最规范Harvard Reference
最规范Harvard-Reference
Harvard StyleInstructionsNames: Author’s initials are used for their first name. If an author has more than one initial do not put any spaces between initials. Where a resource has multiple authors, all authors are listed by last name and then first initial separated by commas.Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization; only the first word and proper nouns. Include article or chapter titles in single quotation marks. Book and journal titles are fully capitalized.Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date month year with no punctuation between.Journal or Magazine ArticlePattern:[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’, [Journal Name], [Volume number], [issue number], pp. [page number start]-[end], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:Maynard, W 1999 'Thoreau's House at Walden', Art Bulletin, 81, 2, pp. 303, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host, viiewed 6 December 2010Journal or Magazine Article w/No AuthorPattern:‘[Title of article]’ [Year], [Journal Name], [Volume number], [issue number], pp. [page number start]-end], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:'Royal Dogfight' 2004, People, 61, 1, p. 28, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Newspaper Article[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’ [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:Lacey, M 2007, 'A Communist He Was, but Today, Che Sells', New York Times, 9 October, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Newspaper Article w/No AuthorPattern:‘[Title of article]’ [Year], [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:'Metro Briefing | Connecticut: Hartford: Domestic Violence Proposal',2005, New York Times, 10 January, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.BookPattern:[Author last name] [Author first name initial] [Year], [Title of Work], [Publisher], [Location].Example:Nugent, P, & Vitale, B 2008, 'Chapter 11: Practice Questions with Answers and Rationales', Test Success: Test-Taking Techniques for Beginning Nursing Students (5th Edition) pp. 159-294 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis Company CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Book ChapterPattern:[Author last name] [Author first name initial] [Year], ‘[Title of chapter]’, in [Title of work], [Publisher], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Legge, J 1871, 'The She King, or, The Book of Poetry', in She King, or, the Book of Poetry , American Theological Library Association (ATLA) Historical Monographs Collection: Series 1, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Conference PaperPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Initial] [Published Year], [‘Title of Conference Paper’], [Conference Title], [Conference Organization Name], [Conference City Location], [Conference State or Country Location], [pp. xx-xx].Example:Johnson, G 2008, ‘The Issue of Domestic Violence and Society Acceptance’,Domestic Violence, Governors for Change, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp.1-26.EBookPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Name Initial] [Year], [E book Title], [Publisher], [Publisher Location], accessed [Date Month Year], from [E Book Host Site or URL].Example:Clarke, R 2007, Time Can Never Destroy, Little Bear, Littleton, Colorado, accessed 1 October 2009, from .E Book ChapterPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Name Initial] [Year], ‘[Chapter Title]’, in [Editor last Name] Editor First Name initial] (ed), [E book Title], [Publisher], [Publisher Location], pp. [xx-xx], accessed [Date Month Year], from [E Book Host Site or URL].Example:Smith, J 2008, ‘Quantum Solutions’, in Wilber, K (ed),Quantum Physics and Holography in Psychological Context, Wilber Communications, Denver,Colorado, pp. 240-245, accessed 12 September 2008, from.WebsitePattern:[Website Page Name] [Year]. [Website Organization], [Website Organization Location], viewed [Date Month Year], <[URL]>.Example:Tommy Bolin Archives 2010. The Official Tommy Bolin Archives, USA, viewed 9 December 2010, /index.html.。
harvard文献引用
harvard文献引用哈佛文献引用是一种常用的学术引用格式，它通常用于引用学术论文、研究报告和其他学术出版物。
下面我将从多个角度全面介绍哈佛文献引用的要点。
首先，哈佛文献引用的基本格式是作者姓氏、出版年份和页码。
具体的引用格式如下：对于书籍引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 书名. 版本. 出版地点: 出版社.对于期刊文章引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号),页码.对于网页引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 文章标题. 网站名. 可获取的URL.其次，当引用文献时，应该注意以下几点：1. 如果文献有多个作者，应该列出所有作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，用逗号分隔。
如果有超过三个作者，可以只列出第一个作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，然后加上"等"字。
2. 出版年份应该用括号括起来，并紧跟在作者名字之后。
3. 如果引用的是书籍，应该包括书名、版本、出版地点和出版社信息。
4. 如果引用的是期刊文章，应该包括文章标题、期刊名、卷号和期号。
5. 如果引用的是网页，应该包括文章标题、网站名和可获取的URL。
此外，还有一些特殊情况需要注意：1. 如果引用的是同一作者在同一年份发表的多篇文章，可以在出版年份后面用小写字母a、b、c等来区分。
2. 如果引用的是多个连续的页码，可以用短横线表示，例如，pp. 20-25。
3. 如果引用的是多个非连续的页码，可以用逗号分隔，例如，pp. 20, 30, 40。
最后，为了保证引用的准确性和规范性，建议使用参考文献管理软件来管理和生成引用。
常见的参考文献管理软件包括EndNote、Zotero和Mendeley等。
总结起来，哈佛文献引用是一种常用的学术引用格式，它包括作者姓氏、出版年份和页码。
在引用文献时，应该注意格式的准确性和规范性，同时使用参考文献管理软件可以提高引用的效率和准确性。
英国reference格式
英国reference格式【实用版】目录1.英国 reference 格式的概述2.英国 reference 格式的主要类型3.英国 reference 格式的引用规则4.英国 reference 格式的实例分析正文英国 reference 格式是指在英国学术写作中引用参考文献所遵循的一种规范。
这种格式主要用于规范学术文献的引用，以确保知识产权的尊重和保护，同时提高学术研究的可信度和严谨性。
英国 reference 格式主要有以下几种类型：1.哈佛格式（Harvard Format）：这种格式是英国最常用的引用格式，特点是在文献中引用时，作者姓名和出版年份放在方括号内，之间用逗号分隔。
例如：(Smith, 2015)。
2.温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）：这种格式主要在医学领域使用，特点是在文献中引用时，作者姓名和出版年份放在圆括号内，之间用逗号分隔。
例如：(Johnson et al., 2018)。
3.牛津格式（Oxford Format）：这种格式特点是在文献中引用时，只列出作者的姓氏，出版年份放在句末。
例如：Smith (2015) 指出。
在英国 reference 格式中，引用规则非常重要，主要包括以下几点：1.引用文献时，必须确保文献的可查性，避免使用不可靠的来源。
2.引用文献的数量要适度，过多或过少都可能影响论文的质量。
3.引用文献时，要注意保持格式的一致性，遵循所选格式的要求。
4.引用文献时，要遵循版权规定，尊重原作者的知识产权。
下面是一个英国 reference 格式的实例分析：在撰写一篇关于气候变化的论文时，我们需要引用相关研究成果。
例如，我们可以引用一篇名为“气候变化对全球农业的影响”的文章，作者是 Johnson, A.和 Smith, B.，发表于 2018 年。
在文中引用时，可以这样写：气候变化对全球农业的影响日益严重 (Johnson & Smith, 2018)。
最规范Harvard Reference
Example:
'Royal Dogfight' 2004,People, 61, 1, p. 28, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.
Online Newspaper Article
Pattern:
[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’ [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCOhost], viewed [day month year].
Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date month year with no punctuation between.
Journal or Magazine Article
Pattern:
Example:
'Metro Briefing | Connecticut: Hartford: Domestic Violence Proposal', 2005,New York Times, 10 January, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.
哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
论文哈佛大学引用标准格式
Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。
两人的哈佛 引用格式
两人的哈佛引用格式
哈佛引用格式（Harvard Referencing Style）是一种广泛应用于人文科学领域的引用格式，适用于哈佛引用格式（Harvard Referencing Style）是一种广泛应用于人文科学领域的引用格式，适用于各种文献类型，如书籍、期刊、报纸、网站、会议论文和报告等。
其主要规则如下：
1. 每条参考文献先要注明作者的姓氏，然后是名字的缩写，加上填写在括号中的日期。
2. 无论是文章或者章节作者，或者文章编译者，作者的姓名总是按照上述格式，姓在前，名字缩写在后。
3. 如果同一作者有多处引用，按时间顺序排名。
4. 如果同一作者有多处引用且在同一年份，应按照文章中出现的顺序在年份后加注英文字母小写以进行区分。
例如：Ortega, SH. 2001 a; Ortega, SH. 2001 b。
5. 出版物，无论是书籍还是期刊，都要用斜体字。
哈佛reference 格式
哈佛reference 格式
在学术研究中，参考文献是一种合理、系统地表明文献整合活动的重要书写形式。
全世界学术界普遍认可哈佛参考文献格式（Harvard Reference Style），它是在国际学术出版行业19世纪80年代由哈佛大学出版社首次推出的参考文献格式，目前已被广泛用于出版物的整理格式，特别是英语国家的学术出版物。
首先，哈佛参考文献格式中的参考文献要求内容完整、准确、系统，因此会有较为详细的标题、著者、出版者、出版发行、出版日期等要求。
另外，它还有一个独特的标记功能，即在文中内容引用外部文献时，可以在括号内写上对应文献的标号，从而实现对文中引用外部文献的直接索引。
在哈佛参考文献格式中，文献分类又分为三类：书籍、期刊文献和网络文献。
其中，书籍参考文献要求给出书籍的作者、书名、出版日期以及出版信息等；期刊文献要求给出文章的发表者、文章的题目、期刊名称及出版日期、页码等；而网络文献要求给出网页地址、发布者、发布日期、出版日期、可用性等。
同时，哈佛参考文献格式还规定了文献书写格式：引用文献所有信息的排列方式以及之间的空格和括号的使用。
书籍中，必须提及作者、书名、出版商；期刊文献中，必须提及作者、文献标题、期刊名称等；网络文献中，必须提及发布者、文献题目、网址等。
以上就是哈佛参考文献格式的基本内容，这是一种完善的学术参考文献书写形式，它结构完整、内容丰富，不仅可以反映文献整
合活动，还可以更好地反映书写人对文献的研究角度，使文献更具著作价值和学术价值。
哈佛参考文献格式将使学术书写更加完善，为研究者提供更加方便的参考依据。
参考文献harvard格式
参考文献harvard格式参考文献是任何学术论文的必要组成部分。
在学术写作中，参考文献被用来证明你的论点，支撑你的观点，以及为论文提供更多的上下文和信息。
正确的参考文献格式对学术研究的成果和文献传递至关重要。
本文将介绍参考文献 Harvad 格式，并提供相关参考文献的示例。
一、什么是 Harvad 格式Harvad 格式是一种常用的参考文献格式，在学术界使用广泛。
它不仅提供了对作者、出版日期、标题等重要信息的引用，也提供了书籍、文章、电影等不同类型的文献来源的引用方法。
Harvad 格式包括在正文引用时使用括号，以及在参考文献列表中给出更完整的引用。
二、如何使用 Harvad 格式使用 Harvad 格式时，你需要在正文中引用文献，然后在文末提供更完整的引用详细信息。
引用的一般格式是：作者姓氏，出版年份，文章标题，出版物信息。
在正文中，你需要使用如下格式引用文献：（作者姓氏，出版年份）例如：在一篇论文中，你引用了威尔逊（1999）的研究，你的正文引用应该是这样的：“威尔逊（1999）在他的研究中指出……”在参考文献列表中，你需要提供更完整的引用信息，常见的格式包括：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，名字。
出版年份。
标题。
出版地：出版社。
例如：赵明。
2005年。
《小说创作手记》。
北京：人民文学出版社。
2. 文章：作者姓氏，名字。
发表年份。
文章标题。
期刊名，期号，页码。
例如：王东，朱洪涛。
2010年。
《激光在石油钻采中的应用》。
石油学报，31(3)，345-350。
3. 报告：组织。
发表年份。
报告名称。
发表地：发表机构。
例如：国家教育部。
2012年。
《2011年全国教育发展统计公报》。
北京：中国教育出版社。
三、参考文献 Harvad 格式的优点1. 简单易学：Harvad 格式的引用通常简短明了，容易掌握。
2. 资料类型广泛：Harvad 格式可以引用各种类型的参考文献，从书籍到文章、报告和网站等。
3. 规范明确：Harvad 格式提供了明确的格式要求，避免了格式繁琐或者不规范的问题。
书的reference哈佛格式
书的reference哈佛格式引言在学术写作中，参考文献是非常重要的一部分。
准确的引用和格式规范是保证学术研究的可信度和准确性的基础。
本文将介绍哈佛格式的书目引用方式，帮助读者正确引用书籍，并提供相关示例。
引用格式在哈佛格式中，书籍的引用通常包含以下要素：作者姓名、出版年份、书名、出版地点和出版商。
引用格式一般为：作者姓，作者名.(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
下面是具体的引用示例：1.单个作者：-格式：姓,名.(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
-示例：S m it h,J.(2005).Th e Po we ro fH ab it.Ne w Yo rk:R an do mH ous e.2.多个作者：-格式：姓,名.,姓,名.,&姓,名.(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
-示例：J o hn so n,M.,S mi th,J.,&W il li am s,L.(2009).T he Ar to fNe g ot ia ti o n.Lo nd on:P en gu inB o ok s.3.编者作为作者：-格式：编者姓,编者名(E d.).(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
-示例：B r ow n,S.(E d.).(2013).C on te mp or ary A rt:A Cr it ic al Per s pe ct iv e.P ar is:A rt Pr es s.4.无作者：-格式：书名.(年份).出版地点:出版商。
-示例：E n cy cl op ed ia Br ita n ni ca.(2010).Chi c ag o:En cy cl op aed i aB ri ta n n i ca.5.多卷书籍：-格式：姓,名.(年份).书名(卷号).出版地点:出版商。
-示例：S m it h,J.(2005).Th e Hi st or yo fS ci enc e(V ol.3).Lo nd on:S pr in ge r.请注意，在每个示例中，书名使用斜体表示。
haverd reference举例
哈佛参考文献格式是学术界通用的引用格式之一，它规定了学术论文中引用参考文献的标准格式，准确地引用文献不仅有助于展示学术严谨的态度，还可以避免抄袭和侵权行为。
下面将按照哈佛参考文献格式的要求，举例说明在不同类型文献的引用方法。
一、书籍1. 单一作者的书籍在引用单一作者的书籍时，应按照以下格式进行引用：作者姓，作者名. (出版年). 书名. 版次. 出版地：出版社.例如：Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Black Swan.2. 多个作者的书籍在引用多个作者的书籍时，应按照以下格式进行引用：第一作者姓，第一作者名., 第二作者姓，第二作者名. (出版年). 书名. 版次. 出版地：出版社.例如：Smith, J., Johnson, T. (2010). Introduction to Sociology. 2nd ed. New York: Random House.二、期刊文章1. 单一作者的期刊文章在引用单一作者的期刊文章时，应按照以下格式进行引用：作者姓，作者名. (出版年). 文章题目. 期刊名, 卷号（期号）. 页码.例如：Jones, P. (2015). The effects of climate change. Environmental Science, 25(4), 345-358.2. 多个作者的期刊文章在引用多个作者的期刊文章时，应按照以下格式进行引用：第一作者姓，第一作者名., 第二作者姓，第二作者名. (出版年). 文章题目. 期刊名, 卷号（期号）. 页码.例如：Brown, M., Johnson, R., Williams, L. (2012). The impact of social media. Journal of Communication, 15(2), 123-136.三、网络文章1. 全球信息站在引用全球信息站时，应按照以下格式进行引用：作者（如有）. (发布年). 文章标题. 全球信息站名称. 取自URL例如：Smith, J. (2018). The impact of technology. Harvard University. Retrieved from xxx2. 博客在引用博客时，应按照以下格式进行引用：作者. (发布年). 文章标题 [博客]. 博客名, 取自URL例如：Jones, P. (2019). The future of 本人 [Blog post]. Medium. Retrieved from xxx以上是根据哈佛参考文献格式的要求，举例说明了在不同类型文献的引用方法。
哈佛制文献注引规范
• By improving your posture you can improve how you communicate feelings of power and confidence (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996: 111). • 董学文、伍蠡甫(2005: 76) 指出，卡斯特尔 维屈罗从诗的题材等多个方面凸显了诗的 自性特征。
文献列表的格式
• 版次的标注
• Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for degrees, 2nd edition, London: Routledge.
• 《西方文学理论史》（第二版） • 《西方文学理论史》（修订版） • 《西方文学理论史》（增订版）
文献列表的格式
参考文献引注法
（哈佛制）
Referencing - The Harvard System 查阅文献需记录的信息 文中的注引格式
（附：常见古籍的注引格式）
文献列表格式
查阅文献需记录的信息
• 书籍
• • • • • • 著者、编者姓名 出版年 书名（包括副标题） 版次（第一版可不注） 出版社所在城市 出版社名
文中的注引格式
• 直接引用书籍或期刊（两位作者）
• 董学文、伍蠡甫(2005: 76) 指出：卡斯特尔 维屈罗 “从诗的题材、语言和效果等方面， 凸显出诗的自性特征。” • 或 • “‘雷雨’作为一种‘郁闷、压抑、触目 惊心’为特征的意象在《雷雨》中具有多 重象征意义。” (陈霞、杨虹，2006)
• 论文集或多人参编的著作中的文章
• Byrne, J. (1995) ‘Disabilities in tertiary education’, in Rowan, L. and McNamee, J. (ed.) Voices of a Margin, Rockhampton: CQU Press. • 布里埃尔（2009）“鲁迅：一个深受大众 喜爱的作家”，见钱林森编《法国汉学家 论中国文学：现当代文学》，北京：外研 社
参考文献格式harvard latex
标题：深度解析Harvard参考文献格式及其在LaTeX中的应用在学术圈中，参考文献的格式化和引用规范一直备受重视。
在众多格式中，Harvard风格的参考文献格式以其简洁清晰、易于阅读和使用而备受青睐。
为了更好地掌握这一格式，以及在学术写作中的应用，本文将从Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则、在LaTeX中的实现、以及个人观点和理解等方面展开讨论。
一、Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则1. 作者姓氏+出版年份根据Harvard格式，参考文献的引用通常是将作者的姓氏和出版年份放在括号中，用以标注引用的具体信息。
例如：(Smith, 2010)2. 引用格式在论文或学术著作中，需要按照Harvard格式援引他人观点或研究成果，强调引文标注的准确性和规范性。
此时，要根据作者的姓氏和出版年份将引文放在括号中。
比如：“……(Smith, 2010)认为……”3. 文献列表在参考文献的列举中，需要按照作者的姓氏首字母的顺序进行排列，并包括详细的出版信息。
比如书籍的引用格式为：“Smith, J. (2010). Title. Publisher.”二、Harvard参考文献格式在LaTeX中的应用在LaTeX中，可以通过一些特定的包实现Harvard参考文献格式的自动化管理，极大地提高了写作效率和质量。
其中，最常用的包包括natbib和apacite等。
使用这些包，可以轻松地实现文中引用格式和参考文献列表的自动生成，极大地减轻了作者的工作负担。
三、个人观点和理解在我看来，Harvard参考文献格式以其简洁明了、方便规范的特点在学术写作中发挥着重要作用。
它不仅使得读者能够清晰地了解引用信息的来源和时间，同时也方便了作者对文献进行管理和归纳。
在LaTeX中的应用更是提高了写作效率，使得学术著作更加规范和专业。
总结Harvard参考文献格式作为一种简洁规范的引用规范，在学术写作中扮演着重要的角色。
通过LaTeX的应用，更是使得其在学术著作中的使用变得更加便捷和高效。
哈佛格式参考文献
哈佛格式参考文献在学术研究、论文写作等领域中，参考文献的重要性不言而喻。
参考文献是指在文中所引用的其他文献的记录。
它不仅是对前人研究成果的尊重，更是为了证明自己的研究成果的可靠性和权威性。
而在参考文献的格式中，哈佛格式已经成为了国际上通用的标准，其简单、清晰、易于使用的特点得到了广泛的认可和应用。
哈佛格式的基本原则哈佛格式的基本原则是在文中直接引用他人的观点或数据时，必须标明出处，以表明其来源和参考文献。
同时，哈佛格式还要求列出完整的参考文献，以便读者查阅。
在哈佛格式中，引用文献的方式有两种：直接引用和间接引用。
直接引用是指直接引用他人的原文，需要在引文中用引号将原文引起来，并在引号后面用括号注明出处。
例如：“人类的知识是无限的，而我们的理解却是有限的”（Einstein，1931）。
间接引用是指引用他人的观点或数据，但不是直接引用原文。
例如：Einstein（1931）曾指出，人类的知识是无限的，而我们的理解却是有限的。
在哈佛格式中，参考文献的格式也有一些基本规则。
例如，作者的姓名应该写在文献的前面，然后是出版年份、书名、出版地点和出版社等信息。
具体格式如下：作者姓名（年份）书名。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2009) The history of English literature. London: Penguin Books.哈佛格式的优点哈佛格式的优点在于其简单、清晰、易于使用。
相比其他格式，哈佛格式更加注重引用的精确性和准确性，同时也更加注重对文献的完整性和可读性。
哈佛格式还可以帮助读者更加方便地查阅文献，了解研究的来源和背景，提高研究的可信度和可靠性。
总结哈佛格式作为一种国际上通用的标准，已经广泛应用于学术研究、论文写作等领域。
其基本原则是在文中直接引用他人观点或数据时，必须标明出处，并列出完整的参考文献。
哈佛格式的优点在于其简单、清晰、易于使用，可以提高研究的可信度和可靠性。
Harvard格式In-Text Reference写作规范---英国翰思教育
Harvard格式是我们留学生论文写作最常见的格式，尤其是在英国。
Harvard格式由两部分组成:文中文献出处(in-text reference)和文后参考文献目录(reference list)，今天小编就先给大家整理一下in-text referencing的写作范方法，后续会在另外开文为大家讲述reference list的写作方法，希望大家持续支持我们。
In-text referencing:在文中一旦提及他人的观点，就应注明文献出处，格式为：（作者姓,出版时间）Reference list:所有文中（In-text）提到的参考文献在文后都要将其详细信息列出来。
下面我们先来看看In-text reference。
基本格式：（姓,出版年）Tips:外国人名的组成部分为，第一部分是名（first name），最后一部分是姓（family name），其他中间的全部是middle name。
所以大家在引用时，找到作者名字中最后的部分，就是他的姓了。
姓在任何情况下都不能缩写。
情况一：有作者一个作者：列出作者姓；(Gibson,2005).两个作者:列出两个作者的姓；(Gibson&Myers,2005).三个作者：列出所有作者姓，后面的两个作者姓用&连接；(MacLennan,Myers&Taylor,2005).四个作者或以上：只列出第一个作者的姓，其他作者用et al.替代；(Bair et al.2005).小编看到一些同学在引用三个作者的时候就用上了et al.代替这个是非常错误的。
情况二：没有作者1.当引用观点时不知道观点的作者是谁，可以用'Anonymous'或'Anon'代替；Marketing strategy(Anon.,1999).2.用书名、文章名或网页名替代；(BBC,2005),(Tesco,2005).直接引用原文句子：需指出句子出自的页码；(Schein,1997,p.20).同一处引用多个文献：用分号分隔各引文，并按作者、年、标题排序(Adams et al.,2003;MacLennan,Myers&Taylor,2006)。
harvard reference文中引用格式
标题：深度解析Harvard Reference文中引用格式在学术写作中，引用格式是非常重要的一环，不仅可以展现学术严谨性，还可以向读者展示你的研究广度和深度。
其中，Harvard Reference是一种常见的引用格式，它要求作者在文中引用其他来源时，应当注明引用的来源、作者和出处，以及出版年份。
今天，我们将深度解析Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性、详细规则和个人见解。
一、Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性1.1 引用格式的重要性在学术写作中，引用可以帮助我们展现对学术研究的尊重和认可，同时可以让读者了解到我们所参考的文献和资料。
采用规范的引用格式至关重要。
1.2 Harvard Reference的特点Harvard Reference作为一种广泛使用的引用格式，其主要特点是将作者的姓氏和出版年份直接引用在文中，而具体的引用信息则在引用列表中提供。
这种格式简洁明了，方便读者查找具体的引用文献。
二、Harvard Reference文中引用格式的详细规则2.1 文中引用格式在文中引用其他来源时，需要按照以下格式进行：(作者姓氏, 出版年份)。
如果是直接引用他人的原话，还需要在引用的地方标注具体的页码。
例如：(Smith, 2010, p.25)。
2.2 引用列表格式在文章的末尾，需要列出所有引用的文献和资料，按照以下格式进行：作者姓氏，作者名字初始。
出版年份。
文章或书名。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Academic Writing. London: Academic Press.2.3 特殊情况处理当文中有多个来源需要引用时，需要按照出版年份顺序排列，当年份相同的情况下则按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
对于特殊类型的文献，如报纸、网络来源等，也有相应的引用格式规则。
三、个人观点和理解3.1 对于学术研究的重要性在我的看来，Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性不言而喻。
最齐全的HarvardReference格式引用指南---英国翰思教育
最齐全的HarvardReference格式引用指南---英国翰思教育英国留学的小伙伴们都知道大部分学校都是使用Harvard（哈佛）Reference格式，今天hansedu就为你整理了最全的哈佛（Harvard）格式引用指南，接下去看吧！哈佛reference格式引用：参考List是创建工作时使用的所有资源的完整列表。
这份清单包括作者的来源，出版日期，来源的标题等信息。
哈佛参考Reference必须：在文件末尾的单独一页上，作者按字母顺序排列，除非没有作者，则按照源标题排序，如果同一作者有多个作品按日期排序，如果作品在同一年，则标题按字母顺序排列，并在日期之后分配一个字母（a，b，c等）双重间隔：每行文本之间应该有一个完整的空白行，包含所有使用的文本引用的完整引用。
哈佛（Harvard）Reference格式引用：正文在使用来自另一件作品的引用或释义之后，必须包含正文引用。
文本中的引用是在文本正文中的引用或释义，它们比完整的参考文献短得多。
在参考文献列表中显示了文中引文的完整参考文献。
在哈佛大学的引用中，正文引用包含作者或编辑的姓氏，出版年份和页码。
两三个作者：当引用两三位作者的来源时，请列出所有的姓氏；四个或更多作者：在这种情况下，第一作者的姓氏应该用“et al”来表示；没有作者：如果可能，请使用负责该职位的组织来代替作者。
如果不是，请使用斜体标题：（引文指南，2017，pp。
189-201）同一作者的多件作品：如果引用同一年发行的一位作者的多部作品，那么在一年之后，作品会被分配一封信（a，b，c等）。
这个分配是在参考清单中完成的，所以根据作者的姓氏和来源标题按字母顺序完成；一个括号中引用多个作品：以正常方式列出文本内引用，但在不同引用之间使用分号；在一个圆括号中引用不同版本的相同工作：包括作者的名字只有一次，后面跟着用分号隔开的所有适当的日期；引用没有日期的：在这种情况下，只需简单说出“无日期”来代替年份：（Mitchell，无日期，第189页）。
英文论文引用格式：HarvardReference格式----英国翰思教育
英文论文引用格式：HarvardReference格式----英国翰思教育Harvard Reference格式是英国学校学生用来写英文论文的一种引用格式；使用率相比其它引用格式较普遍一些。
那么如何使用Harvard Reference格式进行引用呢？Hansedu老师带你认识哈佛引用格式。
Harvard Reference格式包括两种类型：1. 直接引用或解释源时，使用正文引用；它们位于作品的正文中，并包含完整引用的片段。
根据来源类型的不同，哈佛大学参考文献中的一些引文可能如下所示：“After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…”(Fitzgerald, 2004).2. 参考资料列表位于工作结束，显示完整的引用，用于分配中使用的来源。
以下是哈佛参考书目中一本书的完整引用例子：Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.Harvard Reference格式参考列表是为了让读者自己定位原始资料而创建的。
引用列表中的每个引用包括各种信息，包括：作者姓名发表年份标题城市出版出版者引用内容的页码通常，哈佛参考文献列表引用遵循以下格式：姓，首字母。
（发表年份）标题。
城市：出版商，页面。
引文按照作者姓氏的字母顺序列出。
如果同一作者有多个来源，则在出版之日前按照顺序列出引文。
引用两个或两个以上作者的书的Harvard格式引用具有多个作者的引文时，请按照它们在来源上的显示顺序进行排列。
用“和”来分隔名字。
姓，首字母和姓氏，第一首。
（发表年份）标题。
城市：出版商，页面。
例：Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156.Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.Harvard Reference格式参考文献列表当同一作者有多件作品时，按年份排列引用次序。
harvard reference引用中文文章
对于写作，哈佛引用格式（Harvard referencing）是学术界广泛使用的一种引用风格。
它要求作者在文章中引用他人观点或研究成果时，必须给出详细的引用信息，包括作者尊称、年份、文章题目、出版地点等。
哈佛引用格式不仅可以帮助读者了解作者引用的文献，还可以为读者提供查找原始文献的便利。
那么，如何在文章中使用哈佛引用格式呢？下面将为您逐一介绍。
1. 文内引用：在文章中引用他人观点或研究成果时，需要在引用处给出作者尊称和出版年份。
例如：Smith (2010)指出……2. 直接引用：如果是直接引用他人的文字，需要在引用处加上页码。
例如：Smith (2010, p. 25)指出……3. 多作者引用：当引用的文献有多位作者时，需要根据文献的作者顺序给出相应的引用信息。
例如：Smith and Johnson (2010)指出……4. 多篇文献引用：在文章中引用多篇文献时，需要按照作者姓氏字母顺序给出相应的引用信息。
例如：(Smith, 2010; Johnson, 2011)5. 文献综述：在文章的结尾部分，需要给出详细的文献综述，包括作者尊称、文章题目、出版地点等。
在使用哈佛引用格式时，需要遵循一定的规范和要求。
以下是一些常见的引用规范：1. 作者尊称的书写方式：在引用中，需要按照作者尊称的姓氏字母顺序排列，并且尊称之间用逗号隔开。
例如：Smith, J., Johnson, M.2. 出版年份的书写方式：在引用中，需要给出文献的出版年份，如果是多篇文献引用，年份之间用分号隔开。
例如：(Smith, 2010; Johnson, 2011)3. 文献综述的书写方式：在文章的结尾部分，需要按照文献的作者姓氏字母顺序给出详细的引用信息。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages.哈佛引用格式是一种十分严谨的引用风格，它要求作者在文章中引用他人观点或研究成果时，必须给出详细的引用信息。
harvard references style参考文献格式 (2)
harvard references style参考文献格式引言概述:
学术写作中，准确引用参考文献是非常重要的。
哈佛引用格式是一种常用的引用风格，被广泛应用于各个学科领域。
本文将详细介绍哈佛引用格式的要点和规范，以帮助读者正确引用参考文献。
正文内容:
1. 引用作者姓名和出版年份
1.1 在引用中包含作者姓名和出版年份
1.2 作者姓名的格式
1.3 出版年份的格式
2. 引用文献的题目和来源
2.1 引用文献题目的格式
2.2 引用期刊文章的来源
2.3 引用书籍的来源
3. 引用文献的出版信息
3.1 引用期刊文章的出版信息
3.2 引用书籍的出版信息
3.3 引用网页的出版信息
4. 引用文献的页码和章节
4.1 引用期刊文章的页码
4.2 引用书籍的页码
4.3 引用章节的页码
5. 引用文献的网址和访问日期
5.1 引用在线文章的网址
5.2 引用在线书籍的网址
5.3 引用网页的访问日期
总结:
哈佛引用格式是学术写作中常用的引用风格，准确引用参考文献对于确保学术诚信和研究成果的可追溯性至关重要。
在引用中，应包含作者姓名和出版年份，并正确格式化。
此外，引用文献的题目、来源、出版信息、页码、网址和访问日期也需要遵循特定的规范。
正确使用哈佛引用格式不仅能提升学术写作的质量，还能使读者更方便地查阅和验证引用的文献来源。
因此，在进行学术写作时，务必遵循哈佛引用格式的要求，以确保引用的准确性和一致性。
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Harvard StyleInstructionsNames: Author’s initials are used for their first name. If an author has more than one initial do not put any spaces between initials. Where a resource has multiple authors, all authors are listed by last name and then first initial separated by commas.Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization; only the first word and proper nouns. Include article or chapter titles in single quotation marks. Book and journal titles are fully capitalized.Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date month year with no punctuation between.Journal or Magazine ArticlePattern:[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’, [Journal Name], [Volume number], [issue number], pp. [page number start]-[end], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:Maynard, W 1999 'Thoreau's House at Walden', Art Bulletin, 81, 2, pp. 303, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host, viiewed 6 December 2010Journal or Magazine Article w/No AuthorPattern:‘[Title of article]’ [Year], [Journal Name], [Volume number], [issue number], pp. [page number start]-end], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:'Royal Dogfight' 2004, People, 61, 1, p. 28, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Newspaper Article[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’ [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:Lacey, M 2007, 'A Communist He Was, but Today, Che Sells', New York Times, 9 October, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Newspaper Article w/No AuthorPattern:‘[Title of article]’ [Year], [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Example:'Metro Briefing | Connecticut: Hartford: Domestic Violence Proposal',2005, New York Times, 10 January, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.BookPattern:[Author last name] [Author first name initial] [Year], [Title of Work], [Publisher], [Location].Example:Nugent, P, & Vitale, B 2008, 'Chapter 11: Practice Questions with Answers and Rationales', Test Success: Test-Taking Techniques for Beginning Nursing Students (5th Edition) pp. 159-294 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis Company CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.Online Book ChapterPattern:[Author last name] [Author first name initial] [Year], ‘[Title of chapter]’, in [Title of work], [Publisher], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCO host], viewed [day month year].Legge, J 1871, 'The She King, or, The Book of Poetry', in She King, or, the Book of Poetry , American Theological Library Association (ATLA) Historical Monographs Collection: Series 1, EBSCO host, viewed 6 December 2010.Conference PaperPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Initial] [Published Year], [‘Title of Conference Paper’], [Conference Title], [Conference Organization Name], [Conference City Location], [Conference State or Country Location], [pp. xx-xx].Example:Johnson, G 2008, ‘The Issue of Domestic Violence and Society Acceptance’,Domestic Violence, Governors for Change, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp.1-26.EBookPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Name Initial] [Year], [E book Title], [Publisher], [Publisher Location], accessed [Date Month Year], from [E Book Host Site or URL].Example:Clarke, R 2007, Time Can Never Destroy, Little Bear, Littleton, Colorado, accessed 1 October 2009, from .E Book ChapterPattern:[Author Last Name], [Author First Name Initial] [Year], ‘[Chapter Title]’, in [Editor last Name] Editor First Name initial] (ed), [E book Title], [Publisher], [Publisher Location], pp. [xx-xx], accessed [Date Month Year], from [E Book Host Site or URL].Example:Smith, J 2008, ‘Quantum Solutions’, in Wilber, K (ed),Quantum Physics and Holography in Psychological Context, Wilber Communications, Denver,Colorado, pp. 240-245, accessed 12 September 2008, from.WebsitePattern:[Website Page Name] [Year]. [Website Organization], [Website Organization Location], viewed [Date Month Year], <[URL]>.Example:Tommy Bolin Archives 2010. The Official Tommy Bolin Archives, USA, viewed 9 December 2010, /index.html.。