/(m2 o C). What is the overall heat transfer coefficient Uo and heat transfer area if the scale resistance can be ignored? (the conductivity of steel is 45w/(m o C).思考问答题1. If the inlet and outlet temperatures of fluids are given, the LMTD of countercurrent flow is always larger than that of parallel-current flow?2. For countercurrent flow, the outlet temperature of cold fluid can be higher than that of hot one.3. The value of overall heat transfer coeff. U is closed to that of larger heat transfer film coeff.4. Dirty overall heat transfer coef. is smaller than clean overall heat transfer coef.5. If h i and h o are 10 and 1000 w/(m2o C), respectively, we should try to increase h o in order to elevate overall heat transfer coefficient U.6. For no phase change, ΔT of 1-2 pass shell-tube exchanger is smaller than LMTD of countercurrent flow.7. Explain simply the advantages of countercurrent flow over parallel-current flow and in what situations, parallel flow should be used.8.Dimensional analysis can directly produce the numerical results without experimental data.9. Decrease of thermal boundary layer thickness can increase h and enhance heat transfer.10. Newton's cooling law says that heat transfer film coefficient is a constant.11. The tube length changes only affect the heat transfer area during the convection heat transfer.12. Increase of Reynolds Number can elevate the heat transfer film coeff. of free convection.13. Increase of Reynolds Number can raise the heat transfer film coeff. of forced convection.14. Heat transfer film coeff. of the return bend pipe is larger than that of the same diameter straight pipe.15. The smaller the heat transfer film coef. h, the less the convective heat transfer resistance.16. What happens to the viscosity of liquid or gas when the temperature increases?17. At steady-state heat transfer by conduction, the temperature at all points in a solid is equal.18. Direction of heat flow is opposite to that of the temperature gradient.19. The thicker the insulating layer, the smaller the heat loss.20. For heat transfer through a series of layers at steady-state, the smaller the temperature drop at a certain layer, the larger the heat resistance at the same layer.21. At steady-state heat transfer conduction through a pipe wall, q/A is a constant.22. For heat transfer through two layers of insulating materials having the same thickness but different conductivities at a flat wall. Temperatures of both sides of insulating materials keep constant. If two layers of insulating materials change their places how does heat loss change? Explain why?23. For the same conditions as the above question, but heat transfer through a cylinder, how does heat loss change? Explain why?24. Which can develop more total head H, one pump or two same pump which work in series?25. The dimension for viscosity in SI system is______, and what about the unit for it?26. What is the relationship between the gauge and absolute pressure, the vacuum and absolute pressure? If the reading at entrance of pump is 0.029 MPa(vacuum), what are vacuum in mmHg and gauge pressure in mmHg? If reading at the exit of pump is 0.67 Mpa (gauge), what is absolute pressure (atmosphere pressure 0.1MPa)?27. The total (developed) head of centrifugal pump H means______ and maximum suction lift implies________ and net positive suction head (NPSH) is_______.28. What is cavitation? At what situations, the cavitation will occur?29. If the temperature of fluids increases, what happen to viscosities of liquid and gas?30. The pressure or pressure difference of liquid can be measured by U-shape pressure gauge. If the reading of R becomes smaller, what kind of gauge can be used in order to keep the accurate measurement?31. What are going on flow rate, total head and brakepower of centrifugal pump if the fluid of density 1200 kg/m3 is transported in the same pipe line compared to? (Other properties of fluid are the same as those of water).32. Somebody says that the total mechanical energy entering section 1-1 equals that leaving section 2-2, what do you think about that? If you consider that it is wrong, what is the correct statement?33. When the pipe changes from horizontal to vertical position and velocity keeps the same, what happens to energy loss?34. The solid dust is removed from gases in a gravity-settling chamber. If settling is within the laminar region, compare the productivity at 20 and 200 o C and which is larger?35. For shell-tube exchangers, what is one-pass? When the flow rate is given, velocity of fluid will _________ and Reynolds Number will______and convective film coefficient will ______ if one-pass change to two-pass.36. For the same velocity entering cyclone, separation factor (efficiency) will _____ with the increase of diameter of cyclone.37. The filter basic equation is derived based on __________.38. What is equivalent diameter for 0.5m square?39. How do you adjust the flow rate of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps?。
物理差的学生赶紧收藏了,初中物理全部知识都在以下思维导图中了
物理差的学生赶紧收藏了,初中物理全部知识都在以下思维导
图中了
这是为大家整理的初中物理全部章节的思维导图。
物理差的同学收藏起来,关注我。
试着搭建物理知识体系架构,总的来说,初中的物理就研究声光电力热,(力和电是重点,分值占的也比较多)以下的思维导图也是从声光电力热顺序
大家可以配合之前分享给大家的课堂笔记一起学习,先复习笔记,再看着思维导图,独立复述,导图的意义在于把知识链接成网,导图是对应章节的提纲。
试着掌握好每个知识模块,吃透每个知识点用导图复习,考试做题的时候能游刃有余,更快。
1 声现象
生现象
2 光现象
3 透镜及其应用
4 物态变化
5 电流和电路
6 电压和电阻
7 欧姆定律
8 电功率(一)——电能与电功率
9、电功率(二)——电热与安全用电
10、电与磁
11 力与运动
12 力和机械(一)——常见的力
13、力和机械(一)——简单机械
14 压强和浮力(一)——压强
15 、压强和浮力(二)——浮力
16 功和机械能
17 热和能
18 信息的传递
19能源与可持续发展
初中的学习思维导图正在制作中,需要一定的时间。
弄好再上传。
流体力学与传热学-1
2、连续介质假设(1753年欧拉)
假定流体是由无穷多个、无穷小的、紧密毗邻、连续不断的流体质点所构 成的一种绝无间隙的连续介质。 流体状态的宏观物理量如速度、压强、密度、温度等都可以作为空间和 时间的连续函数
§1.4 流体的主要物理性质
1、流体的密度与重度
密度: 单位体积内流体的质量
lim
流体之间或流体与固体之间的相互作用力;
流动过程中动量、能量和质量的传输规律等。
2、流体力学的发展简况 1、经验阶段(十七世纪前)
大禹治水 4000多年前的大禹治水 古代已有大规模的治河工程。 (公元前256~210年) 秦代,修建了都江堰、郑国渠、灵渠三大水利工程对明槽水流和堰 流流动规律的认识已经达到相当水平。 (公元前156~前87) 西汉武帝时期,为引洛水灌溉农田,在黄土高原上修建了龙首渠 创造性地采用了井渠法,即用竖井沟通长十余里的穿山隧洞,有效地防 止了黄土的塌方。 真州船闸(960-1126) 北宋时期,在运河上修建的真州船闸与十四世纪末荷兰的同类船相 比,约早三百多年。
两层气体之间的黏性力主要由分子动量交换形成
一般仅随温度变化,液体温度升高黏度减小,气体温度升高黏度增大。
8) 黏性流体和理想流体
黏性流体 实际中的流体都具有粘性,因为都是由分子组成,都存在分子间的 引力和分子的热运动,故都具有黏性。 理想流体(假想没有黏性的流体) 一些情况下基本上符合粘性不大的实际流体的运动规律,可用来描 述实际流体的运动规律,如空气绕流圆柱体时,边界层以外的势流就可 以用理想流体的理论进行描述。 还由于一些黏性流体力学的问题往往是根据理想流体力学的理论进 行分析和研究的。 再者,在有些问题中流体的黏性显示不出来,如均匀流动、流体静 止状态,这时实际流体可以看成理想流体。
东北大学流体力学与传热学-6
信息学院·次英
第六章 稳态热传导
§6.1 几个基本概念
1、温度场 各个时刻空间所有各点温度所组成的集合
数学上来讲,是时间和空间的函数,即
t f ( x, y, z, )
在传热过程中确定物体的温度场是热过程分析的首要目标 稳态温度场
t 0
t f ( x, y, z )
t y
;q z
t z
;
t t t ( ) ( ) ( )]dxdydzd x x y y z z
[2]
微元体中内热源的发热量 dτ 时间内微元体中内热源的生成热:
[2] qv dxdydzd
t dxdydzd
[3]
微元体热力学能的增量
dτ时间内沿x 轴方向导入与导出微元体净热量:
q x dx) dydz d x
dτ时间内沿y 轴方向导入与导出微元体净热量:
dQy dQy dy q y y dy dxdz d
dτ时间内沿z 轴方向导入与导出微元体净热量:
dQz dQz dz q z dz dxdy d z
② 随温度的升高而减小;
液体 0.07~0.7 W ( m K )
3) 固体的导热系数 导热机理 纯金属主要依靠:自由电子的迁移, 合金和非金属主要依靠:晶格的振动 特点 ① 纯金属随温度的升高导热系数 减小 ② 合金和非金属随温度的升高而导 热系数增大;
金属 12~418 W ( m K ) 非金属 0.025~3 W ( m K )
①
若物性参数λ、c和ρ均为常数:
qv t 2t 2t 2t a( ) x 2 y 2 z 2 c
流体力学与传热学详解
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
hw1 hw2 hw3
26
5. 管路特性曲线
泵
风机
所谓管路特性曲线,就是管路中通过的 流量与所需要消耗的能头之间的关系曲线
27
减小流动损失的措施 1. 减小管长、增大直径、降低粗糙度; 2. 减少附加管件、平滑过渡、弯头导流; 3. 管路特性与驱动机械内特性相匹配。
tw1 tw,n1 1 n 1 ln di1
2L i1 i di
39
2.对流换热
基本概念 热对流——流体的宏观运动,使流体各部分之间发生相 对位移,冷热流体相互掺混所引起的热量传递过程。 对流的形式 自然对流:因流体的密度差而引起的流动; 强制对流:流体的流动是由水泵、风机或其他外力 所引起的; 对流换热——流体流过物体表面时的热量传递过程;
1
2
3
i1 i
通过n层平壁的热流密度:
q
tw1
tw,n1
n i
tw1
tw,n1 Ri
i1 i
37
1.稳态导热
圆筒壁的稳态导热
单层圆筒壁的稳态导热: 对于长度为L、无内热源的内、外
径分别为d1、d2的单层圆筒壁,若 其内、外壁温度为tw1和tw2,导热
29
(3)k/de,k=0.15mm
k 5.62 104 de
(4)λ Re = 1.7×105 在湍流过渡区
用希弗林松公式
0.11 k
68
0.25
d Re
(5)R
Rp l de 8.31
λ=0.0194
(6)Δp
1_流体力学与传热学
P p lim A
A 0
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第二节 流体静力学
一、流体静压强及其特性
P Z dA n
流体静压强的方向与受 压面垂直并指向受压面
Y X 0
作用于同一点上各方 向的静压强大小相等
流体静 压强的 特性
第二节 流体静力学
二、流体静压强的分布规律
分析静止液体中压强分布 作用于轴向的外力有:
可忽略。 2、气体有显著的压缩性和膨胀性,t与P的变化对v 影响很大。 3、当气体的温度不过低压强不过高时,T、P、v三
者关系服从理想气体状态方程。
第二节 流体静力学
目的:学习和讨论流体静止状态下 的力学规律及其应用
流体静止时的特点:
不显示其粘滞性,不存在切相应力
流体静止是运动中的一种特殊状态
流体静力学研究的中心问题:
流体静压强的分布规律
第二节 流体静力学
一、流体静压强及其特性
静水压力与静水压强
静止液体作用在与之接触的表面上的水压力称为 静水压力P.
在静水中表面积为A的水体,微小面积△A所受作 用力△P, P P 该微小面积上的平均压强为 A 当△A无限缩小至趋于点K时,K点的静水压强
p1
2
2
图2-5
圆管中有压流动的总水头线与测压管水头线
第四节 流动阻力和水头损失
能量损失的计算
沿程损失
hf
l v2 d 2g
沿管长 均匀发 生
局部损失
局部障 碍引起 的
hm
v2 2g
整个管路的能量损失等于:
各管段的沿程损失和局部 损失之和
第五节 流动阻力和水头损失
整个管路的能量损失等于各管段的沿程损失和局部损失之和.
传热学与流体力学基础
(第四课)
.
传热的三种基本形式
• 热量传递的三种基本方式是:导热(热传 导)、对流(热对流)和热辐射 。
• 传热学是热泵最重要的基础之一:热泵热 水器相当大一部分的设计和制造问题,是 传热问题,在热泵系统的四个主要部件里, 专门用于传热的就有两个,蒸发器与冷凝 器,即俗称的“两器” ;
• 热量传递过程的推动力是“温差”
.
• 由热力学第二定律得知:热量可以自发地 由高温热源传给低温热源;
• 热量传递的必要条件是温差,有温差就会 有传热,温差是热量传递的推动力,没有温 差热量就不会发生传递。
• 热量传递的方向:热量总是由高温的物体 传递给低温的物体,不可能出现相反的热 传递现象。
• 在实际中发生的传热过程,往往是三种传 热方式的共同作用的总和。
• 对流换热是导热与热对流同时存在的复杂热传递 过程。
• 必须有直接接触(流体与壁面)和宏观运动,也 必须有温差。
• 接触壁面处,流体会形成速度梯度很大的边界层 (附面层)
.
对流换热的多种形式
• 按流体是否发生相变划分,有相变的分为 蒸发换热或者冷凝换热,无相变的则成为 普通换热;
• 在空气源热泵热水器的冷凝器和蒸发器内 进行的换热过程,都是有工质发生相变的 对流换热过程,蒸发器中沸腾气化,冷凝 器中凝结液化。
.
导热系数的大致规律
• 对于绝大部分物质来讲,金属的导热系数最 高,液体次之,而气体最低;
• 每种物质都有自己特定的导热系数 。大体上 是固体≥液体≥气体 ;
• 一般的,导电性好的材料,导热性也好; • 导热系数与状态有关,例如冰的导热系数为
2.22 W/( m·k),水的导热系数为0.599 W/( m·k),而水蒸气的导热系数仅为0.0194 W/( m·k)。
《流体力学与传热学》课件
04
传热学应用实例
建筑节能是传热学的重要应用领域,通过合理利用传热学原理,可以有效降低建筑能耗,提高能源利用效率。
建筑设计时,利用传热学原理,合理设计建筑物的保温、隔热、通风等系统,可以有效降低建筑物的热量损失和冷热负荷,从而减少能源消耗。例如,利用保温材料和密封技术减少墙体热传导,利用自然通风和热压差通风降低室内温度等。
流体静力学的基本概念、原理和应用
详细描述
流体静力学是研究流体在静止状态下力学行为的一门学科。主要研究流体内部的压力分布、液体对容器壁的侧压力等,在工程实际中有广泛应用。
总结词
流体动力学的基本概念、原理和应用
详细描述
流体动力学是研究流体在运动状态下力学行为的一门学科。主要研究流体的速度、压力、密度等物理量的变化规律,以及流体与固体壁面的相互作用等,在航空航天、交通运输等领域有重要应用。
随着计算机技术的不断发展,数值模拟与仿真技术在流体力学与传热学中发挥着越来越重要的作用。这些技术可以对流体流动和传热过程进行精确模拟和预测,为实验研究和工程应用提供有力支持。
数值模拟与仿真技术在流体力学与传热学中广泛应用于各种领域。例如,在能源领域,通过对流体流动和传热的数值模拟,优化核能、风能等可再生能源的开发和利用。在环境领域,通过对污染物扩散的数值模拟,评估环境治理措施的有效性。在生物医学领域,通过对生物体内的流体流动和传热的数值模拟,揭示生理过程和疾病机制,为诊断和治疗提供依据。
THANKS
感谢观看
总结词
新能源技术是未来能源发展的方向,传热学在新能源技术的开发和利用中发挥着重要作用。
要点一
要点二
详细描述
太阳能、风能等新能源的开发和利用过程中,传热学原理被广泛应用于设备的热回收、热利用和热控制等方面。例如,太阳能热水器利用传热学原理将太阳能转化为热能,风力发电设备的散热系统和热回收系统也涉及到传热学的知识。
第一章流体力学导论(讲义).
等温压缩率物理意义:衡量流体可压缩性,表示 在一定温度下压强增加一个单位时流体密度的相对增 加率。 由于 v 1 ,所以等温压缩率还可以表示为:
1 v T v p T
等温压缩率另一种物理意义:在一定温度下,压 强增加一个单位时流体体积的相对缩小率。
3)、辐射机理
电磁波范围极广,通常把波长为0.4~40μm范围 的电磁波称为热射线。热射线产生于物质的原子内部, 而引起这种运动的基本原因是物体本身温度。
4)、产生辐射传热的条件 当两个物体温度都在绝对零度以上而且有温差时, 高温物体辐射给低温物体的能量大于低温物体辐射给高 温物体的能量。总的效果是高温物体辐射给低温物体能 量。实验证明:只有当物体的温度大于400℃时,因辐 射而传递的能量才比较显著。
20世纪以来,数学与计算机科学的发展,为 通过仿真研究传热学和流体力学奠定了基础。例如: 利用分析软件分析航天器热量分布,从而为航天器 的隔热设计奠定了理论基础。利用仿真软件分析潜 器形状与受到流体阻力的关系,指导潜器等水下平 台的设计。
第二节 传热学与流体力学的理论基础
一、传热学的理论基础
1、热量传递三种基本形式:
v
v
1
表1.2
4)、流体可压缩性与热膨胀性 (1)可压缩性 : 在外力作用下,体积或密度可以改变的性 质。 (2)热膨胀性:温度改变时流体体积或密度可以改变的性 质。 对于单一组分的流体,密度随压强、温度的改变:
d dp dT T dp dT p T 1 T — 等温压缩率 p T
•
传热学的主要研究内容
传热学是研究热量传递规律的科学
第1章流体力学基础部分
∵ 液体在静止状态下不呈现粘性
∴ 内部不存在切向剪应力而只有法向应力 (2)各向压力相等
∵ 有一向压力不等,液体就会流动
∴ 各向压力必须相等
1.2.2 静止液体中的压力分布
1、液体静力学基本方程式
质量力(重力、惯性力)作用于液体的所有质点 作用于液体上的力
表面力(法向力、切向力、或其它物体或其它容器对液体、一部
赛氏秒SUS:
雷氏秒R:
美国用
英国用
巴氏度0B:
法国用
恩氏粘度与运动粘度之间的换算关系: ν=(7.310E – 6.31/0E)×10-6
m2/s
三、液体的可压缩性
可压缩性: 液体受压力作用而发生体积缩小性质 1、液体的体积压缩系数(液体的压缩率) 定义:体积为V的液体,当压力增大△p时,体积减小△V, 则液体在单位压力变化下体积的相对变化量 公式:
工作介质: 传递运动和动力 液压油的任务 润滑剂: 润滑运动部件 冷却、去污、防锈
1、 对液压油的要求
(1)合适的粘度和良好的粘温特性;
(2)良好的润滑性;
(3)纯净度好,杂质少; (4)对系统所用金属及密封件材料有良好的相容性。 (5)对热、氧化水解都有良好稳定性,使用寿命长; (6)抗泡沫性、抗乳化性和防锈性好,腐蚀性小; (7)比热和传热系数大,体积膨胀系数小,闪点和燃点高,流 动点和凝固点低。(凝点:油液完全失去其流动性的最高温度) (8)对人体无害,对环境污染小,成本低,价格便宜
υ=q/A
1.3.2 连续性方程--质量守恒定律在流体力学中的应用
1、连续性原理--理想液体在管道中恒定流动时,根据质 量守恒定律,液体在管道内既不能增多,也不能减少,因此 在单位时间内流入液体的质量应恒等于流出液体的质量。 2、连续性方程 ρ 1υ1A1=ρ 2υ2A2 若忽略液体可压缩性 ρ 1=ρ 则 υ1A1=υ2A2 或q=υA=常数
第一章 流体力学基础ppt课件(共105张PPT)
原
力〔垂直于作用面,记为 ii〕和两个切向 应力〔又称为剪应力,平行于作用面,记为
理
ij,i j),例如图中与z轴垂直的面上受
到的应力为 zz〔法向)、 zx和 zy〔切
电 向),它们的矢量和为:
子
课
件 τ zzix zjy zkz
返回
前页
后页
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西
1.1 概述
安
交 • 3 作用在流体上的力
大 化
子 课 件
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西
1.2.3 静力学原理在压力和压力差测量上的应用
安
交
大 思索:若U形压差计安装在倾斜管路中,此时读数 R反
化 映了什么?
工 原
理 p1p2
p2
p1 z2
电 子
(0)gR(z2z1)g z1
课
R
件
A A’
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西 1.2.3 静力学原理在压力和压力差测量上的应用
安
交 大
•
2.压差计
化 • (2〕双液柱压差计
p1
p2
工•
原•
理
电•
子•
课
件
又称微差压差计适用于压差较小的场合。
z1
1
z1
密度接近但不互溶的两种指示
液1和2 , 1略小于 2 ;
R
扩p 大1 室p 内2 径与2 U 管1 内g 径之R 比应大于10 。 2
图 1-8 双 液 柱 压 差 计
返回
安
交 大
•
1.压力计
化 • (2〕U形压力计
pa
工 • 设U形管中指示液液面高度差为RA,1 指• 示液
流体力学复习知识结构图
Cd =
qv A 2( gH +
∆p
ρ
)
理论流量(C处的面积没有收缩、出流 处没有局部阻力的影响时C处的流量)
0.60~0.62
Cd Cc = Cv
0.64
第九章 缝隙流动
各种缝隙的流动特性及其流量公式,作为分析 和计算元件泄漏的依据。
平面缝隙 缝隙 环形缝隙 特征: 特征: 小 摩阻大 压差: 压差: Re小 小 压差流 层流 混合流 平行 楔形
U u= z h
U qv = Bh 2
第九章 缝隙流动
3.环形缝隙流动 同心: ∆p u= (h − z ) z 2µ L
π dh3∆p qv = π d ∫ udz = 12 µ L 0
h
偏心:
qe = (1 + 1.5ε )
2
π dδ 3 12 µ l
∆p
流量
沿程能量损失
L v2 hλ = λ d 2g
(其中系数为 Re )
64
第七章 流体在管道中的流动
4.圆管中的紊流流动
δ=
Re(λ)
32.8d
12
水力光滑管、粗糙管
第七章 流体在管道中的流动
5.沿程阻力系数的确定:尼古拉兹试验
L v2 hλ = λ d 2g
∆ λ = f (Re, ) d
一次方阻力区 1.75次方阻力区 平方阻力区
第六章 相似理论与量纲分析
1.相似理论 实际 模型 实际 几何相似是前提,动力相似是主导,运动相似是结果。 相似判据:Fr,Re,Eu. 2.量纲分析 量纲和谐性原理 ∏定理(使用的步骤:第一步 第二步 第三步)
第七章 流体在管道中的流动
vc '