英汉翻译讲义
英汉翻译第一讲讲义
第一讲绪论内容提要:时代呼唤翻译,翻译促进时代的发展。
信息时代的特点之一是知识的交流与共享。
翻译同一个民族的文明程度密切相关。
中国的翻译事业任重而道远。
介绍外国和对外介绍中国同样紧迫。
翻译的理论研究、实践指导和课堂教学都亟待加强。
一、为什么要学翻译翻译是语言工作者一项不可或缺的技能,是语言交流的一种手段,是不同语言使用者之间一种重要的交流工具。
在今天这个信息化时代,随着社会的发展和进步,随着各国人民交流的日益频繁,翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具,是世界各国谋求发展的重要途径。
二、翻译的定义、过程和性质翻译是一种交际方式,可以从广义和狭义两方面来理解。
广义上的翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。
比如,一个手势变成一种语言,把汉语的文言文转变成白话文(语内翻译),把语言转化为计算机符号,甚至把你的所想所思诸于笔端,都是一种翻译。
狭义上的翻译就是将一种语言转化成另一种语言,即语际翻译(interlingual translation)。
这样的一种活动包括口头的和笔头的,即口译(interprettion)和笔译(translation)。
异化(foreignizing)指的是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。
例如,将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。
异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵,使译文具有异国情调,有利于各国文化的交流。
但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说,存在一定的理解困难。
异化和同化具有相对性,随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密,原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍,即异化的程度会逐步降低。
归化(domestication)是指遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观,公然对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治需求(Venuti,2001:240)〔1〕;或指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格(transparent, fluent style),最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略(Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:43-44)〔2〕。
英汉翻译讲座(复旦大学讲义
英汉翻译讲座(复旦大学讲义I、上次课外练习参考译文:我们正面临着一个新时代。
随你怎么称呼它:服务经济也好,信息时代也好,知识社会也好,一句话,都说明了我们工作方式的根本变化。
事实上我们已经开始进入这个时代。
西方社会依靠制造产品谋生的人数比例急剧下降了。
今天,在美洲、欧洲和日本,大多数人(这些国家中有许多国家已高达三分之二以上)从事服务业,而且人数还在增加。
跟从前相比,妇女从业的人数增加了,兼职工作增加了,个体经营者增加了。
但是,经济变革幅度的衡量不能只凭数字,因为经济变革同时也引发了对工作本质的全新思维。
有关工作和职业生涯、获得成功所必须的技能、乃至个人与雇主的关系,种种传统的观念正在受到挑战。
我们只要回顾从前,就可以对未来有所了解。
没有那一位展望未来20年的人能够预料到硅片这样一项发明,因其在个人电脑、数字通讯和工业机器人中的应用,会给我们的世界带来的种种变化。
明天在生物技术、人工智能或者有些迄今为止甚至难以想象的技术方面所取得的成就,可能会引起类似的急剧变化。
但有一点是肯定的:信息和知识将变得更加重要,而拥有信息和知识的人们,无论他们从事制造业或者服务业,将会具有优势并创造财富,计算机技术将与读写能力一样成为一种基本要求。
运用信息解决问题的能力,而不是日常工作的完成,将尤其受到重视。
展望未来10年,信息服务将支配一切,将成为你的工作方式。
II、英汉翻译原理第三讲:怎样理解原文?(续)四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解:【例45】 While many women are comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.×虽然许多女人对与他人亲密无间,分享秘密感到舒坦,而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人的关系中表达感情。
《英汉翻译基础》课件
英汉词汇的翻译技巧
总结词
掌握英汉词汇的翻译技巧是准确翻译的关键。
详细描述
在进行英汉翻译时,掌握一些常用的翻译技巧非常重要。例如,直译、意译、音译等。直译是指在保 持原文内容不变的前提下,尽量保留原文的表达形式和风格;意译则更注重传达原文的含义和精神, 不拘泥于原文的形式;音译则是根据汉语的发音来翻译外来词。
数字含义
英汉文化中数字的含义也存在差异,如英语中 “13”被认为是不吉利的数字,而在汉语中则没有 这种含义。
颜色寓意
英汉文化中颜色的寓意也存在差异,如英语 中“红色”通常代表危险或愤怒,而在汉语 中则代表喜庆和吉祥。
PART 05
英汉翻译实践
REPORTING
常见文体的翻译技巧
新闻文体
注重信息的准确性和时效性,语言简练 ,强调语言的经济性和客观性。
《英汉翻译基础》 ppt课件
REPORTING
• 英汉翻译概述 • 英汉词汇对比 • 英汉句法对比 • 英汉文化对比 • 英汉翻译实践
目录
PART 01
英汉翻译概述
REPORTING
定义与特点
定义
英汉翻译是将英语转化为汉语的过程 ,是跨文化交际的重要手段。
特点
英汉翻译涉及语言和文化差异的处理 ,需要准确传达原文意义,同时保持 原文的风格和语境。
在翻译过程中,应根据语境和表 达习惯选择直译或意译,以保留 原文的文化特色和意义。
增译与减译
为了使译文更加符合目标语言的 表达习惯,可以适当增译或减译 一些词语或句子。
英汉互译讲义
Unit 1Introduction: Translation and Translation TechniquesLearning Objectivesto know the important role of translationto know the nature and scope of translationto know the development of translation theoriesto know the principles of translationto grasp two concepts: literal translation & free translationto know some basic translation techniquesI. Importance/Definition/Scope of TranslationImportant Role of TranslationThe Nature of TranslationWhat is Translation?a science/ an art/ a craft/ a skill ?fanyi--subject/ profession/ works/ activities/ translator中国,蛮,夷,戎,狄……五方之民,言语不通,嗜欲不同。
达其志,通其欲,东方曰寄,南方曰象,西方曰狄,北方曰译。
--《礼记·王制》“今通西言而云译者,盖汉世多事北方,而译官兼善西语,故摩腾始至,译《四十二章》,因称译也”。
--《翻译名义集》卷一译即易,谓换易言语使相解也。
--《义疏》翻译就是把已说出的或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。
《中国大百科全书·语言文字》Translation means “to give the meaning of something said or written in another language. ” (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)Translating consists in reproducing the closest natural equivalent of the source language message into the target language, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. --Eugene A. Nida翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
英汉翻译全套课件260P
The End to the First Lecture in E-C Translation Thank You!
20、《英汉辞格比较与唐诗英译散论》, 卢炳群 著,青岛出版社,2003.11
21、《译介学》谢天振著 上海外语教育 出版社
22、《翻译理论与翻译教学法》[加拿大] 让。德利尔著,国际文化出版公司)
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23、上海外语教育出版社的《国外翻译 研究丛书》20种
24、北京外语教学与研究出版社的《国 外翻译研究丛书》20种
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6. The importance of learning translation
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙,据说西欧的文明归功
于翻译 者(据L·G·凯里 1979)。季羡林教授也说,
翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。前中国驻联合
国代表凌青先生说,从中国来讲,没有翻译工作,就
没有中国共产党和中国近代的革命运动,就没有中国
between the two Japanese divisions. (集合部)
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4) With high political consciousness
The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other.
6、《中国翻译简史》,马祖毅著,中国 对外翻译出版公司,1998.6
《英译汉》讲义
英语辅修、双学位专业2009级《英译汉》课程讲义2009-7-6I. Translation and Translation StudiesII. Factors Involved in TranslationIII. Translation CriteriaIV. T ranslation ProcessV. Translation Practice5.1 Sentence Translation1. He wanted to run, but that would be the worst thing he could do.2. Linda is a good singer and a good dancer, a great actress and a great joker.3. The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.4. Somehow our path took us toward the park.5. How’s the world treating you?6. Great was the excitement as procession after procession poured its eager masses into the town.7. He was convinced on the basis of what had by then appeared that there would be a long and adifficult struggle.8. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.5.2 Text TranslationYou might think that borrowing a match upon the street is a simple thing. But any man who has ever tired it will assure you that it is not, and will be prepared to swear on oath to the truth of my experience of the other evening.I was standing on the corner of the street with a cigar that I wanted to light. I had no match. I waited tilla decent, ordinary man came along. Then I said:“Excuse me, sir, but could you oblige me with the loan of a match?”“A match?” he said, “Why, certainly.” Then he unbuttoned his overcoat and put his hand in the pocket of his waistcoat. “I know I have one,” he went on, “and, I’d almost swear it’s in the bottom pocket—or, hold on, though, I guess it may be in the top—just wait till I put these parc els down on the sidewalk.”“Oh, don’t trouble,” I said, “its really of no consequence.”“Oh, it’s no trouble. I’ll have it in a minute: I know there must be one in here somewhere,”—he was digging his fingers into his pockets as he spoke—“but you see this isn’t the waistcoat I generally…”I saw that the man was getting excited about it.” Well, never mind,” I protested. “I f that isn’t the waistcoat that you generally—why, it doesn’t matter.”(to be continued)2009-7-6参考译文句子翻译:1. 他真想拔腿就跑,但对他来说,最糟糕的事莫过于此。
英汉翻译讲义
E-C Translation Course NotesDefinitionTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Eugene A. Nida)Significance of TranslationPlays the key role in inter-cultural communication1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations.2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world.The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization.The Criteria of TranslationTytler (p.5)严复:faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅)林语堂:忠实,通顺,美钱钟书:化境傅雷:神似The procedures of translationAccurate comprehensionAdequate representationCareful proofreadingRequirements on the translatorsGood command of the languagesWide scope of knowledgeSensitive to cultural differencesHard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interestsStrong sense of responsibilityLiteral Vs. free translationsThe former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation.No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation.Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.The designative meaning of a word (指称义) refers to the object, people, plant, animal, place, etc. that it represents; while the associative meaning of a word (内涵义) is the idea, quality, state, circumstance, etc. that it makes you think of.Formal vs. Functional EquivalenceFormal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the match between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both form and content; while functional equivalence (功能对等)stresses the closest parallel of the target text to the source text in communicative function.If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, formal equivalence should be strived for;whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made structurally for the establishment of functional equivalence.Hypotaxis(形合) vs. parataxis (意合)English is a language of hypotaxis(形合). It heavily depends on grammar for constructing different linguistic parts into a sentence or an article. the Grammatical meanings in the language of English are reflected in such aspects as the suffix (后缀) of a word (e.g.“-s, -ing or -ed”), the tenses(时态), the voices(语态), the moods(语气), constructions(结构), and such functional words like articles, conjunctions, pronouns or prepositions. On the contrary, Chinese, being a language of parataxis (意合),has the parts linked up with each other semantically or through the context. Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, some of the words mentioned above need to be omitted out of grammatical or rhetorical considerations.Syntactic marking (语法标义)vs. semotactic marking(语义标义)Syntactic marking refers to those situations when the meaning of a word in a sentence is specified by the grammatical construction of the sentence.Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the semotactic environment for that word. In other words, the context, built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means.Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the specification of the meaning of an English word.Form and ContentIf we assume that language is a device for communicating messages, then it follows that language and linguistic forms are means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The content is the conceptual intent of the message, together with the connotative values the source text wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about.The form, on the other hand, is the external shape the message takes to effect its passage from the source’s mind to the receptor’s mind.In transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as poetry, is largely secondary,variable.It is a bit like packing clothing into two different pieces of luggage: the clothes remain the same, but the shapes of the suitcases may vary greatly, and hence the ways in which the clothes are packed must be different.We preserve the form when we can, but more often the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An excessive effort to preserve the form inevitab ly results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.Semantic adjustment made in transfer—Specific meaning Vs. generic meaning Some of the most common shifts in meaning found in the transfer process are modifications which involve specific (个别意义)and generic (一般意义)meanings. Such shifts may go in either direction, from generic to specific , or from specific to generic.Semantic adjustment —Analytic process Vs. synthetic process分析过程综合过程In the transfer process, sometimes the semantic contents of a word or a group of words need to be redistributed through either an analytical or synthetic process. The former involves expanding the semantic content of a word over a number of words; and the latter group s the semantic contents of several words into one or two words.Structural adjustmentThere are numerous features of the sentence structure, which must be adjusted in the process of transfer from one language to another. Such features, among others, concern word and phrase order, gender, class and number concord, active and passive constructions and ellipsis,etc.Discourse adjustmentAn English discourse generally starts with a topic sentence followed by the explanatory statements or supportive examples and ends up with a conclusion. The sentences in the discourse are often logically connected with each other by such cohesive markers(连接手段)as “first of all”, “furthermore”, “in addition”, “however”, “therefore”, “to sum up”, etc. The sentences in a Chinese discourse, though not always bound up together through formally distinct devices, actually all center on the theme of the text.Translation skillsChanging the positions of some phrasesChanging words or phrases into sentencesChanging the part of speechMain clause firstChanging the positions of the major componentsAdding words when necessaryKey word repetitionBreaking a long sentence into several short sentencesLeaving out unnecessary wordsUse of four-character phrasesPositive and negative ways of expressing an ideaDealing with idiomsThe former focuses on a -translation of the -text into the -text; while the latter involves language -in the process of translation.No matter what method you may use, your translation should be -, c-to the target reader and close to the original -. Only when you keep the-and-of the original sentence-a nd/or its-can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely m-translation.Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply r-translation. Designative Vs. associative meaningsThe designative meaning of a word (指称义) refers to the object, people, plant, animal, place, etc. that it-; while the associative meaning of a word (内涵义) is the idea, quality, state, circumstance, etc. that it makes you-.Formal vs. Functional EquivalenceFormal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the -between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both -and -; while functional equivalence (功能对等)stresses the c- p- of the target text to the source text in -function.If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, -should be strived for; whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made s-for the establishment of functional equivalence.Hypotaxis(形合) vs. parataxis (意合)English is a language of —. It heavily depends on ——for constructing different linguistic parts into a sentence or an article. the Grammatical meanings in the language of English are reflected in such aspects as the s- (后缀) of a word (e.g.“-s, -ing or -ed”), the t-(时态), the v-(语态), the m-(语气), c-(结构), and such functional words like a-, c-, p- or p-. On the contrary, Chinese, being a language of---, has the parts linked up with each other s- or through the c-. Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, some of the words mentioned above need to be o-out of g- or r- considerations.Syntactic marking (语法标义)vs. semotactic marking(语义标义)Syntactic marking refers to those situations when the meaning of a word in a sentence is -ed by the-cal construction of the sentence.Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the - environment for that word. In other words, the-, built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means.Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the -of the meaning of an English word.Form and ContentIf we assume that language is a device for communicating messages, then it follows that - and -c forms are means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The content is the ---------of the message, together with the - values the source text wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about.The form, on the other hand, is the --------------the message takes to effect its passage from the source’s mind to the receptor’s mind.In transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as ------, is largely secondary, since within each language the rules for content to form are highly c-, a-, and v-.It is a bit like packing clothing into two different pieces of luggage: the clothes remain the same, but the shapes of the suitcases may vary greatly, and hence the ways in which the clothes are packed must be different.We preserve the form when we can, but more often the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An excessive effort to preserve the form inevitably results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.。
英汉翻译讲义-第五章PPT课件
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翻译技巧
选词技巧
确定词义
在翻译过程中,需要确定每个 英文单词的准确含义,特别是
那些具有多重含义的单词。
选择合适的词汇
根据上下文和语境选择最合适 的词汇进行翻译,确保译文准 确传达原文的意思。
注意词义的褒贬色彩
在翻译时需要注意英文单词的 褒贬色彩,确保译文的情感色 彩与原文一致。
考虑文化因素
在选词时需要考虑文化因素, 选择符合目标语言文化的词汇 ,避免产生文化冲突或误解。
翻译的过程
理解阶段
在翻译过程中,首先需要对原文 进行深入理解,包括语义、语境、
文化背景等方面的理解。
表达阶段
在理解原文的基础上,译者需要运 用目标语言的表达方式将原文的意 义、情感和风格传达出来。
校对阶段
完成初步翻译后,译者需要进行校 对工作,检查译文中的错别字、语 法错误、表达不流畅等问题,并进 行修正。
英汉翻译讲义-第五章
目 录
• 第五章导言 • 翻译理论 • 翻译技巧 • 实践与案例分析 • 总结与思考
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第五章导言
章节概述
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介绍英汉翻译的基本原 则和技巧,包括直译、 意译、音译等。
02
探讨英汉两种语言在词 汇、语法、句法等方面 的差异。
03
分析英汉翻译中的常见 问题,如词义选择、句 子结构调整等。
下章预告
• 第六章:翻译中的修辞手法与风格处理
感谢您的观看
THANKS
根据不同的分类标准,翻译可以分为 多种类型,如文学翻译、科技翻译、 商务翻译等。
翻译的标准
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忠实于原文
译文应忠实于原文,准确 传达原文的意义、情感和 风格,不得随意改动或曲 解。
汉英翻译讲义第1部分 汉英翻译的过程
汉英翻译讲义第一章汉英翻译的过程:正确理解——充分表达——校核翻译时译者要牢记:1. The meaning of a sign is determined by the meanings of other signs.2. Each word when used in a new context is a new word.3. Words have no meanings, and people have meanings for them.1.1正确理解(Correct Comprehension) 理解原文要对原文进行语言分析、语境分析和逻辑分析等1.扑克牌打烂了。
2. 他的衣服穿烂了。
3. 走一步看一步。
4. 我银行里为你挂个名,你白天去走走,晚上教教我儿子,一面找机会,好不好?《围城》5. 海上花园海上仙山6. 国际旅游年7. 汉语茶话会8. 世界风云9. 半边天10. 中国留学服务中心11. 经济半小时12. 此复印件与原件相符。
1.2 充分表达(Adequate Representation)13. 虽败犹荣14. 特快专递15. 真好玩儿!16. 招贴即撕17. 减肥法18.中央电视台对外广播节目19. 他的节目不理想。
译文1:Her performance is not ideal.译文2:Her performance is ____________________________________.译文3:Her performance is ____________________.20. 他的英文水平比我高。
译文1:His English level is higher than mine.译文2:He ____________________________ than I (do).译文3:He ____________________________in English than I (am).21. 这山望见那山高。
常用英汉翻译技巧知识讲稿
英汉翻译的重要性
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促进文化交流
英汉翻译是中西方文化交 流的重要桥梁,有助于推 动不同文化之间的相互了 解与融合。
促进经济发展
随着全球经济一体化进程 的加速,英汉翻译在国际 贸易、商务合作等方面发 挥着越来越重要的作用。
提高语言能力
通过英汉翻译实践,可以 提升译者的英语和汉语水 平,增强语言应用能力。
专业领域翻译
随着各个专业领域的不断发展,专业化的英汉翻译需求将越来越大。未 来的英汉翻译将更加注重专业知识和术语的准确性,以满足不同领域的 翻译需求。
THANK YOU
感谢各位观看
05
英汉翻译的挑战与解决方案
语言差异的挑战与解决方案语 Nhomakorabea差异挑战
英语和汉语在语法结构、词汇选择、 表达习惯等方面存在显著差异,这给 翻译带来了困难。
解决方案
掌握英汉两种语言的语法规则、词汇 含义和表达习惯,灵活运用各种翻译 技巧,如直译、意译、增译、减译等, 以实现准确、流畅的翻译。
文化差异的挑战与解决方案
被动语态转译法
• 将原文中的被动语态转换成译入语中的主动语态 ,以使译文更加自然、流畅。
长句的翻译技巧
拆分长句
将长句拆分成几个短句, 按照中文的表达习惯重新 组织语序。
调整语序
根据中文的表达习惯,调 整句子中的词语顺序,使 译文更加通顺。
省略重复词语
在翻译长句时,适当省略 重复的词语,使译文更加 简洁。
常用英汉翻译技巧知识讲稿
目录
• 英汉翻译概述 • 常用英汉翻译技巧 • 英汉翻译中的文化差异 • 英汉翻译实践与案例分析 • 英汉翻译的挑战与解决方案 • 总结与展望
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英汉翻译实用教程第5讲英译汉课件
Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. • 昆塔觉得,即使他家乡的野兽也比这些人自尊自重。(插
•
英汉翻译实用教程第5讲英译汉
• Subjective clauses: • Usually we would like to translate noun clause in
the same order, that is to say, to remain their original position. Examples:
whether he is trustworthy. • 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。 • 3)She had no idea why she thought of him
suddenly. • 她不明白自己为什么突然想到了他。
英汉翻译实用教程第5讲英译汉
• Converted into an attributive clause or an independent clause:
welcome. • 什么人到我们公共图书馆来参观都可以。
英汉翻译实用教程第5讲英译汉
• *When it functions as a formal subject, the subject clause may either precede or follow the principle clause.
英汉翻译实用教程第5讲英译汉
• 3) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义教案章节一:英汉互译概述教学目标:1. 了解英汉互译的基本概念和原则。
2. 掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
3. 能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教学内容:1. 英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 英汉互译的实践案例分析。
教学活动:1. 引入英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 讲解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 介绍英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 提供实践案例,让学生进行翻译练习。
教学评价:1. 学生能够回答英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 学生能够理解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 学生能够掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 学生能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教案章节二:词汇与翻译1. 了解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够准确翻译词汇和短语。
教学内容:1. 词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
教学活动:1. 引入词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
4. 让学生进行词汇翻译练习。
教学评价:1. 学生能够理解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 学生能够准确翻译常见词汇和短语。
教案章节三:语法与翻译教学目标:1. 了解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够正确翻译句子和段落。
1. 语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
教学活动:1. 引入语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
4. 让学生进行句子和段落的翻译练习。
教学评价:1. 学生能够理解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
《英汉翻译教程》课件
02 英汉语言对比
词汇对比
总结词
词汇是语言的基础,英汉两种语言在词汇方面存在许多差异。
详细描述
英语中一词多义现象较为普遍,而汉语中一词多义现象相对较少。此外,英语 中常用抽象名词表达具体概念,而汉语中则常用具体名词表达抽象概念。
句法对比
总结词
英汉两种语言的句法结构也存在显著差异。
详细描述
英语句子结构较为严谨,主语、谓语、宾语等成分的位置相对固定,而汉语句子结构则较为灵活,主 语、谓语、宾语等成分的位置可以灵活变化。此外,英语中常用被动语态,而汉语中则常用主动语态 。
翻译的标准与原则
翻译的标准
准确、流畅、专业。准确是指译文要忠实于原文,不歪曲、不遗漏;流畅是指译 文要通顺易懂,符合目标语言的表达习惯;专业是指译文要符合特定领域的专业 要求,确保信息的准确传达。
翻译的原则
忠实、通顺、一致。忠实是指译文要忠实于原文的内容和风格,保持原作的思想 和风格特点;通顺是指译文要通顺易懂,避免出现语法错误和表达不清的情况; 一致是指译文要保持前后一致,避免出现信息不一致的情况。
详细描述
由于英汉文化背景的差异,某些表达方式在英语中常 见,但在汉语中却不太适用。如果在翻译时忽略了这 种差异,会导致译文出现语用错误。例如,“It’s raining cats and dogs”被直译为“下猫下狗”,实 际上在汉语中应翻译为“倾盆大雨”。
语用错误分析
总结词
语气和风格不匹配
详细描述
科技翻译技巧
科技翻译中需要注意专业术语的准确 翻译,同时要保持原文的语义和风格 。
科技翻译实践
选取一些典型的科技文献进行翻译练 习,让学生在实际操作中掌握科技翻 译的技巧。
感谢您的观看
汉译英讲义
UNIT 1一. 汉译英概述1.汉译英的重要性经济全球化的日益发展,使文化全球化成为可能。
如今,任何国家都不可能在一个封闭的环境下独善其身(stay alone and pay no attention to others),任何民族的文化发展,都离不开与其他文化的交流、借鉴(borrow ideas, draw lessons from each other)和融合(integration)。
不同文化之间的交流,是人类发展的动力。
随着中国参与国际化进程日渐深入,中国人和中国商品走向世界,以及西方世界对于中国文化的浓厚兴趣,社会对于翻译实践提出了新的要求,即需要大量“汉译英”翻译人才将中文文本译成外文,尤其是英文。
由于中国语言文字的特殊性,也由于历史和现实的原因,精通中文的外国人太少,所以要将中文优秀作品介绍到国外,必须由中国人自己来进行翻译工作。
2.汉译英人才短缺中国缺乏“汉译英”人才。
中国目前每年汉译英的出版物仅1000多种,而每年进入中国的英译汉出版物却超过万种,是汉译英作品的14倍。
(出版贸易逆差)如果是把英文译成中文,每千字稿费需要50元至60元,而把中文译成英文或其他文字,稿费就达每千字300元。
即便这样,也很难找到了解中国文化,又具有高超外语写作能力的人。
能担此重任的,通常是汉学家(sinologist / Sinology: the knowledge or study of China, its language and culture)和在国外生活多年的中国学者。
(赵月瑟 / deputy editor-in-chief, Shanghai Translation Publishing House)“中国真正合格‘中译英’人才不足百人,缺少‘中译英’,将导致文化上的‘逆差’。
”(黄友义 / Vice Chairman, International Federation of Translators)3.汉译英是一个难点一年一度的“韩素音青年翻译奖”是英籍著名华裔作家韩素音女士,于1989年3月专门为中国青年人设立的,是目前我国最高的翻译竞赛奖。
【精品】汉译英讲义共132页
8、法律就是秩序,有好的法律才有好的秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起,可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的,因为好人用不着它们,而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
6、最大的骄傲于最大的自卑都表示心灵的最软弱无力。——斯宾诺莎 7、自知之明是最难得的知识。——西班牙 8、勇气通往天堂,怯懦通往地狱。——塞内加 9、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。——赫尔普斯 10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。——笛卡儿
Thank you
英汉翻译讲义 - 新课本
Chapter OneI.Brief Introduction to the course1.Aims:The course is aimed at providing opportunities for non-English majors in Honghe University to learn the basic principles and techniques of E-C and C-E translation. The principles will include knowledge about the nature of translation, the functions and theirs of language, linguistic and communication theories in translation and the competence of a translator. In learning the techniques of translation, the students will mainly work on the analysis of a text, word meanings in context, the process of translation, feasibility of literal translation and expression in idiomatic Chinese and English.The course will also help the students to gain insight into translation from cultural and aesthetic perspectives to enhance their competence in the two languages. By the end of the course, the students are expected to be able to translate, with reasonable accuracy, faithfulness and appropriateness, passages on common subjects in everyday communication.2.Teaching Procedures:The class will mainly be conducted in lecturing and commenting on students’exercise and class performance. Discussion, questions and answers will be encouraged throughout the whole course. Homework assignments will play an important part in the course.3.Assessment:Assessment will be through class-work, homework, class performance and formal testing. TheAttendance is both monitored and graded. Students will absence exceeding three times will be reported to the department and grades will not be submitted to these students.II.On Translation1.What is Translation?翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。
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本门课程要求:1. 期末卷面考试成绩占80%,平时成绩占20%;2. 平时成绩由出勤、作业、课堂测验、课堂表现构成;3. 一学期不定期点名六次,缺课一次期末卷面成绩扣5分(迟到三次相当于缺课一次),累计6次缺课者取消考试资格;4. 一学期可以请假三次(短信或电话),请在上课前十分钟请假,事后请假无效;5. 上考研班、病假、事假均需提供相关证明且需事先经过老师本人同意;上考研班者请提供上课证,病假者请提供医院开具的医疗证明,事假者请提供系部盖有公章的事假条;6. 本课程期末考试不划重点;7. 未经允许拷贝老师带答案课件者、迟到早退缺乏礼貌报告者,酌情扣分。
8. 严格按课程要求执行,谢绝一切说情或求情;9. 对于本课程或本人教学和工作有任何建议或意见,欢迎致电本人或发邮件至rg.peng@。
10. 祝学习、生活愉快。
《英汉双语翻译理论与实践》参考书目(迷你版):[1]陈宏薇、李亚丹. 新编汉英翻译教程(第二版)上外教, 2010年[2]邓炎昌、刘润清. 语言与文化. 外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.[3]古今明. 英汉翻译基础. 上海外语教育出版社,1997年版[4]华先发、邵毅. 新编大学英译汉教程. 上外教出版社,2004年版[5]柯平. 英汉与汉英翻译教程. 北京大学出版社,1993.[6]李长栓. 非文学翻译理论与实践. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.[7]李运兴. 英汉语篇翻译(第二版). 清华大学出版社, 2003.[8]连淑能. 英汉对比研究. 高等教育出版社, 1993.[9]吕瑞昌等编著. 汉英翻译教程. 陕西人民出版社,1983.[10]邵志洪. 汉英对比翻译导论. 华东理工大学出版社, 2005.[11]孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 2003.[12]叶子南. 高级英汉翻译理论与实践. 清华大学出版社,2001.[13]余光中. 余光中谈翻译. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002.[14]张培基. 英汉翻译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 1983.英汉翻译讲义Instructor: Mr. Peng第一章翻译的性质、标准及过程1.1 “翻译”古今称呼之由来。
“翻也者,如翻锦绮,背面俱花,但其花有左右不同耳。
”——释赞宁《译经篇.论》“译即易,谓换易言语使相解也。
”——唐朝贾公彦《义疏》古代:象寄之才、象胥、舌人。
疑汉以来,多事北方,故“译”名烂熟矣。
…… 南北朝始用“翻译”。
—陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》P3-4 翻译是跨语言(cross-linguistic)、跨文化(cross-cultural)、跨社会(cross-social) 的交际活动。
——陈宏薇《汉英翻译基础》上海外教社.1998年. P10.西方:Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译,是指在接受语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息,首先在语义上,其次是文体上。
(Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)1.2. 翻译活动涉及的因素:作者(author)、原文(source text)、原文读者(source-text readers)、译者(translator)、译文(target text /translated version)、译文读者(target-text readers)1.3. 最早译论:中国PK 西方公元前46年古罗马哲人西赛罗《论演说术》:“不要逐字翻译”。
早于西赛罗四五百年的孔子曰:“名从主人,物从中国”。
——陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》P4-51.4.翻译的可能性和局限性。
(可译性是绝对的,不可译性是相对的)可能性: 文化共性strike while iron is ho t burn one‟s boat局限性: 文化个性我姓张,弓长张。
我只知道马走日,象走田。
客上天然居,居然天上客。
红烧狮子头批评:“土耳其挂毯的反面”,“水煮过之杨梅(形存味失)”,“隔被闻花香。
”鼓励:人类心灵的信使1.5.中国历史上四次翻译高潮(建国前)佛经翻译——科技翻译——政文翻译——马列翻译佛经翻译(两汉——唐宋)三国支谦“因徇本旨,不加文饰”《法句经序》中国第一篇有关翻译原则的论文;东晋道安五失本、三不易。
“案本而传,不令有损言游字;时改倒句,余尽实录” 直译的鼻祖;六朝鸠摩罗什“改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕哕也”;“依实出华”;“天然西域之语趣” 意译的鼻祖;唐代玄奘“求真喻俗”、“五不翻”、音译的鼻祖;第一个把汉文著作(老子)介绍国外的中国人。
科技翻译(明末清初)徐光启、利玛窦合译了6卷欧几里德的《几何原本》等李之藻翻译了10卷亚里士多德的《辩证法概论》政文翻译(鸦片战争——五四运动)严复翻译了赫胥黎的《天演论》、亚当.斯密的《原富》、孟德斯鸠的《法意》等林纾翻译了180多部文学著作、1200万字马列翻译(五四运动——建国)《共产党宣言》、《死灵魂》、《毁灭》、《莎士比亚剧本》鲁迅、梁实秋、瞿秋白、郭沫若、林语堂、成仿吾、朱生豪等白话文代替文言文第五次翻译高潮?思考题1:中国历史上四次翻译高潮与中国文化之关系?思考题2:谈谈你对严复的“信、达、雅”三字翻译标准的看法。
译事三难信达雅。
求其信已大难矣,顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也, 则达尚焉。
……易曰修辞立诚;子曰辞达而已,又曰言之无文,行之不远;三者乃文章正轨,亦即为译事楷模,故信达而外,求其尔雅,此不仅期以行远已耳。
实则精理微言,用汉以前字法句法,则为达易;用近世利俗文字,则求达难;往往抑义就词,毫厘千里;审择于斯二者之间,夫固有所不得已也,岂钓奇哉。
……新理踵出,名目纷繁,索之中文,渺不可得;即有牵合,终嫌参差;译者遇此,独有自具衡量,即义定名。
…….一名之立,旬月踟躇(严复:《天演论.译例言》)Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive, and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too……The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if one‟s language lacks grace, it won‟t go far. These three qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, I also aim at elegance. I strive for elegance not just to make my translations travel far, but to express the original writer‟s ideas better, for I find that subtle thoughts are better expressed in the vocabulary and syntax of pre-Han prose than those of the vulgar writings of today. Using the latter often leads to distortion of meaning, which, however slight, results in vast misunderstanding. Weighing the pros and cons, I opted for the form er, as a matter of necessity, not trying to be different…..New ideas come one after another, with a multiplicity of new names. No equivalents can be found for them in Chinese. Straining for resemblances, one gets only contrarieties. The translator is obliged to use his own discretion, doing his best to find a term suited to the sense…A single term often took weeks and months of deliberation… (王佐良译)思考题3: 严复为什么要把一部科学理论著作译得如此戏剧化和古雅?《天演论》原文一开头:It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country-side visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is ca lled “the state of nature.”…严复是这样翻译的(原文1893年出版,四年后严译):赫胥黎独处一室之中,在英伦之南,背山而面野。