电力系统基础作业大全
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第一章电力系统基本知识
习题:★P27
1-1 某电力系统的接线示于题图1-1,网络的额定电压已在图中标明。
试求:
题图1-1
(1)发电机、电动机、变压器高、中、低压绕组的额定电压;
(2)求各变压器的额定变比;
(3)若变压器T1高压侧工作于+2.5%抽头,中压侧工作于+2.5%抽头;变压器T2工作于-1.5%抽头;变压器T3高压侧工作于-1.5%抽头,中压侧工作于-2.5%抽头;变压器T4工作于工作于-2.5%抽头;变压器T5工作于-1.5%抽头;变压器T6工作于+2.5%抽头;变压器T7工作于-2.5%抽头时,求各变压器的实际变比。
解:(1) 发电机:V GN = 23 kV
电动机:V MN = 0.38 kV
变压器T1:V N
高= 500*(1+10%) = 550 kV
V N中= 220*(1+10%) = 242 kV
V N低= 23 kV
变压器T2:V N
高= 220 kV
V N低= 35*(1+10%) = 38.5 kV
变压器T3:V N
高= 500 kV
V N中= 220*(1+10%) = 242 kV
V N低= 110*(1+10%) = 121 kV
变压器T4:V N
高= 220 kV
V N低= 110*(1+10%) = 121 kV
变压器T5:V N
高= 110 kV
V N低= 10*(1+10%) = 11 kV
变压器T6:V N
高= 35 kV
V N低= 10*(1+10%) = 11 kV
变压器T7:V N
高= 10 kV
V N低= 0.38*(1+5%) = 0.4 kV
(2) 变压器T1:V N
高/V N中/V N低= 550/242/23
变压器T2:V N
高/V N低= 220/38.5
变压器T3:V N
高/V N中/V N低= 500/242/121
变压器T4:V N
高/V N低= 220/121
变压器T5:V N
高/V N低= 110/11
变压器T6:V N
高/V N低= 35/11
变压器T7:V N
高/V N低= 10/0.4
(3) 变压器T1:V N
高/V N中/V N低=[550*(1+2.5%)]/[242*(1+2.5%)]/23 = 563.75/248.05/23 变压器T2:V N
高/V N低= [220*(1-1.5%)]/38.5 = 216.7/38.5
变压器T3:V N
高/V N中/V N低=[500*(1-1.5%)]/[242*(1-2.5%)]/121 = 492.5/235.95/121变压器T4:V N
高/V N低= [220*(1-2.5%)]/121 = 214.5/121
变压器T5:V N
高/V N低= [110*(1-1.5%)]/11 = 108.35/11
变压器T6:V N
高/V N低= [35*(1+2.5%)]/11 = 35.875/11
变压器T7:V N
高/V N低= [10*(1-2.5%)]/0.4 = 9.75/0.4
第二章 电力网元件的等值电路和参数计算
习题:★P61
2-3 有SFL 1-31500/35型双绕组变压器,其额定变比为35/11,铭牌参数分别为:
0P =30kW ,0I =1.2%,K P =177.2kW ,K U =8%,求归算到高压侧的变压器有名值参数。
解:
Ω=⨯⨯=⨯= 219.010********.177103
2
232N 2
N K T S U P R Ω=⨯⨯=⨯= 111.31031500
35100810100%X 323
N 2N K T S U U
S 10449.21035
30105323
2N 0T ---⨯=⨯=⨯=
U P G Ω⨯=⨯⨯=⨯=
--- 10857.301035
315001002.110100%5
32
32N N 0T U S I B
2-4 有SFSL-31500/110型三绕组变压器,其额定变比为110/38.5/11,额定容量比为100/100/66.7,空载损耗80kW ,励磁功率850kvar ,短路损耗K1-2P =450kW ,K1-3P =240kW ,K 2-3P =270kW ,短路电压K1-2U =11.55%,K1-3U =21%,K2-3U =8.5%。
试求变压器归算到高压侧的参数。
解:(1)各绕组电阻:
折算短路损耗
2
2
N K(12)
K(12)1N 100'450450kW 100S P P S --⎛⎫⎛⎫
==⨯= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭
2
2
N K(31)
K(31)3N 100'240540 kW 66.7S P P S --⎛⎫⎛⎫
==⨯= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭
2
2
N K(23)
K(23)3N 100'270607.5 kW 66.7S P P S --⎛⎫⎛⎫
==⨯= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭
各绕组短路损耗为
K (12)K (31)K (23)'''K111
()(450540607.5)191.25 kW 22P P P P ---=+-=+-=
K (12)K (23)K (31)'''K211
()(450607.5540)258.75 kW 22
P P P P ---=+-=+-=
K (23)K (31)K (12)'''K311
()(607.5540450)348.75 kW 22
P P P P ---=+-=+-=
各绕组电阻为
23K1N 12
N ×10P U R S =232191.25110×10 2.332 31500⨯==Ω 23
K2N 22
N ×10P U R S =232258.75110×10 3.155 31500⨯==Ω 23
K3N 32
N
×10P U R S =232348.75110×10 4.253 31500⨯==Ω (2)各绕组电抗:
各绕组短路电压为
K1K(12)K(31)K(23)11
%(%%%)(11.55218.5)12.02522U U U U ---=+-=+-=
K2K(12)K(23)K(31)11
%(%%%)(11.558.521)0.47522U U U U ---=+-=+-=-
K3K(23)K(31)K(12)11
%(%%%)(8.52111.55)8.97522
U U U U ---=+-=+-=
各绕组等值电抗为
23
N K11N %×10100U U X S =2312.025110××1046.19110031500=
=Ω 23
N K22N %×10100U U X S =230.475110××101.825 10031500-=
=-Ω 23
K3N 3N
%×10100U U X S =238.975110××1034.47510031500=
=Ω (3)变压器导纳:
30T 2N ×10P G U -=
3-6
2
80×10 6.61210 S 110-==⨯ 3
0T 2N ×10Q B U =
3-62850×1070.210S 110
==⨯
2-7 电力网络接线如题图2-6所示。
试作以有名制表示的归算至220kV 侧的网络等值电路
和数学模型。
作等值电路时,变压器的电阻、导纳,35kV 电压等级以下线路的导纳都可略去。
T-2
T-3
AT
L-1
L-3
L-2L-4T-1
G
~
题图2-7
图中各元件的技术数据如下:
发电机G :容量为50MV A ,额定电压10.5kV ,X G %=30; 变压器T-1:容量为200 MV A ,额定电压为13.8/242,0P =294kW ,0I =2.5%,K P =1005kW ,K U =14%;变压器T-2:容量为80MV A ,额定电压为110/11,0P =130kW ,0I =2.5%,K P =310kW ,K U =10.5%;变压器T-3:容量为200MV A ,额定电压为35/6.6,0P =39kW ,0I =3%,K P =122kW ,K U =8%;自耦变压器AT :容量为160MV A ,额定电压为220/121/38.5,0P =185kW ,0I =1.4%,K1
P '=228kW ,K3P '=98kW ,K2P '=202kW ;K1-2U =9%,K2-3U =20%,K1-3U =30%。
架空线L-1:型号为LGJ-400/50,电压为220kV ,长度为120km ,r = 0.08Ω/km ,x = 0.406Ω/km ,b =2.81×
10-6 S/km ;架空线L-2:型号为LGJ-300/40,电压为110kV ,长度为50km ,r = 0.105Ω/km ,x = 0.383Ω/km ,b =2.98×10-6 S/km ;架空线L-3:型号为LGJ-185/30,电压为35kV ,长度为20km ,r = 0.17Ω/km ,x = 0.38Ω/km ;
电缆L-4:型号为ZLQ2-10/3×70,电压为10kV ,长度为5km ,r = 0.45Ω/km ,x = 0.08Ω/km 。
(答案:发电机G :X G =203.42Ω 变压器T-1:X T1= 41.04Ω
变压器T-2:X T2= 52.5Ω 变压器T-3:X T3= 15.975Ω
自耦变压器AT :X AT1= 28.725Ω,X AT2=-1.515Ω,X AT3= 62.1Ω
架空线L-1:R = 9.6Ω,X = 48.72Ω,B/2= 1.68×10-4S 架空线L-2:R = 1.588Ω,X = 5.792Ω,B/2= 2.463×10-4S 架空线L-3:R = 0.104Ω,X = 0.233Ω 架空线L-4:R =0.068Ω,X = 0.012Ω)
解:发电机:2
2
%3010.50.661510010050
G N G N X U X S =⋅=⨯=Ω
归算到220kV 侧,2
2
2200.6615290.410.5G X =⨯
=Ω 变压器:忽略其导纳电阻后
变压器T1:2
22
12%2201422033.88100100200
N K T N N U U X S U =⨯⨯=⨯=Ω
变压器T2:2222
2%220101522063.52510010080
N K T N N U U X S U =⨯⨯=⨯=Ω 变压器T3:222
32%220822019.36100100200
N K T N N U U X S U =⨯⨯=⨯=Ω
自耦变压器:
K1K(12)K(31)K(23)11
%(%%%)(93020)9.522U U U U ---=+-=+-=
K2K(12)K(23)K(31)11
%(%%%)(20930)0.522U U U U ---=+-=+-=-
K3K(23)K(31)K(12)11
%(%%%)(20309)20.522
U U U U ---=+-=+-=
2
11%22028.7375100160K T U X =⨯=Ω
22
0.5220 1.5125100160
T X -=⨯=-Ω 23
20.522062.0125100160
T X =⨯=Ω 架空线:忽略35kV 电压等级以下线路的导纳 L1:1200.089.6R l r =⋅=⨯=Ω 1200.40648.72X l x =⋅=⨯=Ω
64120 2.8110 3.37210B l b S S --=⋅=⨯⨯=⨯
41.686102
B
S -=⨯ L2:22
22220220500.10521110110R l r =⋅⋅=⨯⨯=Ω 22
22
220220500.38376.6110110
X l x =⋅⋅=⨯⨯=Ω 2615
2
11050 2.98104 3.72510220B l b S ---=⋅⋅=⨯⨯⨯=⨯ 51.863102B S -=⨯ L3:22
22220220200.117134.333535R l r =⋅⋅=⨯⨯=Ω
22
22220220200.38300.283535X l x =⋅⋅=⨯⨯=Ω
电缆L4:22
2222022050.4510891010
R l r =⋅⋅=⨯⨯=Ω
22
2222022050.08193.61010
X l x =⋅⋅=⨯⨯=Ω
等值电路:
2-8 对题2-7的电力系统,若选各电压级的额定电压作为基准电压,试作含理想变压器的等值电路并计算其参数的标幺值。
(答案:发电机G :X G*=0.6615 变压器T-1:X T1*= 0.0848
变压器T-2:X T2*= 0.13 变压器T-3:X T3*= 0.04
自耦变压器AT :X A T1*= 0.059,X AT2*=-0.0024,X AT3*= 0.128
架空线L-1:R *= 0.0198,X *= 0.101,1/2B *= 8.1312×10-2 架空线L-2:R *= 0.0434,X *= 0.158,1/2B *= 9.0145×10-3 架空线L-3:R *=0.278 ,X *= 0.6204
架空线L-4:R *= 2.25,X *= 0.4) 解:取基准容量100B S MVA =
发电机:*
22100
0.66150.661510
B G
G N S X X U =⋅=⨯= 变压器:*
1122100
33.880.07220B T T N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= *
2222
100
63.5250.13125220B T T N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= *3322100
19.360.04220
B T T N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= 自耦变压器:*
1122
100
28.73750.0594220B AT AT N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= *2222100
1.51250.003125220
B AT AT N S X X U =⋅
=-⨯=-
*3322
100
62.01250.1281220B AT AT N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= 架空线: L1:*
122
100
9.60.0198220B L N S R R U =⋅
=⨯= *
1122100
48.720.1007220
B L L N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= 2
*2
42201.686100.081622100
N B U B B S -=⋅=⨯⨯=
L2: *
222100
210.0434220B L N S R R U =⋅
=⨯= *
2222
100
76.70.1583220B L L N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= 2
*2
532201.863109.0171022100
N B U B B S --=⋅=⨯⨯=⨯
L3:*
322
100
134.330.2775220B L N S R R U =⋅
=⨯= *
3322100
300.280.6204220
B L L N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= 电缆L4:*
422100
1089 2.25220B L N S R R U =⋅
=⨯= *
4422
100
193.60.4220B L L N S X X U =⋅
=⨯= 等值电路同2-7不变
2-9 若各电压等级选平均额定电压为基准电压,并近似认为各元件的额定电压等于平均额定电压,重做上题的等值电路并计算其参数标幺值。
(答案:发电机G :X G*=0.6 变压器T-1:X T1*= 0.14
变压器T-2:X T2*= 1.05 变压器T-3:X T3*= 0.08
自耦变压器AT :X A T1*= 0.95,X AT2*=-0.005,X AT3*= 2.05 架空线L-1:R *= 0.018,X *= 0.091,1/2B *= 8.965×10-2
架空线L-2:R *= 0.0397,X *= 0.0012,1/2B *= 9.853×10-3
架空线L-3:R *=0.252 ,X *= 0.563
架空线L-4:R *= 2.041,X *= 0.363)
解:各级平均电压为10.5kV ,37 kV ,115 kV ,230 kV ,100B S MVA =
发电机:*
22100
0.66150.610.5
B G
G N S X X U =⋅=⨯= 变压器:T1:22*1
22
%1410.5100
0.0710010022010.5
TN K B T TN B U U S X S U =⋅⋅=⨯⨯= 变比标幺值:1(1)1(2)*
1((/10.5/242
0.950/10.5/230
T N T N T B B U U k U U =
=
=Ⅰ)Ⅱ)
T2:2
2*2
22
%10.510.51000.12010010080115
TN K B T TN B U U S X
S U =⋅⋅=⨯⨯= 变比标幺值:2(1)2(2)*
2
((/110/11
0.913/115/10.5
T N T N T B B U U k
U U =
=
=Ⅰ)Ⅱ)
T3:2
2*3
22%8351000.03610010020037
TN K B T TN B U U S X
S U =⋅⋅=⨯⨯= 变比标幺值:3(1)3(2)*3
((/35/6.6
0.903/37/6.3
T N T N T B B U U k
U U =
=
=Ⅰ)Ⅱ)
自耦变压器AT :2
2*111
22%9.52201000.054100100160230TN K B AT TN B U U S X
S U =⋅⋅=⨯⨯= 22*222
22
%0.51211000.035100100160115
TN K B AT TN B U U S X
S U -=⋅⋅=⨯⨯=- 2
2*333
22
%20.538.51000.13910010016037K TN B AT TN B U U S X
S U =⋅⋅=⨯⨯= 变比标幺值:*
12220/121
0.909230/115AT k -=
=
*
13
220/38.50.919230/37AT k -== *
23
0.919 1.0110.909
AT k -== 总变比 0.919/1.011/1
架空线:L1:*22
100
1200.080.018230B B S R R U =⋅
=⨯⨯=
*22
1001200.4060.092230B B S X X U =⋅
=⨯⨯= 2
*62
22.81102301208.9210222100
B B U B B S --⨯=⋅=⨯⨯=⨯
L2:*22100
500.1050.0397115B B S R R U =⋅
=⨯⨯= *22
100
500.3830.1448115B B S X X U =⋅
=⨯⨯= 2
*62
32.9810115509.853********
B B U B B S --⨯=⋅=⨯⨯=⨯
L3:*22100
200.170.24837B B S R R U =⋅
=⨯⨯= *22100
200.380.55537
B B S X X U =⋅
=⨯⨯= 电缆 L4:*22
10050.45 2.04110.5B B S R R U =⋅
=⨯⨯= *22100
0.0850.36310.5
B B S X X U =⋅=⨯⨯= 等值电路:
*1
2
L B *12
L B 3
T
第三章 简单电力系统的潮流计算
习题:★P89
3-3 电网结构如题图3-3所示,额定电压为35kV ,图中各节点的负荷及各线路参数如下: S 2=0.3+j0.2 MV A , S 3=0.5+j0.3 MV A , S 4=0.2+j0.3 MV A , Z 12=1.2+j2.4Ω,
Z 23=1+j2Ω, Z 24=2+j4Ω,试计算图中电网的功率和电压分布。
(答案:S 23=0.50025+j0.3005, S 24=0.20019+j0.30038, S 12=1.00190+j0.80382) 解:支路2-3
功率分布:2222
43323232322
30.50.3()(12)(2.178 5.55)1035
P Q S R jX j j MVA U -++∆=+=⨯+=+⨯ '
23
2330.5002780.300555S S S j MVA =∆+=+ 22
224
4424242422
40.20.3()(24)(2.12 4.24)1035P Q S R jX j j MVA U -++∆=+=⨯+=+⨯ '
24
2440.2002120.300424S S S j MVA =∆+=+
'''224232(0.2002120.5002780.3)(0.20.3005550.300424)
1.000490.800979S S S S j j MVA
=++=+++++=+
2
''2222
2
12121222
23 1.000490.800979()(1.2 2.4)35
(1.61 3.22)10P Q S R jX j U j MVA
-++∆=+=⨯+=+⨯ ''
12
122 1.00210.80420S S S j MVA =∆+=+ 电压分布:''
12121212
121 1.0021 1.20.804 2.40.08138.5P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆===
''
12121212
121 1.0021 2.40.804 1.20.03738.5
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-⨯===
238.42U kV ==
''
23232323232 1.50027810.3005552
0.02938.42
P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆===
''232323232320.50027820.300555
0.01838.42
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-===
338.39U kV ===
''
242424242420.200212 1.20.300424 2.4
0.02538.42P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆===
''242424242420.200212 2.40.300424 1.2
0.00338.42
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-⨯===
422438.420.02538.395U U U kV =-∆=-=
3-4 一简单电网由线路和变压器组成,变压器的变比为110/10,归算到变压器高压侧的等
值电路如题图3-4所示,首端电压在最大负荷时保持在118kV ,最小负荷时为113kV 。
分别计算末端负荷为S max =40+j30MV A 和S min =20+j15MV A 时变压器低压侧的实际电压。
(答案:U max =10.169kV ,U min =10.544kV )
题图3-4
解:最大负荷时,1118U kV = 34030S j MVA =+ 潮流分布,各节点先取额定电压 '23110U U kV ==
2222'
''
3323
232322
34030()(1.2220.2)(0.2521 4.174)110
P Q S R jX j j MVA U ++∆=+=⨯+=+
'232330(0.25210.1740)(30 4.174 1.7)
40.422135.874S S S S j j MVA
=∆++=+++++=+
2
422
2.8210110
3.4122var 2
B U M --=-⨯⨯=- ''
22
233240.4221(35.874 3.4122)40.422133.46182
B S S S U j j MVA =+-=+-=+ 2
''22222
1212122
2
240.422132.4618()(18.520.5)110(1.8881 4.5536)P Q S R jX j U j MVA
++∆=+=⨯+=+
''12122(40.4221 1.8881)(4.553632.4618)
42.310237.0154S S S j j MVA
=∆+=+++=+
电压分布:''
12121212
12142.31028.537.015420.59.478118P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆===
''
12121212
12142.310220.537.01548.5 4.6841118
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-⨯===
2108.621U kV ===
''
32332323240.2521 1.2234.17420.2
6.807108.62
P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆===
''32332323240.252120.234.174 1.22
7.102108.62
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-⨯===
'3102.06U kV == '''331111102.0610.21110110
U U kV =⨯
=⨯= 最小负荷时:1113U kV = 32015S j MVA =+ 潮流分布
2222
'
3323
232322
32015()(1.2220.2)(0.063 1.043)110P Q S R jX j j MVA U ++∆=+=⨯+=+
'
23
23320150.063 1.04320.06316.043S S S j j j MVA =∆+=+++=+ 2
422 2.8210110 3.4122var 2
B U M --=-⨯⨯=-
'
2
2230220.0630.17(16.043 1.7 3.412)
2
20.23314.331B S S S U j j MVA
=+-
=+++-=+ 2
2
22
221212122
2
220.23314.331()(18.520.5)110(0.432 1.042)P Q S R jX j U j MVA
++∆=+=⨯+=+
'
12122(20.2330.432)(14.331 1.042)
20.66515.373S S S j j MVA
=∆+=+++=+
电压分布:12121212
12120.6658.515.37320.5 4.343113
P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆=
==
12121212
12120.66520.515.3738.5 2.593113
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-⨯=
==
2108.69U kV ===
''
2323232323220.063 1.2216.04320.2
3.21108.69
P R Q X U kV U +⨯+⨯∆===
''
2323232323220.06320.216.043 1.22
3.55108.62
P X Q R U kV U δ-⨯-⨯===
'3105.54U kV === '''3311
10.55110
U U kV =⨯=
3-7 简单电力环网题图3-7所示,电网各元件型号及参数如下:变压器型号为SFL 1-31500/35,额定变比为35/11,铭牌参数分别为:0P =30kW ,0I =1.2%,K P =177.2kW ,K U =8%;线路AC 段:l =50km ,r 0=0.27Ω/km , x 0=0.42Ω/km ,线路BC 段:l =60km ,r 0=0.27Ω/km , x 0=0.42Ω/km ,线路AB 段:l =40km ,r 0=0.27Ω/km , x 0=0.42Ω/km ,各段线路的导纳均可略去;负荷为:S D =25+j18MV A ,S B =50+j30MVA ;母线D 额定电压为10kV ,母线C 实际运行电压为34kV ,试求网络的功率分布及功率分点。
(答案:S AB =55.689+j37.967,S AC =51.379+j39.934,S BC =5.689+j7.967,功率分点为C )
B
题图 3-7
解:参数计算:变压器:2233
K N T 22
N 177.23510100.2188 31500
P U R S ⨯=⨯=⨯=Ω Ω=⨯⨯=⨯= 111.31031500
35100810100%X 323
N 2N K T S U U
00000% 1.2
30315000.030.378100100
N I S P jQ P j
S j j MVA =+=+=+⨯=+ 如图:
10kV
=2518D S j MVA
=+
111
1031.81835
N U U k kV =⋅=⨯
= 2222
0022
02518()(0.2188 3.1111)31.818
(0.2051 2.9163)T T T P Q S R jX j U j MVA
++∆=+=⨯+=+ 10(0.030.205124)(2.91630.3781825.235121.2943T D S S S S j j MVA
=∆++=+++++=+)
AC Z =50(0.27+j0.42)=13.5+j21⨯Ω AB Z =40(0.27+j0.42)=10.8+j16.8⨯Ω BC Z =60(0.27+j0.42)=16.2+j25.2⨯Ω
计算功率分点,求不计功率损耗时的近似计算功率分布,因为网络是均一网络 50(6050)25.235150
45.078406050i i
AB
i
Pl P MW l
⨯++⨯=
=
=++∑∑
25.2351(6050)4050
28.823406050
i i
AC i
Pl P MW l
⨯++⨯=
=
=++∑∑
5045.078 4.922BC B AB P P P MW =-=-= 30(6050)21.294350
29.098406050
i i
AB i l MW l
θθ⨯++⨯=
=
=++∑∑
21.2943(6040)3040
22.196406050
i i AC i
l MW l
θθ⨯++⨯=
=
=++∑∑
3029.0980.902var BC B AB M θθθ=-=-= 故: 45.07829.098AB S j MVA =+ 28.82322.196AC S j MVA =+
4.9220.902BC S j MVA =+ 功率分点为B 点
第四章 电力系统的正常运行与控制
习题:★P126
4-1 电力系统图如下所示,图中参数如下: 发电机:2×50MW ,10.5kV ,cos φ=0.85; 变压器T-1:2×80MV A ,10.5/121kV ,0P =130kW ,0I =2.5%,K P =310kW ,K U =10.5%; 变压器T-2,T-3:2×20MV A ,110/111kV ,0P =22kW ,0I =0.8%,K P =135kW ,K U =10.5%; 线路L-1:2×LGJ-150/20,40 km , r 1=0.2Ω/km , x 1=0.4Ω/km ; 线路L-2:2×LGJ-95/20,40 km , r 1=0.33Ω/km , x 1=0.418Ω/km 。
试做无功功率平衡。
(答案:负荷和损耗的总量为64.12j46.247MVA +,发电机以额定功率因数运行时无功输出
为G 64.120.6239.7544Q =⨯=,无功功率缺额即所需补偿容量
46.24739.7544 6.4926M var Q ∆=-=)
题图4-1
解:输电系统参数计算
165126521
(0.20.4)404821
2.451040 4.91022
1
(0.330.48)40 6.68.3621
2.651040 5.31022
l l l l Z j j B S Z j j B S ----=⨯+⨯=+Ω
=⨯⨯⨯=⨯=⨯+⨯=+Ω
=⨯⨯⨯=⨯
变压器(单台): T1:
2312
2
233
100011
310121100.709280000%10.5121101019.216100100800000.13% 2.580
2100
1000.3119.216
0.318.40.7092k N
T N
k N T N
N k T k k T PU R S U U X S P MW I Q S MVar P MW
X Q P MVar R ⨯=⨯==Ω⨯⨯=
⨯==Ω⨯=⨯=
=
===
=
⨯=
T2(T3):
2312
2233
10001113511010 4.08420000
%10.5110101063.52510010020000
0.022%0.8200.161001000.13563.525
0.135 2.14.084
k N
T N k N T N N k T k k T PU R S U U X S P MW I Q S MVar P MW
X Q P MVar R ⨯=⨯==Ω⨯⨯=⨯==Ω
⨯=⨯=
====
=⨯=
变压器的功率损耗:
22(3)
002
02()2()(2)T T k k S S P jQ P jQ S ⎡⎤
∆=+++⎢⎥⎣⎦
=22
2
3022.52(0.0220.16)2(0.135 2.1)420
j j +⨯++⨯⨯+⨯ =0.2813 4.0114j MVA + 线路2l 始末端的充电功率均为
22522
5.3101100.64132
l l B N B Q U MVar -∆=-
=-⨯⨯=- 线路2l 上传输的功率为:
22220.64130.2813 4.01143022.530.281325.8701l l B T LD S Q S S j j j j MVA
=∆+∆+=-++++=+
线路2l 上的损耗为:
222
222222
30.281325.8701()(6.68.36)0.8652 1.0959110l l l l N S S R jX j j MVA U +∆=+=⨯+=+ 线路1l 的充电功率为:
12
521 4.9101100.59292
l l B N B Q U MVar -∆=-
=-⨯⨯=- 线路2l 上传输的功率为:
1212233
0.59290.64130.8652 1.095930.281325.87010.2813 4.01143022.561.427852.2432l l l B B l l T LD S Q Q S S S S j j j j j j j MVA
=∆+∆+∆++∆+=--++++++++=+ 线路2l 上的损耗为:
2221
2112261.427852.2432()(48) 2.1497 4.2993110l l l l N S S R jX j j MVA U +∆=+=⨯+=+
变压器T1所带负荷为
1111 2.1497 4.299361.427852.24320.592963.577555.9496
l T l l B S S S Q j j j j =∆++∆=+++-=+ 变压器T1的损耗为
2
1
1002
2()2()(2)T T k k N S S P jQ P jQ S ⎡⎤∆=+++⎢⎥⎣⎦
=22
2
63.577555.94962(0.132)2(0.318.4)(280)
j j +⨯++⨯⨯+⨯ =0.43378.7069j MVA + 发电机应发功率为:
1163.577555.94960.43378.706964.011264.6565G T T S S S j j j MVA =∆+=+++=+
实发
'64.011264.0112tan (31.79)64.011239.6732G N N S j j MVA ϕϕ=+==+。
无功缺额
64.656539.673224.9833Q MVar ∆=-=
4-2 系统元件连接关系如下图所示,降压变电站低压侧母线要求常调压,保持10.5kV ,
试确定采用电容器补偿时的设备容量。
(答案:Q C =12.789 Mvar )
S max =30+j15MVA
题图4-2
解:等值电路为:
c
设置补偿设备前变电站地压侧归算到高压侧的电压为
max max 'max min min 'min 'min 'min
302512515
11895.75118
10251255
118110.58118
11
110.58115.8510.5
j ij j ij
j i i
j ij j ij
j i i
j N t j P R Q X U U kV
U P R Q X U U kV U U U U kV U +⨯+⨯=-=-=+⨯+⨯=-=-
==
=⨯
=
应选+5%分接头,分接头电压为115.5kV
''max max
22
max 10.511115.5()(10.595.75)()12.789125115.511
j j c j ij
U U Q U k MVar X k
=
-
=
-⨯⨯= 检验:
'max
max '
min
min 3025(1512.789)12511
(118)10.41118115.5
11
110.5810.53115.5
jc jc jc jc U U kV
k U
U kV k
⨯+-⨯==-⨯==
⨯
=
4-3 某35kV 变电站,其主变压器变比为35±2×2.5%/10.5kV 。
已知最大和最小负荷分别为8+j5MV A ,4+j3MVA ,母线A 的电压保持为36kV ,要求变电站10kV 母线上的电压在最小负荷与最大负荷时电压偏差不超过5%±,试选择变压器分接头。
(答案:-2.5%)
max min 85430.22 3.11
T S j MVA S j MVA Z j =+=+=+Ω
A
解:
max min
0.228 3.115
0.48136
0.224 3.1130.28436
T A T A PR QX U kV U PR QX U kV
U +⨯+⨯∆===+⨯+⨯∆===
最大最小负荷时变压器高压绕组的分接头电压分别为:
1max 1min 110.5
(360.481)39.269.510.5
(360.284)35.7210.5
39.2635.72
37.492
37.4935
100%7.11%35T T Tav U kV U kV
U kV
=-⨯
==-⨯=+==-⨯=
应选+5%分接头 实际电压
2max 2min
10.5
(360.481)10.1535 1.05
10.5
(360.284)10.2035 1.05
U kV
U kV
=-⨯=⨯=-⨯=⨯
满足题意
4-5 设系统中发电机组的容量和调差系数如下: 水轮发电机: 100MW/台×4台=400MW
*δ=2.5 80MW/台×4台=320MW *δ=2.75 较大容量汽轮机组: 100MW/台×5台=500MW *δ=3.5 50MW/台×16台=800MW *δ=4 较小容量汽轮机组合计: 1000MW
*δ=4
已知系统总负荷为2000MW ,负荷的单位调节功率K D*为1.5,试计算以下两种情况下的系统单位调节功率以及负荷增加400 MW 时频率变化量。
(1)全部机组都参加调频; (2)全部机组都不参加调频时。
(答案:(1) 1619 MW/Hz ,-0.247Hz (2) 60 MW/Hz ,-6.667Hz ) 解:(1)
111222345100400
320/8% 2.550100320
232.7/8% 2.7550
100500
285.7/8% 3.550100800
400/8%450
10010008%450
GNk Gk N GNk Gk N GN GN N GN GN N G G N P k k MW Hz
f P k k MW Hz
f P k k MW Hz
f P k k MW Hz
f P k k f ⨯====⋅⨯⨯==
==⋅⨯⨯====⋅⨯⨯====⋅⨯⨯====⋅⨯汽1汽1汽2汽2水汽水汽
*66
1
0500/2000
1.560/50
320232.7285.7400500601798.4/4000.2221798.4
DN D D N i i D MW Hz P k k k MW Hz f k k MW Hz
P f Hz k ===⨯
=⨯===+++++=∆∆=-
=-=-∑
(2)
6060/400
6.66760
D k k MW Hz
P f Hz
k ==∆∆=-=-=- 4-7 系统总装机容量为2000MW ,调差系数*δ=5,总负荷为1600MW ,负荷调节效应系数为50 MW /Hz ,在额定频率下增加负荷430MW ,计算下列两种情况下的频率变化并解释原
因?
(1)所有发电机仅参与一次调频;(2)所有发电机均参加二次调频。
(答案:(1)-0.6Hz (2)-0.6Hz )
解:(1)
2000100
800/8%550850/GN G N G D P k MW Hz
f k k k MW Hz
⨯=
==⋅⨯=+=
通过一次调频,频率下降时,机组输出功率增加 频率下降20001600
0.5800
G G P f Hz k ∆-∆=-
=-=-时机组达到满载 负荷自身调节引起负荷下降10.55025D D P f k MW ∆=∆⋅=⨯= 之后系统功频静特性系数50/D k k MW Hz == 频率将继续下降243040025
0.150
f Hz --∆=-
=-
120.6
f f f Hz
∆=∆+∆=-
(2)0.6
f∆=-不变,原因是机组已达到满载无法进行第二次调频
第五章 电力系统故障与实用短路电流计算
习题:★P191
5-1 某简单电力系统的接线如题图5-1所示,各元件参数如下:
12GN GN 1T N k 2T N k G :30MVA,
10.5kV,0.26,11kV;T :31.5MVA,10.5121,%10.5;L :80km,0.4/km;
T :15MVA,110/6.6,%10.5
GX l S V X E S U l X S U ''========Ω==
题图 5-1
试分别计算:1K ,2K 短路时短路处和发电机出口的三相短路电流? (1) 当1K 点发生三相短路时; (2) 当2K 点发生三相短路时。
(给定基准功率B 100MVA S =,基准电压B av U U =(即各电压级的平均额定电压)。
) 答案:(1)1K 点:1K 4.50(kA)I "=,G 2.7(kA)I "=
(2)2
K 点:2
0.439(kA)K I "=, G
4.81(kA)I "=
解:(1)计算参数,给定基准功率100B S MVA =。
基准电压B aN U U =,知在本题中
12310.51156.3B B B U kV U kV U kV
=== 发电机:
*''''*1100
0.260.86730/11/10.5 1.048
B G GX GN B S X X S E E U =⋅
=⨯====
变压器T1:1*1%10.51000.33310010031.5k B T T N U S X S =
⋅=⋅= 线路L :*22
2100
0.4800.244115
B L l B S X X l
U =⋅=⨯⨯= 变压器T2:1*2%10.51000.710010015
k B T T N U S X S =⋅=⋅= (2)作等值电路
1k ''
*E *G X 1*T X 2*T X 2
*L X
(3)计算等值电路和短路电流 当1K 点发生三相短路时
1**1*''
''1**
1*0.8670.333 1.2/ 1.048/1.20.873
G T X X X I E X =+=+====
1K
点处的短路电流''''11*
0.8730.439()k I I kA ===
此时发电机出口的短路电流为''11*
4.80()a I I kA == 当2K 点发生三相短路时
2**1**2*''
''2**
2*0.8670.3330.2420.7 2.142/ 1.048/2.1420.489
G T L T X X X X X I E X =+++=+++====
1K
点处的短路电流''''
22*
0.489 2.69()k I I kA ===
此时发电机出口的短路电流为''22*
2.69()a I I kA == 5-5某电力系统的等值电路如题图5-5所示,各元件参数的标么值为:X 1=0.3,X 2=0.4,
X 3=0.6,X 4=0.3,X 5=0.5,X 6=0.2,若K 点发生三相短路,试求:
(1) 各电源点对短路的转移电抗;
(2) 各电源点及各支路的电流分布系数。
E E 4
题图 5-5
(答案:(1)X 1k =1.917,X 2k =2.557 ,X 3k =0.9785,X 4k =0.3;
(2) C 1=0.099,C 2=0.074,C 3=0.1796,C 4=0.6327,C 5=0.1733,C 6=0.353)
解:(1)使用单位电流法来计算各电源点的电流分布系数和移相阻抗
•
在上图中令1I •
=1,知a U •=0.3 20.3/0.40.75I •
==
31234534656 1.750.5 1.1751.175/0.6 1.958
1.75 1.958 3.7080.2 3.70810.097/0.3 6.389
3.078 6.38910.0970 1.9166/0.1898
b a
c b c f f c f ff I I I U U I I I I I U U I U I I I E U I Z E I •
•
•
•
•
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
=+==+⨯====+=+==+⨯====+=+==+⨯===
知电源1:
11111/0.099// 1.917
f f ff C I I Z Z C E I ••
•
•
=====
电源2:
2221233/0.074
// 2.556/0.173
f f ff f C I I Z Z C E I C I I ••
•
•
•
•
======= 电源3:
444355/0.194/0.979/0.367
f f f C I I Z E I C I I •
•
•
•
•
•====== 电源4:
6664/0.633/0.3
f f C I I Z E I ••
•
•
====
5-6电力系统如题图5-6所示,设在变压器2T 高压母线上发生单相接地故障,
题图5-6
已知参数如下:
1G :G1S =60MV A ,GN U =10.5kV ,d X ''
=2X =0.14;
2G :G2S =60MV A ,GN U =10.5kV ,d X ''
=2X =0.20; 变压器1T 和2T 相同,TN S =60MV A ,k U %=10.5;
线路L : l =105km ,每回路1X =0.4km Ω,0X =31X 。
试:画出正、负、零序的等值电路图,并计算1X ∑、2X ∑和0X ∑。
(基准功率取60MV A ) (答案:083.0,142.0021===∑X X X i i )
解:(1)计算参数选取60B S MVA =,B aN U U =,1210.5,115B B U kV U kV == 正序参数:
发电机G1:''
1160
0.140.1460B G d
G S X X S =⋅=⨯= 发电机G2:''22
0.20B
G d
G S X X S =⋅= 变压器T1,T2:121%0.105100k B
T T T N
U S X X S ==
⋅= 线路L :22
2
600.41050.191115B L l B S X X l
U =⋅=⨯⨯= 零序参数:线路L 030.573L X X == (2) 正序电路图
U 1
E •
2
E •
10.1420.1053
0.0955
40.10550.14
1(0.140.1050.0955)(0.1050.14)
0.1420.1420.10520.0955
X ++
+==∑
⨯+⨯+
(3)负序电路图
2
a U 10.1420.10530.0955
40.10550.14
2
10.142X X ==∑
∑
(4)零序电路图
a U 10.10520.2865
30.105
0.1050..915
0.0830.1050..915
X ⨯=
=∑+
5-8 简单电力系统如题图5-8所示,参数如下: GN GN d 2TN k p :38.5MVA,10.5kV,0.28;:40.5MVA,10.5115,%10.5;
46G S U X X T S U X "=======Ω
若K 点发生两相接地短路,求故障点的各序电流和故障相电流。
题图 5-8
(答案:k1k2k00.32(kA),0.18(kA),0.137(kA),0.488(kA)
I I I I ==-==)
解:(1)计算参数选取
60B S MVA =,B aN U U = 发电机:''
60
0.280.43638.5
B G d
GN S X X S =⋅=⨯= 变压器:1%600.1050.15610040.5
k B T T N U S X S =
⋅=⋅=
接地电抗:22
60460.209115B P B S X X U =⋅
=⋅= (2)计算各序等值电路
10.4362
0.156
1
a U •
10.4360.1560.592X =+=∑
10.43620.156
2
a U •
2
10.592X X ==∑
∑
a U •
2
30.209⨯10.156
0.1560.6270.783X =+=∑
(3)
20
(1.1)200.5920.7830.3370.5920.783X X X
X X ∆
⋅⋅∑
∑=
==++∑∑
正序电流:
(1.1)
1(1.1)
1
E 1
1.0760.5920.337
a I
X X •∆=
==++∑
(1.1)
(1.1)
11 1.0760.324()33115
B k a B I I kA U ••=⋅=⨯=⋅⨯ 负序电流:
(1.1)
(1.1)
02110
0.783
0.3240.185()0.5920.783
k k X I I kA X X ••∑=-
⋅=-⋅=-++∑
∑
零序电流:
(1.1)
(1.1)
2011
2
0.39()k k X I I kA X X ••∑=-
⋅=-+∑
∑
故障相电流:
0.337
310.3240.488()1.375
k I kA =⋅-
⋅= 5-9 有一两端供电系统接线如题图5-9所示,各元件参数标幺值如下: 发电机:1G1(1)G1(2)G :0.12, 1.05;X X E === 发电机:2G 2(1)G 2(2)G :0.14, 1.05X X E === 变压器:1T1T :0.1;X =2T2n T :0.12,0.2X X == 线路:L(1)L(2)L(0)L :0.5, 1.2X X X === 试计算:线路首端K 点发生单相接地短路时的短路电流?
题图5-9
(答案:(1)i(1)i(2)i(0)f 0.1706,0.09505,7.2206X X X I ====) 解:(1)计算各序等值电抗:
1
a U •
1.05
E =1
0.12
20.1
30.5
40.1250.14
1.05
E =
30.105
1.05E =∑
1a U •
同理可知:2
10.171X X ==∑
∑
1
1.220.1230.6
0 1.92X =∑
(2)
(1)200.171 1.92 2.091X X X ∆=+=+=∑∑ (1)1(1)1E 10.4642.0910.171a I X X •∆===++∑ (1)(1)133
0.464 1.392f a I I ••==⨯=。