【资料】记忆的编码与贮存资料汇编

• 记忆的主要过程：编码，存储，提取 （encoding, storage, and retrieval）
• 编码: 如何把物理的、感觉的输入转变为 可以输入记忆的适当表征
• 存储: 如何在记忆中保持编码的信息
• 提取: 如何获得记忆中存储的信息的有效 入口
• 这些过程互相影响，不是独立的
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编码
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Mary Calkins, 自由回忆，系列位 置效应曲线
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原因
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory: Decay or Displacement?
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STM
LTM
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory: Decay or Displacement?
The tone is a signal to recall one of the digits. The last digit before the tone (8) occurs only once at an earlier point in the list.
This is called the “probe”.
– 次级记忆（secondary
memory）储存着那些 我们当下并不觉知，但Biblioteka Baidu是当需要的时候可以提 取的想法
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1900-1950's
巴普洛夫，经典条件反射
桑代克
斯金纳
操作性条件反射
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经典条件反射
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操作性条件反射
• 后果决定行为
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1950年之后
• 认知心理学的研究手段，信息加工的视 角
存储
提取
Refers to the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory
The maintenance of material saved in the memory system
Material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
STM
LTM
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory: Decay or Displacement?
Probe
The Probe-Digit Procedure
(Waugh & Norman, 1965)
7 0 8 4 1 6 0 9 5 5 3 7 2 4 7 8 TONE
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STM
LTM
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory: Decay or Displacement?
Probe
The Probe-Digit Procedure
(Waugh & Norman, 1965)
7 0 8 4 1 6 0 9 5 5 3 7 2 4 7 8 TONE
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STM
LTM
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory: Decay or Displacement?
Probe
The Probe-Digit Procedure
(Waugh & Norman, 1965)
7 0 8 4 1 6 0 9 5 5 3 7 2 4 7 8 TONE
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STM
LTM
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory: Decay or Displacement?
The Probe-Digit Procedure
(Waugh & Norman, 1965)
Probe
Slow Presentation (Seconds)
+1+ 1 +1 +1 + 1 +1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 +1 +1 = 12
7 0 8 4 1 6 0 9 5 5 3 7 2 4 7 8 TONE
Recall
Time and digits are correlated (confounded). To separate them, Waugh & Norman used two rates of presentation: slow (1 digit per second) and fast (4 digits per second).
记忆的编码与贮存资料
记忆
记住你选择的牌了吗？ 现在我会让你选择的这张牌消失！
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记忆
你的牌消失了吗？
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什么是记忆?
• 记忆需要你在一定时间内保存信息 • 记忆几乎参与所有的认知过程 • 记忆
– 对所有的认知行为都很关键, 例如语言，问 题解决，决策等
– 具有相当的理论价值。 记忆是如何工作的？ 存在不同的记忆系统吗？什么影响了记忆效 果的好坏和提取效果的好坏？
Recall
Which is more important in causing forgetting, time or the additional digits?
The decay principle implies time; the displacement
principle implies digits.
Recall
The subject’s task is to recall the digit following the probe.
Between the digit, 4, and the tone, two things happen:
(1) time passes, and (2) more digits are presented. 19
The Probe-Digit Procedure
(Waugh & Norman, 1965)
You are read a list of 16 digits:
7 0 8 4 1 6 0 9 5 5 3 7 2 4 7 8 TONE
After the last digit, you hear a tone...
– 具有实用价值（例如教学，错误记忆，魔术 记忆 “mega-memory”）。
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历史发展-关键人物（1870-1900）
• Hermann Ebbinghaus •遗忘曲线
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历史发展-关键人物（1870-1900）
• William James
– 初级记忆（primary
memory）包含了我们 当前觉知到的概念和想 法