经典六西格玛(6sigma)培训内部资料M_01_Meas.

Measure-测量阶段目录 1. Measure System Analysis 2. Capability Analysis 测量系统分析 Measurement System Analysis 测量系统分析能力分析 3. Process Mapping 过程图 4. Cause and Effect Analysis 失效模式与后果分析 6. M Phase Roadmap M阶段路径图 Introduction to Six Sigma 1 因果分析 5. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA The Importance of Measurement System 测量系统的意义Measurement System Analysis 测量系统分析方法 There are two types of measurements No two things are exactly the same, but even if they were, we would still get different values when we measure them. 没有两个东西是完全相同的, 但是即使是, 我们测量时仍然会得到不同的值。

The implementation of 6 Sigma requires the use of a treat a mount of data. The success of 6 Sigma depends a lot on the quality of the data. A great amount of data are needed for SPC, sample inspection/ test, reliability study, regression analysis and DOE. To obtain reliable data of good quality, we need to understand and analyze the measurement system that produces the data. 在6σ管理中，数据的应用是极其频繁和相当广泛的。

6σ方法的成败与效益，在很大程度上取决于所使用数据的质量。

无论是过程控制、抽样检验，可靠性，还是线性回归，试验设计等都要使用数据。

为了获得高质量的数据，需要对产生数据的测量系统有充分的了解和深入的分析。

测量内容有两种形式• Attributes 计数值 / 定性值– Data cannot be adequately described on a continuous scale 数据不能以连续的标尺描述– Pass / Fail, Good / Bad 通过/不通过，好/坏• Variables 计量值 / 定量值 Different approach will be used for each type of measurement 计数值和计量值必须用不同的方法处理– Data can be described on a continuous scale 数据可以用连续的标尺来描述 Introduction to Six Sigma 3 4 Introduction to Six Sigma Attribute Terminology 计数术语• Attribute Data : 计数型数据– Qualitative (go/no go data that can be counted for recording and analysis 可用作记录或分析的定性数据（通常为合格/不合格） Attribute Measurement System (AMS: 计数型测量系统– A measurement system that compares a product to a standard and accepts the product if it meets the standard. 将每一产品与标准对比，如果符合标准的要求则接受。

– Can be inspected by an inspection or by using a go/no go gauge 可由检验员或合格/不合格量规来实施检查 Screen:筛选– 100% inspectionusing an AMS 用计数测量系统百分百评价产品 Introduction to Six Sigma 6 Attribute Measurement Systems 计数型测量系统• • Introduction to Six Sigma 5 M01-1Attribute Terminology 计数术语• Screen Eff ectiveness: 筛选效率– The ability of the AMS to discriminate good from bad AMS 区分合格与不合格产品的能力 Customer Bias : 客户偏好– Screening criteria is too tight: Good product is being rejected 筛选标准太严格：合格产品被拒收 Producer Bias : 生产者偏好– Screening criteria is too loose: Defective product is being accepted 筛选标准太宽松：不合格产品被接收 The Purpose of Attribute R & R 计数值R&R的目的• To understand if workers across all shifts, machines and lines use the same criteria to determine “pass” or “fail” 确定各班次、各机器、各流水线的检验员是否用同一标准区分合格与不合格• To quantify the ability of inspectors or gauges to repeat their inspection results and conclusions 量化测量者或测量仪器是否能正确重复检验结果的能力• • Introduction to Six Sigma 7 8 Introduction to Six Sigma The Purpose of Attribute R & R 计数值R&R的目的• To understand the level of conformance to a standard 确定检验员/量仪符合标准的程度，包括：– The frequency where inspectors ship truly defective product (Producer Bias 检验员接受不合格产品的概率– The frequency where inspectors do not ship truly acceptable product (Customer Bias 检验员拒收合格产品的概率 Introduction to Six Sigma 9 The Purpose of Attribute R & R 计数值R&R的目的• Identify the following: 识别以下各项– Training need (Individual(s or for all 培训需求 (个别或全部检验员–The lack of documented procedures or control plans 缺少程序或控制计划– Whether standards are clearly defined 标准没有清晰定明– Adjustment or correlation of gauges 量仪需要调整或进行相关对比 Introduction to Six Sigma 10 Points for Attribute Measurement Systems 计数测量系统应注意事项• Attribute data is normally generated from screening of product 计数值通常在筛选产品中产生• 100% product screening is conducted when the process is incapable of meeting the required acceptable level 100%产品筛选通常是在过程不能以高比例生产合格产品时, 实施• As a result, many borderline products (both good and defective may occur 因此，将生产大量的边界产品（合格或不合格产品 Introduction to Six Sigma 11 Points of Attention for AttributeMeasurement Systems 计数测量系统应注意事项• Variation exists in any measurement system, inspection and operational process. This will lead to the acceptance of truly defective products or rejection of truly acceptable products. 很多测量系统、检验和运作过程都存在变异，这导致大量合格产品的拒收或大量不合格产品的接受 As a result, we should focus on improving the process capability and not on improving the screening systems 因此我们应该将重点放在改进系统能力而非完善筛选系统Introduction to Six Sigma 12 M01-2The Methods for Conducting Attribute R&R 计数R&R方法 1 Select a minimum of 30 products from the process 从过程中选取至少30件产品 There will be products in the study where they are 在我们选出做分析的产品中应包括下列产品： - Defective 不良品 - Defect free 无缺陷产品 Marginal cases 边缘产品 The Methods for Conducting Attribute R&R 计数R&R方法 3 Let the inspectors, independently and in random order, inspect the products and determine whether they pass or fail. Repeat this process 让每位检验员独立以随机的次序检验这些产品并确定合格与否,重复。