基于JavaWeb的在线图书订购与打印管理系统外文翻译
基于web的学生成绩与管理系统计算机毕业设计英文文献及中文翻译
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实用文档毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学专JA V A programming language and JA V A platform The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services .Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to preventcross-corruption and improve security.The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developers no longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Everybody is probably familiar with eBay and Amazon have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites.You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code.Amazon has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, listprice, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision.Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals and Knowledge Management Systems are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an applicationso that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supportsJ2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EEinfrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBs designed for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on data from diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API.Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language, the time needed for application development is minimal.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringingtogether data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems.Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages.ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.。
基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站的设计与实现
基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站的设计与实现作者：陈秋玲来源：《电脑知识与技术》2019年第16期摘要：图书购物网站属于新型的电子商务，是利用计算机和网络来实现图书购买的一种方式。
这种方式为商家提供了销售和宣传的新途径，商家可在网站上发布图书信息，处理消费者的订单信息，安排发货等;对于消费者来说，可实现图书在线购买，下单等操作，便捷且节省时间。
网站采用JAVA语言和JSP技术，利用MYSQL数据库进行开发，结合了SSH框架技术，实现购书新方式。
关键词：图书购物;JAVA;MYSQL;JSP中图分类号：TP311.52; ; ;文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-3044（2019）16-0036-03开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：Abstract： The Book Shopping Website is a new type for e-commerce， which is a way of purchasing books by using computers and networks. It provides a novel way for businesses to sell and publicize books. Businessmen can publish book information on the website， and receive orders from consumers， and arrange shipments. For consumers， they can select books， place orders and so on， which can save the time of consumers. The Book shopping Website adopts JAVA language and JSP technology， which uses MySQL database to develop the website. It combines SSH frameworktechnology to realize a new style of book purchasing.Key words： book shopping; JAVA; MySQL; JSP1 背景随着网络时代的兴起，各个行业发生了巨大的变革，纷纷加入线上购物服务的行列，书店行业也不例外。
基于JavaWeb的图书馆管理系统开题报告
课题的意义:
以往的图书管理方法，查询速度慢，管理困难，容易丢失数据,占用了大量的人员和物资，已经不适合现在的要求。为克服图书管理的困难和查询的不便。采用计算机来管理图书和用户的信息，大大提高了查询的速度，节约了人力和物力资源，达到了预期的要求。这样既不方便又容易发生错误，用计算机来管理可以非常容易的实现这些要求。使用计算机对图书信息进行管理,具有着手工管理所无法比拟的优点.例如:检索迅速、查找方便、可靠性高、存储量大、保密性好、寿命长、成本低等。这些优点能够极大地提高图书管理的效率。
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[12]张浩然.基于内容管理的数字化图书馆网站系统设计与实现[D].吉林:吉林大学，2007.
[13]游洋.运用CMS建设高校信息平台[J].科技信息，2009，（03）.
[7]程美群.国内外图书馆自动化系统比较分析:[D].湘潭:湘潭大学，2004.(02).
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此外，重点是对于SQL的建表和表与表之间的联系，也就是如何确定主表，添加约束；由于这是第一次系统接触数据库，这个问题也变得尤为突出；这需要去了解SQLServer数据库的创建，熟悉掌握SQL语句的增、删、改、查等语句的查询。其次对Java程序语句的掌握，以及JavaWeb,HTML技术的掌握。通过开发该系统培养从全局去考虑问题的能力，理智的处理各种逻辑问题；
基于Java Web的图书管理系统
基于Java Web的图书管理系统作者：韩抒航来源：《西部论丛》2020年第07期摘要：本文介绍了一种基于JSP和Servlet的图书管理系统，系统主要用于对学校图书馆所包含图书的管理，主要任务是用计算机对学生用户、图书馆职工、图书等各种信息进行日常管理，包括图书馆用户信息的查询、修改、增加、删除，图书信息的查看，图书的借阅和归还等。
系统整体上实现了图书的信息化管理，完成了图书管理系统的基本功能。
关键词：JSP;Servlet;图书馆管理系统1.引言该图书管理系统是采用 IDEA 软件进行开发，; 基于JSP和Servlet技术的一个具备数据库的信息管理系统。
开发本系统的基本步骤为：问题定义、可行性研究、需求分析、总体设计、详细设计、软件测试。
在系统的设计过程中，采用了 MVC 三层架构模式，比较详细、条理清晰地组织了各个模块，将多个类需要用到的模块封装到公共类，减少代码的冗余。
使用JSP 和Servlet来进行后端系统的开发，使用html+css+js来进行前端页面的开发，由于考虑到数据库的储存量可能会比较大，因此采用Mysql数据库来进行数据的存储。
2.产生背景我们现在正处于信息爆炸的时代，信息的产生与流通非常迅速，电子产品以及互联网的出现，让大量的、爆炸式的信息很容易的边便涌现在人们的眼前，但是这也带来了一个问题，那就是人们很难获取到对自己有用的、想要了解的信息，在大量的信息中提取有效信息紧靠人工是非常困难的，因此采用计算机技术去帮助人们进行信息的储存与分析是十分有必要的。
在高校的图书馆，每天会产生大量的与图书有关的信息，这些信息需要被不断的存储、更新以及维护，针对这些需求，我们设计了一款基于 JSP 和 Servlet 的图书管理系统，此系统是针对学校的图书管理部门的需要，处理繁重的图书业务工作而开发的管理软件，主要的用途是图书信息管理，主要目标是实现图书信息和用户信息的系统化、科学化、规范化和自动化，主要任务是用软件，对图书信息进行日常管理，如查询、修改、增加、删除。
网上书店管理系统外文资料翻译中文版
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 ： 信息工程学院专 业： 计算机科学与技术姓 名： xxxxxx 学 号： xxxxxxxxx外文出处： Thinking.In.Java.4th.Edition附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：2011年 月 日(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文一切都是对象“如果我们说另一种不同的语言，那么我们就会发觉一个有些不同的世界”。
—Ludwig Wittgenstein(1889-1951) “尽管以C++为基础，但Java是一种更纯粹的面向对象程序设计语言”。
无论C++还是Java都属于杂合语言。
但在Java中，设计者觉得这种杂合并不像在C++里那么重要。
杂合语言允许采用多种编程风格；之所以说C++是一种杂合语言，是因为它支持与C语言的向后兼容能力。
由于C++是C的一个超集，所以包含的许多特性都是后者不具备的，这些特性使C++在某些地方显得过于复杂。
Java语言首先便假定了我们只希望进行面向对象的程序设计。
也就是说，正式用它设计之前，必须先将自己的思想转入一个面向对象的世界（除非早已习惯了这个世界的思维方式）。
只有做好这个准备工作，与其他OOP语言相比，才能体会到Java的易学易用。
在本章，我们将探讨Java 程序的基本组件，并体会为什么说Java乃至Java程序内的一切都是对象。
1.1 用句柄操纵对象每种编程语言都有自己的数据处理方式。
有些时候，程序员必须时刻留意准备处理的是什么类型。
您曾利用一些特殊语法直接操作过对象，或处理过一些间接表示的对象吗（C或C++里的指针）？所有这些在Java里都得到了简化，任何东西都可看作对象，。
因此，我们可采用一种统一的语法，任何地方均可照搬不误。
但要注意，尽管一切都“看作”对象，但操纵的标识符实际是指向一个对象的“句柄”（Handle）。
在其他Java参考书里，还可看到有的人将其称作一个“引用”，甚至一个“指针”。
基于JavaWeb的在线图书商城设计与实现
2021.01网络信息工程基于JavaWeb的在线图书商城设计与实现牛希镭(辽宁轨道交通职业学院，辽宁沈阳，110000)摘要：本系统主体在开发平台MyEclipse上釆用JSP和Servlet面向对象编程语言编写的，使用Tomcat 6.0Web 服务器，Oracle数据库数据库管理系统管理数据，采用BS架构编写。
在实现上将系统中多处繁杂的功能进行归类和合并，使用户可以在同一窗口中完成多种功能，从而实现减少窗口界面、简化操作步骤的设计目的，使整个系统更加简洁、易用。
本系统主要实现了在线图书查询、网上订购、后台图书信息管理、订单管理和用户信息管理等功能成为一个动态、交互式的电子商务网站。
关键词:网上书城；JSP；TomcatDesign and implementation of Online Book Mall based on Java WebNiu Xilei(Liaoning rail transit Vocational College,Shenyang Liaoning,110000)Abstract:The main body of t h is sys tem is writ ten by JSP and servle t objec t—orien t ed programming language on MyEclipse,using Tomcat6・0web server,Oracle database management system management data, using BS architecture.In the implementa/tion of the system,many complex functions are classified and merged,so that users can complete a variety of functions in the same window,so as to reduce the window interface,simplify the operation steps,and make the whole system more concise and easy to use.This system mainly realizes the functions of online book inquiry,online ordering,background book information management,order management and user information management,etc.,and becomes a dynamic and irrteractive e-comnierce website.Keywords；online books t ore;JSP;Tomca to引言随着电子商务的兴起、普及，网上书城是电子商务在图书销售行业发展的必然结果。
基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站的设计与实现研究
基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站的设计与实现研究一、本文概述随着互联网技术的迅速发展和普及，电子商务作为一种新型的商业模式，已经深入到人们生活的各个方面。
其中，图书购物网站作为电子商务的一个重要分支，以其方便、快捷、全面的特点，受到了广大读者的热烈欢迎。
为了满足日益增长的在线购书需求，基于JavaWeb 的图书购物网站的设计与实现成为了当前研究的热点。
本文旨在探讨基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站的设计与实现方法，分析其系统架构、功能模块、数据库设计以及关键技术的实现。
通过深入研究，旨在提供一个稳定、安全、易用的图书购物平台，为读者提供丰富的图书资源、便捷的购书体验和完善的售后服务。
同时，本文还将探讨如何提升网站的性能和用户体验，以满足不断变化的市场需求。
在研究过程中，我们将首先分析当前图书购物网站的市场现状和发展趋势，明确系统的需求和目标。
然后，结合JavaWeb技术的特点，设计合理的系统架构和功能模块，包括用户管理、图书展示、购物车管理、订单处理、支付接口等。
在数据库设计方面，我们将选择合适的数据库管理系统，并设计合理的数据表结构和关系，确保数据的完整性和安全性。
在实现过程中，我们将重点关注关键技术的实现，如前后端分离技术、分布式部署、缓存优化、安全策略等。
通过合理的技术选择和实现方案，提高网站的并发处理能力和响应速度，提升用户体验和满意度。
我们还将注重代码的规范性和可维护性，确保系统的稳定性和可扩展性。
本文将对基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站的设计与实现过程进行总结和反思，分析其中的问题和不足，并提出改进方案和未来发展方向。
希望通过本文的研究和实践，能够为图书购物网站的设计和实现提供有益的参考和借鉴。
二、系统需求分析在开发基于JavaWeb的图书购物网站之前，对系统的需求分析至关重要。
这不仅能帮助我们明确系统的功能和特性，还能为后续的设计和实现提供明确的指导。
以下是对于该图书购物网站的系统需求分析：用户需求：我们需要了解用户的需求。
基于Java Web的网上书店管理系统的
基于Java Web的网上书店管理系统的研究与实现（江苏省南京市河海大学210000）摘要：随着互联网技术的进步，网上购物通也在飞速的发展着，因此一种快速高效可靠地系统的开发也就显得尤为重要。
因此本文通过以开发网上书店管理系统为着手点，通过利用Java等技术来实现网上书店管理系统的编写。
文章首先叙述了网上书店的发展以及存在的问题，并针对此提出了一种基于Java web的网上书店管理系统。
其次介绍了系统实现所需的技术支持。
最后提供了系统设计的框架。
关键字：网络技术Java基于Java Web的网上书店管理系统的 (1)研究与实现 (1)一，绪论 (3)（一）网上书店简介 (3)（二）网上书店及其管理系统开发的意义 (3)二，开发网上书店管理系统的技术 (4)（一）关于Java web技术 (4)（二）关于JSP技术 (4)（三）关于B/S架构 (5)（四）关于MVC (5)三、网上书店的管理系统的设计 (6)（二）图书模块 (6)（三）所需工作 (6)一，绪论（一）网上书店简介网上书店其实就是网上的书店，简单来说可以理解为卖方通过在互联网上开设虚拟的店铺，买方通过浏览虚拟的店铺所提供的信息来提交订单进行支付进而购买到商品的地方。
这种方式方便快捷而且不受时间空间的限制，所以深受消费者喜爱也正是当下的主流消费方式。
所以如今越来越多的企业开始采用这种方式进行销售，而全国的一些大型书店也开始逐步开设网络书店来将图书贸网络化，使传统式管理过渡到网络化管理以来节省人力物力并拓展业务。
相信随着国家对网络基础建设的加强，人们对网络购物的认知及认同的提高，网上书店将拥有更好的发展前景并占有更大的市场空间。
（二）网上书店及其管理系统开发的意义近几年随着网络技术的不断不发展，电子商务在日常生活中得到了越来越广泛的应用。
电子商务的便捷性以及丰富性使得越来越多的人选择在网上挑选和购买商品，而实体的书店书目种类繁多面积过大使得人们需要耗费大量精力去寻找想要的书本，而且受体积限制也无法将图书收录齐全使得人们无法找到自己想要的。
基于JavaWeb的图书管理系统的设计与实现
基于JavaWeb的图书管理系统的设计与实现本次javaweb实习基于⽬前流⾏的企业级框架Spring 、Spring MVC、MyBatis（SSM）和前端技术JQuery的图书管理系统，主要功能包括：图书查询、图书管理、图书编辑、读者管理、图书的借阅与归还以及借还⽇志记录等。
1.技术简介1.1 Mysql数据库：Mysql是⼀种开放源代码的关系型数据库管理系统（RDBMS），使⽤最常⽤的数据库管理语⾔--结构化查询语⾔（SQL）进⾏数据库管理。
1.2 Javaweb：Java Web，是⽤Java技术来解决相关web互联⽹领域的技术栈。
web包括：web服务端和web客户端两部分。
Java在客户端的应⽤有Java Applet，不过使⽤得很少，Java在服务器端的应⽤⾮常的丰富，⽐如Servlet，JSP、第三⽅框架等等。
Java技术对Web领域的发展注⼊了强⼤的动⼒。
1.3 SSMSSM（Spring+SpringMVC+MyBatis）框架集由Spring、MyBatis两个开源框架整合⽽成（SpringMVC是Spring中的部分内容）。
常作为数据源较简单的web项⽬的框架。
2.Myweb项⽬部分功能实现2.1 连接数据库：try {//1.加载驱动Class.forName(driver);//2.获得数据库连接this.conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, userno, password);return conn;} catch (Exception e) {// 将异常信息写⼊到指定⽂件中（⽇志⽂件）e.printStackTrace();}return null;2.2 查询⽤户列表代码：//执⾏sql查询String sql = "select * from t_user";try {//1、获得连接this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//3、执⾏查询命令this.rs = ps.executeQuery();//4、取出执⾏结果List<User> list = new ArrayList<User>();while(rs.next()) {//如果有下⼀条String name = rs.getString("name");int userid = rs.getInt("user_id");int age = rs.getInt("age");String email = rs.getString("email");String address = rs.getString("address");String userno = rs.getString("userno");String password = rs.getString("password");User user = new User();user.setAddress(address);user.setAge(age);user.setEmail(email);user.setName(name);user.setPassword(password);user.setUserno(userno);user.setUserid(userid);list.add(user);}return list;} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return null;2.3 登录//执⾏sql查询String sql = "select * from t_user where userno='"+userno+"' and password='"+password+"'";try {//1、获得连接this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//3、执⾏查询命令this.rs = ps.executeQuery();//4、取出执⾏结果while(rs.next()) {//如果有下⼀条String name = rs.getString("name");int userid = rs.getInt("user_id");int age = rs.getInt("age");String email = rs.getString("email");String address = rs.getString("address");User user = new User();user.setAddress(address);user.setAge(age);user.setEmail(email);user.setName(name);user.setPassword(password);user.setUserno(userno);user.setUserid(userid);return user;}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return null;结果：2.4 搜索⽤户列表代码：//执⾏sql查询String sql = "select * from t_user where userno like '%" + userno1 + "%'";try {//1、获得连接this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//3、执⾏查询命令this.rs = ps.executeQuery();//4、取出执⾏结果List<User> list = new ArrayList<User>();while(rs.next()) {//如果有下⼀条String name = rs.getString("name");int userid = rs.getInt("user_id");int age = rs.getInt("age");String email = rs.getString("email");String address = rs.getString("address");String userno = rs.getString("userno");String password = rs.getString("password");User user = new User();user.setAddress(address);user.setAge(age);user.setEmail(email);user.setName(name);user.setPassword(password);user.setUserno(userno);user.setUserid(userid);list.add(user);}return list;} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return null;2.5 删除⽤户代码：String sql = "delete from t_user where user_id="+userid;try {//1、获得连接this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//3、执⾏删除、修改、新增命令//result:数据库受影响的⾏数int result = ps.executeUpdate();//成功或失败，true后falseif(result>0) {//成功return true;}else {//失败return false;}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return true;结果：2.6 根据id查询⽤户信息代码：String sql = "select * from t_user where user_id=" + userid;try {//1、获得连接(连接数据库)this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//3、执⾏查询命令this.rs = ps.executeQuery();//4、取出执⾏结果User user = null;if(rs.next()) {//如果有下⼀条String name = rs.getString("name");int age = rs.getInt("age");String email = rs.getString("email");String address = rs.getString("address");String userno = rs.getString("userno");String password = rs.getString("password");user = new User();user.setAddress(address);user.setAge(age);user.setEmail(email);user.setName(name);user.setPassword(password);user.setUserno(userno);user.setUserid(Integer.parseUnsignedInt(userid));}return user;} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return null;2.7 修改⽤户代码：String sql = "update t_user set userno=?,`password`=?,`name`=?,age=? where user_id=?";try {//1、获得连接this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);ps.setString(1, user.getUserno());//第⼀个问号ps.setString(2, user.getPassword());ps.setString(3, user.getName());ps.setInt(4, user.getAge());ps.setInt(5, user.getUserid());//3、执⾏删除、修改、新增命令//result:数据库受影响的⾏数int result = ps.executeUpdate();//成功或失败，true后falseif(result>0) {//成功return true;}else {//失败return false;}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return true;结果：2.8 新增⽤户代码：String sql = "insert into t_user(userno,`password`,`name`,age) values(?,?,?,?)";try {//1、获得连接this.conn = this.getConn();//2、获得执⾏命令对象this.ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);ps.setString(1, user.getUserno());//第⼀个问号ps.setString(2, user.getPassword());ps.setString(3, user.getName());ps.setInt(4, user.getAge());// ps.setString(5, user.getEmail());// ps.setString(6, user.getAddress());//3、执⾏删除、修改、新增命令//result:数据库受影响的⾏数int result = ps.executeUpdate();//成功或失败，true后falseif(result>0) {//成功return true;}else {//失败return false;}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return true;结果：2.9 LoginServlet/*** ⽤户登录*/public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;/*** Default constructor.*/public LoginServlet() {// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub}/*** 接收get请求*/protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(request,response);}/*** 接收post请求*/protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { String userno = request.getParameter("userno");//取得账号String password = request.getParameter("password");//取得密码UserService userService = new UserService();//调⽤业务层⽅法User user = userService.login(userno, password);if(user != null) {//查询⽤户List<User> list = userService.findUserList();//查询总页数int count = userService.findUserCount();//数据总数Page page = new Page();int total = 0;//总页数if(count % page.getPageSize() > 0) {total = count/page.getPageSize() + 1;}else {total = count/page.getPageSize();}//跳转到⾸页//request中的数据针对的是某⼀次请求，请求结束数据失效//request.setAttribute("user", user);//session对象针对的是同⼀个浏览器的不同窗⼝直接共享数据request.getSession().setAttribute("user", user);request.setAttribute("list", list);request.setAttribute("page", new Page().getPage());//当前第⼏页request.setAttribute("total", total);request.getRequestDispatcher("index.jsp").forward(request, response);}else {//登陆失败request.getRequestDispatcher("login.html").forward(request, response);}}2.10 UserServlet/*** ⽤户控制器*/public class UserServlet extends HttpServlet {private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;/*** @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()*/public UserServlet() {super();// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub}/*** @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)*/protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(request,response);}/*** @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)*/protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { request.setCharacterEncoding("utf8");String action = request.getParameter("action");//取得操作⾏为String userid = request.getParameter("userid");//取得⽤户idUserService userService = new UserService();if(action != null && action.equals("delete")) {//删除操作boolean result = userService.deleteUser(userid);if(result) {//删除成功List<User> list = userService.findUserList();//跳转到⾸页//request.setAttribute("user", user);request.setAttribute("list", list);request.getRequestDispatcher("index.jsp").forward(request, response);}}else if(action != null && action.equals("toUpdate")){//跳转到修改界⾯User user = userService.findUserById(userid);request.setAttribute("user", user);request.getRequestDispatcher("update.jsp").forward(request, response);}else if(action != null && action.equals("update")) {String userno = request.getParameter("userno");//取得账号String password = request.getParameter("password");//取得密码String age = request.getParameter("age")!=null?request.getParameter("age"):"0";//取得年龄String name = request.getParameter("name");//取得姓名User user = new User();user.setUserid(Integer.parseInt(userid));user.setAge(Integer.parseInt(age));user.setName(name);user.setUserno(userno);user.setPassword(password);boolean result = userService.updateUser(user);if(result) {//修改成功//获取⽤户列表List<User> list = userService.findUserList();//跳转到⾸页//request.setAttribute("user", user);request.setAttribute("list", list);request.getRequestDispatcher("index.jsp").forward(request, response);}}else if(action != null && action.equals("toAdd")){//跳转到新增界⾯request.getRequestDispatcher("add.jsp").forward(request, response);}else if(action != null && action.equals("add")) {//新增⽤户String userno = request.getParameter("userno");//取得账号String password = request.getParameter("password");//取得密码String age = request.getParameter("age")!=null?request.getParameter("age"):"0";//取得年龄String name = request.getParameter("name");//取得姓名User user = new User();user.setAge(Integer.parseInt(age));user.setName(name);user.setUserno(userno);user.setPassword(password);boolean result = userService.addUser(user);if(result) {//添加成功//获取⽤户列表List<User> list = userService.findUserList();//跳转到⾸页//request.setAttribute("user", user);request.setAttribute("list", list);request.getRequestDispatcher("index.jsp").forward(request, response);}}else if(action != null && action.equals("findPage")) {//分页查询String page = request.getParameter("page") == null ? "1" : request.getParameter("page");//当前第⼏页 Page p = new Page();p.setPage(Integer.parseInt(page));List<User> list = userService.findUserListByPage(p);//查询总页数int count = userService.findUserCount();//数据总数Page page2 = new Page();int total = 0;//总页数if(count % page2.getPageSize() > 0) {total = count/page2.getPageSize() + 1;}else {total = count/page2.getPageSize();}//跳转到⾸页request.setAttribute("list", list);request.setAttribute("page", page);//记录当前页数，便于页⾯取值request.setAttribute("total", total);request.getRequestDispatcher("index.jsp").forward(request, response);}else {//搜索String userno = request.getParameter("userno");//取得账号List<User> list = userService.findUserListByUserNo(userno);//跳转到⾸页//request.setAttribute("user", user);request.setAttribute("list", list);request.setAttribute("userno", userno);request.getRequestDispatcher("index.jsp").forward(request, response);}}}}3.Myssm项⽬部分功能实现3.1 查询⽤户列表和分页代码：UserInfoController.java：/*** 查询⽤户列表* @throws Exception*/@RequestMapping("/findUserInfoList")public void findUserInfoList(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{ String pageIndex = request.getParameter("pageIndex");//页⾯索引，0：第⼀页，1：第⼆页，依次类推 String pageSize = request.getParameter("pageSize");//每页多少条String username = request.getParameter("key");//搜索功能：获取搜索参数值（⽤户姓名）HashMap mapParam = new HashMap();mapParam.put("pageSize", Integer.parseInt(pageSize));mapParam.put("rowNum", Integer.parseInt(pageSize)*Integer.parseInt(pageIndex));mapParam.put("username", username);List<UserInfo> userInfoList = userInfoService.findUserInfoList(mapParam);int count = userInfoService.findUserInfoCount();//查询数据总数HashMap map = new HashMap();map.put("total", count);map.put("data", userInfoList);String json = JSON.encode(map);System.out.println(json);//向前端返回数据response.getWriter().write(json);}Mapper.xml：<!-- 查询⽤户列表 --><select id = "findUserInfoList" resultMap="BaseResultMap" parameterType = "map" >select<include refid = "Base_Column_List" />from user_info<if test = "username != null" >where username like "%"#{username,jdbcType = VARCHAR}"%"</if>limit #{rowNum},#{pageSize}<!-- limit ${(pageNo - 1) * pageSize},${pageSize} --></select><!-- 查询⽤户数据总数 --><select id = "findUserInfoCount" resultType = "int" parameterType = "map" >select count(*) as count from user_info</select>结果：3.2 ⽤户登录代码：UserInfoController.java：/*** ⽤户登录* @throws Exception*/@RequestMapping("/userLogin")public void userLogin(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{String username = request.getParameter("username");String password = request.getParameter("pwd");UserInfo userInfo = new UserInfo();userInfo.setUserno(username);userInfo.setPassword(password);UserInfo u = erLogin(userInfo);if(u != null) {response.getWriter().write("success");}else {response.getWriter().write("fail");}}Mapper.xml：<!-- ⽤户登录 --><select id = "userLogin" resultMap = "BaseResultMap" parameterType = "erInfo" >select * from user_info where userNo = #{userno,jdbcType = VARCHAR} and password = #{password,jdbcType = VARCHAR} </select>结果：3.3 新增⽤户代码：UserInfoController.java：/*** 新增⽤户* @throws Exception*/@RequestMapping("/addUserInfo")public void addUserInfo(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception{String userid = request.getParameter("userid");if(userid==null||userid.equals("")){userid = "0";}String username = request.getParameter("username");String password = request.getParameter("password");String userno = request.getParameter("userno");String sex = request.getParameter("sex");String address = request.getParameter("address");String phone = request.getParameter("phone");String role = request.getParameter("role");UserInfo userInfo = new UserInfo();userInfo.setPassword(password);if(userid!=null && !userid.equals("")) {userInfo.setUserid(Long.parseLong(userid));}userInfo.setUserno(userno);userInfo.setAddress(address);userInfo.setPhone(phone);userInfo.setRole(Integer.parseInt(role));;userInfo.setSex(sex);userInfo.setUsername(username);int result = userInfoService.addUserInfo(userInfo);if(result > 0) {response.getWriter().write("success");}else {response.getWriter().write("fail");}}Mapper.xml：<insert id = "insertSelective" parameterType = "erInfo" >insert into user_info<trim prefix = "(" suffix = ")" suffixOverrides = "," ><if test = "userid != null" >userId,</if><if test = "userno != null" >userNo,</if><if test = "password != null" > password,</if><if test = "username != null" > userName,</if><if test = "sex != null" >sex,</if><if test = "address != null" > address,</if><if test = "phone != null" >phone,</if><if test = "role != null" >role,</if><if test = "createtime != null" > createTime,</if></trim></insert>结果：。
基于WEB的超市管理系统的设计和实译文1
英文翻译资料A.英文原文History of JavaThe java programming language is becoming more and more popular each day. It is the language without which one cannot even hope to a land a job these days. But has somebody even wondered how this language came about? There are many stories about, many books have been written. Here is my version (not approved by Sun Micro systems).The java programming language originated in Indonesia. It was meant to be used by the tourists that visit that country each year. Why would tourists want to use computer? Well, these are no ordinary tourists. They are rich tourists. Have they not been rich, they would not travel half way around the world to visit this place. Most people would be content to see just what is available near by. For example, if you are a TEXAN living in Dallas, you will visit the stockyards or may be the trinity river park. If you live in New Orleans area, you would see st. mars bayou. Once in your lifetime, one will probably visit Hawaii or Niagara. But going to Indonesia and its islands, Bali, Java, etc is not for the ordinary people. Anyway, coming back to the question why these tourists need to use computer programs. They go there not just to have fun and also get some work done in a fun atmosphere as these people are very important people.From the very start java was supposed to be computer independent. That means if you write a program in java in one computer, it should run in all computers. This was necessary because tourists bring all kinds of computers with them. Some bring Windows machine, some Apple mackintosh. Some of the affluent ones bring Sun server workstations or even a super computer.Before starting to create java they also sought to see if there have similar stuff done already. Even though they could find none, they found they can use lots of feature from some existing languages. One such language they found was C++. C++ was an advancement over the language called C. In fact, ideas of C++ was already hidden in C. In that language, one can increment a variable, say i, by applying the ++ operator e.g. i++. This would increase the value of the variable i by one. If i had a value of 5, it would make it 6, etc. What a vision!Anyway, coming back to C++, it made an important advancement over C by introducing the idea of a class. To understand class, one has to understand structure which was already used in C. The structure is a group of variables. For example, you have a name, an address, age etc. for any person. In stead of using them separately, in C one can group them together and call it a person. The creator of C++ said there is no need to expose these variables (name, address, etc) to the outside world. They said these details should be hidden from the outside world. They called this concept encapsulation.Another important contribution of C++ was the concept of inheritance. Thisconcept can be best explained by example. Let's go back to the example of the person.A person is very general concept. There can be many different kinds of persons, e.g doctors, lawyers, teachers, or just a bum! But each of these people have a name, an address, age etc. Even a bum has all these. The creator of C++ thought one can define a base class call person and other classes can be derived from it. In plain english, this would mean, a doctor is special kind of person, lawyer is another special kind of person. Now the common attributes of all these kinds of people can be put in the person class and special attributes can be put in the derived classes, e.g. hospital for the doctor, court for the lawyer, and nothing for the bum.But C++ was still complex with things like pointers, memory leak and multiple inheritance. The pointer concept was taken from C and it was very messy! The pointer is special type of variable that points to other variables. Since there was no guidelines as to how to use these pointers, it was very easy loose track of them. In a typical two thousand lines program, one would frequently end up with hundreds of pointers pointing to thousands, some of them are pointers and some just plain variables. Needless to say this made a large program extremely difficult to read and when the programmer left for another company, they would have no other choice than to just throw away his program! It was sometimes necessary to do this even when the programmer was around and very much alive. This is because the pointers he created inside his program had taken a life of their own and defy every attempt to predict how the program should behave. Memory management was also another weak point of C and C++. The programmer was responsible for cleaning up the memory their program would allocate and use. Failure to do so will result in a crash of the whole computer.Multiple inheritance, though sparingly used, was another feature of C++ which made a programmer's life miserable. It, however, had its use, especially in job interviews. This one question, they thought, helped them separate the wheat from the chaff. But C++ still had some nice and simple features, like inheritance, encapsulation, etc. They are something one can describe in plain english, something one can explain to a layman. So the creator of java decided to take the good features of inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism from C++, while discarding the bad features such as multiple inheritance, pointers etc. The memory management was improved in java where the programmer will not be held responsible for memory management. They can clean up after themselves if they want to get extra credit, but they do not need to. Needless to say all these was great news to the tourists in Indonesia.Java introduced lot of clarity in notations too. For example, in C++ they would say class doctor:person to mean doctor is derived from person. It is obviously very cryptic. The same situation can be expressed in java as class doctor extends person , which is much easier to understand. But there are few awkward stuff in java too especially when someone Says class bum extends person.Java made an important contribution in the graphical user interface (GUI) area. C++ was really lacking in expertise here. They visual C++, but worked only on windows environment. But it did not work in UNIX systems or mackintoshes. Just like other features of java, this was also supposed to be platform independent. This was further necessary because one can put some little GUI on a web page which can be views over the internet. And onecannot control what kind of computers other will have.After a while, it was necessary to call programs from one computer to another computer. To do this, they created J2EE. I am not sure how they came up with the name J2EE. The 'J' of J2EE, of course, means "Java", and I can be reasonably sure '2' stands for 'To'. But I do not know what the 'EE' part is all about, probably some kind of extension. Or at this point they ran out of names to think of. So they decided to have one of those just another vague acronyms..cn/Article/Computer/Software/14398.htmlB.原文的翻译Java的历史Java编程语言一天比一天的受欢迎。
在线图书管理系统外文文献原文及译文
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班姓 名：学 院：专指导教师：2014 年 6 月软件学院 软件工程An Introduction to JavaThe first release of Java in 1996 generated an incredible amount of excitement, not just in the computer press, but in mainstream media such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Business Week. Java has the distinction of being the first and only programming language that had a ten-minute story on National Public Radio. A $100,000,000 venture capital fund was set up solely for products produced by use of a specific computer language. It is rather amusing to revisit those heady times, and we give you a brief history of Java in this chapter.In the first edition of this book, we had this to write about Java: “As a computer language, Java’s hype is overdone: Java is certainly a good program-ming language. There is no doubt that it is one of the better languages available to serious programmers. We think it could potentially have been a great programming language, but it is probably too late for that. Once a language is out in the field, the ugly reality of compatibility with existing code sets in.”Our editor got a lot of flack for this paragraph from someone very high up at Sun Micro- systems who shall remain unnamed. But, in hindsight, our prognosis seems accurate. Java has a lot of nice language features—we examine them in detail later in this chapter. It has its share of warts, and newer additions to the language are not as elegant as the original ones because of the ugly reality of compatibility.But, as we already said in the first edition, Java was never just a language. There are lots of programming languages out there, and few of them make much of a splash. Java is a whole platform, with a huge library, containing lots of reusable code, and an execution environment that provides services such as security, portability across operating sys-tems, and automatic garbage collection.As a programmer, you will want a language with a pleasant syntax and comprehensible semantics (i.e., not C++). Java fits the bill, as do dozens of other fine languages. Some languages give you portability, garbage collection, and the like, but they don’t have much of a library, forcing you to roll your own if you want fancy graphics or network- ing or database access. Well, Java has everything—a good language, a high-quality exe- cution environment, and a vast library. That combination is what makes Java an irresistible proposition to so many programmers.SimpleWe wanted to build a system that could be programmed easily without a lot of eso- teric training and which leveraged t oday’s standard practice. So even though wefound that C++ was unsuitable, we designed Java as closely to C++ as possible in order to make the system more comprehensible. Java omits many rarely used, poorly understood, confusing features of C++ that, in our experience, bring more grief than benefit.The syntax for Java is, indeed, a cleaned-up version of the syntax for C++. There is no need for header files, pointer arithmetic (or even a pointer syntax), structures, unions, operator overloading, virtual base classes, and so on. (See the C++ notes interspersed throughout the text for more on the differences between Java and C++.) The designers did not, however, attempt to fix all of the clumsy features of C++. For example, the syn- tax of the switch statement is unchanged in Java. If you know C++, you will find the tran- sition to the Java syntax easy. If you are used to a visual programming environment (such as Visual Basic), you will not find Java simple. There is much strange syntax (though it does not take long to get the hang of it). More important, you must do a lot more programming in Java. The beauty of Visual Basic is that its visual design environment almost automatically pro- vides a lot of the infrastructure for an application. The equivalent functionality must be programmed manually, usually with a fair bit of code, in Java. There are, however, third-party development environments that provide “drag-and-drop”-style program development.Another aspect of being simple is being small. One of the goals of Java is to enable the construction of software that can run stand-alone in small machines. The size of the basic interpreter and class support is about 40K bytes; adding the basic stan- dard libraries and thread support (essentially a self-contained microkernel) adds an additional 175K.This was a great achievement at the time. Of course, the library has since grown to huge proportions. There is now a separate Java Micro Edition with a smaller library, suitable for embedded devices.Object OrientedSimply stated, object-oriented design is a technique for programming that focuses on the data (= objects) and on the interfaces to that object. To make an analogy with carpentry, an “object-oriented” carpenter would be mostly concerned with the chair he was building, and secondari ly with the tools used to make it; a “non-object- oriented” carpenter would think primarily of his tools. The object-oriented facilities of Java are essentially those of C++.Object orientation has proven its worth in the last 30 years, and it is inconceivable that a modern programming language would not use it. Indeed, the object-oriented features of Java are comparable to those of C++. The major difference between Java and C++ lies in multiple inheritance, which Java has replaced with the simpler concept of interfaces, and in the Java metaclass model (which we discuss in Chapter 5). NOTE: If you have no experience with object-oriented programming languages, you will want to carefully read Chapters 4 through 6. These chapters explain what object-oriented programming is and why it is more useful for programming sophisticated projects than are traditional, procedure-oriented languages like C or Basic.Network-SavvyJava has an extensive library of routines for coping with TCP/IP protocols like HTTP and FTP. Java applications can open and access objects across the Net via URLs with the same ease as when accessing a local file system.We have found the networking capabilities of Java to be both strong and easy to use. Anyone who has tried to do Internet programming using another language will revel in how simple Java makes onerous tasks like opening a socket connection. (We cover net- working in V olume II of this book.) The remote method invocation mechanism enables communication between distributed objects (also covered in V olume II).RobustJava is intended for writing programs that must be reliable in a variety of ways.Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking for possible problems, later dynamic (runtime) checking, and eliminating situations that are error-prone. The single biggest difference between Java and C/C++ is that Java has a pointer model that eliminates the possibility of overwriting memory and corrupting data.This feature is also very useful. The Java compiler detects many problems that, in other languages, would show up only at runtime. As for the second point, anyone who has spent hours chasing memory corruption caused by a pointer bug will be very happy with this feature of Java.If you are coming from a language like Visual Basic that doesn’t explicitly use pointers, you are probably wondering why this is so important. C programmers are not so lucky. They need pointers to access strings, arrays, objects, and even files. In Visual Basic, you do not use pointers for any of these entities, nor do you need to worry about memory allocation for them. On the other hand, many data structures are difficult to implementin a pointerless language. Java gives you the best of both worlds. You do not need point- ers for everyday constructs like strings and arrays. You have the power of pointers if you need it, for example, for linked lists. And you always have complete safety, because you can never access a bad pointer, make memory allocation errors, or have to protect against memory leaking away.Architecture NeutralThe compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format—the compiled code is executable on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime sys- tem. The Java compiler does this by generating bytecode instructions which have nothing to do with a particular computer architecture. Rather, they are designed to be both easy to interpret on any machine and easily translated into native machine code on the fly.This is not a new idea. More than 30 years ago, both Niklaus Wirth’s original implemen- tation of Pascal and the UCSD Pascal system used the same technique.Of course, interpreting bytecodes is necessarily slower than running machine instruc- tions at full speed, so it isn’t clear that this is even a good idea. However, virtual machines have the option of translating the most frequently executed bytecode sequences into machine code, a process called just-in-time compilation. This strategy has proven so effective that even Microsoft’s .NET platform relies on a virt ual machine.The virtual machine has other advantages. It increases security because the virtual machine can check the behavior of instruction sequences. Some programs even produce bytecodes on the fly, dynamically enhancing the capabilities of a running program.PortableUnlike C and C++, there are no “implementation-dependent” aspects of the specifi- cation. The sizes of the primitive data types are specified, as is the behavior of arith- metic on them.For example, an int in Java is always a 32-bit integer. In C/C++, int can mean a 16-bit integer, a 32-bit integer, or any other size that the compiler vendor likes. The only restriction is that the int type must have at least as many bytes as a short int and cannot have more bytes than a long int. Having a fixed size for number types eliminates a major porting headache. Binary data is stored and transmitted in a fixed format, eliminating confusion about byte ordering. Strings are saved in a standard Unicode format. The libraries that are a part of the system define portable interfaces. For example,there is an abstract Window class and implementations of it for UNIX, Windows, and the Macintosh.As anyone who has ever tried knows, it is an effort of heroic proportions to write a pro- gram that looks good on Windows, the Macintosh, and ten flavors of UNIX. Java 1.0 made the heroic effort, delivering a simple toolkit that mapped common user interface elements to a number of platforms. Unfortunately, the result was a library that, with a lot of work, could give barely acceptable results on different systems. (And there were often different bugs on the different platform graphics implementations.) But it was a start. There are many applications in which portability is more important than user interface slickness, and these applications did benefit from early versions of Java. By now, the user interface toolkit has been completely rewritten so that it no longer relies on the host user interface. The result is far more consistent and, we think, more attrac- tive than in earlier versions of Java.InterpretedThe Java interpreter can execute Java bytecodes directly on any machine to which the interpreter has been ported. Since linking is a more incremental and lightweight process, the development process can be much more rapid and exploratory.Incremental linking has advantages, but its benefit for the development process is clearly overstated. Early Java development tools were, in fact, quite slow. Today, the bytecodes are translated into machine code by the just-in-time compiler.MultithreadedThe benefits of multithreading are better interactive responsiveness and real-time behavior.If you have ever tried to do multithreading in another language, you will be pleasantly surprised at how easy it is in Java. Threads in Java also can take advantage of multi- processor systems if the base operating system does so. On the downside, thread imple- mentations on the major platforms differ widely, and Java makes no effort to be platform independent in this regard. Only the code for calling multithreading remains the same across machines; Java offloads the implementation of multithreading to the underlying operating system or a thread library. Nonetheless, the ease of multithread- ing is one of the main reasons why Java is such an appealing language for server-side development.Java程序设计概述1996年Java第一次发布就引起了人们的极大兴趣。
基于Java的网上图书馆系统
宁波理工学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目基于Java的网上图书馆系统姓名刘华斌学号3070411016专业班级07信息与计算科学1班指导教师舒振宇分院信息科学与工程分院开题时间2011年3月15日第1章文献综述基于Java的网上图书馆系统1.1 引言在科技发达的今天，无论是事物还是技术，都有了更高层次的发展。
这种现象的出现，主要是人类社会的总体进步在影响着它。
社会的不断发展，使得人们对精神和物质的要求越来越高，这就迫使供应商要有更高档次的技术和产品去满足这种日益增长的需求。
再者，现在的社会是市场经济的社会，一切商业活动都以竞争为主要手段，“优胜劣汰”是不变的准则，这也是高技术、高新产品出现的原因。
在这种大环境下，为了提高办事效率，网上图书馆系统也应之而生。
1.2 国内外现状1.2.1 国内现状在图书管理系统用计算机管理图书是一种计算机应用技术的创新，在计算机还未普及之前图书管理都是由图书管理人员手工记账的方式来操作的。
现在一般的图书馆都是采用计算机作为工具的实用的计算机图书管理程序来帮助图书馆管理员进行更有效的图书管理。
国家图书馆的计算机管理起始于八十年代初期。
随着图书馆事业的蓬勃发展，特别是开始建设数字图书馆，原有的计算机管理系统已无法满足需要。
为此，从1994年开始，遵循调查研究，摸清底数，统筹规划，分步实施的原则，先后建设了十几个计算机局域网，并于1999年2月开通了千兆位馆域网，将以往建设的各个子网全部纳入其中。
至此，国家图书馆的网络建设上了一个新台阶，其采用的技术达到了国际接轨、国内领先的水平。
与此同时，国家图书馆还开始进行了数字图书馆的研发。
90年代中期，我国图书馆系统的研发曾经出现了一个高潮时期，当时推出了目前在国内较有影响的几个大型系统（如南京汇文、北邮MELINETS），并提出了“第三代图书馆自动化系统”的概念。
在此之后，国内图书馆系统处于相对平淡的一个历史时期，无论在理论上，还是在整体技术实现上，都没有大的突破，有的研究人员甚至认为图书馆系统已经到达了顶点，没有发展的余地。
基于Javaweb社会管理一体化系统——图书管理模块毕业论文
本科毕业论文（设计）题目：社会管理一体化系统——图书管理模块姓名：学号：专业：院系：指导老师：职称学历：完成时间：本科毕业论文（设计）独创承诺书本人按照毕业论文（设计）进度计划积极开展实验（调查）研究活动，实事求是地做好实验（调查）记录，所呈交的毕业论文（设计）是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
据我所知，除文中特别加以标注引用参考文献资料外，论文（设计）中所有数据均为自己研究成果，不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的工作已在论文中作了明确说明并表示谢意。
毕业论文（设计）作者签名：日期：社会管理一体化系统——图书管理模块摘要随着社会经济社会发展，实现社会一体化是我国科学发展观的必然要求,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要标志。
图书管理系统是现代城市建设信息化的必然产物。
由于图书种类的繁多，图书借阅的信息量大，需求量大，各个社区之间的图书种类与图书借阅又需要更好地协调与管理，方便读者也方便管理人员。
因此，在这种状况下，提供一种网络社区服务与管理系统对图书进行管理,使任何人在任何时候任何地点，都可以了解到图书的信息。
Struts、Spring和Hibernate是一个集成框架，是目前较流行的一种Web 应用程序开源框架。
本系统就是以Java Web为基础、SSH为底层框架实现对辖区的图书信息进行管理，包含的功能模块有图书信息模块、读者信息模块、图书借阅模块以及图书预警模块，权限设置方面采用了多用户多权限的方式，前台的交互方式本着简洁大方的原则，应用于社区，服务于社区。
关键词：社会一体化；图书管理；集成SSH框架；Java WebSocial integration system -- bookmanagement moduleAbstractWith the social and economic and social development, the realization of social integration is the inevitable requirement of view of scientific development of our country, and also an important symbol of the construction of socialist harmonious society.The community is the unit of society, community management and promoting the integrated development of society in a certain extent. Community management system is the inevitable product of the information construction of modern city. Due to the mobility of the city population is more and more frequent, the jurisdiction management content is more and more complex, the traditional management mode has been gradually unable to meet the needs of the old community management.The transformation of community management system will be the past passive coping with problems of management mode for the initiative to discover and solve problems.Struts, Spring and Hibernate is an integrated framework, is an open source Web application framework.This system is based on Java Web as the foundation, SSH as the underlying framework implementation of district personnel information management. Keywords：Social integration; Book management; SSH ; Java Web目录1 绪论 (1)1.1 研究的背景及意义 (1)1.1.1 研究的背景 (1)1.1.2 研究的目的与意义 (1)1.2 研究的主要内容 (2)1.3 本章小结 (2)2开发技术的介绍 (3)2.1 开发技术的介绍 (3)2.1.1 Java Web的介绍 (3)2.1.2 SSH框架的介绍 (3)2.1.3 MVC框架的介绍 (3)3 系统的需求分析和概要设计 (4)3.1 系统可行性分析 (4)3.1.1经济可行性 (4)3.1.2技术可行性 (4)3.1.3操作可行性 (4)3.2系统需求分析 (5)3.2.1系统需求功能概括 (5)3.2.2系统数据需求分析 (5)3.2.3系统功能模块分析 (6)3.3.1图书管理系统的系统目标 (6)3.3.2图书管理系统的功能结构 (6)3.3.3 数据库概念设计 (7)3.4本章小结 (10)4 系统的设计与实现 (11)4.1登录模块设计与实现 (11)4.1.1登录模块概述 (11)4.1.2 登录模块技术分析 (11)4.1.3 登录模块实现过程 (12)4.2管理模块概述 (13)4.2.1 图书管理模块概述 (13)4.2.2 图书管理模块的设计和实现过程 (13)4.2.3 图书信息管理模块的概述 (13)4.2.4 读者信息设置模块的概述 (14)4.2.5 借阅信息管理模块的概述 (15)4.2.6图书预警模块的概述 (15)4.2.7综合查询模块的概述 (16)4.3数据库设计 (17)4.4本章小结 (18)5 系统测试 (19)5.1 测试环境 (19)5.3测试结果 (20)5.4 本章小结 (24)6 研究结论与未来研究 (25)6.1 系统研究结论 (25)6.2 系统未来研究 (25)致谢 (26)参考文献 (27)1 绪论本章首先介绍了课题的研究背景、研究的目的与意义，其次对本文主要研究的内容进行了叙述。
java书籍借阅管理系统毕业设计(含外文翻译)[管理资料]
![java书籍借阅管理系统毕业设计(含外文翻译)[管理资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/106291a177232f60ddcca1fe.png)
摘要本系统的设计过程是用来实现书籍借阅、归还以及对读者、书籍信息的管理。
系统则是利用计算机的功能实现书籍管理的系统化和自动化，使管理工作大大减轻，其方便友好的图形界面，简便的操作，完善的数据库管理，帮助操作人员更好地完成工作。
系统采用Java技术,选择Eclipse作为开发工具，选择了MySQL作为后台数据库管理系统，利用软件工程的知识，并结合面向对象方法进行系统分析和设计。
系统就是针对书籍借阅信息管理而开发的。
系统大体上分为六个模块，包括系统管理、图书信息管理、读者信息管理、借阅信息管理、查询信息管理及关于系统六个模块。
该系统能实现图书信息、读者信息以及借阅信息的各种处理。
在本文的第一章是系统的前言，介绍系统的开发环境及相应开发工具，第二章至第五章分别是系统的可行性分析，需求分析、总体设计、数据库设计，这些都是对系统进行设计、开发的基础。
第六章则是系统的详细设计和编码，以实现系统的功能，第七章软件测试和维护，第八章是性能分析，这些都是本系统的重要部分。
第九章是整个文章的总结。
关键字：书籍借阅；数据库；Java技术AbstractTo borrow books management system design process is used to borrow books, return books, and manage books information . System is the use of computers in the realization of systematic and automation management books, which made management greatly reduced, their convenience and friendly graphic interface, easy operation, comprehensive database management, to help operators better completion.The system uses Java technology, and choose Eclipse as a development tool, MySQL as a background database management system, and using software engineering knowledge, combined with object-oriented methods for system analysis and design.The system was aimed at develop borrowing books and information management .The whole system is divided into six modules, including systems management, book information management, readers information management, borrow information management , Inquiries and system introduce on the six modules. The system can manage book information, reader information, and borrow information.In this paper, the first chapter is the foreword, introduction of the system development environment and the corresponding development tools, Chapter 2 to 5 are the feasibility analysis, requirement analysis, system design, database design, These are the system design, development foundation. Chapter 6 is the detailed design to achieve the function of the system, Chapter 7 is software testing and maintenance , the chapter 8 is performance analysis, these are the important part of the system. Chapter 9 is the entire article summing up.Keywords : Borrow books; Database; Java Technology目录第1章前言 (1)问题的提出 (1)系统特点 (1)Java介绍 (2)MySQL介绍 (3)Eclipse介绍 (3)第2章可行性分析 (4)可行性分析概述 (4)系统的可行性分析 (4)第3章需求分析 (6)需求分析的任务 (6)系统功能要求 (6)系统流程图 (7)系统功能分析 (7)数据流图 (8)数据字典 (9)第4章总体设计 (12)系统模块设计 (12)系统功能模块图 (13)第5章数据库设计 (16)数据库的概念模式设计 (16)系统E-R图 (17)数据库的逻辑设计 (20)设计原理介绍 (20)建立逻辑设计结果 (20)数据库的物理结构设计 (21)第6章详细设计 (24)子系统设计 (24)菜单设计 (24)模块设计 (25)登录系统的界面设计 (25)系统参数设置的界面设计 (26)读者信息录入的界面设计 (27)读者信息编辑的界面设计 (28)借阅书籍信息的界面设计 (28)书籍归还与借阅的界面设计 (29)书籍信息查询的界面设计 (29)第7章系统测试和维护 (30)软件测试 (30) (31) (32)第8章性能分析 (33)性能分析 (33)优点 (33)缺点 (33)第9章总结 (34)参考文献 (35)致谢 (36)附录 (37)第1章前言1.1问题的提出在现代化的今天，随着信息技术的迅速发展和教育的不断普及，计算机的应用得以广阔的发展，传统的管理统计方式在处理庞大的信息量时显得极不适应，因此人们对于计算机来辅助协调和管理工作的需求正在逐步提高。
JavaWeb：网上书店的案例
JavaWeb：⽹上书店的案例功能分析：只有⼀个⾓⾊客户，客户可以 --查看图书信息（包括查看图书详细信息，使⽤条件（例价格区间）查看图书信息，对图书进⾏翻页） --把图书加⼊购物车 --查看购物车 --修改购物车（包括清空购物车，修改购物车单本图书数量，删除单本图书） --结账（填写⽤户名和账号信息） --查看交易记录总体架构：MVC 设计模式： --model：POJO --controller：Servlet --view：JSP + EL + JSTL技术选型： 数据库：Mysql 数据源：C3P0 JDBC ⼯具：DBUtils 事务解决⽅案：Filter + ThreadLocal Ajax 解决⽅案：jQuery + JavaScript + JSON + google-gson 层之间解耦⽅案：⼯⼚设计模式数据表设计：在 Mysql 数据库中建好这些数据表。
配置好环境实体类设计：Account(账户表，⽤于⽀付)，User（客户表，存储客户基本信息），Trade(交易项)，TradeItem(交易记录)，Book，ShoppingCartItem，ShoppingCartDAO 层设计：（这⾥先每个⽅法⼿动的获取Connection，在后⾯操作事务时，再改成获取统⼀的Connection） - Dao 接⼝，定义 Dao 的基本操作，使⽤BaseDao 实现 Dao 接⼝。
- BaseDao ：使⽤ DBUtils ⼯具类提供 Dao 接⼝的具体实现。
BookDao 接⼝：⽤于定义操作 Book 实体类的基本⽅法。
- BookDaoImpl ：使⽤ BaseDao 中的⽅法实现 BookDao。
Dao 接⼝代码：1package com.hnust.bookstore.dao;23import java.util.List;45/**6 * Dao 接⼝，定义 Dao 的基本操作，由BaseDao 提供实现。
基于JavaWeb的在线图书订购与打印管理系统开题报告
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
学生姓名： XXXXXX 学号： XXXXXXXXXX
专业：计算机科学与技术
设计(论文)题目：基于Java Web的在线图书
订购与打印管理系统
指导教师：
2011年3月23日
毕业设计（论文）开题报告
1．结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写
2000字左右的文献综述：
文献综述
1、图书订购与打印管理系统产生的背景
当今时代是飞速发展的信息时代。
在各行各业中离不开信息处理，这正是计算机被广泛应用于信息管理系统的环境。
计算机的最大好处在于利用它能够进行信息管理。
使用计算机进行信息控制，不仅提高了工作效率，而且大大的提高了其安全性。
尤其对于复杂的信息管理，计算机能够充分发挥它的优越性。
计算机进行信息管理与信息管理系统的开发密切相关，系统的开发是系统管理的前提。
本系统就是为了管理好图书订购与打印信息而设计的。
东门复印部的图书和订购信息资料繁多，包含很多的信息数据的管理。
根据调查
毕业设计（论文）开题报告
毕业设计（论文）开题报告。
JAVA外文文献+翻译
Java and the InternetIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming、The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re comin g from a traditional programming perspective、Although Java is very useful for solving traditional stand-alone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web、1.Client-side programmingThe Web’s in itial server-browser design provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server、The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them、Basic HTML contains simple mechanisms for data gathering: text-entry boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset the data on the form or “submit” the data on the form back to the server、This submission passes through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers、The text within the submission tells CGI what to do with it、The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory that’s typically called “cgi-bin、” (If you watch the address window at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi-bin” within all the gobbledygook there、) These programs can be written in most languages、Perl is a common choice because it is designed for text manipulation and is interpreted, so it can be installed on any server regardless of processor or operating system、Many powerful Web sites today are built strictly on CGI, and you can in fact do nearly anything with it、However, Web sites built on CGI programs can rapidly become overly complicated to maintain, and there is also the problem ofresponse time、The response of a CGI program depends on how much data must be sent, as well as the load on both the server and the Internet、(On top of this, starting a CGI program tends to be slow、) The initial designers of the Web did not foresee how rapidly this bandwidth would be exhausted for the kinds of applications people developed、For example, any sort of dynamic graphing is nearly impossible to perform with consistency because a GIF be created and moved from the server to the client for each version of the graph、And you’ve no doubt had direct experience with something as simple as validating the data on an input form、You press the submit button on a page; the data is shipped back to the server; the server starts a CGI program that discovers an error, formats an HTML page informing you of the error, and then sends the page back to you; you must then back up a page and try again、Not only is this slow, it’s inelegant、The solution is client-side programming、Most machines that run Web browsers are powerful engines capable of doing vast work, and with the original static HTML approach they are sitting there, just idly waiting for the server to dish up the next page、Client-side programming means that the Web browser is harnessed to do whatever work it can, and the result for the user is a much speedier and more interactive experience at your Web site、The problem with discussions of client-side programming i s that they aren’t very different from discussions of programming in general、The parameters are almost the same, but the platform is different: a Web browser is like a limited operating system、In the end, you must still program, and this accounts for the dizzying array of problems and solutions produced by client-side programming、The rest of this section provides an overview of the issues and approaches in client-side programming、2、Plug-insOne of the most significant steps forward in client-side programming is the development of the plug-in、This is a way for a programmer to add new functionality to the browser by downloading a piece of code that plugs itself intothe appropriate spot in the browser、It tells the browser “from now on you can perform this new activity、” (You need to download the plug-in only once、) Some fast and powerful behavior is added to browsers via plug-ins, but writing a plug-in is not a trivial task, and isn’t something you’d want to do as part of the process of building a particular site、The value of the plug-in for client-side programming is that it allows an expert programmer to develop a new language and add that language to a browser without the permission of the browser manufacturer、Thus, plug-ins provide a “back door” that allows the creation of new client-side programming languages (although not all languages are implemented as plug-ins)、3、Scripting languagesPlug-ins resulted in an explosion of scripting languages、With a scripting language you embed the source code for your client-side program directly into the HTML page, and the plug-in that interprets that language is automatically activated while the HTML page is being displayed、Scripting languages tend to be reasonably easy to understand and, because they are simply text that is part of an HTML page, they load very quickly as part of the single server hit required to procure that page、The trade-off is that your code is exposed for everyone to see (and steal)、Generally, however, you aren’t doing amazingly sophistica ted things with scripting languages so this is not too much of a hardship、This points out that the scripting languages used inside Web browsers are really intended to solve specific types of problems, primarily the creation of richer and more interactive graphical user interfaces (GUIs)、However, a scripting language might solve 80 percent of the problems encountered in client-side programming、Your problems might very well fit completely within that 80 percent, and since scripting languages can allow easier and faster development, you should probably consider a scripting language before looking at a more involved solution such as Java or ActiveX programming、The most commonly discussed browser scripting languages are JavaScript (which has nothing to do wit h Java; it’s named that way just to grab some ofJava’s marketing momentum), VBScript (which looks like Visual Basic), and Tcl/Tk, which comes from the popular cross-platform GUI-building language、There are others out there, and no doubt more in development、JavaScript is probably the most commonly supported、It comes built into both Netscape Navigator and the Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)、In addition, there are probably more JavaScript books available than there are for the other browser languages, and some tools automatically create pages using JavaScript、However, if you’re already fluent in Visual Basic or Tcl/Tk, you’ll be more productive using those scripting languages rather than learning a new one、(You’ll have your hands full dealing with the W eb issues already、)4、JavaIf a scripting language can solve 80 percent of the client-side programming problems, what about the other 20 percent—the “really hard stuff?” The most popular solution today is Java、Not only is it a powerful programming language built to be secure, cross-platform, and international, but Java is being continually extended to provide language features and libraries that elegantly handle problems that are difficult in traditional programming languages, such as multithreading, database access, network programming, and distributed computing、Java allows client-side programming via the applet、An applet is a mini-program that will run only under a Web browser、The applet is downloaded automatically as part of a Web page (just as, for example, a graphic is automatically downloaded)、When the applet is activated it executes a program、This is part of its beauty—it provides you with a way to automatically distribute the client software from the server at the time the user needs the client software, and no sooner、The user gets the latest version of the client software without fail and without difficult reinstallation、Because of the way Java is designed, the programmer needs to create only a single program, and that program automatically works with all computers that have browsers with built-in Java interpreters、(This safely includes the vast majority of machines、) Since Java is a full-fledged programming language, you can do asmuch work as possible on the client before and after making requests of the server、For example, you won’t need to send a request form across the Internet to discover that you’ve gotten a date or some other parameter wrong, and your client computer can quickly do the work of plotting data instead of waiting for the server to make a plot and ship a graphic image back to you、Not only do you get the immediate win of speed and responsiveness, but the general network traffic and load on servers can be reduced, preventing the entire Internet from slowing down、One advanta ge a Java applet has over a scripted program is that it’s in compiled form, so the source code isn’t available to the client、On the other hand, a Java applet can be decompiled without too much trouble, but hiding your code is often not an important issue、Two other factors can be important、As you will see later in this book, a compiled Java applet can comprise many modules and take multiple server “hits” (accesses) to download、(In Java 1、1 and higher this is minimized by Java archives, called JAR files, that allow all the required modules to be packaged together and compressed for a single download、) A scripted program will just be integrated into the Web page as part of its text (and will generally be smaller and reduce server hits)、This could be important to the responsiveness of your Web site、Another factor is the all-important learning curve、Regardless of what you’ve heard, Java is not a trivial language to learn、If you’re a Visual Basic programmer, moving to VBScript will be your fastest solution, and since it will probably solve most typical client/server problems you might be hard pressed to justify learning Java、If you’re experienced with a scripting language you will certainly benefit from looking at JavaScript or VBScript before committing to Java, since they might fit your needs handily and you’ll be more productive sooner、to run its applets withi5、ActiveXTo some degree, the competitor to Java is Microsoft’s ActiveX, although it takes a completely different approach、ActiveX was originally a Windows-onlysolution, although it is now being developed via an independent consortium to become cross-platform、Effectively, ActiveX says “if your program connects to its environment just so, it can be dropped into a Web page and run under a browser that supports ActiveX、” (IE directly supports ActiveX and Netscape does so using a plug-in、) Thus, ActiveX does not constrain you to a particular language、If, for example, you’re already an experienced Windows programmer using a language such as C++, Visual Basic, or Borland’s Delphi, you can create ActiveX components with almost no changes to your programming knowledge、ActiveX also provides a path for the use of legacy code in your Web pages、6、SecurityAutomatically downloading and running programs across the Internet can sound like a virus-builder’s dream、ActiveX especially brings up the thorny issue of security in client-side programming、If you click on a Web site, you might automatically download any number of things along with the HTML page: GIF files, script code, compiled Java code, and ActiveX components、Some of these are benign; GIF files can’t do any harm, and scripting languages are generally limited in what they can do、Java was also designed to run its applets within a “sandbox” of safety, wh ich prevents it from writing to disk or accessing memory outside the sandbox、ActiveX is at the opposite end of the spectrum、Programming with ActiveX is like programming Windows—you can do anything you want、So if you click on a page that downloads an ActiveX component, that component might cause damage to the files on your disk、Of course, programs that you load onto your computer that are not restricted to running inside a Web browser can do the same thing、Viruses downloaded from Bulletin-Board Systems (BBSs) have long been a problem, but the speed of the Internet amplifies the difficulty、The solution seems to be “digital signatures,” whereby code is verified to show who the author is、This is based on the idea that a virus works because its creator can be anonymous, so if you remove the anonymity individuals will beforced to be responsible for their actions、This seems like a good plan because it allows programs to be much more functional, and I suspect it will eliminate malicious mischief、If, however, a program has an unintentional destructive bug it will still cause problems、The Java approach is to prevent these problems from occurring, via the sandbox、The Java interpreter that lives on your local Web browser examines the applet for any untoward instructions as the applet is being loaded、In particular, the applet cannot write files to disk or erase files (one of the mainstays of viruses)、Applets are generally considered to be safe, and since this is essential for reliable client/server systems, any bugs in the Java language that allow viruses are rapidly repaired、(It’s worth noting that the browser software actually enforces these security restrictions, and some browsers allow you to select different security levels to provide varying degrees of access to your system、)You might be skeptical of this rather draconian restriction against writing files to your local disk、For example, you may want to build a local database or save data for later use offline、The initial vision seemed to be that eventually everyone would get online to do anything important, but that was soon seen to be impractical (although low-cost “Internet appliances” might someday satisfy the needs of a significant segment of users)、The solution is the “signed applet” that uses public-key encryption to verify that an applet does indeed come from where it claims it does、A signed applet can still trash your disk, but the theory is that since you can now hold the applet creator accountable they won’t do vicious things、Java provides a framework for digital signatures so that you will eventually be able to allow an applet to step outside the sandbox if necessary、Digital signatures have missed an important issue, which is the speed that people move around on the Internet、If you download a buggy program and it does something untoward, how long will it be before you discover the damage? It could be days or even weeks、By then, how will you track down the program that’s done it? And what good will it do you at that point?7、Internet vs、intranetThe Web is the most general solution to the client/server problem, so it makes sense that you can use the same technology to solve a subset of the problem, in particular the classic client/server problem within a company、With traditional client/server approaches you have the problem of multiple types of client computers, as well as the difficulty of installing new client software, both of which are handily solved with Web browsers and client-side programming、When Web technology is used for an information network that is restricted to a particular company, it is referred to as an intranet、Intranets provide much greater security than the Internet, since you can physically control access to the servers within your company、In terms of training, it seems that once people understand the general concept of a browser it’s much easier for them to deal with differences in the way pages and applets look, so the learning curve for new kinds of systems seems to be reduced、The security problem brings us to one of the divisions that seems to be automatically forming in the world of client-side programming、If your program is running on the Internet, you don’t know what platform it will be working under, and you want to be extra careful that you don’t disseminate buggy code、You need something cross-platform and secure, like a scripting language or Java、If you’re running on an intranet, you might have a different set of constraints、It’s not uncommon that your machines could all be Intel/Windows platforms、On an intranet, you’re responsible for the quality of your own code and can repair bugs when they’re discovered、In addition, you might already have a body of legacy code that you’ve been using in a more traditional client/server approach, whereby you must physically install client programs every time you do an upgrade、The time wasted in installing upgrades is the most compelling reason to move to browsers, because upgrades are invisible and automatic、If you are involved in such an intranet, the most sensible approach to take is the shortest path that allows you to use your existing code base, rather than trying to recode your programs in a new language、When faced with this bewildering array of solutions to the client-side programming problem, the best plan of attack is a cost-benefit analysis、Consider the constraints of your problem and what would be the shortest path to your solution、Since client-side programming is still programming, it’s always a good idea to take the fastest development approach for your particular situation、This is an aggressive stance to prepare for inevitable encounters with the problems of program development、8、Server-side programmingThis whole discussion has ignored the issue of server-side programming、What happens when you make a request of a server? Most of the time the request is simply “send me this file、” Your browser then interprets the some appropriate fashion: as an HTML page, a graphic image, a Java applet, a script program, etc、A more complicated request to a server generally involves a database transaction、A common scenario involves a request for a complex database search, which the server then formats into an HTML page and sends to you as the result、(Of course, if the client has more intelligence via Java or a scripting language, the raw data can be sent and formatted at the client end, which will be faster and less load on the server、) Or you might want to register your name in a database when you join a group or place an order, which will involve changes to that database、These database requests must be processed via some code on the server side, which is generally referred to as server-side programming、Traditionally, server-side programming has been performed using Perl and CGI scripts, but more sophisticated systems have been appearing、These include Java-based Web servers that allow you to perform all your server-side programming in Java by writing what are called servlets、Servlets and their offspring, JSPs, are two of the most compelling reasons that companies who develop Web sites are moving to Java, especially because they eliminate the problems of dealing with differently abled browsers、9、separate arena: applicationsMuch of the brouhaha over Java has been over applets、Java is actually a general-purpose programming language that can solve any type of problem—at least in theory、And as pointed out previously, there might be more effective ways to solve most client/server problems、When you move out of the applet arena (and simultaneously release the restrictions, such as the one against writing to disk) you enter the world of general-purpose applications that run standalone, without a Web browser, just like any ordinary program does、Here, Java’s strength is not only in its portability, but also its programm ability、As you’ll see throughout this book, Java has many features that allow you to create robust programs in a shorter period than with previous programming languages、Be aware that this is a mixed blessing、You pay for the improvements through slower execution speed (although there is significant work going on in this area—JDK 1、3, in particular, introduces the so-called “hotspot” performance improvements)、Like any language, Java has built-in limitations that might make it inappropriate to solve certain types of programming problems、Java is a rapidly evolving language, however, and as each new release comes out it becomes more and more attractive for solving larger sets of problems、Java与因特网既然Java不过另一种类型的程序设计语言,大家可能会奇怪它为什么值得如此重视,为什么还有这么多的人认为它就是计算机程序设计的一个里程碑呢？如果您来自一个传统的程序设计背景,那么答案在刚开始的时候并不就是很明显。
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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：信息工程学院专业：计算机科学与技术姓名： XXXXXXXXX 学号： XXXXXXXXX 外文出处：Cay s.Horstmann Core Java ,V olume II, Advanced Features, Eighth Edition附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文Java技术介绍Java是一种程序设计平台Java是一种优秀的程序设计语言。
对于一个名副其实的程序设计人员来说，使用Java无疑是一个好的选择。
有人认为:Java将有望成为一种最优秀的程序设计语言，但还需要一个相当长的发展时期。
一旦一种语言应用于某个领域，与现存代码的相容性问题就摆在了人们的面前。
”Java并不只是一种语言。
在此之前出现的那么多种语言也没有能够引起那么大的轰动。
Java是一个完整的平台，有一个庞大的库，其中包含很多可重用的代码和一个提供诸如安全性、跨操作系统的可移植性以及自动垃圾回收等服务的执行环境。
作为一名程序设计人员，常常希望能够有一种语言，它具有令人赏心悦目的语法和易于理解的语义(C++不是这样的)。
与许多其他的优秀语言一样，Java恰恰满足了这些要求。
有些语言提供了可移植性、垃圾回收等等，但是，没有提供一个大型的库，如果想要有奇特的绘图功能、网络连接功能和数据库存取功能就必须自己动手编写代码。
Java这种功能齐全的出色语言，具有高质量的执行环境以及庞大的库。
正是因为它集多种优势于一身，所以对于广大的程序设计人员来说有着不可抗拒的吸引力。
JAVA的特性1．简单性人们希望构建一个无需深奥的专业训练就可以进行编程的系统，并且要符合当今的标准惯例。
因此，尽管人们发现C++不太适用，但在设计Java的时候还是尽可能地接近 C++，以便系统更易于理解。
Java别除了C++中许多很少使用、难以理解、易混淆的特性。
在目前看来，这些特性带来的麻烦远远大于带来的好处。
的确，Java语法是C++语法的一个“纯净”版本。
这里没有头文件、指针运算(甚至指针语法)、结构、联合、操作符重载、虚基类等等。
(请参看本书各个章节给出的C++注释，那里比较详细地解释了Java与C++之间的区别。
)然而，设计者并没有试图清除C++中所有不适当的特性。
例如，switch语句的语法在Java中就没有改变。
如果熟悉C++就会发现可以轻而易举地将它转换成Java, 如果已经习惯于可视化的编程环境(例如Visual Basic)，就不会觉得Java简单了。
Java有许多奇怪的语法(尽管掌握其要领并不需要很长时间)，更重要的是，使用Java需要自己编写大量的程序。
Visual Basic的魅力在于它的可视化设计环境几乎自动地为应用程序提供了大量的基础结构。
而使用Java实现同样的功能却需要手工地编制代码，通常代码量还相当大。
然而，已经有一些支持“拖放”风格程序开发的第三方开发环境。
简单性的另一个方面是小。
Java的目标之一是支持开发能够在小型机器上独立运行的软件。
基本的解释器以及类支持大约仅为40KB;再加上基础的标准类库和对线程的支持(基本上是一个自含的微内核)大约需要增加175KB。
这是一个了不起的成就。
然而，需要注意的是支持图形用户界面(GUI)的类库相当大。
2．面向对象简单地讲，面向对象设计是一种程序设计技术。
它将重点放在数据(即对象)和对象的接口上。
用木匠来打一个比方，一个“面向对象的”木匠始终关注的是所制作的椅子，第二位才是所使用的工具;一个“非面向对象的”木匠则首先考虑的是所用的工具。
在本质上，Java的面向对象能力与C++是一样的。
在过去的30年里，面向对象已经证明了自身的价值，一种现代的程序设计语言不使用面向对象技术简直让人难以置信。
的确，Java的面向对象特性与C++旗鼓相当。
Java与C++的主要不同点在于多继承，在Java中，取而代之的是简单的接口概念，以及Java的元类(metaclass)模型。
反射机制以及对象序列化特性使得Java更加容易实现持久对象和GUI构建器(可以整合外来组件)。
3．分布式Java有一个扩展的例程库，用于处理像HTTP和FTP这类的TCP/IP协议。
Java 应用程序能够通过URL打开和访问网络上的对象，其便利程度如同访问本地文件系统一样。
人们已经看到Java的网络能力强大且易于使用。
任何曾经试图使用其他语言进行网络编程的人都会惊呼Java竟然把类似打开socket连接这类繁重的任务都变得如此简单。
另外，远程方法调用机制使得分布式对象之间可以进行通信。
现在有一种独立的体系结构，Java 2企业版(J2EE )，它支持大规模的分布式应用。
4．健壮性Java的设计目标之一在于使用Java编写的程序具有多方面的可靠性。
Java投入了大量的精力进行早期的问题检测、后期动态的(运行时)检测，并消除了有出错倾向的状态……Java和C++最大的不同在于Java采用的指针模型可以消除重写内存和损坏数据的可能性。
这个特性非常有用。
Java编译器能够检测许多在其他语言中仅在运行时刻才能够检测出来的问题。
至于第二点，对于曾经花费几个小时来检查由于指针bug 而引起内存冲突的人来说，一定很喜欢Java的这一特性。
如果曾经只使用过Visual Basic这类没有显式指针的语言，就会感觉这么说似乎有些小题大做。
然而，C程序员就没有这样幸运了。
他们需要利用指针来存取串、数组、对象，甚至文件。
在Visual Basic中，根本不必使用指针来访问这些实体，也不必关心有关内存分配的问题。
另一方面，在没有指针的语言中，许多数据结构很难实现。
Java具有双方的优势。
它不需要使用指针构造诸如串、数组这样的结构。
如果需要，也能够具有指针的能力，如链表。
Java绝对是安全的，其原因是永远不会存取一个“坏的”指针，造成内存分配的错误，也不必防范内存泄漏。
5．安全性Java适用于网络/分布式环境。
为了达到这个目标，在安全方面投入了很大精力。
使用Java可以构建防病毒、防墓改的系统。
事实证明这是正确的。
在Java 开发工具箱启用后不久，普林斯顿大学的一些安全专家们发现了在Java 1.0中的某些安全特性方面存在着一些非常隐蔽的bug, Sun Microsystems大力支持对Java 的安全性的研究，制定了供人们使用的规范，实现了虚拟机和安全库，并迅速地处理了所有已知的安全bug。
在任何情况下，蒙骗Java的安全机制都是十分困难的。
现在，发现bug所需的技术性越来越强，数目越来越少。
从一开始，Java就被设计成能够防范各种袭击，包括:·禁止运行时堆栈溢出。
例如，蠕虫等病毒常用的袭击手段。
·禁止在自己的处理空间之外破坏内存。
·未经授权禁止读写文件。
许多安全特性相继不断地被加入Java中。
自从Java 1.1问世以来，Java就有了数字签名类(digitally signed class)的概念(请参看卷II)。
通过数字签名类，可以确定类的作者。
如果信任这个类的作者，这个类就可以在你的机器上拥有更多的权限。
来自微软的基于ActiveX技术的竞争代码传输机制，其安全性完全依赖于数字签名。
这显然是不够的，因为微软自身产品的任何用户都可以证实，来自知名提供商的程序会崩溃并对系统产生危害。
Java的安全机制比ActiveX要强得多，因为它是在应用程序运行时加以拉制并制止恶意性破坏的。
6．体系结构中立编译器生成一个体系结构中立的目标文件格式，这是一种编译过场代码，只要有Java运行时系统，就可以在许多处理器上运行。
Java编译器通过生成与特定的计算机体系结构无关的字节码指令来实现这一特性。
精心设计的字节码不仅可以很容易地在任何机器上被解释执行，而且还可以迅速地翻译成本地机器的代码。
这并不是什么新的思想。
20多年以前，Niklaus Wirth最初实现的Pascal以及UCSD Pascal系统都使用了这种技术。
当然，解释字节码肯定要比全速地运行机器指令慢很多。
所以说，这是不是一个好的思想还很难讲!然而，虚拟机有一个选项，它可以将执行最频繁的字韦码序列翻译成机器码，这一过程被称为即时编译。
这一策略已经被证明十分有效，致使微软的.NET平台也依赖于虚拟机。
虚拟机还有一些其他的优点。
虚拟机可以检测指令序列的行为，以增强其安全性。
有些程序甚至能够快速地生成字节码，并动态地增强所运行程序的处理能力。
7．可移植性与C和C++不同，Java规范中没有“依赖具体实现”的地方。
塞本数据类型的大小以及有关算法都做了明确的说明。
例如，Java中的int永远为32位的整数，而在C/C++中，int可能是16位整数、32位整数，也可能是编译器提供商指定的其他大小。
唯一的限制只是int类型的大小不能低于short int，并且不能高于long int。
在Java中，数据类型具有固足的大小，们除J代消移祖盯竿八大油a'i土女IWJ*I。
-ml R77数据以固定的格式存储和传输，消除了字节顺序的困扰。
字符串是用标准的Unicode格式存储的。
作为系统的组成部分的类库，定义了可移植的接口。
例如，有一个抽象的Window类给出了在UNIX, Windows和Macintosh环境下的不同实现。
凡是尝试过的人都知道，要编写一个在Windows, Macintosh和10种不同风格的、在UNIX上看起来都不错的程序有多么困难。
Java 1.0就尝试着做了这么一个壮举，发布了一个将常用的用户界面元素映射到不同平台上的简单工具箱。
遗憾的是，花费了大量的心血，却构建了一个在各个系统上都难以让人接受的库(而且，在不同平台的图形实现中有不同的bug)。
不过，这毕竟是个开端。
对于许多应用问题来说，可移植性比花枝招展的用户界面更加重要。
而且这些应用程序从Java的早期版本中获益匪浅。
现在，用户界面工具箱已经完全被重写了，不再依赖于主机的用户接口。
现在的Java版本比早期版本更加稳定，更加吸引人。
8．解释型Java解释器可以在任何移植了解释器的机器上执行Java字节码。
由于链接是一个更加增量且简便的过程，所以开发过程也变得更加快捷，更加具有探索性。
增量链接有其优势，但给开发过程带来的好处显然是言过其实了。
在任何情况下，都会觉得Java开发工具的速度相当慢。
如果习惯于经典的Microsoft Visual C++环境的速度，就会对Java开发环境的性能感到失望。
(但是，Visual Studio的当前版本不像经典的环境那样快捷。
无论用什么语言编写程序，都需要向老板申请一台速度更快的计算机，以便运行最新的开发环境。
)9．高性能尽管对解释后的字节码性能已经比较满意，但在有些情况下却需要更加高效的性能。