雅思考试阅读模拟试题8含答案

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雅思OG test8阅读答案

雅思OG test8阅读答案Question 11、定位句：We need two or three volunteers who can help。

2、替换词：create。

考生根据Monday evening在录音中定位，录音中提到培训师just moved away，他们需要另外另三个志原者who can help the residents create documents，此处create与题目中produce同义替换，因此答案为documents。

Question 21、定位句：Then on Tuesday afternoons we have an informal class。

2、替换词：we’ve got。

根据Tuesday afternoon在录音中定位。

题目要求填写的是养老院有的可以play的一样东西，而录音中在播放完定位句后，明确提到we’ve got a keyboard and someone who plays，此处定语从句还原，即play a keyboard，因此答案为keyboard。

Question 31、定位句：Then on Thursday mornings we generally have a session in our garden.2、替换词：无。

本题要求填写周四上午的活动为种植什么。

录音首先提到了周四上午在花园中有课程，紧接着提到有一些居民enjoy learning about flowers,where they grow best因此答案很明确为flowers。

Question 41、定位句：Do you have。

2、替换词：not very much。

此题仍然是针对周四上午活动的描述。

咨询者提到Do you have your own tools at the home。

考生对于section1中出现的此类提问要非常敏感，由于回答只会出现肯定或否定，因此答案中所需要填的名词出现在提问句中而自回答句中。

(完整word版)剑桥雅思8阅读理解解析含翻译

雅思模拟测试题及答案

雅思模拟测试题及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确答案。

A. 去图书馆B. 去电影院C. 去超市D. 去公园[答案] B2. 根据所听短文，回答以下问题：Q: 演讲者提到了哪些地方的旅游胜地？A. 巴黎B. 纽约C. 伦敦D. 悉尼[答案] C二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下段落，判断以下陈述是否正确。

陈述一：文中提到了三种不同的学习方法。

陈述二：作者认为自学是最有效的学习方式。

[答案] 陈述一：正确；陈述二：错误。

2. 根据文章内容，选择最佳标题。

A. 学习方法的比较B. 学习环境的重要性C. 学习工具的选择D. 学习时间的管理[答案] A三、写作部分1. 请根据以下图表，写一篇不少于150字的报告，描述该地区的人口变化趋势。

[范文]根据图表显示，该地区在过去十年中经历了显著的人口增长。

2005年，人口数量为500,000，而到了2015年，人口数量增长至750,000。

这种增长趋势反映了该地区经济的快速发展和生活条件的改善。

预计未来几年，人口数量将继续增长。

2. 请针对以下问题写一篇议论文，阐述你的观点。

问题：是否应该在城市中禁止使用私家车？[范文]私家车在城市中的使用带来了诸多问题，如交通拥堵和环境污染。

然而，私家车也为人们的出行提供了便利。

我认为，应该通过提高公共交通的效率和鼓励使用环保车辆来逐步减少私家车的使用，而不是立即禁止。

四、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的一项运动，并解释为什么喜欢它。

[答案]我最喜欢的运动是游泳。

我喜欢游泳，因为它是一项全身运动，可以锻炼身体的各个部位。

此外，游泳还能帮助我放松心情，减轻压力。

2. 讨论一下你如何看待社交媒体对青少年的影响。

[答案]社交媒体对青少年有着复杂的影响。

一方面，它为青少年提供了与朋友交流和获取信息的平台。

另一方面，过度使用社交媒体可能导致青少年沉迷于虚拟世界，影响他们的学习和社交能力。

因此，家长和学校应该引导青少年合理使用社交媒体。

雅思ogtest8阅读答案passage3

雅思ogtest8阅读答案passage3原文题目及答案解析内容本文为大家带来雅思OGtest8阅读passage3原文题目及答案解析内容。

Left or right?An overview of some research into liberalization: the dominance of one side of the body over the otherACreatures across the animal kingdom have a preference for one foot, eye or even antenna. The cause of this trait, called liberalization, is fairly simple: one side of the brain, which generally controls the opposite side of the body, is more dominant than the other when processing certain tasks. This does, on some occasions, let the animal down: such as when a toad fails to escape from a snake approaching from the right, just because its right eye is worse at spotting danger than its left. So why would animals evolve a characteristic that seems to endanger them?BFor many years it was assumed that liberalization was a uniquely human trait, but this notion rapidly fell apart as researchers started uncovering evidence of liberalization in all sorts of animals. For example, in the 1970s, Lesley Rogers, now at the University of New England in Australia, was studying memory and learning in chicks. She had been injecting a chemical into chicks brains to stop them learning how to spot grains of food among distracting pebbles, and was surprised to observe that the chemical only worked when applied to the left hemisphere of the brain. That strongly suggested that the right side of the chicks brain played little or no role in the learning of such behaviours. Similar evidence appeared in songbirds and rats around the same time, and since then, researchers have built up an impressive catalogue of animal liberalization.CIn some animals, liberalization is simply a preference for a single paw or foot, while in others it appears in more general patterns of behaviour. The left side of most vertebrate brains, for example, seems to process and control feeding. Since the left hemisphere processes input from the right side of the body, that means animals as diverse as fish, toads and birds are more likely to attack prey or food items viewed with their right eye. Even humpback whales prefer to use the right side of their jaws to scrape sand eels from the ocean floor.DGenetics plays a part in determining liberalization, but environmental factors have an impact too. Rogers found that a chick's liberalization depends on whether it is exposed to light before hatching from its egg - if it is kept in the dark during this period, neither hemisphere becomes dominant. In 2004, Rogers used this observation to test the advantages of brain bias in chicks faced with the challenge of multitasking. She hatched chicks with either strong or weak liberalization, then presented the two groups with food hidden among small pebbles and the threatening shape of a fake predator flying overhead. As predicted, the birds incubated in the light looked for foodmainly with their right eye, while using the other to check out the predator. The weakly-lateralized chicks, meanwhile, had difficulty performing these two activities simultaneously.ESimilar results probably hold true for many other animals. In 2006, Angelo Bisazza at the University of Padua set out to observe the differences in feeding behaviour between strongly-lateralized and weakly-lateralized fish. He found that strongly-lateralized individuals were able to feed twice as fast as weakly-lateralized ones when there was a threat of a predator looming above them. Assigning different jobs to different brain halves may be especially advantageous for animals such as birds or fish, whose eyes are placed on the sides of their heads. This enables them to process input from each side separately, with different tasks in mind.FAnd what of those animals who favour a specific side for almost all tasks? In 2009, Maria Magat and Culum Brown at Macquarie University in Australia wanted to see if there was general cognitive advantage in liberalization. To investigate, they turned to parrots, which can be either strongly right- or left-footed, or ambidextrous (without dominance). The parrots were given the intellectually demanding task of pulling a snack on a string up to their beaks, using a co-ordinated combination of claws and beak. The results showed that the parrots with the strongest foot preferences worked out the puzzle far more quickly than their ambidextrous peers.GA further puzzle is why are there always a few exceptions, like left-handed humans, who are wired differently from the majority of the population? Giorgio Vallortigara and Stefano Ghirlanda of Stockholm University seem to have found the answer via mathematical models. These have shown that a group of fish is likely to survive a shark attack with the fewest casualties if the majority turn together in one direction while a very small proportion of the group escape in the direction that the predator is not expecting.HThis imbalance of liberalization within populations may also have advantages for individuals. Whereas most co-operative interactions require participants to react similarly, there are some situations - such as aggressive interactions - where it can benefit an individual to launch an attack from an unexpected quarter. Perhaps this can partly explain the existence of left-handers in human societies. It has been suggested that when it comes tohand-to-hand fighting, left-handers may have the advantage over the right-handed majority. Where survival depends on the element of surprise, it may indeed pay to be different.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 In the 1970s, Lesley Rogers discovered that28 Angelo Bisazza’s experiments revealed that29 Magat and Brown’s studies show that30 Vallortigara and Ghirlanda’s research findings suggest thatA liberalization is more common in some species than in others.B it benefits a population if some members have a different liberalization than the majority.C liberalization helps animals do two things at the same time.D liberalization is not confined to human beings.E the greater an animal’s liberalization, the better it is at problem-solving.F strong liberalization may sometimes put groups of animals in danger.Questions 31-35 Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.Lesley Rogers’ 2004 Experimentliberalization is determined by both genetic and 31__________ influences. Rogers found that chicks whose eggs are given 32__________ during the incubation period tend to have a stronger liberalization. Her 2004 experiment set out to prove that these chicks were better at 33__________ than weakly lateralized chicks. As expected, the strongly lateralized birds in the experiment were more able to locate 34__________ using their right eye, while using their left eye to monitor an imitation 35__________ located above them.Questions 36-40Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.36 description of a study which supports another scientist’s findings37 the suggestion that a person could gain from having an opposing liberalization to most of the population38 reference to the large amount of knowledge of animal liberalization that has accumulated39 research findings that were among the first to contradict a previous belief40 a suggestion that liberalization would seem to disadvantage animalsQuestion 27答案：D关键词：Lesley Rogers定位原文：B段最后两句“That strongly suggested that the right side … animal liberalization.”解题思路：利用人名Lesley Rogers作为关键词，定位到B段，关于Lesley Rogers所做的实验发现，需要具体定位到B段最后2句话，“这有力地表明，在这些行为的学习中，小鸡的大脑右侧发挥了很少或没有作用。

雅思考试模拟试题及答案（阅读部分

雅思考试模拟试题及答案（阅读部分雅思考试模拟试题及答案(阅读部分）以下是应届毕业生网店铺为同学们收集雅思考试模拟试题及答案(阅读部分)，供大家参考!1.Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles. Anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws.Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with careful research. They are key indicators of a group's health and happiness. Within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort and companionship to the family members with emotional needs.1.Why does the author mention a store clerk and a judge in paragraph 1?A. To give examples of people who hold positions of respects.B. To explain why social roles are important to a society.C. To illustrate the behavior required of certain social roles.D. To compare the responsibilities of two different occupations.2.Why does the author use the term key indicators in discussing informal social roles?A.To identify the most important type of social roles.B.To explain how to identify informal social rolesC.To point out that informal roles are unique to familiesD.To emphasize the value of informal roles to a group答案:1.C2.D2.The many part of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth’s surface to produce a whole---the climate system. Different par ts of the earth’s surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates.We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate---storms, blizzards, and droughts.1.Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth’s surface in paragraph 1?A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in othersB.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materialsC.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphereD.To describe changes in the earth’s appearance throughout the year.2.According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climateB.We must create an interesting model of the climate systemC.We must develop an understanding of our environmentD.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.(思考)3. Read the sentence below and write an essay which will have a minimum of 100 words.Our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions.答案：1.C2.A3. veral men have been responsible for promoting forestry asa profession. Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of the professional forestry in America. He was chief of the Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University. Another great forester was Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service. He organized the first American school of professional forestry at Cornell University.The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees.They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales. They also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities.1.Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today?A.To describe different philosophies of forestry managementB.To show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 yearsC.To argue for the expansion of university forestry programsD.To introduce the type of work done by professional foresters2.All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPTA.what foresters do besides protecting treesB.how to select a good school of forestryC.people who promoted forestry as a careerD.management of timber and timber sales3. Think about how professors can contribute their wisdom to the public affairs. Write down your contemplations in a essay which have a minimum of 100 words.答案 :1.D2.B4. clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however, the rules for what is acceptable dress for that group may change. In affluent societies, this changing of the rules is the driving force behind fashions. By keeping up with fashions, that is, by changing their clothing style frequently butsimultaneously, members of a group both satisfy their desire for novelty and obey the rules, thus demonstrating their membership in the group.There are some interesting variations regarding individual status. Some people, particularly in the West, consider themselves of such high status that they do not need to display it with their clothing. For example, many wealthy people in the entertainment industry appear in very casual clothes, such as the worn jeans and work boots of a manual laborer. However, it is likely that a subtle but important signal, such as an expensive wristwatch, will prevail over the message of the casual dress. Such an inverted status display is most likely to occur where the person’s high status is conveyed in ways other than with clothing, such as having a famous face.1.According to the author, fashions serve all the following purposes EXCEPTA.satisfying an interest in noveltyB.signaling a change in personal beliefsC.displaying membership in a social groupD.following traditional rules2.Why does the author discuss individual status in paragraph 2?A.To state that individuals status is not important in the WestB.To argue that individuals need not obey every fashion ruleC.To contrast the status of entertainers with that of manual laborersD.To explain how high status may involve an inverted status display3. with the booming economy and rising status, Chinese people are beginning to remember the clothing belonging to ourown nation which is called “han fu”(汉服)，and some youth have worn them in some traditional festivals. Please write an essay to express your own thinking.答案：1.B2.DThe war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?A. to show how the war for independence affected the economyB. to compare the economic power of two different regionsC. to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in AmericaD. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?A. to show that half of New York remained loyal to BritainB. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New YorkD. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York3. Chinese people had fought for independence from foreign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.答案：1.A2.CThe discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. Because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from penetratingthe food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. Freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. When properly prepared and packed, foods and vegetables can be stored in the freezer for one year.Most vegetables and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. The result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. Proper blanching curtails the enzyme action, which vegetables require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. This process is done in two ways, either by plunging vegetables in a large amount of rapidly boiling water for a few minutes or by steaming them. For steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. Different vegetables require different blanching times, and specified times for each vegetable must be observed. Under-blanching is like no blanching at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vegetables.1.Why does the author mention 32 degrees Fahrenheit?A.To suggest the storage temperature for most foodsB.To identify the freezing point of waterC.To state the correct setting for a freezerD.To give the temperature for blanching2.Why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching?A.To state that blanching is expensive but very effectiveB.To warn that not blanching will harm the food’s nutritional valueC.To emphasize the importance of blanching only a few items at a timeD.To show that many people waste food by blanching improperly3. In our daily life, there are a lot of traditional and scientific methods to maintain the foods’ nutrients, please write an essay to introduce the process of one way.答案：1.B2.BThe house style that dominated American housing during the 1880s and 1890s was known as Queen Anne, a curious name for an American style. The name was, in fact, a historical accident, originating with fashionable architects in Victorian England who coined it with apparently no reason other than its pleasing sound. The Queen Anne style was loosely based on medieval structures built long before 1702, the beginning year of Queen Anne’s reign.A distinctive characteristic found in most Queen Anne houses is the unusual roof shape --- a steeply pitched, hipped central portion with protruding lower front and side extensions that end in gables. It is often possible to spot these distinctive roof forms from several blocks away. Another feature of this style is the detailing, shown in the wood shingle siding cut into fanciful decorative patterns of scallops, curves, diamonds, or triangles. Queen Anne houses are almost always asymmetrical. If you draw an imaginary line down the middle of one, you will see how drastically different the right and left sides are, all the way from ground level to roof peak. A final characteristic is the inviting wraparound porch that includes the front door area and then extends around to either the right or left side of the house.Queen Anne houses faded from fashion early in the twentieth century as the public’s taste shifted toward the more modern Prairie and Craftsman style houses. Today, however, Queen Anne houses are favorite symbols of the past, painstakingly and lovingly restored by old-house buffs and reproduced by builders who give faithful attention to the distinctive shapes and detailing that were first popularized more than one hundred years ago.1. Why does the author use the word curious in describing the name of an American style?A.The style was invented before Queen Anne’s reign.B.The name was accidentally misspelled.C.The style was more popular in Victorian England.D.The name did not originate in American.2. The word it in paragraph 1 refers toA. styleB. nameC. accidentD. England3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic feature of Queen Anne houses?A. decorative windowsB. wood shingle exterior wallsC. large porchD. steeply pitched roof4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Queen Anne style?A. the Queen Anne style combined several other styles.B. the Queen Anne style had to be built in the city.C. the Queen Anne style was elaborate and ornate.D. the Queen Anne style was not very popular.5. The word buffs in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA. expertsB. sellersC. criticsD. painters6. Can you predict the main element which the architects will concern for next generation of house style? Write an essay to give your opinions.答案：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.AOne of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown,unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain element s of sentence structure. For example “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.1.Which of the following statements is true of color commentary?A.It narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense.B.It is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker.C.It is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event.D.It gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event.2.Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?A.To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-playB.To show how technical sports commentary isC.To give examples of play-by-play commentaryD.To criticize past trends in sports commentary3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely agrees with which of the following statements about sports commentary?A.Color commentary is more important than play-by-play commentaryB.Sports commentators do not need special knowledge of the sport.mentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports.D.Sports commentators should work hard to improve their grammar.答案:1. D2. A3.C。

剑桥雅思8阅读原文+答案解析-Test2Passage3

剑桥雅思8阅读原文+答案解析-Test2Passage3剑桥雅思8阅读解析：文章结构体裁：说明文主要内容：气味对于人类的影响。

结构：A 段 :气味会引起人类情绪的变化。

B 段 :气味在人际关系中的作用。

C 段 :气味的作用和影响往往被人们忽视。

D 段 :有时候很难准确描述气味。

E 段 :关于气味的未来研究趋势。

F 段 :气味划分人群,具备文化研究价值。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：考题解析 Questions 27-32●题型归类 :List of Headings 可先找出段落中的主题句,再找出其句子中的关键词(多为句子的主干),与句中关键词意思相同的选项即为正确答案。

但应注意同义替换,如果选项中与文章中使用完全相同的词,则多为混淆选项。

题目解析题目编号题目选项句意段落主题句题解27 viii 气味与感觉之间的关系第2句答案 viii 本段先是提到了一项关于气味的研究, 接着说 smell can evoke strong emotional response, 点明了本段的主题。

原文中的evoke strong emotional responses 对应选项 viii 中的 feelings。

28 ii 气味在人际关系间扮演的角色第1句答案 ii 本段第 1 句综述气味和社交的关系, 第 2 句中的 loved one, 第 3 句中的 infants 和 mothers,第 4 句中的 women and men, 最后一句中的 family members 则都是选项 ii 中 personal relationships 的具体表现形式。

29 vi 为什么我们的嗅觉被低估第1句答案 vi 原文中的 the most undervalued sense 对应选项 vi 中的 not appreciated。

30 i 讨论气味这一话题的困难所在第1句答案 i 原文中的 elusive phenomenon 对应选项 i 中的 difficulties of talking about smells。

2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案(卷八)

2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案（卷八）雅思阅读文本：The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from sat ellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed.Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionizeand excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas,which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.雅思阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles(C) The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras2. The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) ideas(B) stars(C) events(D) colors3. The word "picture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) frame(B) imagine(C) describe(D) explain4. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere(C) it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind(D) it is strongest in the polar regions5. The word "them" in line 16 refers to(A) polar regions(B) electrons(C) atoms and molecules(D) aurora radiations6.According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?(A) greenish-white(B) crimson(C) blue(D) violet7. The word "emit" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) change from(B) connect with(C) add to(D) give off8. The word "glowing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) shining(B) moving(C) charging(D) hanging9.Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth(B) solar flares are very intense(C) the speed of the solar wind is reduced(D) the excitation of atoms is low10. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding ofauroras?(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.(C) Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in auroras.(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will beavailable.11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "magnetosphere" (line 6)(B) "electrons" (line 15)(C) "ionize" (line 15)(D) "fusion" (line 29)雅思阅读答案：BCBBCADABAAEconomic EvolutionA Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation producedby random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive”and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur.But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation”in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about beingconquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayeknever makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.Questions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement if falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passageSKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.Questions 6-8Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?A a strict ruleB a smart strategyC a tightly managed authorityD a powerful legislation7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economicsA an official announcementB a diplomatic eventC the exchange of goodsD certain written correspondenceE some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situationQuestions 9-13SummaryComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that therelationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.文章题目：经济进化论篇章结构体裁论说文题目经济进化论结构A段：Yanomam人和曼哈顿人在年收入及库存单位上存在巨大差异B段：介绍复杂适应系统C段：物质经济通过产品生产和产品选择完成进化D段：经济由下而上进行选择E段：经济进化论解释了采猎者如何进化为贸易者F段：贸易可以自由演化，也可以由更高力量来控制试题分析Question 1-13题目类型：LIST OF HEADINGS题号定位词文中对应点题目解析1 SKUs A段第三句A段提到SKUs(库存单位)，只是将Yanomam 人和曼哈顿人在年收入和库存单位上的差异做了一个比较，并未说明SKUs是否能够衡量经济发展水平。

剑桥雅思8阅读解析【答案;范文】

我的托福雅思必过
剑桥雅思8阅读解析【答案范文】
剑桥雅思8阅读解析包括了详细的答案及范文，剑桥雅思是官方指定的复习资料，深受中国考生的欢送。

今天为大家收集了剑桥雅思阅读8解析的详细内容，同学们可以适当的参考一下！
剑桥雅思8阅读解析包括test1、2、3个局部，每个局部都做了详细的解答，感兴趣的同学记得耐着性子看完。

〔此内容来源互联网如有问题请及时跟我们联系〕剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1
体裁
主要内容：
由古及今介绍计时的历史。

说明文
A 段:介绍古巴比伦人的计时方法。

B 段:月亮对于历法计时的社会重要性。

C 段:介绍古埃及人的计时方法。

结构D 段:形形色色的计时器陆续出现,尽管并不完美。

E 段:机械计时器引发各国最终统一校准开始时间。

F 段:介绍最早的重力驱动机械钟。

G 段:机械钟的进一步改进,并成为最早的座钟。

H 段:今天的计时器。

解析：
Questions 1-4
● 题型归类:Matching 此题解题时可先划出题目中的关键词,然后迅速回到文章寻找其同义替换后的对应词。

其间可大致通过题目中的关键词猜想其在文章的位置与段落特点。

Questions 5-8
● 题型归类:Matching 此题为两局部匹配题。

可先划出句子中关键词,然后根据题目中需进行匹配的第二局部所出现的国家名称,在其周围寻找所划关键词的同义替换。

雅思考试模拟试题及答案解析(8)

雅思考试模拟试题及答案解析（8）(1~10/共10题)SECTION 1Play00:00…Volume第1题Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. SHORT STAY ACCOMMODATIONFamily Name: MackinlayFirst Name: 1Country of Origin: 2Date of Arrival: 3Number of Tenants: 4Length of Stay: 2 weeksPurpose of Visit: 5Type of Accommodation: 6Number of Bedrooms: one or twoCar Parking: off-street and 7General Area: near the beachOther Requirements: near 8Name of Town: 9Client's Email: smac13@Price Range: up to $ 10 a week第2题第3题第4题第5题第6题第7题第8题第9题第10题下一题(11~20/共10题)SECTION 2Play00:00…Volume第11题Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Refreshments will be servedA.at the front counter.B.in the lobby.C.at the back of the hall.第12题Nick Noble advertisedA.on the radio.B.on a billboard.C.in the newspaper.第13题The original number of founding members was aboutA.12.B.20.C.200.第14题The club provides activities primarily for reasonably fitA.males up to 75.B.females with young children.C.males and females of any age.第15题Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Activity Day(s) Duration Contact person5 Tuesday & Saturday a bout 3-5 hours coordinator6 Thursday & Sunday up to 3 hours 7Wanderers Sunday 8 leader9Weekends Saturday & Sunday all weekend 10第16题第17题第18题第19题第20题上一题下一题(21~30/共10题)SECTION 3Play00:00…Volume第21题Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer."Research Methodology"●Use scientific method based on empirical evidence (= 1 )●Find a research problem or question- a commonly held belief e.g. lack of sleep has negative impact on2- review the literature- an everyday problem: e.g. research different memorisation3●Define your variables●Develop a hypothesis●Conduct 4 research- books; journals; online databases & websites- make notes and create 5●Select an experimental design- pre-experimental = experimental group only- quasi-experimental = include control group but not random- true experimental = both kinds of groups + random●Standardise your 6- compare like with like●Choose your participants●Use different 7 :- random sample = select from same group- stratified random sample = select from subsets with different8●Conduct tests and collect data●Analyse the results- use 9 methods (to be covered next week)●Write up and communicate results- 10 and ______ of paper is important; tips for writing (to be covered next two weeks) 第22题第23题第24题第25题第26题第27题第28题第29题第30题上一题下一题(31~40/共10题)SECTION 4Play00:00…Volume第31题Answer the questions below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.When did Mt. Pinatubo erupt for the first time?第32题When was the earthquake measuring 7.8 recorded?第33题When did the experts begin to study Mt. Pinatubo?第34题What fell on the local villages on 2nd April?第35题What does a 'Level 5' alert mean?第36题Complete the summary below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Several large earthquakes were triggered by the eruption of Pinatubo on 15th June 1991 because of the 6 of the summit. The 'caldera' thus created considerably reduced the height of the mountain. At the same time a 7 was passing by and the rain associated with it mixed with the cinders in the air to form a substance called 'tephra' which fell on the 8 of homes causing them to collapse, crushing hundreds of people.During the eruption, large amounts of sulphur dioxide gas were emitted, which combined with 9 to make sulphuric acid which was responsible for a great deal of ozone depletion above Antarctica. The overall effect of the cloud from this great eruption was the lowering of 10 . 第37题第38题第39题第40题上一题下一题(41~53/共13题)PASSAGE 1A disaster of Titanic proportionsAt 11.39 p.m. on the evening of Sunday 14 April 1912, lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee on the forward mast of the Titanic sighted an eerie, black mass coming into view directly in front of the ship. Fleet picked up the phone to the helm, waited for Sixth Officer Moody to answer, and yelled "Iceberg, right ahead!" The greatest disaster in maritime history was about to be set in motion.Thirty-seven seconds later, despite the efforts of officers in the bridge and engine room to steer around the iceberg, the Titanic struck a piece of submerged ice, bursting rivets in the ship's hull and flooding the first five watertight compartments. The ship's designer, Thomas Andrews, carried out a visual inspection of the ship's damage and informed Captain Smith at midnight that the ship would sink in less than two hours. By 12.30 a.m., the lifeboats were being filled with women and children, after Smith had given the command for them to be uncovered and swung out 15 minutes earlier. The first lifeboat was successfully lowered 15 minutes later, with only 28 of its 65 seats occupied. By 1.15 a.m., the waterline was beginning to reach the Titanic's name on the ship's bow, and over the next hour every lifeboat would be released as officers struggled to maintain order amongst the growing panic on board.The closing moments of the Titanic's sinking began shortly after 2 a.m., as the last lifeboat was lowered and the ship's propellers lifted out of the water, leaving the 1,500 passengers still on board to surge towards the stern. At 2.17 a.m., Harold Bride and Jack Philips tapped out their last wireless message after being relieved of duty as the ship's wireless operators, and the ship's band stopped playing. Less than a minute later, occupants of the lifeboats witnessed the ship's lights flash once, then go black, and a huge roar signalled the Titanic's contents plunging towards the bow, causing the front half of the ship to break off and go under. The Titanic's stern bobbed up momentarily, and at 2.20 a.m., the ship finally disappeared beneath the frigid waters.What or who was responsible for the scale of this catastrophe? Explanations abound, some that focus on very small details. Due to a last minute change in the ship's officer line-up, iceberg lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were making do without a pair of binoculars that anofficer transferred off the ship in Southampton had left in a cupboard onboard, unbeknownst to any of the ship's crew. Fleet, who survived the sinking, insisted at a subsequent inquiry that he could have identified the iceberg in time to avert disaster if he had been in possession of the binoculars.Less than an hour before the Titanic struck the iceberg, wireless operator Cyril Evans on the Californian, located just 20 miles to the north, tried to contact operator Jack Philips on the Titanic to warn him of pack ice in the area. "Shut up, shut up, you're jamming my signal", Philips replied. "I'm busy." The Titanic's wireless system had broken down for several hours earlier that day, and Philips was clearing a backlog of personal messages that passengers had requested to be sent to family and friends in the USA. Nevertheless, Captain Smith had maintained the ship's speed of 22 knots despite multiple earlier warnings of ice ahead. It has been suggested that Smith was under pressure to make headlines by arriving early in New York, but maritime historians such as Richard Howell have countered this perception, noting that Smith was simply following common procedure at the time, and not behaving recklessly.One of the strongest explanations for the severe loss of life has been the fact that the Titanic did not carry enough lifeboats for everyone on board. Maritime regulations at the time tied lifeboat capacity to ship size, not to the number of passengers on board. This meant that the Titanic, with room for 1,178 of its 2,222 passengers, actually surpassed the Board of Trade's requirement that it carry lifeboats for 1,060 of its passengers. Nevertheless, with lifeboats being lowered less than half full in many cases, and only 712 passengers surviving despite a two and a half hour window of opportunity, more lifeboats would not have guaranteed more survivors in the absence of better training and preparation. Many passengers were confused about where to go after the order to launch lifeboats was given; a lifeboat drill scheduled for earlier on the same day that the Titanic struck the iceberg was cancelled by Captain Smith, in order to allow passengers to attend church.第41题Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.Time Person/s Positi6n Action11.39 p.m. 1 2 Reported sighting of iceberg3 Andrews Ship's designer Reported how long the Titanic couldstay afloat12.15 a.m. Smith Captain Ordered 4 to be released2.17 a.m. Bride & Philips 5 Relayed final 6第42题第43题第44题第45题第46题第47题Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on thisThe binoculars for the men on watch had been left in a crew locker in Southampton.第48题The missing binoculars were the major factor leading to the collision with the iceberg.第49题Philips missed notification about the ice from Evans because the Titanic's wireless system was not functioning at the time.第50题Captain Smith knew there was ice in the area.第51题Howell believed the captain's failure to reduce speed was an irresponsible action.第52题The Titanic was able to seat more passengers in lifeboats than the Board of Trade required.第53题A lifeboat drill would have saved more lives.上一题下一题(54~66/共13题)PASSAGE 2Reading Passage 2 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct headings for sections A-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. Construction of special cinemas for 3-Dii. Good returns forecast for immediate futureiii. The greatest 3-D film of all timeiv. End of traditional movies for childrenv. Early developmentsvi. New technology diminishes the artvii. The golden age of moviesviii. In defence of 3-Dix. 3-D is here to stayx. Undesirable visual effectsThree dimensional filmsA. In the theatre of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, on the evening of 27 September 1922, a new form of film-making made its commercial debut: 3-D1. The film, The Power of Love, was then shown in New York City to exhibitors and press, but was subsequently not picked up for distribution and is now believed to be lost. The following three decades were a period of quiet experimentation for 3-D pioneers, as they adapted to new technologies and steadily improved the viewing experience. In 1952 the "golden era" of 3-D is considered to have begun with the release of Bwana Devil, and over the next several years audiences met with a string of films that used the technology. Over the following decades it waxed and waned within film-making circles, peaking in the 1970s and again in the 1990s when IMAX gained traction, but it is only in the last few years that 3-D appears to have firmly entered mainstream production.B. Released worldwide in December 2009, the fantasy film Avatar quickly became thehighest-grossing film ever made, knocking Titanic from the top slot. Avatar, set in 2154 on a planet in a distant solar system, went on to become the only film to have earned US$2 billion world-wide, and is now approaching the $3 billion mark. The main reason for its runaway popularity appears to be its visual splendour; though most critics praised the film, it was mostly on account of its ground-breaking special effects. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times praised Avatar's "powerful" visual accomplishments, but suggested the dialogue was "flat" and the characterisations "obvious". A film analyst at Exhibitor Relations has agreed, noting that Avatar has cemented the use of 3-D as a production and promotional tool for blockbuster films, rather than as a mere niche or novelty experiment. "This is why all these 3-D venues were built", he said. "This is the one. The behemoth... The holy grail of 3-D has finally arrived".C. Those who embrace 3-D note that it spices up a trip to the cinema by adding a more active "embodied" layer of experience instead of the viewer passively receiving the film through eyes and ears only. A blogger on Animation Ideas writes, "...when 3-D is clone well—like in the flying scenes in Up, How to Train Your Dragon and Avatar, there is an added feeling of vertigo. If you have any fear of heights, the 3-D really adds to this element..." Kevin Carr argues that the backlash against 3-D is similar to that which occurred against CGI2 several years ago, and points out that CGI is now widely regarded as part of the film-maker's artistic toolkit. He also notes that new technology is frequently seen to be a "gimmick" in its early days, pointing out that many commentators slapped the first "talkie" films of the early 1920s with this same label.D. But not everyone greets the rise of 3-D with open arms. Some ophthalmologists point out that 3-D can have unsettling physical effects for many viewers. Dr. Michael Rosenberg, a professor at Northwestern University, has pointed out that many people go through life with minor eye disturbances—a slight muscular imbalance, for example—that does not interrupt day-to-day activities. In the experience of a 3-D movie, however, this problem can be exacerbated through the viewer trying to concentrate on unusual visual phenomena. Dr. Deborah Friedman, from the University of Rochester Medical Center, notes that the perception of depth conjured through three dimensions does not complement the angles from which we take in the world. Eyestrains, headaches and nausea are therefore a problem for around 15% of a 3-D film audience.E. Film critic Roger Ebert warns that 3-D is detrimental to good film-making. Firstly, he argues, the technology is simply unnecessary; 2-D movies are "already" 3-D, as far as our minds are concerned. Adding the extra dimension with technology, instead of letting our minds do the work, can actually be counter-purposeful and make the over-all effect seem clumsy and contrived. Ebert also points out that the special glasses dim the effect by soaking up light from the screen, making 3-D films a slightly duller experience than they might otherwise be. Finally, Ebert suggests that 3-D encourages film-makers to undercut drama and narrative in favour of simply piling on more gimmicks and special effects. "Hollywood is racing headlong toward the kiddie market," he says, pointing to Disney's announcement that it will no longer make traditional films in favour of animation, franchises, and superheroes.F. Whether or not 3-D becomes a powerful force for the film-maker's vision and the film-going experience, or goes down in history as an over-hyped, expensive novelty, the technology certainly shows no signs of fading in the popularity stakes at the moment. Clash of the Titans, Alice in Wonderland and How to Train Your Dragon have all recently benefited at the box office due to the added sales that 3-D provides, and with Avatar's record set to last some time as a totem of 3-D's commercial possibilities, studios are not prepared to back down.注：1. Three Dimensional2. Computer Generated Imagery第54题Section A第55题Section B第56题Section C第57题Section D第58题Section E第59题Section F第60题Look at the following statements (Questions 20-26) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.NB Some options may not be used.List of PeopleA. Kenneth TuranB. Exhibitor Relations' analystC. Animation Ideas' bloggerD. Kevin Can"E. Dr Michael RosenbergF. Dr Deborah FriedmanG. Roger Ebert3-D conflicts with our mental construct of our surroundings.第61题3-D encourages an over-emphasis on quick visual thrills.第62题Effective use of 3-D technology may increase our sensation of elevation.第63题3-D viewing can worsen an existing visual disorder.第64题Avatar is the most powerful example of 3-D yet to arrive in cinemas.第65题Avatar's strength is found in its visual splendour, not in aspects of story.第66题People already have the mental capacity to see ordinary movies in three dimensions. 上一题下一题(67~80/共14题)PASSAGE 3Austerity MeasuresAusterity measures are actions that a state undertakes in order to pay back its creditors. These measures typically involve slashing government expenditure and hiking taxes, and most of the time these are imposed on a country when its national deficit is believed to have become unsustainable. In this situation, banks may lose trust in the government's ability or willingness to repay existing debts, and in return can refuse to roll over current loans and demand cripplingly excessive interest rates on new lending. Governments frequently then turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), an inter-governmental organisation that functions as a lender of last resort. In return, the IMF typically demands austerity measures so that the indebted country is able to curtail its budget deficit and fulfil their loan obligations.A wave of austerity measures across Europe in 2010 has seen cuts and freezes to pensions, welfare and public sector salaries as well as hikes to some taxes and excises. The Greek programme attempts to narrow its budget shortfall from 8.1 percent of GDP in 2010 to 2.6 percent of GDP in 2014 primarily by freezing public sector incomes during that period and reducing public sector allowances by 8 percent. Additionally, VAT—the Greek sales tax—will be elevated to 23 percent, and excises on fuel, tobacco and alcohol are also subject to an increase. The statutory retirement age for women will be raised to 65, matching it with the current retirement age for men. These reforms have been deeply unpopular in Greece, prompting a succession of general strikes that have further dented the economy.IMF-imposed austerity measures have been indicted for encouraging the deep recession following the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Starting from the early 1990s, international investors from wealthier countries such as Japan and the United States began pouring money into Southeast Asia, looking to make some quick returns, and the soaring economies of Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and others earned themselves the title "the Asian tigers". When things started to turn sour, however, the foreign investors panicked and retracted their investments en masse, decimating Asian currencies and turning millions of employees out of work. The IMF's role in the recovery was to impose austerity measures that kept interest rates high while driving down wages and labour standards at a time when workers were already suffering. According to one former IMF economist, these interventions on a global scale have caused the deaths of 6 million children every year.Many economists consequently view austerity measures as a terrible blunder. John Maynard Keynes was the first to propose an alternative method, long before the Asian financial crisis. Governments, he attempted to demonstrate, could conceivably spend their national economy out of debt. Although logically implausible at first blush, this argument is based on the notion that recessions deepen from a persistent cycle of low incomes, low consumer spending and low business growth. A government can theoretically reverse this downward spiral by injecting the economy with much needed (albeit borrowed) capital. This is not equivalent to an indebted consumer spending further into the red, Keynes argued, because while the consumer gains no further income on that expenditure, the government's dollar goes into the economy and then partially boomerangs later on in the form of taxation.Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz follows up on this approach by noting that households across the world are currently burdened with debt. For businesses to grow, he argues, government and consumer expenditure must kick in first. Austerity measures lower the spending capacity of households, and are therefore considered under-productive. Another recipient of the Nobel Prize, Paul Krugman, points to the recent experiences of countries such as Ireland, Latviaand Estonia. Countries that implement austerity are the "good soldiers" of the crisis, he notes, implementing savage spending cuts. "But their reward has been a slump—and financial markets continue to treat them as a serious default risk".In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister David Cameron defended the necessity of austerity measures for his country by denouncing the frivolity of governments that ratchet up spending at a time the economy is contracting. This is in line with the counter-Keynesian viewpoint, known broadly as the neoclassical position. Neoclassical economists argue that business is "inspired" by fiscally conservative governments, and this "confidence" helps re-ignite the economy. A British think-tank economist, Marshall Auerback, questions this line of thinking, wondering if Cameron suggests governments should only "ratchet up spending when the economy is growing." This, Auerback warns, should be avoided because it presents genuine inflationary dangers.第67题Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.A government can undergo austerity measures by cutting spending and/or raising 1 . If banks do not believe that a government will settle its debts, they may ask for 2 that are too high to pay back. In these cases, the IMF is sometimes prepared to lend money to these governments. One of the conditions of IMF loans is that recipient countries undergo austerity measures to reduce their 3 and repay any debts.The IMF has attracted criticism for its role in Asia after the 1997 financial crisis. The crisis was caused when international investors pulled their money out of the region at once, causing 4 to fail and unemployment to rise. The IMF's austerity measures set conditions that lowered incomes and 5 . These policies have caused great suffering internationally.第68题第69题第70题第71题第72题Choose FOUR letters, A-G.Write the correct letters in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.Which four items are identified as features of the Greek government's austerity measure programme in 2010?A. reducing public sector wages between 2010 and 2014B. cutting allowances for public sector workersC. raising the sales taxD. making the compulsory retirement age the same for both gendersE. multiple general strikesF. making cigarettes more expensiveG. eliminating the budget deficit第73题第74题第75题第76题Look at the following statements (Questions 36-40) and the list of people below.Match each person with an appropriate statement, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.List of StatementsA. Businesses will grow after the government and consumers spend more.B. Harsh austerity measures have caused some economies to decline.C. Government spending can help a country get out of debt.D. Governments should not raise spending while the economy is expanding.E. It is wasteful for governments to spend while the economy is getting smaller.F. Governments that introduce austerity measures are rewarded with economic success.John Maynard Keynes第77题David Cameron第78题Marshall Auerback第79题Joseph Stiglitz第80题Paul Krugman上一题下一题(1/2)Writing第81题You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The line graph below shows the average daily maximum temperatures for Auckland and Christchurch, two cities in New Zealand, and London and Edinburgh, two cities in the United Kingdom.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.图片上一题下一题(2/2)Writing第82题You should spend about 40 minutes on this topic.Write about the following topic:Children nowadays watch significantly more television than in the past, which reduces their activity levels accordingly. Why is this the case?What measures can you suggest to encourage higher levels of activity among children?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience. Write at least 250 words.上一题下一题(1/3)Speaking Module第83题Introduction (compulsory)●Good morning/afternoon. My name is ______. Can you tell me your full name, please?●What should I call you?●Could you tell me where you're from?●Can I see your identification, please?Thank you. Now in this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself.Interview (choose 1)Let's talk about where you live.●Do you live in a house or an apartment?●How many other people do you live with?●Do you enjoy living in this type of accommodation? Why/Why not?●What type of accommodation is common in your town? Why?Let's talk about what you do.●What are you studying currently?●Are there any subjects which you do not enjoy as much as others? Why?●Do you have to complete a lot of homework?●What do you plan to do after you finish your studies?Interview (choose 2)Now, let's talk about keeping in touch with friends.●How do you normally keep in contact with friends? Why?●What do you enjoy about this way of keeping in touch?●Is there anything you don't like about this method of keeping in touch? Why?●Do you ever find it difficult to keep in touch with friends using this method? Why/why not? Let's talk about art.●Do you enjoy looking at art? Why/why not?●What type of art do you like best? Why?●Have you ever been taught to do any type of art?●Do you know any artists?Now let's talk about colours.●Which colours do you like the most? Why?●Have you always liked these colours? Why?●Do most of your friends like similar colours?●Do certain colours have any special significance in your culture? Why?上一题下一题(2/3)Speaking Module第84题Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before you talk, you'll have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do you understand?Here's some paper and a pencil for making notes and here's your topic:I'd like you to describe an important decision you have made.Describe an important decision you have made.You should say:what the decision was and why it was importanthow you made your decision。

剑桥雅思阅读理解解析含翻译

剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分: READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in; a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open; a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms; and this winter they will brave real storms; equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s; researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these cloudsgenerate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida; with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute EPRI; based in California. EPRI; which is funded by power companies; is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets; ' says Ralph Bernstein; manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research; they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1; 200 each; can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning; things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved; ' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally; it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. 'And anyway; who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area 'What goes up must come down; ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project; which is backed by EPRI; to try to use lasers to discharge lightningsafely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500; 000 invested so far; a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago; when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud; this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth; before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck; it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror; and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally; the cloud-zapper gunwould be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations; and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever; there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this moremanageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system; by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet; but I'm working on it; ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100; 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips; materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds; we might affect the weather; ' he says.And perhaps; says Diels; we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning; ' he says. Thunder; the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash; is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds; perhaps preventing the formation of thegiant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck; as the storm clouds gather this winter; laser-toting researchers could; for the first time; strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter; A; B; C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text; every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………… .6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words; A-I; below.Write the correct letter; A-I; in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method; a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 …………………………in order to control electrical charges; a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers; the beamsare aimed firstly at 10………………………….A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题用激光回击闪电结构第1段：闪电带来的危害第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷第5段：更安全的激光回击术第6段：激光回击术的技术原理第7段：激光回击术的缺陷第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处第10段：激光回击术的其他用途解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变;解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点;爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉..必背词汇1. inflict v. 造成The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy. 罢工给经济造成了重大损失..2. inviting adj. 吸引人的The log fire looked warm and inviting. 篝火看上去温暖而诱人..3. property n. 财产；属性The hotel is not responsible for any loss or damage to guests’personal property.酒店不承担宾客的任何个人财产的丢失或损坏..a herb with healing properties具有治疗效果的草药physical/chemical properties物理特性/化学特性4. fund v. 资助;投资The project is jointly funded by several local companies. 这个项目得到了当地几家公司的联合资助ernment-funded research政府资助的研究5. back v. 支持;帮助The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region.这个项目得到了该地区几家大公司的支持..Some suspected that the rebellion was backed and financed by the US.有人怀疑这次叛乱是由美国主使并资助的..6. discharge v. 放电；排出Both forms are readily gasified by electrical discharge without leaving any tangible residue.两种形态都易被放电气化而不剩任何可触察的残余..7. emerge v. 出现;浮现The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 太阳从云朵中探出头来..Eventually the truth emerged. 真相最终浮出水面..8. reveal v. 展现;显示；揭示;泄露He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.他可能会因为泄露国安局机密而遭检控..He revealed that he had been in prison twice before. 他透露说他曾经坐过两次牢..9. generate v. 使产生The program would generate a lot of new jobs. 这项计划会创造很多新职位..Tourism generates income for local communities. 旅游业给当地社区带来了收入..10. surge n. 涌流：猛增a surge of excitement一阵兴奋a surge of refugees into the country 涌入该国的难民潮a surge in food costs食品价格猛涨11. install v. 安装They've installed the new computer network at last. 他们最终安装了新的计算机网络..Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 市中心安装了安全摄像头..12. nifty adj. 灵便的a nifty little gadget for squeezing oranges一个榨橘子汁用的灵便小工具13. in the offing即将发生的Big changes were in the offing. 剧变即将发生..认知词汇dramatic adj. 激动人心的fury n. 狂怒;狂暴本文中指雷暴电流leisurely adv. 轻松地dice with death拿性命开玩笑neutralize v. 中和brave v. 勇敢地面对armoury n. 军械库on command 按指令power grid 电力网precise adj. 精确的voltages n. 电压frequency n. 频率failure rate 失败率trigger v. 激发;触发branch n. 岔路populated adj. 人口密集的extract v. 提取atom n. 原子ion n. 离子ionization n. 离子化electric field 电场conductor n. 导体sporting event体育项目stumbling block 绊脚石monster n. 庞然大物manageable adj. 易管理的yet adv. 尚未；还没有come up with 准备好；提供reckon v. 料想;预计forthcoming adj. 即将来临的field test 实地测试turning point 转折点an avalanche of似雪片般的current n. 电流matter n. 物质interactive meteorology互动气象学confront v. 面临;对抗menace n. 威胁hail n. 冰雹torrential rain 暴雨moisture n. 水汽giant hailstone 大冰雹佳句赏析1. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm could; this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth; before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge.参考译文：如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线;就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前;用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来..语言点：状语从句——条件状语从句条件状语从句的连接词主要有：if; unless;as/so long as;on condition that等..此处为if引导的条件状语从句..例句：Just imagine how horrible the world would be if humans are the only creature in the world.想一想;如果人类是这世界上唯一的生物;这世界会变得多可怕..Some animal species are under threat if they stay in their natural habitat.如果留在自然栖息地;某些动物物种会面临威胁..If引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种..非真实条件句可以表示：1同现在事实相反的假设：从句一般过去时+主句should/would+动词原形2与过去事实相反的假设：从句过去完成时+主句should/would have+过去分词3对将来的假设：从句一般过去时+主句should+动词原形；从句were+不定式/should+动词原形+主句would+动词原形例句：If drug use were to be legalized;considerable police time would be spent in dealing with other more serious problems.如果吸食毒品合法化;警察大量的时间就将用于解决其他更严重的问题..2. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds; perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops.参考译文：一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出;这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成..语言点：现在分词作状语例句：Facing high competition;people may suffer great pressure.面对高度竞争;人们可能会承受巨大的压力..Being confronted with economic pressure;women have to gooutside to work.面临经济压力;妇女不得不外出工作..Not wearing proper clothes people will be considered those who do not know social and interpersonal skills.如果衣着不当;人们会被当成是不懂社交和人际关系技巧的人..试题解析Questions 1-3题目类型：MULTIPLE CHOICES题目解析：解题小窍门：读清题干巧定位;四个选项要读完;绝对only排除掉;正确选项在中间..题号定位词题目解析1main topic 题目：本文讨论的主题是A闪电攻击对美国高尔夫场地和高尔夫选手造成的损失..B闪电对美国和日本电力供应的影响..C试图用来控制闪电袭击的各种方式..D一种试图用来控制闪电袭击的激光技术..正确翻译后;选项A和B比较容易排除;选项C比较具有迷惑性;但是只要看看文章标题;就不难发现本文主题是laser;所以正确答案是D..2 lightning 题目：根据文章;每年闪电会A在暴风雨期间对建筑物造成相当大的破坏..B在美国主要导致高尔夫球手死亡或受伤..C在全世界范围内导致500人死亡或受伤..D破坏了100多家美国电力公司..选项C和D中的具体数字是很好的定位词;可定位至文章第一段..文中提到;只是在美国;闪电每年就能杀伤500人;而不是世界范围内;因此排除选项C..而100这个数字在文中是100 million a year;说的是每年闪电会让电力公司损失超过一亿美元;而不是说毁掉100多家电力公司;因此排除选项 D..文中提到了云层翻滚而来时在户外打高尔夫是非常危险的;并没有说每年因雷击而死伤的是高尔夫球手;因此排除选项 B..文中提到;there is damage to property too. buildings属于property的范畴;因此正确答案为A..3University of Florida;University of New Mexico 题目：佛罗里达大学和新墨西哥大学的研究员们A有同样的资金来源..B使用同样的技术C受雇于商业公司..D互相反对..此题是不可过多联想的典型;越直白的想法越能解题..一般来讲;带有金钱的选项应该去掉;但是此题剑走偏锋;偏偏选了带funds一词的选项A..文中有两处支持这个答案：第一处在第三段：…with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute EPRI…另一处在第五段：…which is backed by EPRI…两处暗示两项研究都得到了EPRI的资助;因此答案为A..选项B可以从文中说的一个主张用火箭;一个主张用激光来排除；选项C 在文中并没有提及；选项D则是过多推理的结果;尽管使用技术不同;但是并不代表两者互相反对..Questions 4—6题目类型：SENTENCE COMPLETION题目解析：题号定位词文中对应点题目解析4 EPRI;financialsupport 第三段：EPRI;which is funded bypower companies…用EPRI定位到文章第三段;EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的;原文中的funded等同于题干中的receives financial support from;因此答案应该填power companies..注意不要写成单数..5Diels 第五段：…to try to use lasers todischarge lightning safely…用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段;从题目看出这里应填入一个副词;所以可以在人名周围寻找use或者use的替换词;并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词;这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了..6 difficulty;laser equipment 第七段：The laser is no nifty portable：it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size…这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难;需要将difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来;进而找到第七段中的laser一词..文中提到;该激光设备并不方便携带;它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物..看到这里;通过理解;考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大;不好携带;所以正确答案是size..Questions 7-10题目类型：SUMMARY COMPLETION解题小窍门：题目解析：解题小窍门：1. 理解词库里的单词;并将其按词性归类..2. 带动整道题的定位词是第一行的ionisation;比较容易定位到文章第六段;那么整个summary的答案就应该在这个词周围寻找..题号定位词文中对应点题目解析7electrons 第六段：…to extract electrons out of atoms…本题关键是要理解题目中的remove…from…与文中的extract…out of…属于同义替换;这里要表达的是从原子atoms中提取电荷electrons..故正确答案是B..8 directed at 第六段：If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud…注意文中generate是“产生”的意思；directed at对应文中的all the way up to;其后的a storm cloud 即对应空格处要填的内容..因此正确答案是C..9 less dangerous 第五段：…who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area…to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely…这道题比较麻烦;对于只是按照顺序寻找答案的考生;定位答案会比较困难..这里需要联系第五段中的信息;参照词库里的单词;推测出空格所在句的意思是“用激光控制闪电是比用火箭更安全less dangerous的方式”..正确答案是G..10 protection;aimed firstly at 第六段：To stop the laser itself beingstruck…Instead it would be directed at amirror… protection对应文中的stop…being struck；at是解题关键词;即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词;也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的;其后的名词即为答案..由此可知答案是D..Questions 11-13题目类型：YES/NO/NOT GIVEN题目解析：11. Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.参考译文电力公司已经向Diels提供了足够的资金来研发他的激光器..定位词Diels;money解题关键词have given…enough money文中对应点由定位词及顺序规律可以定位到第八段：“I cannot say I have money yet; but I am working on it. ”“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了;但是我正在为之努力..”看到这句话;再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels’ system is attracting lotsof interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system… Bernstein表示;Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣..但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金..这两句话足以证明Diels的系统还没有得到足够的资金支持..答案NO12. Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.参考译文获得改善激光器所需的资金依赖于在真正的暴风雨中进行的试验..定位词obtaining money. tests in real storms解题关键词tests in real storms文中对应点第八段：第11题对应的原文下一句提到：He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point…其中turning point是“转折点”的意思;联系上题中说到的;目前该项目还没有拿到钱;可知这句话的意思是field tests就是得到资金的转折点..field tests=tests in real storms答案YES13. Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.参考译文天气预报员们对Diels的系统设备特别感兴趣..定位词Diels;weather forecasters解题关键词intensely interested文中对应点这是一道典型的完全未提及的题目;interest一词出现在第八段的末尾;而weather forecasters这两个词也仅在第九段最后两句中出现：…not just forecasting the weather butcontrolling it…;而具体内容则完全不相干..答案NOT GIVEN参考译文用激光回击闪电很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了..仅在美国;猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤..云层翻滚而来的时候;在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情;无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标..此外;闪电也会带来财产损失..每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失..不过;美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案..他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法..今年冬天;他们将直面雷暴：使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云;使其在闪电出现之前放电..迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法..早在20世纪60年代早期;研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云;以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径..由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所EPRI的支持;这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天..EPRI由电力公司资助;现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法..“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方;”EPRI 的闪电项目经理Ralph Bemstein如此说道..该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量;并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载..不良行为虽然火箭在研究中功不可没;但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护..每支火箭造价大约1;200美元;发射频率有限;而失败率却高达40％..即使它们确实能够引发闪电;事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行..“闪电可不那么听话;”Bernstein说;“它们偶尔会走岔路;射到它们本不该去的地方..”但不管怎样;有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢“射上去的肯定会掉下来;”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出..Diels现在正在负责一个项目;该项目由ERPI所支持;试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求;因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中..有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入;一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形..这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前;当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力..如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线;就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前;用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来..为了防止激光器本身受到电击;不能把它直接对准云层;而是要把它对准一面镜子;让激光通过镜子折射向天空..要在靠近镜子的四局布置闪电传导器从而对其进行保护..理想的做法是;云层遥控器枪要比较廉价;以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围；另外还要方便携带;以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力..绊脚石可是;仍存在巨大的绊脚石..激光器并不方便携带：它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物..Diels一直想要缩小它的体积;并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了..他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统..Bemstein表示;Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣..但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金..Bernstein说：“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了;但是我正在为之努力..”他认为;即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点;而且他也在期待着好消息..Bemstein预言;如果一切顺利;这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”..他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间..其他科学家也能从中受益..如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”;材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象..Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气;而且能控制天气..“如果我们能使云层放电;我们也许就能左右天气;”他说..而且也许;Diels说;我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁..“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹;”他说..雷;来自于闪电的冲击波;被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器..一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出;这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成..如果运气好的话;在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候;持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了..剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 2-阅读真题原文部分: READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26; which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Nature of GeniusThere has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. Theword 'genius'; from the Latin gens = family and the term 'genius'; meaning 'begetter'; comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form; genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family; the paterfamilias; to perpetuate himself. Gradually; genius came to represent a person's characteristics and thence an individual's highest attributes derived from his 'genius' or guiding spirit. Today; people still look to stars or genes; astrology or genetics; in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics.The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture; and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness; it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area; they must be defective in another; that intellectuals are impractical; that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out; that gifted people are eccentric; that they are physical weaklings; that there's a thin line between genius and madness; that genius runs in families; that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help; that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ; that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others; that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded; that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. Language hasbeen enriched with such terms as 'highbrow'; 'egghead'; 'blue-stocking'; 'wiseacre'; 'know-all'; 'boffin' and; for many; 'intellectual' is a term of denigration.The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius; and produced not a few studies of famous prodigies. Perhaps for us today; two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual; artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives; and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools. However; the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies; fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions; is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words; when; for instance; information is collated about early illnesses; methods of upbringing; schooling; etc. ; we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time. For instance; infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today; home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy; bullying and corporal punishment were common at the bestindependent schools and; for the most part; the cases studied were members of the privileged classes. It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective; if still not always very scientific; basis.Geniuses; however they are defined; are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point. Change the observers and the vantage points; clear away some of the mist; and a different lot of peaks appear. Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable. There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson's observation; 'The true genius is a mind of large general powers; accidentally determined to some particular direction'. We may disagree with the 'general'; for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa; but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully. Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women; boys and girls.What we appreciate; enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to; but so much superior to; our own. But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements; which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging.To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different. The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another; and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves. But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove unpalatable. We may envy their achievements and fame; but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance; single-mindedness; dedication; restrictions on their personal lives; the demands upon their energies and time; and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their。

雅思8阅读解析

TEST 1 ReadingReading Passage 1篇章结构佳句赏析1. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of lightand darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.·参考译文：日历的编排基于三个自然周期：以由地球绕地轴自转形成的连续的光明与黑暗为标记的太阳日；以由月球环绕地球公转形成的月相来衡量的太阴月；以及根据地球绕太阳公转形成的四季来定义的回归年。

·语言点：(1)句型分析：此句较长，理解时要注意抓住主干They based their calendars on three natural cycles：the solarday，the lunar month，and the solar year，即“日历的编排基于三个自然周期：太阳日、太阴月和回归年”。

其余部分都是对这三个术语的解释说明，理解时要避免受到干扰。

(2)base…on…以……为基础Their relationship was based on mutual respect. 他们的关系建立在相互尊重的基础上。

2. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.·参考译文：日光时最早被希腊人采用，然后由罗马人采用并传到欧洲，一直使用了2500多年。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案（test4）

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题：test4阅读原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The influence of Monbushoii Helping less successful studentsiii The success of compulsory educationiv Research findings concerning achievements in mathsv The typical format of a maths lessonvi Comparative expenditure on maths educationvii The key to Japanese successes in maths educationix The role of homework correctionExample AnswerSection A iv1 Section B2 Section C3 Section D4 Section E5 Section FLAND OF THE RISING SUMA Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was alsoa larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?B Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.Classes are large — usually about 40 — and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in T okyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.C Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lessonand the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.D Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary. Atthis point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.E It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other — anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, s ending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.F So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. Nopoor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools areA cheap for pupils to buyB well organized and adapted to the needs of the pupils.C written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.D not very popular with many Japanese teachers.11 When a new maths topic is introduced，A students answer questions on the board.B students rely entirely on the textbook.C it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.D it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?A They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.B They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.C They are forced to explain their slow progress.D They are placed in a mixed-ability class.13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?A It is a compulsory subject in Japan.B They are used to working without help from others.C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized.D there is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that,while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologicallysound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, ‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’ insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flouri shing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mininghispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world .C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the the world .D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control’s replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crop they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the write thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answersheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetia sangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salvinia molesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Collecting Ant SpecimensCollecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, thesemethods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should besituated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary- from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the trapswill dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.Questions 27-30Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.28 New species of ants are frequently identified by taxonomists.29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.Questions 31-36Classify the following statements as referring toA hand collectingB using baitC sampling ground litterD using a pitfall trapWrite the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.34 Little time and effort is required.35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.Questions 37-40Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：数学崛起之地A.就数学的平均成绩而言，日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。

【参考文档】剑桥八阅读答案-优秀word范文 (11页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==剑桥八阅读答案篇一：剑桥雅思8真题及解析Test1阅读目录剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1 ....................................................... .. (2)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage2 ....................................................... .. (7)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage3 ....................................................... (12)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1体裁主要内容：由古及今介绍计时的历史。

说明文A 段 :介绍古巴比伦人的计时方法。

B 段 :月亮对于历法计时的社会重要性。

C 段 :介绍古埃及人的计时方法。

结构D 段 :形形色色的计时器陆续出现,尽管并不完美。

E 段 :机械计时器引发各国最终统一校准开始时间。

F 段 :介绍最早的重力驱动机械钟。

G 段 :机械钟的进一步改良,并成为最早的座钟。

H 段 :今天的计时器。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 1-4● 题型归类 :Matching 本题解题时可先划出题目中的关键词,然后迅速回到文章寻找其同义替换后的对应词。

其间可大致通过题目中的关键词猜测其在文章的位置与段落特点。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 5-8● 题型归类 :Matching 本题为两部分匹配题。

可先划出句子中关键词,然后根据题目中需名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 9-13?● 题型归类 :Diagram通过题目中的时间标志(1670 年)可迅速定位到文章 G 段。

雅思(阅读)模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（阅读）模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY The Department of Ethnography was created as a separate department within the British Museum in 1946, after 140 years of gradual development from the original Department of Antiquities. it is concerned with the people of Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Pacific and parts of Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa, and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies. Through its collections, the Department’s specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them. Such objects can include both the extraordinary and the mundane, the beautiful and the banal.The collections of the Department of Ethnography include approximately 300,000 artefacts, of which about half are the product of the present century. The Department has a vital role to play in pro viding information on non-Western cultures to visitors and scholars. To this end, the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups of material which allow the display of a broad range of a society’s cultural expressions. Much of the more recent collecting was carried out in the field, sometimes by Museum staff working on general anthropological projects in collaboration with a wide variety of national governments and other institutions. The material collected includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of West Africa - or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boats from Lake Titicaca in the Andes, kayaks from the Arctic, and dug-out canoes from several countries. The field assemblages, such as those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture representative of one people. This might cover the necessities of life of an African herdsman or an Arabian farmer, ritual objects, or even on occasion airport art. Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decade’s fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries, or in the developing preferences in personal adornment and dress from Papua New Guinea. Particularly interesting are a series of collections which continue to document the evolution of ceremony and of material forms for which the Department already possesses early (if not the earliest) collections formed after the first contact with Europeans.The importance of these acquisitions extends beyond the objects themselves. They come to the Museum with documentation of the social context, ideally including photographic records. Such acquisitions have multiple purposes.Most significantly they document for future change. Most people think of the cultures represented in the collection in terms of the absence of advanced technology. In fact, traditional practices draw on a con tinuing wealth of technological ingenuity. Limited resources and ecological con straints are often overcome by personal skills that would be regarded as exceptional in the West. Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as disposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused.With the independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945. it was assumed that economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many small-scale societies. Therefore, it was felt that the Museum should acquire materials representing people whose art or material culture, ritual or political structures were on the point of irrevocable change. This attitude altered with the realisation that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy. Since the seventeenth century, with the advent of trading companies exporting manufactured textiles to North America and Asia, the importation of cheap goods has often contributed to the destruction of local skills and indigenous markets. On the one hand modern imported goods may be used in an everyday setting, while on the other hand other traditional objects may still be required for ritually significant events. Within this context trade and exchange attitudes are inverted. What are utilitarian objects to a Westerner may be prized objects in other cultures - when trans formed by local ingenuity - principally for aesthetic value. In the same way, the West imports goods from other peoples and in certain circumstances categorises them as ‘art’.Collections act as an ever-expanding database, not merely for scholars and anthropologists, but for people involved in a whole range of educational and artistic purposes. These include schools and universities as well as colleges of art and design. The provision of information about non-Western aesthetics and techniques, not just for designers and artists but for all visitors, is a growing responsibility for a Department whose own context is an increasingly multicultural European society.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE——if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE——if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN——if the information is not given in the passage1．The twentieth-century collections come mainly from mainstream societies such as the US and Europe.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*2．The Department of Ethnography focuses mainly on modern societies.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*3．The Department concentrates on collecting single unrelated objects of great value.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*4．The textile collection of the Department of Ethnography is the largest in the world.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：C*5．Traditional societies are highly inventive in terms of technology.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A*6．Many small-scale societies have survived and adapted in spite of predictions to the contrary.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：AQuestions 7-12Some of the exhibits at the Department of Ethnography are listed below (Questions 7-12).The writer gives these exhibits as examples of different collection types.Match each exhibit with the collection type with which it is associated in Reading Passage 1.Write the appropriate letters in boxes 7-12 on youranswer sheet.NB: You may use any collection type more than once.Collection TypesAT——Artefact TypesEC——Evolution of CeremonyFA——Field AssemblagesSE——Social ExperienceTS——Technical Series7．Bolivian textiles正确答案：Technical Series*8．Indian coracles正确答案：Artefact Types*9．airport art正确答案：Field Assemblages*10．Arctic kayaks正确答案：Artefact Types*11．necessities of life of an Arabian farmer正确答案：Field Assemblages*12．tents from the Middle East正确答案：Social ExperienceREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Section A The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources A whole range of policies, from farm- price support to protection for coal-mining do, environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.Section B No activity affects more of the earth’s surface than farming. It shapes a third of theplant’s land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased Irrigation , better crop breeding, and a doubling in the use of pesticides and chemical fertillsers in the 1970s and 1980s. Section C All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts, For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertillsers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of mono- culture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided, some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The countrys subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America Section D Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense; about ＄250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer’s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available Inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity, of pesticides applied. has risen too: by 69 per centin 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984 A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes), The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion, Farms began to diversify, The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion, In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow, It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops, Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for powerstations (as biomass), Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no environmental harm than other crops Section E In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the highest economic crop yield. A study by the International Rice Research Institute of pesticide use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice, even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved. Such waste puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next year’s poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health, Every year some 10,000 people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing countries, and another 400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use world-wide increased by 40 per cent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land fallow, That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.Section F A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 per cent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990, Some of the world’s food production will move from Western Europe to regions where subsidies are lower or non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish, Crops are more likely to be grown In the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important, To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.Questions 13-15Reading Passage 2 has six sections A-F.Choose the most suitable headings for sections A, B and D from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers Ⅰ-Ⅶin boxes 13-15 on your answer sheet. List of HeadingsⅠThe probable effects of the new international trade agreement ⅡThe environmental impact of modern farmingⅢFarming and soil erosion ⅣThe effects of government policy in rich countriesⅤGovernments and management of the environmentⅥThe effects of government policy in poor countriesⅦFarming and food output outputⅨThe new prospects for world trade13．Section A正确答案：V*14．Section B正确答案：I*15．Section D正确答案：VIQuestions 16-21Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-21 on your answer sheet writeYES——if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO——if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN——if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16．The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex society.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*17．There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A*18．There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：C*19．Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been shaped by human settlement.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*20．The indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well-being of the forest.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A*21．It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：AQuestions 22-25Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.22．In 1942 the US anthropology student concluded that the Siriono ______.A．were unusually aggressive and cruel.B．had had their way of life destroyed by invaders.C．were an extremely primitive society.D．had only recently made permanent settlements.正确答案：C*23．The author believes recent discoveries of the remains of complex societies in Amazonia ______.A．are evidence of early indigenous communities.B．are the remains of settlements by invaders.C．are the ruins of communities established since the European invasions.D．show the region has only relatively recently been covered by forest.正确答案：A*24．The assumption that the tropical ecosystem of Amazonia has been created solely by natural forces ______.A．has often been questioned by ecologists in the past.B．has been shown to be incorrect by recent research.C．was made by Peter Feinsinger and other ecologists.D．has led to some fruitful discoveries.正确答案：B*25．The application of our new insights into the Amazonian past would ______.A．warn us against allowing any development at all.B．cause further suffering to the Indian communities.C．change present policies on development in the region.D．reduce the amount of hunting, fishing, and ‘slash-and-burn’.正确答案：CREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. HIGHS & LOWS Hormone levels - and hence our moods - may be affected by the weather. Gloomy weather can cause depression, but sun shine appears to raise the spirits. In Britain, for example, the dull weather of winter drastically cuts down the amount of sunlight that is experienced which strongly affects some people. They become so depressed and lacking in energy that their work and social life are affected. This condition has been given the name SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder). Sufferers can fight back by making the most of any sunlight in winter and by spending a few hours each day under special, full-spectrum lamps. These provide more ultraviolet and blue green light than ordinary fluorescent and tungsten lights. Some Russian scientists claim that children learn better after being exposed to ultraviolet light. In warm countries, hours of work are often arranged so that workers can take a break, or even a siesta, during the hottest part of the day. Scientists are working to discover the links between the weather and human beings’moods and performance.It is generally believed that tempers grow shorter in hot, muggy weather. There is no doubt that ‘crimes against the person’ rise in the summer, when the weather is hotter and fall in the winter when the weather is colder. Research in the United States has shown a relation- ship between temperature and street riots. The frequency of riots rises dramatically as the weather gets warmer, hitting a peak around 27-30℃. But is this effect really due to a mood change caused by the heat? Some scientists argue that trouble starts more often in hot weather merely because there are more people in the street when the weather is good.Psychologists have also studied how being cold affects performance. Re searchers compared divers working in icy cold water at 5℃with others in water at 20℃(about swimming pool tempera ture). The colder watermade the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks. But significantly, their performance was impaired as soon as they were put into the cold water - before their bodies had time to cool down. This suggests that the low temperature did not slow down mental functioning directly, but the feeling of cold distracted the divers from their tasks.Psychologists have conducted studies showing that people become less sceptical and more optimistic when the weather is sunny. However, this apparently does not just depend on the temperature. An American psychologist studied customers in a temperature-controlled restaurant. They gave bigger tips when the sun was shining and smaller tips when it wasn’t, even though the temperature in the restaurant was the same. A link between weather and mood is made believable by the evidence for a connection between behaviour and the length of the daylight hours. This in turn might involve the level of a hormone called melatonin, produced in the pineal gland in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls with greater exposure to daylight. Research shows that melatonin plays an important part in the seasonal behaviour of certain animals. For example, food con sumption of stags increases during the winter, reaching a peak in February/ March. It falls again to a low point in May, then rises to a peak in September, before dropping to another minimum in November. These changes seem to be trig gered by varying melatonin levels.In the laboratory, hamsters put on more weight when the nights are getting shorter and their melatonin levels are falling. On the other hand, if they are given injections of melatonin, they will stop eating altogether. It seems that time cues provided by the changing lengths of day and night trigger changes in animals’behaviour - changes that are needed to cope with the cycle of the seasons. People’s moods too, have been shown to react to the length of the day light hours. Sceptics might say that longer exposure to sunshine puts people in a better mood because they associate it with the happy feelings of holidays and freedom from responsibility. However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people more unhappy is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed that a telephone counselling service gets more telephone calls from people with suicidal feelings when it rains.When there is a thunderstorm brewing, some people complain of the air being ‘heavy’and of feeling irritable, moody and on edge. They may be reacting to the fact that the air can become slightly positively charged when large thunderclouds are generating the intense electrical fields that cause lightning flashes. The positive charge increases the levels of serotonin (a chemical involved in sending signals in the nervous system). High levels of serotonin in certain areas of the nervous system make people more active and reactive and, possibly, more aggressive. When certain winds are blowing, such as the Mistral in southern France and the Fohn in southern Germany, mood can be affected - and the number of traffic accidents rises. It may be significant that the concentration of positively charged particles is greater than normal in these winds. In the United Kingdom, 400,000 ionizers are sold every year. These small machines raise the number of negative ions in the air in a room. Many people claim they feel better in negatively charged air.Questions 26-28Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 26-28 on your answer sheet.26．Why did the divers perform less well in colder conditions?A．They were less able to concentrate.B．Their body temperature fell too quickly.C．Their mental functions were immediately affected by the cold.D．They were used to swimming pool conditions.正确答案：A*27．The number of daylight hours ______.A．affects the performance of workers in restaurants.B．influences animal feeding habits.C．makes animals like hamsters more active.D．prepares humans for having greater leisure time.正确答案：B*28．Human irritability may be influenced by ______.A．how nervous and aggressive people are.B．reaction to certain weather phenomena.C．the number of ions being generated by machines.D．the attitude of people to thunderstorms.正确答案：BQuestions 29-34Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 29-34 on your answer sheet writeTRUE——if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE——if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN——if the information is not given in the passage29．Seasonal Affective Disorder is disrupting children’s education in Russia.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：C*30．Serotonin is an essential cause of human aggression.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*31．Scientific evidence links ‘happy associations with weather’ to human mood.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B*32．A link between depression and the time of year has been established.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A*33．Melatonin levels increase at certain times of the year.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A*34．Positively charged ions can influence eating habits.A．真B．假C．NOT GIVEN正确答案：CQuestions 35-37According to the text which THREE of the following conditions have been scientifically proved to have a psychological effect on humans?Choose THREE letters A-G and write them in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.[A] lack of negative ions[B] rainy weather[C] food consumption[D] high serotonin levels[E] sunny weather[F] freedom from worry[G] lack of counselling facilities 35．【35】______正确答案：B//rainy weather*36．【36】______正确答案：D//high serotonin levels*37．【37】______正确答案：E//sunny weatherQuestions 38-40Complete each of the following statements with the best ending from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet38．It has been established that social tension increases significantly in the United States during ______.正确答案：B//hot weather*39．Research has shown that a hamster’s bodyweight increases according to its exposure to ______.正确答案：A//daylight*40．Animals cope with changing weather and food availability because they are influenced by ______.正确答案：F//time cues。

剑桥雅思8真题及解析Test3阅读

目录剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1 (2)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage2 (9)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage3 (16)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1体裁:说明文主要内容:用激光来回击闪电。

结构第 1 段 :泛泛论述闪电带来的巨大影响。

第 2 段 :美国和日本研究员尝试用激光回击闪电。

第 3 段 :历史上曾有人尝试发射火箭来回击闪电。

第 4 段 :发射火箭回击闪电的缺点。

第 5 段 :Diels 出于安全性的考虑,尝试用激光来回击闪电。

第 6 段 :激光回击闪电的原理。

第 7 段 :激光的方法也有缺陷,即不便于携带,因此 Diels 在做新的改进。

第 8 段 :Diels 预测并期待关注和支持的到来。

第 9 段 :其他科学家也会从 Diels 的研究中获益。

第 10 段 :激光的方法还有可能阻止冰雹。

考题解析Questions 1-3?●题型归类 :Multiple Choice 题目解析题目编号题目定位词答案位置题解1 main topic 文章的标题答案 D 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”,因此答案是 D 选项,意思为“一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”,属于对标题的同义替换。

2 every yearlightening第一段答案 A 本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可定位于第一段。

B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选项 B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过 500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原文 in the UnitedStates 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对 ;D 中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析（test1）

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test1原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itA According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although itcould be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once asecond and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendarin farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time usinguniform hoursQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.sheet.5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of NationalitiesA BabyloniansB EgyptiansC GreeksD EnglishE GermansF FrenchQuestions 9-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.图片10READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.sheet.List of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots’ lice ncesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLIN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are alsoin place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire UnitedStates. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for thedivision of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TELEPATHYCan human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academicsSince the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld'experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument —one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were manyother ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver —to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.What they are certainly not finding, however, is any changein attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve withA the discovery of a mechanism for telepathyB the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.C their claims of a high success rate.D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.F a more careful selection of subjects.G a need to keep altering conditions.Questions 31-40Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.Telepathy ExperimentsName/DateDescription Result FlawGanzfeldStudies1982 Involved a personacting as a31..............who picked out one32............froma random selectionof four, and a33..............,who then tried toidentify it. Hit-rates werehigher than withrandom guessing. Positive resultscould be producedby factors such as34..............or35.............. .Autoganzfeldstudies1987 36.............were used for keytasks to limit theamount of37..............in carrying out thetest. The results werethen subjected toa 38............. The 39..........between differenttest results wasput down to thefact that samplegroups were not40...................(aswith most ganzfeldStudies).剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文test1PASSAGE 1参考译文：时间记录的历史我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。