定语从句之关系代词(1)
人教必修一Unit 4 定语从句之关系代词(解析版)

第09练定语从句之关系代词定语从句的先行词和关系词在复合句中作定语,修饰主句或主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句由关系词引导。
限制性定语从句表现为在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,若省略,主句的内容就不完整或失去意义;它和主句的关系十分密切,不可用逗号分开。
先行词是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
关系词指代先行词,在从句中作一定的句子成分。
引导定语从句的关系代词有which,that,who,whom,whose,as等。
先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分,从构成上而言,它可以是名词、代词、名词性短语等;从句子成分上而言,它可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语等。
下面,我们从两个实例来看一下定语从句及其相关成分的分布:1.关系代词that即指人又指物;作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)只用于限制性定语从句中,介词后面不能跟that。
当代替物时,可以与which通用。
Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress that I gave her.昨天艾米丽穿了我送给她的新衣服。
I have a friend that likes listening to classical music我有个朋友喜欢听古典音乐。
2.关系代词which指物;作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)在非限定性定语从句中,只宜用which,不能用that.在限定性定语从句中,可用在介词之后。
My parents live in a house which is more than 100 years old我的父母住在一座具有100多年历史的房子里who,whom指人;作主语或宾语(whom常可省略)先行词必须为人。
Who可代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,若前有介词,须用whomA couch potato is a person who spends a lot of time watching TV.“A couch potato”指那种成天沉湎于电视中的人。
定语从句之关系代词(1)

定语从句I关系代词定义:在复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫做定语从句。
基本构成:先行词+关系间+定语从句。
先行词:它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
关系词:连接先行同和定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句,同时指代先行词,并在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
引导定语从句的关系词有两类:关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose等,关系副词有when, where, why等。
一、关系代词的用法1.who指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。
Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。
(作主语)Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins.丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的一个人。
(作宾语)2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替。
Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.罗丝是你应该关心的人。
(作宾语)3.whose可修饰人,也可修饰物,表"所属"关系,whose在定语从句中作定语。
I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.我认识那个人,他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。
(作定语)4.which指事物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。
5.that既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
习惯上指人多用who, whom,指物多用which.The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。
定语从句关系代词的讲解

关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主、宾、表,定等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(1)只代人的关系代词1)who, 只代人,在从句中主要作主语,有时在口语中也可以代替whom作宾语。
例如:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who在从句中作主语)He is the man [who(=whom)/that] I saw yesterday.(who在从句中作宾语,可省)2) whom只代人,在从句中作只作宾语。
例如John is the students (whom/who/that) we all like.(2)只代物的关系代词which代物,或代前面的句子,在从句中可作主语、宾语。
例如:You’d better not drink water which has not been boiled. (主)This is the place (which ) I visited last year. (宾)He has been admitted into the key university, which makes his family very happy . (主)(3)既代人又代物的关系代词1)that 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语。
例如:Is he the man that wants to see you?(that代人,在从句中作主语)This is the book (that) I bought yesterday. (that代物,在从句中作宾语,可省)My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be. ( that 在从句中作表语)2)whose只用作定语, 且后面一定跟名词,还可以同of whom / of which互换)This is the person whose name is Li Ming.(= the name of whom = of whom the name )This is the room whose windows face south .( = the windows of which = of which the windows )The boss in whose company my mother worked looked down upon women .。
英语语法:定语从句中的关系代词

英语语法:定语从句中的关系代词英语语法:定语从句中的关系代词定语从句中关系代词的选用主要由先行词决定。
关系代词一般有that ,which。
以下是店铺带来关系代词的相关内容,希望对你有帮助。
【语法】(1)关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as的用法中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as,它们是用来引导定语从句的。
关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语或定语。
如:This is the man who saved your son.这就是救了你儿子的.那个人。
(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆。
(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.他想要个窗户面临大海的房间。
(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)I walked to the gate that opened towards the lake.我走向那扇临湖的大门。
(that在从句中作主语,它的先行词是gate)This is the pen which he bought yesterday.(which在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是pen,可省略)As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.众所周知,月球每个月绕地球转一周。
(as在从句中作主语,指代主句)(2)关系代词who,whom,whose的区别a) who和whom均只用于指人,不用于指事或物,其中who在定语从句中用作主语,whom在定语从句中用作宾语。
定语从句之关系代词讲解(一)

定语从句(一)1.概念:在主从复合句中,修饰句中某一名词或代词,充当这一名词或代词的定语的从句,叫做定语从句。
2.先行词:在总从复合句中,被修饰的名词或代词,叫做先行词。
3.关系代词:即连接主句与从句的词。
4.关系代词包括:that(即可指人也可指物), which(只指物), who(只指人,宾格whom及所有格whose)5.主从复合句表现形式:e.g. (我喜欢我妈妈给我买的那条裙子。
)从句6.关系代词的用法①连接主句语从句②代替先行词③在从句中做成份(如:做主语,宾语等)7.关系代词在从句中做宾语及主语成分举例e.g. (王叔叔就是我昨天拜访的那个男的)中国是一个有着久远历史的国家。
)8.关系代词引导的定语从句(在从句中做成分)⑴which: 在从句中做主语,宾语。
①做主语:They planted the flowers which (didn't need much water).(他们种植了不需要太多水的花)②作宾语:I will never forget the days which (I spent(我将永远不会忘记我与你的家人度过的那几天)⑵who: 在从句中做主语,宾语。
①做主语:The teacher who ((昨天去看我的那个老师是李先生。
)②作宾语:The girl who/whom (I talked with(我刚才与之讲话的那个女孩将要去北京。
)⑶whose: 在从句中做定语(主语可以是人,也可以是物)。
①作定语(先行词为人):He is the boy whose (father is a doctor).(他就是那个他爸爸是医生的男孩)②作定语(先行词为物): I want to buy the house whose (window face south).(我想买那个窗户面向南方的房子)⑷that:可在从句中做主语,宾语(即可指人,也可指物)。
定语从句(关系代词)

定语从句(1)一、1.什么是定语?This is a red apple.He is a handsome tall man.This is the factory near our school.This is a basket full of fruits.所以定语是___________________ 一般_______________在前____________在后.2.什么是从句?I said that I would go there the next dayDo you know where the bus station is?那么从句必须有_____________ + __________3.这就是那个妇女_____________________.那个妇女昨天帮了我。
________________________________.这就是昨天帮我的那个妇女。
___________________________________________.1、定语从句的定义:在复合句中,修饰某一个名词或代词的陈述句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。
▲结构:先行词+ 关系词+ 定语从句The man who is sitting there is a doctor.先行词关系词关系词作用:1、连接先行词和定语从句;2、意义与先行词一致,即代替先行词在从句中充当句子成分。
▲限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)2、非限制性定语从句:从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。
形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译)▲怎样判断是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句?答:非限制性定语从句的先行词和关系词中间有逗号。
定语从句的关系代词

定语从句的关系代词定语从句是指用来修饰一个名词或代词的从句,它通常通过关系代词来引导。
在英语中,关系代词有who、whom、whose、which和that等。
1. who:指人,作主语或宾语。
例如:who:指人,作主语或宾语。
例如:- The boy who is standing over there is my brother.(那个站在那边的男孩是我弟弟。
)who is standing over there is my brother.(那个站在那边的男孩是我弟弟。
)- The teacher whom we met yesterday is very nice.(昨天我们遇到的那位老师很好。
)whom we met yesterday is very nice.(昨天我们遇到的那位老师很好。
)- The boy, whose father is a doctor, is my classmate.(那个父亲是医生的男孩是我同学。
)whose father is a doctor, is my classmate.(那个父亲是医生的男孩是我同学。
)2. which:指物,作主语或宾语。
例如:which:指物,作主语或宾语。
例如:- The book which is on the table belongs to me.(桌子上的那本书是我的。
)which is on the table belongs to me.(桌子上的那本书是我的。
)- I bought a car which is very expensive.(我买了一辆非常昂贵的车。
)which is very expensive.(我买了一辆非常昂贵的车。
)- The house, whose windows are broken, needs repair.(窗户破碎了的那座房子需要修理。
)whose windows are broken, needs repair.(窗户破碎了的那座房子需要修理。
定语从句之关系代词用法

定语从句之关系代词用法(II)引导定语从句的关系代词有:who、whom(指人)、which(指物)、that、whose (人物双指)。
其各自用法如下:一、who、whom及whosewho、whom、whose作为关系代词既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词主要指人,其中whose也可指物。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时用who,作宾语或表语时用whom或who,表示所属关系时用whose。
1.、.who和whom的区别:不能用whom在从句中作主语,只能作宾语或表语。
而who作主语、宾语、表语均可。
例如:a) The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.= The girl who , we supposed , was drowned came back.b) The girl who/whom we supposed drowned came back.(2)whom在作动词或介词宾语时,特别是在口语中,一般省去,或用who、that 代替。
而在以介词结尾的定语从句中最好不用whom。
例如:a) I think you should stay faithful to the person whom you're married to . (×)上面一句一般被认为是不正确的,宜改为:b) I think you should stay faithful to the person who/that you’re married to .(口语中)c) I think you should stay faithful to the person you’re married to .d) I think you should stay faithful to the person to whom you’re married .(正式文体中)(3)在非限制性定语从句中,最好whom用作宾语,且不能省略。
定语从句(1)关系代词

____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which 答案:A.
B. where
C. when
D. that
Is she the girl who wants to see
you?
The girl wants to see you.
关系词
词形
所修饰先行词
充当成分
She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for
her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
词进行考察 在空格前有介词的情况下,先行词指人用 whom,指物用which,排除who和that的干扰
对关系词前的介词的选择进行考察
先行词定位 地位: 承上启下,中心环节 词性: 名词/代词 也可能是整句
常见位置:
紧挨着空格,主句句末
关键
从句意上去判断
要点
在从句中关ich
B. where C. what
D. who
答案:A. which.
定语从句关系代词选择步骤
1.先行词定考点 2.句式排除干扰项 3.空格看成分 4.判断人物事
You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station,
的限定作用强于非限制性定语从 句。
His girlfriend,who is rich,
dumped him yesterday.
His girlfriend who is rich
dumped him yesterday.
定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词

定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词定语从句是英语语法中一个重要的概念,用于修饰或限制一个名词。
在定语从句中,关系代词和关系副词起着关键的作用。
本文将详细介绍关系代词和关系副词的用法和特点,并通过例子来说明。
一、关系代词(Relative Pronouns)关系代词用来引导定语从句,用于连接主句和从句,同时在从句中充当名词的作用。
常见的关系代词有:that, which, who, whom, whose。
1. that: 可以指代人或物,用来引导限制性定语从句,即从句中的信息是必需的。
例句:- I bought a book that is very interesting.(我买了一本非常有趣的书。
)2. which: 只能指代物,用来引导非限制性定语从句,即从句中的信息是附加的。
例句:- My car, which is red, was stolen yesterday.(我的车,它是红色的,昨天被偷了。
)3. who: 只能指代人,用来引导限制性定语从句,即从句中的信息是必需的。
例句:- The woman who is sitting over there is my teacher.(那个坐在那里的女人是我的老师。
)4. whom: 只能指代人,用来引导非限制性定语从句,即从句中的信息是附加的。
例句:- The girl, whom I met yesterday, is a famous actress.(那个我昨天见到的女孩是位著名的演员。
)5. whose: 可以指代人或物,引导定语从句,表示所属关系。
例句:- I have a friend whose father is a doctor.(我有一个朋友,他的父亲是个医生。
)关系代词的选择要根据其先行词的性质来确定,同时需要注意该从句在整个句子中的成分。
二、关系副词(Relative Adverbs)关系副词也是引导定语从句的一种形式,它们在从句中充当副词的作用。
定语从句(关系代词1)

1. Do you like the story (which / that ) the teacher told us yesterday ? 2. The novel ( which / that ) she lent me last week is very interesting. 3. The old man (whom / that ) you met with in the street just now is our math teacher. 4. The man who / that brought our textbooks here just now lives in the next room. 5. This is the girl whose pronunciation is the best in our class. 6. I don’t like the book whose cover is black.
The Attributive Clause 在复合句中, 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从 句。如: This is the book which you asked for. You must do everything that I do. 上面两句中的the book 和everything 是定语从句所修 上面两句中的 饰的词,叫做先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。 饰的词,叫做先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。 引导定语从句的关系代词有: 引导定语从句的关系代词有:that, which , who , whom , whose .关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语 关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语 从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。 从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。 关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。 关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句(1) 关系代词的用法

下列情况下只能用which引导定语从 句,不能用that:
(1)关系词前有介词 例:The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾就读的学校非常出名。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句 例:He had failed in maths exam,which made his father angry. 他数学考试没及格,这让他父亲很生气。
四.that的用法 例:1. All that glitters is not gold. 2. As long as you stand up to the difficulties , there are none that cannot be overcome. 3. You can take any book (that) you like. 4.Is anything that I can do for you? 小结that的用法
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的 从句叫做定语从句
She is the girl who can speak English very well.
先行词 引导词
定语从句概述 两个重要概念:先行词和关系词
1.先行词:被定语从句修饰或限制的对象 2.关系词:指代先行词、起连接主句和从 句的作用,并且在定语从句中充当一定 成分的连词。 3.主句和从句:I don’t like the people who are never keep their words.
三.which 的用法
Eg.1.
We are studying sentences. They contain attributive clauses.
定语从句(1)(that,which,who,who,whose)

注意:在“one of +复数名词+定语从句”结构中,复数名词是先行词, 引导词在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词用复数。但当one前有the (only)时,one是先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用单数。如:
He is one of the students who have been to Beijing. 他是去过北京的 学生之一。
1. the most important thing _____we should pay attention to is the first thing____ I have said. 2. He never reads anything _____is not worth reading. 3. The place _____interested me most was the Great Wall. 4.I’d like a car _____front lights are big and round. 5. The man _____talked to you just now is my father. 6.Can you tell me the name of the school _____the villagers built last year?
6. that/which 二、1. (that) he had stolen 2. (that) I want to buy
3. that/which interests us 4. (that/which) I will never forget. 5. that/which we will visit(are going to visit) tomorrow 6. whose homework hasn't been handed in
定语从句中的关系代词

定语从句中的关系代词定语从句中的关系代词导语:定语从句中的关系代词有哪些?以下是店铺精心为大家整理的有关定语从句中的关系代词示例,希望对大家有所帮助,欢迎阅读。
关系代词引导的定语从句1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the manwho/thatwants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the manwhom/ thatI saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换)例如:They rushed over to help the manwhosecar had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the bookwhose(of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的.书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(which/ that在句中作宾语)The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。
(which/ that在句中作宾语,可省略掉引导词) 关系副词引导的定语从句1)when, where, why关系副词when,where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:There areoccasions when (on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
定语从句之关系代词(1)

定语从句之关系代词(1)【学习目标】 1. 认识定语从句。
2. 学习关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that引导定语从句。
【学习重点与难点】定语从句关系代词正确使用。
【学法指导】通过阅读识别定语从句,练习关系代词的使用。
【知识链接】句子的成分(主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)The trees have lost their leaves. 主语: 宾语:He is the best runner in our school.主语: 表语: 定语:【学习过程】Step 1 Lead-in. (找出下列各句中的定语)It is a beautiful country. 定语:It is a country with the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean surrounding it. 定语:定语:用来修饰、限定名词或代词,使其外延逐步缩小。
边讲边练:(找出定语) the green teamthe team in greenThe team who were wearing greenStep 2 Presentation1.定语从句的定义:在主从复合句中,修饰或限定名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
2. 和定语从句有关的几个术语先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词关系代词:引导定语从句的代词(who, whom, whose, which, that,as)试着找出下列句中的定语从句以及确定关系词在句中作何成分:1. The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.2. The students whom we saw just now are the best runners in our school.3. She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.4. The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.Step 3 Consolidation (巩固):从下列句中找出含有定语从句的句子.1. The first book that I’d like to read during the holidays is Travel in China.2. Michael Jordan is such a great player that millions of people love him.3. I know a shop which sells really good cookies.4. He is not the man that he was.5. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.6. I was just wondering whose CD player was that one.Step 4 Presentation: 关系代词的基本用法1. who: 先行词是表示人的词,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词总结

定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词总结在英语语法中,定语从句是一种常见的从句类型,用于给予陈述句的补充信息或者对主句中的名词进行限定。
在定语从句中,关系代词和关系副词起到了非常重要的作用。
它们不仅用于引导定语从句,还在从句中充当句子成分。
本文将对关系代词和关系副词进行总结和归纳,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用它们。
一、关系代词(Relative Pronouns)关系代词用于引导定语从句并在从句中充当句子成分,它们有以下几个常见的形式和用法:1. who/whom这两个关系代词用于代替人,并在从句中充当主语或宾语。
who用于代替主语,而whom用于代替宾语。
例如:The girl who is standing over there is my sister.这个站在那边的女孩是我的妹妹。
2. which该关系代词用于代替物,并在从句中充当主语或宾语。
例如:I bought a book which is very interesting.我买了一本非常有趣的书。
3. that关系代词that可以代替人也可以代替物,它在从句中既可以充当主语也可以充当宾语。
与who和which相比,that更常用于口语和非正式的写作中。
例如:The car that I saw yesterday belongs to my neighbor.我昨天看到的那辆车是我邻居的。
4. whose关系代词whose用于表示所属关系,并在从句中充当名词的所有格。
它可以用来代替人或物。
例如:The man whose wallet was stolen reported the incident to the police.那个被偷钱包的人向警察报案了。
二、关系副词(Relative Adverbs)关系副词用于引导定语从句并在从句中充当副词或介词宾语。
它们有以下几个常见的形式和用法:1. where关系副词where用于代替地点,并在从句中充当地点状语。
定语从句中关系词的作用

定语从句中关系词的作用关系词在定语从句中起着非常重要的作用,它不仅可以作为连接代词,而且还可以作为关系副词。
下面就来详细介绍它的作用。
1、作为连接代词(1)作主语的关系代词: who,that,which,what,as。
如:What you said disappointed me.(2)作宾语的关系代词: whom,that,which,what。
如:I know who you saw yesterday.(3)作表语的关系代词: who= that,which,what。
如:This is what happened.(4)作同位语的关系代词: who,that,which。
如:He’s the one who I told you about.2、作为关系副词就定语从句而言,即when,where,why,how。
(1)When作定语从句中的时间状语,说明定语从句所修饰的词发生的时间。
如:{This is the time} when I will come to see you.(2)Where作定语从句中的地点状语,说明定语从句所修饰的词存在的地点。
如:{London is the place} where I studied last year.(3)Why作定语从句中的原因状语,说明定语从句所修饰的词的原因。
如:{That is the reason} why I wanted to leave.(4)How作定语从句中的方式状语,说明定语从句所修饰的词发生的方式。
如:{This is the way} how it works.总之,定语从句中的关系词就是上述几种关系代词和关系副词,在定语从句中它们扮演着连接主句与从句的重要角色,它们有助于我们将句子表达清楚,同时避免了模糊不清。
因此,在学习使用定语从句时,一定要注意关系词的用法,以便正确用词,可以起到很好的表达效果。
定语从句中的关系代词

定语从句中的关系代词(1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。
它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。
)(2)关系代词有主格,宾格和所有格之分,并有指人与指物之分。
在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物。
主格: who which that 宾格: whom that that 所有格: whose of which/whose of which/whose 例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)(3)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如:I’ve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He’s chang ed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
注释:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,that在从句中作表语时也可省略。
非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。
(4)三个特殊关系代词的用法but,as,than作关系代词引导定语从句but既可指人,也可指物,常在定语从句中充当主语。
but本身含“否定”的意思,其作用相当于“that/which/who...not”。
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定语从句I 关系代词
定义:在复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫做定语从句。
基本构成:先行词+关系间+定语从句。
先行词:它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
关系词:连接先行同和定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句,同时指代先行词,并在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
引导定语从句的关系词有两类:关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose等,关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系代词的具体用法见下表:
一、关系代词的用法
指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。
Here comes the girl who wants to see you.
想见你的那个女孩过来了。
(作主语)
Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins.
丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的一个人。
(作宾语)
指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替。
Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.
罗丝是你应该关心的人。
(作宾语)
可修饰人,也可修饰物,表"所属"关系,whose在定语从句中作定语。
I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.
我认识那个人,他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。
(作定语)
指事物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
China is a country which has a long history.
中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。
既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
习惯上指人多用who, whom,指物多用which.
The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。
(that指人,作主语)
The suitcase that lies on the ground is hers.
地上放的那个手提箱是她的。
(that指物,作主语)
二、只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况
1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most delicious food that I have ever had,这是我吃过的最美味的食品。
2.先行词是不定代词,如all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none等时。
有关这个专题的任何资料都请寄给我们。
All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做了。
3.先行词被all, any, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
Please send us any information that you have about the subject.
The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
4.有两个或两个以上先行词,既指人又指物时。
Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things that upset us.
有时,我们不应该理会让我们不快的人和事。
5.当主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing 你买的书中哪一本对我的写作最有用
三、只能用which而不用that引导定语从句的情况
1.引导非限制性定语从句时。
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球,一项非常有趣的运动,在全世界得到了普及。
2.当关系代词前有介词时。
This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived,这就是莫言曾经住过的房子。
3.当先行间本身就是that时。
That which you told him about is what we want to know.
你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。
4.在限制性定语从句中,如果有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系间是that,那么另一句的关系词就需用which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
四、只能用who而不用that引导定语从句的情况
1.先行词是指人的不定代词时,如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等。
The students you should learn from are those who graduate from top universities.
你应该学习的是那些从名牌大学毕业的学生。
2.在There be结构中,先行词指人时。
There is a young lady who is in a state of shock.
有位年轻女士休克了。
3.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另
一个
宜用who.(指人时)
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇到的那个男孩就是那个学习非常努力的组长。
五. as引导定语从句
用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。
在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
它常用在the same...as...,such...as...,as...as…等句型中,as不能省略。
Such teachers as know Tom think him very bright.
认识汤姆的老师都认为他很聪明。
I'll buy the same dictionary as you have.
我要买和你的一样的词典。
引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句的内容。
从句可放在主句前、主句后
或主句中间。
As you know, she is a stubborn girl, and I can't persuade her to change her mind.
你知道,她是一个倔强的女孩,我不能说服她改变主意。
My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days, as is often the case with old people,
我爷爷喜欢谈论过去的美好时光,这种情况在老年人中较为常见。