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preinitial initial postinitial
VOWEL
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
prefinal
final
postfinal 1
post- postfinal final 2 3
ONSET
CODA
It will be noticed that there must be a vowel in the centre of the syllable. There is a special case, that of syllabic consonants(成音 节). There are no vowels in the syllables. In this case, a consonant, (l/m/n) , stands as the centrre of the syllable instead of the vowel.
Exercises
In every language we find that there are restrictions on the sequences of phonemes that are used. For example, no English word begins with the consonant sequence zbf and no words end with the sequence æh. In phonology we must try to analyze what the restrictions and regularities are in a particular language, and it is usually found helpful to do this by studying the syllables of the language.
4. Three consonants The number of three-consonant clusters is quite small.
Two-consonant clusters
1. s (pre-initial) + consonant (a small set)P69 ‘sting’ stɪŋ ‘sway’ sweɪ ‘smoke’ sməʊk 2. initial consonant + l/r/w/j (post-initial) ‘play’ pleɪ ‘try’ traɪ ‘quick’ kwɪk ‘few’ fjuː We call the first consonant of these clusters the initial consonant and the second the post-initial.
2. final + post-final 1 + post-final 2
PRE- FINAL FINAL POST- FINAL1 POST- FINAL2
‘fifths’ fɪ ‘next’ ne ‘lapsed’ læ
_ _ _
f k p
θ s s
s t t
Four-consonant clusters
PRE- FINAL FINAL POST- FINAL POST- FINAL POST- FINAL
1
2
3
‘sixths’ sɪ ‘texts’ te
_ _
k k
s s
θ t
s s
To sum up, we may describe the English syllable as having the following maximum phonological structure:
Three-consonant clusters
s + p/t/k initial + l/r/w/ j post-initial
pre-initial
POST-INITIAL
s + INITIAL
p t k
l r w j ‘splay’ ‘spray’ ─ ‘spew’ ─ ‘string’ ─ ‘stew’ ‘sclerosis’ ‘screen’ ‘squeak’ ‘skewer’
The syllable begins with one consonant (except consonant phoneme ŋ and ʒ is rare). begin middle final 3. Two consonants When we have two or more consonants together we call them a consonant cluster. Initial two-consonant clusters are of two sorts in English.
Three-consonat
1. pre-final (consonant) + final + post-final m/ n / ŋ / l / s
Pre-final l ŋ n l Final p k d f
s/ z/ t/ d /θ
Post-final t s z θ
‘helped’ he ‘banks’ bæ ‘bonds’ bɒ ‘twelfth’ twe
The vowel and the coda (if there is one) of a syllable are known as the rhyme. Let’s enjoy an rhythmic English verse.
A Special World
Its fingers spread like fine spun gold Gently nestling us to the fold Like silken thread it holds us fast Bonds like this are meant to last.
For example:
1. Some syllables have no onset and coda but a vowel (a minimum syllable) ‘are’ ɑ: ‘or’ ɔ: ‘err’ з:
2. Some syllables have an onset but no coda ‘bar’ b ɑ: ‘key’ ki: ‘more’ m ɔ:
Phonetically, syllables are usually described as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud; before and after this centre (that is, at the beginning and end of the syllable), there will be greater obstruction to airflow or less loud sound.
3. Syllables may have no onset but a coda: ‘am’ æ m ‘ought’ ɔ: t ‘ease’ i: z 4. Some syllables have onset and coda. ‘run’ rʌn ‘sat’ sæt ‘fill’ fɪl
The structure of the English syllables --Onset
The nature of the syllable
As the nature of vowels and consonants, syllables should be considered in two aspects both phonetically (how much a vowel or a consonant obstructed the airflow) and phonologically (vowels and consonants having different distributions).
Syllable refers to a number of different sequences of consonants and vowels, together with other features such as length and stress, or to single consonants or vowels. Actually, syllables have never been defined.
Two-consonant
1. pre-final (m/ n / ŋ / l / s) + final consonant ‘bump’ bʌmp ‘bent’ bent ‘bank’ bæŋk ‘belt’ belt ‘ask’ ɑːsk 2. final consonant + post-final (s/ z/ t/ d/θ) ‘bets’ bets ‘beds’ bedz ‘backed’ bækt ‘bagged’ bæɡd ‘eighth’ eɪtθ These post-final consonants can often be identified as separate morphemes (though not always, e.g. ‘axe’ æks is a single morpheme and its final s has no separate meaning).
For example:
teach nice
Syllable
The nature of the syllable
The structure of the English syllable The partition of syllables and some disputed problems
Final consonant clusters--Coda
1. Zero coda If there is no final consonant we say that there is no coda. me you be see 2. One consonant When there is one consonant only, this is called the final consonant. Any consonant may be a final consonant except h, r, w, j. head arm foot mouth 3. Two consonants 4. Three consonants 5. Four consonants
1. pre-final + final + post-final 1 + post-final 2
PRE- FINAL FINAL POST- FINAL1 POST- FINAL2
‘twelfths’ ‘prompts’
twe prɒ
l m
f p
θ t
s
s
2. final + post-final 1 + post-final 2 + post-final 3
1. Zero onset If the first syllable of the word begins with a vowel (any vowel may occur, but ʊ is rare), we say that this initial syllable has a zero onset. eye ooze us 2. One consonant
Syllable
The syllable is a very important unit. Most people can count how many syllables there are in a given word or sentence, even if they cannot define what a syllable is.
VOWEL
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
prefinal
final
postfinal 1
post- postfinal final 2 3
ONSET
CODA
It will be noticed that there must be a vowel in the centre of the syllable. There is a special case, that of syllabic consonants(成音 节). There are no vowels in the syllables. In this case, a consonant, (l/m/n) , stands as the centrre of the syllable instead of the vowel.
Exercises
In every language we find that there are restrictions on the sequences of phonemes that are used. For example, no English word begins with the consonant sequence zbf and no words end with the sequence æh. In phonology we must try to analyze what the restrictions and regularities are in a particular language, and it is usually found helpful to do this by studying the syllables of the language.
4. Three consonants The number of three-consonant clusters is quite small.
Two-consonant clusters
1. s (pre-initial) + consonant (a small set)P69 ‘sting’ stɪŋ ‘sway’ sweɪ ‘smoke’ sməʊk 2. initial consonant + l/r/w/j (post-initial) ‘play’ pleɪ ‘try’ traɪ ‘quick’ kwɪk ‘few’ fjuː We call the first consonant of these clusters the initial consonant and the second the post-initial.
2. final + post-final 1 + post-final 2
PRE- FINAL FINAL POST- FINAL1 POST- FINAL2
‘fifths’ fɪ ‘next’ ne ‘lapsed’ læ
_ _ _
f k p
θ s s
s t t
Four-consonant clusters
PRE- FINAL FINAL POST- FINAL POST- FINAL POST- FINAL
1
2
3
‘sixths’ sɪ ‘texts’ te
_ _
k k
s s
θ t
s s
To sum up, we may describe the English syllable as having the following maximum phonological structure:
Three-consonant clusters
s + p/t/k initial + l/r/w/ j post-initial
pre-initial
POST-INITIAL
s + INITIAL
p t k
l r w j ‘splay’ ‘spray’ ─ ‘spew’ ─ ‘string’ ─ ‘stew’ ‘sclerosis’ ‘screen’ ‘squeak’ ‘skewer’
The syllable begins with one consonant (except consonant phoneme ŋ and ʒ is rare). begin middle final 3. Two consonants When we have two or more consonants together we call them a consonant cluster. Initial two-consonant clusters are of two sorts in English.
Three-consonat
1. pre-final (consonant) + final + post-final m/ n / ŋ / l / s
Pre-final l ŋ n l Final p k d f
s/ z/ t/ d /θ
Post-final t s z θ
‘helped’ he ‘banks’ bæ ‘bonds’ bɒ ‘twelfth’ twe
The vowel and the coda (if there is one) of a syllable are known as the rhyme. Let’s enjoy an rhythmic English verse.
A Special World
Its fingers spread like fine spun gold Gently nestling us to the fold Like silken thread it holds us fast Bonds like this are meant to last.
For example:
1. Some syllables have no onset and coda but a vowel (a minimum syllable) ‘are’ ɑ: ‘or’ ɔ: ‘err’ з:
2. Some syllables have an onset but no coda ‘bar’ b ɑ: ‘key’ ki: ‘more’ m ɔ:
Phonetically, syllables are usually described as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud; before and after this centre (that is, at the beginning and end of the syllable), there will be greater obstruction to airflow or less loud sound.
3. Syllables may have no onset but a coda: ‘am’ æ m ‘ought’ ɔ: t ‘ease’ i: z 4. Some syllables have onset and coda. ‘run’ rʌn ‘sat’ sæt ‘fill’ fɪl
The structure of the English syllables --Onset
The nature of the syllable
As the nature of vowels and consonants, syllables should be considered in two aspects both phonetically (how much a vowel or a consonant obstructed the airflow) and phonologically (vowels and consonants having different distributions).
Syllable refers to a number of different sequences of consonants and vowels, together with other features such as length and stress, or to single consonants or vowels. Actually, syllables have never been defined.
Two-consonant
1. pre-final (m/ n / ŋ / l / s) + final consonant ‘bump’ bʌmp ‘bent’ bent ‘bank’ bæŋk ‘belt’ belt ‘ask’ ɑːsk 2. final consonant + post-final (s/ z/ t/ d/θ) ‘bets’ bets ‘beds’ bedz ‘backed’ bækt ‘bagged’ bæɡd ‘eighth’ eɪtθ These post-final consonants can often be identified as separate morphemes (though not always, e.g. ‘axe’ æks is a single morpheme and its final s has no separate meaning).
For example:
teach nice
Syllable
The nature of the syllable
The structure of the English syllable The partition of syllables and some disputed problems
Final consonant clusters--Coda
1. Zero coda If there is no final consonant we say that there is no coda. me you be see 2. One consonant When there is one consonant only, this is called the final consonant. Any consonant may be a final consonant except h, r, w, j. head arm foot mouth 3. Two consonants 4. Three consonants 5. Four consonants
1. pre-final + final + post-final 1 + post-final 2
PRE- FINAL FINAL POST- FINAL1 POST- FINAL2
‘twelfths’ ‘prompts’
twe prɒ
l m
f p
θ t
s
s
2. final + post-final 1 + post-final 2 + post-final 3
1. Zero onset If the first syllable of the word begins with a vowel (any vowel may occur, but ʊ is rare), we say that this initial syllable has a zero onset. eye ooze us 2. One consonant
Syllable
The syllable is a very important unit. Most people can count how many syllables there are in a given word or sentence, even if they cannot define what a syllable is.