【学无止境】高中英语(译林牛津版)必修二教案 Unit3 语法竟教教案

● Grammar and UsageHere we will learn to recognize situations where the past perfect tense is used and the time expressions used together with the tense. We will also see how the tense is formed. You will read two stories and complete them using the correct verb forms. Pay attention to the differences between the past perfect tense and the simple past tense.Step 1: Past perfect tensePast perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in the past. In other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.Form of Past Perfect[had] + [past participle]Examples:I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.They had never met an American until they met John.Note : When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Perfect (had met), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (had never met).USE 1Completed Action Before Something in Past The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.Examples:I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.USE 2Duration Before Something in the Past(Non-continuous Verbs) With Non-progressive Verbs and some non-progressive uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples:We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past PerfectUnlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.EXAMPLE:She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually tell you what happens first so the Past Perfect is optional. Both sentences below are correct. EXAMPLE:She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVERIf the Past Perfect action did not happen at a specific time, Past Perfect MUST be used at all times. Compare the two sentences below.EXAMPLE:She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. CorrectShe never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not CorrectACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS of Past PerfectEXAMPLESGeorge had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. ACTIVEMany cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. PASSIVEStep 2: Practice1. Read Point 1 on page 48 to see which action happens first in the sentence given. Note that the past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used. So these two tenses are often used together.Look at the diagram in Point 1 first, and then read the example sentence. Note how the past perfect tense is used with the simple past tense.2. Read the following two sentences to see how the predicate is changed when the sentence is turned from the direct speech into the indirect speech.Toby said, “I will/shall not be in London next week.”Toby said that he would not be in London the next week.Next let’s look at another two sentences:Toby said, “I went to Africa a month ago.”Toby said that he had gone to Africa a month before.So you see if a sentence which uses the simple past tense in the direct speech is changed into the indirect speech, it will use the past perfect tense. Now go over Point 2 on page 48.3. Go over Point 3 to see in what situation the past perfect tense can be used.4. Please talk about what time expressions can be used with the past perfect tense and how the tense is formed. Then we’ll go over Points 4 and 5 on page 48.Step 3:Present perfect or past perfect?We’ve learned both the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense, but do you know when to use the present perfect and when the past perfect.1. Please go over the guidelines and the example sentences on page 51 and identify the differences between the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense.Look at the examples:Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began t o fall ill and die strangely.Now from the following diagrams you can see the different times of each example sentence given.Howard Carter became famousFuturePresentPastThe tomb had People began to fallbeen opened. ill and die strangely.2. Please read the following two sentences and identify the differences between them:Toby said, “I have stayed in Africa for more than a month.”Toby said that he had stayed in Africa for more than a month.Note that when we change a sentence from the direct speech into the indirect speech like this, the tense will be changed from the present perfect tense to the past perfect tense.Step 4: Consolidation1. Go over the notes about Amelia Earhart on Page 49 to see who she was and what happened to(1)I asked him to let me drive as he ___________ for hours. (drive)(2) Since you ________ the rules, you can correct these grammatical mistakes by yourselves.(learn)(3) They _______ because their schoolbags are still in their desk. (not leave)(4) Mr Bell,, who I ___________ to London, still lives in Liverpool. (think, move)(5) When the noise _______ down, the schoolmaster began his speech. (die)(6) It _________ cold this year, I wonder when it is going to get warmer. (be)(7) I _________ cakes. That’s why my hand s are all covered with flour. (make)(8) When I got back, they _______ down most of the houses in the street. (pull)(9) It was not until I _________ your letter that I knew the truth. (read)(10)The lady has been to the shop several times, but she ___________ anything. (buy, never)Step 5: Grammar execisesI. Relative items in recent years’ college entrance examinations:1.All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness______.A. has grownB. is growingC. grewD. had grown2.The news came as no surprise to me. I _______ for some time that the factory was going toshut down.（A. had knownB. knewC. have knownD. know3.I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he _______ it.A. doesn’t mentionB. hadn’t mentionedC. didn’t mentionD. hasn’t mentioned4.I arrived late; I ______ the road to be so icy.A. wouldn’t expectB. haven’t expectedC. hadn’t expectedD. wasn’t expecting5.My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I ______ half of it.A. was missingB. had missedC. will missD. missed6.The crazy fans _______ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie stararrived.A. were waitingB. had been waitingC. had waitedD. would wait7.He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ______ her somewhere.A. sawB. has seenC. seesD. had seen8.---George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?---No. I _______. Did they have a big wedding?A. was not invitedB. have not been invitedC. ha dn’t been invitedD. didn’t invite9. I ______ Bill this morning, but I ______ him since.A. have seen; haven’t seenB. saw; haven’t seenB. saw; didn’t see D. had seen; haven’t seen10. ---Dad, do you know I had long been looking forward to your staying with me for the lastweekend?---Sorry, son. I ______, but I was just too busy.A. had really wanted toB. have planned toC. have intended toD. had hoped me to11. He _________ more that 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.A. has learnedB. would have learnedC. learnedD. had learned12. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house ,the sun _____ itself behind themountain.A．started ;had already hidden B．had started ;had already hiddenC．had started ;was hiding D．was starting; hid13. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She before.A. hasn't flownB. didn't flyC. hadn't flownD. wasn't flying14. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I_______ to a dozen other groups.A. was givingB. am givingC. had givenD. have given15. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _______ for the wedding.A. will planB. has plannedC. would planD. had plannedII. Filling the blanks with proper tense.（Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect）1. When I (arrive) ______home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) ______a beautiful candle-lit dinner.2. Since I began acting, I (perform) ______in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) _______publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985.3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) ______without me. My boss (be) _____furious with me and I (be) ______fired.4. When I (turn) _____the radio on yesterday, I (hear) ______a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) ______the song in years, and it (bring) _____back some great memories.5. When Jack (enter) ______the room, I (recognize, not) ______him because he (lose) ______so much weight He looked totally different!6. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) _____by the time Europeans first (arrive) ______in the New World.7. I (visit) ______so many beautiful places since I (come) ______to Utah. Before moving here, I。