现代英语词汇学第一章
英语词汇学第一章
重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。
词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。
声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。
此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。
1．词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。
按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。
从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。
语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。
语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。
总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。
Man和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。
有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。
两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。
虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。
同样，management也可以分为manage和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。
Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。
Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则是“邮件”。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
英语词汇学-第一章
语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。 一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。 1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。 汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计 汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱 汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛 2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。 连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克 3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。 马匹（语素）/马达（非语素） （邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）
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Sound and meaning
Sound and meaning
This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973
Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?
The development of the language letters from Romans for 46 sounds in English The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 11.1 What Is a Word词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）词包含以下几点：① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式② a sound unity.一个声音统一体③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的1.2 Sound and Meaning声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个声音。
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter1
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 1 A General Survey Of English VocabularyThe Definition of the term “word” 词的定义The Development of English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展史Classification of English Words词的分类The Definition of the term “word”Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.a minimum free formsoundlexical and grammatical meaningsyntactic functionBound form粘着形式：Never used as sentences.Free form 自由形式：Consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms.It’s not a phrase，is a word.The Development of English VocabularyNative: Celtic1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS)Celtic →Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME)French (the Norman Conquest in 1066)Latin3rd period (1500-present): Modern English PeriodEarly stages of Modern English (1500-1700)Latin (Renaissance)Greek (Renaissance)Contemporary English (1700-present):Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, ItalianOther European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch …Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes.Marked progress of science and technology.Socio-economic，political and cultural changes.The influence of other cultures and languages.Classification of English WordsThree main criteria:By origin: 1. native words 本族词2. loan words 外来词By level of usage: 1. common words 普通词2. literary words 书面词3. colloquial words 口头词4. slang words 俚语5. technical words 术语By notion: 1. function words 功能词2. content words 实义词By origin:1. native words 本族词2. loan words 外来词Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of old EnglishFeatures of native words:Most are monosyllabicforming the great majority of the basic word stockLoan / borrowed words: those borrowed from other languagesBasic word stock:auxiliary, modal verbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, the most frequently used words (essential to life)National characterStabilityWord-forming abilityAbility to form collocationsBy level of usage:1. Common words 普通词2. Literary words 书面词3. Colloquial words 口头词4. Slang words 俚语5. Technical words 术语*There are no clear-cut boundaries between the various classes of words.Common words普通词:connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday lifeThe core of the common words is the basic word stock.Stylistically neutralLiterary words书面词:chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches.Most are of French, Latin or Greek origin.Among the literary word, two categories are noteworthy:archaic words . obsolete words)poetical wordsSlang俚语:Language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabularyNot generally used in informal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate termsEmbracing those daring and new expression that have not been accepted as standard EnglishThe chief reason for use of slang: secure freshness and noveltyTechnical words术语:used in various fields: science, profession or trade, art, sportincreasing precision in nomenclatureone specific meaningLatin or Greek in originBy notion:1. function words 功能词2. content words 实义词Function words:determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliariesnot having much lexical meaningserving grammatically:Behaving like grammatical signals or functional markers,Expressing the kinds of connection between content wordsConstructing acceptable English sentencessmall in number and stable:In relatively closed listsBelonging to a relatively small and permanent set of words)high frequency。
词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述
பைடு நூலகம்
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise
Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
astronaut and cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spacemen, space platform, space shuttle
computer science:
software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming, data base, internet, log on (off), etc.
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
xx著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善。
人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of Englishwords and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
现代英语词汇学概论chapter1
– By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.
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• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
现代英语词汇学复习
第一章词的概述；1．识记：词的定义2．声音与意义识记：声音与意义的关系3．声音与拼写识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因4．词汇识记词汇的含义5．词汇的分类识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。
领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the s ound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adoptedfrom the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
现代英语词汇学概论1解析
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary
Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop?
2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
back
1.2 Classification of English Words
Questions: 1. The main criteria by which we can classify English words?
2. According to different criteria, how can we classify English words?
2. How can we define the term “word”? Can you give an example to illustrate it?
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
英语词汇学第一章[文字可编辑]
![英语词汇学第一章[文字可编辑]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9cff9d9b76eeaeaad1f3304f.png)
? Invention, expansion, omission, justification, modernization, description
? 这几个都是词素变体。
? 请在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不” 的意思：
? Perfect, balance, mobile ? Responsible ? Logical ? Flexible, excusable ? im-, ir-, il- 都是in-的词素变体
? How much vocabulary should a Chinese student have?
? most frequently used coverage of reading materials
? 1,000
80.5%
? 2,000
89%
? 3,000
93%
? 4,000
95%
? 5,000
? English lexicology
– The study of English vocabulary
? Exercises:
– To be done after class
1.2 The Structure of English Words
? Lead-in
? What is a word?
– Cf: German 185,000 – French 100,000
? How much vocabulary did literary masters have?
– Shakespear: 24,000 – Milton: 16,000 – …… – English educated people: 25,000 √ – Chinese educated people: 5000
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit 1
Examples for etymology
Examples for semantics
Translate into English
Translate into Chinese
打油 打哪儿来 打叉 打信号 打腹稿 打价儿 打脸 打嗝 打起精神 打证明 打头面
Consider
“考虑”
con-together sider-star, from Latin “together with stars, observe the star” 古时候人们观测星象来推测旦夕祸福，正如现代人通过黄历来考虑婚 丧嫁娶一样
Disaster
“灾难”
dis – not aster-star disaster-no star, stars that are not at the right places. 星星不见了，星位不正、星位偏移，主大凶
[职官给力制度]秦汉以来，历代朝廷都制定法律规定，百姓除纳粮外，成年男子必须为朝 廷服力役和兵役。服力役的百姓，有“力”、“事力”、“吏力”、“力人”等不同叫 法。所以朝廷向官员供给劳役就叫做“给力”。即使在力役制度取消后，朝廷仍然按给 力人数，折成钱粮后然后支付给官员，这笔费用往往超过官员的工资。 至现代，出现于闽南话，说更早点则是来自古中原的河洛话。 “使力、使劲” 2010年5月，由中国传媒大学南广学院学生上传网络的一段日本动画片。
Read textB & C, answer the questions
A word is an item that usu. separated from other items by spaces. A word is the minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and performs syntactic function.
第1章：现代英语词汇学概论【A general servey of English vocabulary】
没有上面描述特征的词，不属于语言的正常核 心。它们包括下面：
1.术语Terminology: technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.包括特定学科和学术领域的技术术语，例如在医学 上：光扫描，肝炎，消化不良，青霉素；在数学上：代数，三角学，微积 分；音乐上，交响乐，管弦乐队，奏鸣曲，协奏曲，教育上：视听教学， 自休大学，微型教学等等。 2.行话。Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科 学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流。
1.1一个词是什么？
词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已 经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的 定义上达成一致。 当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度， 一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当 根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的 发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单 位。
——自然现象：雨雪火，水，太阳月亮春夏风山 ——人的身体和亲属：头足手脸父母兄弟姐妹儿子女儿 ——动植物：橡树松树草梨苹果树马牛羊猫狗小鸡 ——动作，尺寸，范围，状态：来去吃听打带好邪恶老年轻 热冷重白黑 ——数词代词介词连接词：一十百我你你的，谁，在里，在 外，在下 等，和但直到如同 这些词不能被英语会话者回避。不能不考虑词源教育专业 地区文化等等。
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapｔer Ⅰ英语词汇得概论(Ａｇenｅrａｌsurvey ofＥｎglｉｓh vocａbu ｌａry）Bloｏmfieｌd193３中对词得定义就是,每个单词都就是最小得自由词.然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不就是所有得单词都可以独立出现，如ｔhe ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义.另外,Bｌoomfield得定义侧重在于语法（ｓyntax)却没有涉及到词得意义。
随着词汇学得发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整得定义.“词，今指语言组织中得基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义与语法功能。
”(《辞海》1984(上）3７5页，上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有得单词汇集起来便构成了该语言得词库。
纵观英语得发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数得英语词汇都就是外来词，它从拉丁语,法语与希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断得扩充自己，为己所用.特别就是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前得发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展得原因主要有四方面。
一就是科学技术得快速发展，二就是社会经济得全球化,三就是英语国家得政治与文化变化,最后就是其她文化与语言对英语得强烈影响。
英语词汇就是由各种不同类型得单词组成,而这些单词有着不同得分类标准。
根据词得起源可以分为本族语与外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语.基础语库得基本特征就是具有民族特征，稳定性,构词得能力与搭配能力。
第二部分Cｈaｐter Ⅱ到Ｃhａpter Ⅳ英语词汇得形态结构与词得构词(Morｐhｏｌogicaｌsｔｒucture of Eｎgli ｓｈｗoｒds ａnd wｏｒd—ｆormａtioｎ)(一)词素（Mｏrｐhｅmeｓ)单词就是有词素(mｏrphemes)构成得。
词素即英语语言中有意义得最小单位,同时具有声音与意义.单词可以有一个或一个以上得词素组成。
如:ｎaｔｉon就是一个词素，ｎatｉonal有nation+al 两个词素。
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit 1
Lexicology
a branch of linguistics, ‘ the science of words’
现代英语词汇学 7
What should be concerned about by lexicologists?
Four interrelated areas
M O R P H O L O G Y
m?n?u??ltr??maikr?s?k?pik?silik?v?l?kein?ko?n??o?sisultrabeyond越过microverysmall极小的observing观察或注意的volcanomountainreleasesfireash火山的dust尘土的disease表示疾病moreblackbirdsblackbirdblackestbirdsunityeachwordcanacquiregrammticalformsitsown职官给力制度秦汉以来历代朝廷都制定法律规定百姓除纳粮外成年男子必须为朝廷服力役力役和兵役
What are the relationships among these terms?
Word vs. Vocabulary
Read and match
Contexts Meanings 1. The total number of the words in a language. 2. All the words used in a particular historical period. 3. All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline. 4. All the words that an individual person knows, learns, or uses.
英语词汇学 Chapter1
English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
8
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:
Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
5
If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动 词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在 独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义
现代英语词汇学第一章
Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (also called Inflectional Morphology曲折形态学) and the study of word-formation (often referred to as Lexical or Derivational Morphology.（词汇形态学/派生形态学）
It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation（词形变化） of the verb were not weakened
other. Vocabulary，as flesh, and grammar, as skeleton, jointly construct a given language.
To semantics（语义学）
Semantics is the branch of linguistics, which studies the meanings of language at different levels: lexicon（词汇，与语法相对应的）, syntax（句法）, utterance（表达）, discourse( 语段，话语), etc. Lexicology focuses on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations, such as synonymy, antonymy,hyponymy(上下位关系), polysemy（ 一词多义）, homonymy （同音异义）and semantic fields(语义场) all belong to the semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology.
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1
Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.
a new waste paper basket
The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit.
Farmer Rethink Spoonful all of a sudden as usual.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of lanபைடு நூலகம்uage, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural languages, from the meaning of complex utterances in specific context to that of individual sounds in syllables.
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Leabharlann To grammar（语法） Grammar is the study or the use of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences. Words and grammar are organically related to one other. Vocabulary，as flesh, and grammar, as skeleton, jointly construct a given language.
To morphology（词态学/形态学） Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (also called Inflectional Morphology曲折形态学) and the study of word-formation (often referred to as Lexical or Derivational Morphology.（词汇形态学/派生形态学） This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, which discusses the inflections of words, the internal structure of words and methods of word-formation.
English lexicology itself is a sub branch of linguistics. But it is closely related to other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics（语音学）, morphology（形态学）, grammar, semantics,etymology（语源学）, stylistics（文体学）, lexicography（词典编纂 学）, each of which has been established as a subject on its own.
To etymology(语源学) Etymology is the scientific study of the origins, history, and changing meanings of words. Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. Lexicology deals with how this vocabulary has developed into a huge modern English vocabulary and how the changes have taken place in the forms and meanings of words.
OLD ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MODERN ENGLISH
The period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon period.
It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation（词形变化） of the verb were not weakened
Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origin and usage of words, but they have a difference. A lexicographer„s task is to record the language as it is so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to enhance their awareness and capacity of language use.
(Background information) 1.The Nature and Domain of English Lexicology (lexicon: lexikon, Greek origin,”of words”)
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. English lexicology deals with English words, their origin meaning, historical development, morphological structures(形态结构), semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and usages. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of English vocabulary.
2) The history of English vocabulary development
Roman Invasion--- Anglo-Saxon Conquest-- Norman Conquest ---- the Renaissance --the 17th and18th century----the 19th and 20th century----after World War II
To semantics（语义学） Semantics is the branch of linguistics, which studies the meanings of language at different levels: lexicon（词汇，与语法相对应的）, syntax（句法）, utterance（表达）, discourse( 语段，话语), etc. Lexicology focuses on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations, such as synonymy, antonymy,hyponymy(上下位关系), polysemy（ 一词多义）, homonymy （同音异义）and semantic fields(语义场) all belong to the semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology.
To stylistics（文体学） Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user„s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. Among the areas of study are lexis（词汇）, phonology(音韵学) , syntax（句法学）, and graphology（笔迹学）. Lexicology studies stylistic variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes: synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech（修辞）, etc.
1. Course Name: Modern English Lexicology 2. Hours : 90mins/lecture, one lecture / week 3. Teaching Material: Modern English Lexicology 《现代英语词汇学》 by Lu Guoqiang(陆国强) 4. Reference Books: 1) 张维友：《英语词汇学教程》（第2 版），武汉：华中 师范大学出 版社， 2004 年2 月版。 2) 汪榕培、卢晓娟编著：《英语词汇学教程》（第1 版）， 上海外语教育出版 社，1997 年10 月版 3) 汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的《英语词汇学教程读本》， 上海外语教育出版社，英语编写。
English lexicology is a theoretically oriented course in which the basic theories of English words are discussed. However, it is also a practical course, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious(=rich) stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. There will, naturally, be a lot of practice involved.