国际商事争议英文词汇摘录
国际商法术语
1. terms translation.Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围) Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods （国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Custom（习惯）Debt Securities （债券）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account （确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则) Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Escape Clause（免责条款）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes （公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Franchising(国际特许经营权) International Model Law(国际示范法) International Organizations(国际组织) International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则)International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释) Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Misrepresentation（误解）Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）2. terms explanation.(1)Precedent(判例)A prior judicial decision relied on as authority or guide for resolving later, similar cases.(2)Limited liability company(有限责任公司)A limited liability company is a company formed for the purpose of conducting a business for profit by nature or legal persons who shall make a capital contribution and who shall be liable for the debts or obligations of the company to the extent of their respective capital contributions.(3) General partnership(普通合伙)A general partnership enterprise may be formed by general partners. The partners shall bear unlimited joint and several liabilities for the debts of the partnership enterprise.(4)Limited partnership(有限合伙)A limited partnership is a form of partnership similar to a general partnership, except for oneor more general partners, there are one or more limited partners. The general partners are, in all major respects, they have management control, share the right to use partnership property, share the profits of the firm in predefined proportions, and have joint several liabilities for the debts of the partnership. But the limited partner(s) cannot participate in the management and control of the partnership’s business.(5) Offer(要约)A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.(6) Acceptance(承诺)A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance.(7) Contract(合同)A contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of acivil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal person or other organization as subjects with equal status.(8)Agency(代理)A legal relationship whereby one person ( the agent) represents another ( the principal) and is authorized to act for him/her.(9)Principal(本人)The person for whom an agent acts and from whom the agent derives authority; the person who, by agreement or otherwise, authorizes an agent to act on his or her behalf in such a way that the acts of the agent become binding on the principal.(10)Product liability(产品责任)Product liability means that businesses making or selling products are responsible for ensuring that those products are safe and do not pose a hazard to the public.(11)Arbitration(仲裁)An out-of-court procedure in which a dispute is presented to one or more persons (arbitrators),whose decision is binding on theparties.(12)Arbitration Agreement(仲裁协议)A contract to refer a present or future legal dispute to arbitration. Such agreements are of two kinds: those referring an existing dispute to arbitration and those relating to disputes that may arise in the future.。
(完整版)国际商法专业词汇中英文对照
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms(国际贸易术语通则解释)Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications(对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺)Acceptance(承诺/受盘)Act of State Doctrine(国家行为主义)Act of the Parties (当事人的行为)Administrative Management (经营管理)Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit(信用证的通知和确认)Agent for International Settlements(国际结算代理人)Agreement of the Parties(协议选择原则)Agriculture(农业协定)Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR解决方式)Anticipatory Breach in Common Law (普通法上预期违约)Antidumping Authority(反倾销机构)Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor LawsExtraterritorially(内国劳工法律域外适用)Applying for a Letter of Credit(信用证的申请)Approval of Foreign Investment Applications(外国投资申请的批准)Arbitrage(套汇)Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses(仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款)Arbitration Tribunals(仲裁机构)Artistic Property Agreements(保护文学艺术作品的协定)Artistic Property Agreements(文学艺术品产权协定)Assignment(合同权利转让)Attorney-General(法律总顾问)Automatic Dissolution (自动散伙)Average Clauses(海损条款)Avoidance(解除)Bank Deposits(银行储蓄)Bases of Income Taxation(所得税的征税依据/基础)Battle of the Forms(形式上的分歧/冲突)Bills of Lading (提单)Branch Banking(银行的分支机构)Business Form and Registered Capital (企业形式和注册资本)Business Forms(商业组织形式)Buyer's Remedies(买方可以采取的救济措施)Carriage of Goods by Air(航空货物运输)Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine CargoInsurance(海上货物运输及其保险)Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading(在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务)Carrier's Immunities(承运人责任/义务的豁免)Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects (外国投资的项目类别)Charterparties (租船合同)Charterparties by Demise (光船出租合同)China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments(中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策)Choosing the Governing Law(准据法的选择)CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port ofdestination) (CIF成本\保险费加运费付至指定的目的港)Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures(交换和转让程序)Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks(银行跟单托收)Commercial Arbitration (国际商事仲裁)Commodity Arrangements(初级产品/农产品安排)Common Enterprise Liability(企业的一般责任)Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills ofExchange (汇票处理的一般程序) Common Stock (股票)Company Taxpayers(公司/法人企业纳税人)Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up (清算补偿)Comprehensive Agreements (综合性的协定)Compulsory Licenses(强制许可)Computation of Income(收入计算)Conformity of Goods(与合同约定相符合的货物)Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State(给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意)Consideration in Common Law(英美法上的对价)Contemporary International Trade Law(当代国际贸易法)Contract Law for the International Sale ofGoods(国际货物销售合同法)Contract Liability of the Agent (代理人的合同义务)Contract Liability of the Principal (委托人的合同义务)Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverageof CISG(排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题)Copyrights (著作权/版权)Council for Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights(与知识产权有关的理事会)Coverage of Tax Treaties(税收条约的覆盖范围)Creation of Agency (代理创立)Creditors of Partners(合伙人的债权人)Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy(金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位)Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF MemberStates(国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务)Currency Exchange(外汇交易)Currency Support(资金/财政援助)Custom(习惯)Customs Valuation(海关估价协定)Debt Securities (债券)Decision Making within the WTO(WTO内部决定作出机制)Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process(关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足)Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit ofAccount(确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位)Definition and Special Features(定义和特征)Delayed Bills of Lading(提单迟延)Denial of Justice(司法不公)Development Banks (发展银行)Direct Effect(直接效力)Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to theCorporation(董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务)Dispute Settlement(争端的解决)Dissolution by Agreement (协议解散)Dissolution by Court Order (依法院令状散伙)Dissolution of the Partnership (散伙)Distribution of Earnings and Recovery ofInvestments (收入分配和投资回收)Distribution to Shareholders (红利分配权)Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities(文本格式要求)Double Taxation Provision(双重征税的规定)Double Taxation(双重征税)Duress (胁迫行为)Duties of Agent and Principal (代理人和委托人的义务)Duties of Agent to Principal (委托人的义务)Duties of Principal to Agent (代理人、的义务)Duty of Care in Partnership Business(对合伙事务尽心看护义务)Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith (忠诚和诚信义务)Effectiveness of an Offer(邀约/发盘的效力)Employment Laws in the European Union(欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法)Employment Standards of the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development(经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准)Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulationsof IMF Member States(国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行)Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in thePeople's Republic of China (在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行)Enforcement of Foreign Judgment (外国法院判决的执行)Enforcement of Partnership Rights andLiabilities(执行合伙事务的权利和责任)Enforcement of Securities RegulationsInternationally(国际证券规则的执行)Environmental Regulation(环境规则)Escape Clause(免责条款)Euro-currency Deposits(欧洲货币储蓄)European Communities - Regime for theImportation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas(欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理) European Union Law on Trade in Services(欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律) Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in CivilLaw (大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权)Exceptions(例外)Exclusive Licenses(独占许可)Excuses for Non-performance (不履行的免责)Excuses for Nonperformance(不履行合同的抗辩/借口)Exemptions for New Members from IMF MemberState Currency Exchange Obligations(国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除) Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation(征收)Extraterritorial Application of U. S.Securities Laws(美国证券法域外的适用问题)Failure to Exhaust remedies(没有用尽法律救济)Fault and Causation(过错和因果关系)Finance Ministry(财政部)Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade(对外贸易的价金支付)FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)(FOB装运港船上交货)Force Majeure Clauses (不可抗力条款)Foreign Investment Guarantees(外国投资的担保)Foreign Investment Laws and Codes(外国投资法)Formal and Informal Application Process(正式和非正式申请程序)Formation of the Contract(合同的成立)Forsed Endorsements(虚假背书)Fraud Exception in Letters of CreditTransaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外) Frauds on Bills of Lading(提单欺诈)Fraudulent Misrepresentation(受欺诈的误解)Free Zones(保税区/自由贸易区)Fundamental Breach(根本违约)GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments(服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺)General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holderin Due Course(票据持有人的一般要求和权利)General Standards of Performance(履行的一般标准)Geographic Limitations(地区限制)Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees(政府担保)Governmental Interest(政府利益原则)Governmental Sources of Capital(官方资金)Grant Back Provisions(回授的规定)Home state Regulation of MultinationalEnterprises(本国对跨国企业的管理)Host State Regulation of MultinationalEnterprises(东道国对跨国企业的管理)Illegality and Incompetency(行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定)IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities(国际货币基金组织的机制)IMF Operations(国际货币基金组织的运作)IMF Quotas(国际货币基金的份额)Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction ofMunicipal Courts(国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权)Import-Licensing Procedures(进口许可证程序协定)Income Categories(收入分类)Income Tax Rates(所得税税率)Income Taxes(所得税)Independence Principles and Rule of StrictCompliance (信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则)Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements (保护工业产权的协定)。
国际商事交易法单词
previous先前的prescience先见,预知Particular specifically frustrated挫败,受挫constructive推定Consequence后果,结果subsequent后续的stipulation契约,规定,条款Receive receipt收到Specifications规格SatisfactionSatisfysatisfactory满意,符合要求strict compliance严格服从essentially本质上,本来substantial实质fulfillment实行，履行ensures保证,确定stipulated规定,保证relief解除,减轻deprive剥夺,丧失Cancellation解约,删除discharge免除,解雇rescission取消,废除prohibition禁令,禁止rescind解除,废除assumptionpresume假定,推测consistingconstitute构成,组成installment 分期付款terminated终止,结束mortgage抵押贷款,按揭obligated有义务的forfeiture财产没收Flaw defect缺陷,缺点,过失Satisfaction of third person bilateral双边unilateral单边interpret 解释,说明Tender 偿付,清偿compromise妥协,和解possessioncircumscribe限制Real estate leases房地产租赁remedied补救,赔偿compensation补偿,赔偿renovate更新,修复restitution归还,赔偿Allocate分配apportioned分配,分摊Employment 雇佣repudiated拒绝,否定plaintiffdefendant辩护的,被告identified识别,鉴定,辨认reveal揭露,透露wrongfully不正当地maintain维修,维持exercised执行appeal上诉,求助undertaking许诺,同意grant同意,允许statute法规条例limited有限,限制alarm警报,警告delay element延期原由market fluctuation市价涨落detriment损害,伤害liberty自由,许可induce引起incurring招致,遭受imposes强加abstain抑制,放弃,避免refrain避免,制止distribute分配ignorance无知,愚昧Peppercorn 象征性exceed超过establish建立,确立Insolvency破产compensation补偿,报酬institute制定derived得到duress强迫,监禁fraud imposed欺骗misrepresentation失实陈述,虚报Compel forced强迫violence暴力threat恐吓pressure压迫unlawful非法的available有效的defense of duress 强制防护modify修改set aside驳回,撤销innocent party 无过失方commit致力于,委托Illegitimacy of the pressure 不法压迫cancelled取消,解约reputation名誉,名声exposed 暴露,揭露detain 拘留arrest监禁,逮捕ignored不顾pleaded辩护illegality非法行为assist帮助public policy国家政策Intentional tort故意侵权行为inducing引起estimate估计,判断transaction交易transfer of title财产转移forecast预测预报precautions预防措施Mutual相互的Material effectprevail获胜concerning关于,涉及for instance例如respond回应In response作为响应,作为回答especiallyunfounded没有事实根据的abnormal反常的typical 典型的estimated估算的,预计的moral道义上的Contrary相反的,对立的to be bound受约束binding有约束力的negative消极的nominal名义上的unwillingly不情愿地justified有正当理由的Sufficientadequately充分地,足够地exactly精确,正确地Efficient有效率的,有能力的proper恰当的Condition precedent 先决条件prior优先的previous先前的advance预先的prescience先见,预知Particular specifically特别地,明确地performance contractfrustrated挫败,受挫Consequence后果,结果subsequent后续的concurrent共存Existenceexist存在is due到期due支付deliver交付,实现,履行render提出,实施simultaneously同时frequently经常conveyance of land 土地转让deed立契转让,契约bargain契约,交易stipulation契约,规定,条款document widgetreceivereceipt收到specs specifications 规格Satisfaction Satisfy令人满意satisfactory 满意,符合要求Express constructive 推定explicitly明确地impliedstates陈述,声明indicate表明,指出recite叙述,列举Relate叙述,讲述Significance 意义,意思insignificant 无关紧要的Distinction区别distinguish区分,分辨strict compliance严格服从ordinarily necessarymerely仅仅,只不过simply仅仅,简单地essentially本质上,本来essence本质,实质substantial compliance实质服从damage损害赔偿warrantautomatically自动地LandlordTenantrent租金,出租rental租赁的repairlease d premises租赁的房屋ensures保证,确定stipulated规定,保证provide提供,规定provided that条件是has not committed any breach of contract没犯下任何违约committed承诺,委托,承担义务的reliefrelieved解除,减轻Avoidance免除,撤销deprive剥夺,丧失Cancellation解约,删除discharge免除,解雇determine判决To determine确定,决定majorthe main factor主要因素principal首要的,最重要的grave重大的minor较小的,次要的intent意图,目的intend打算,意欲purposes目的,企图upon condition that 在条件下,如果presumption assumption假定,设想presume假定,推测described belowconstitute构成,组成consistingcompletecompletion of the foundation 地基完成后consummate完成installment分期付款the purchase分期付款购买mortgage抵押,抵押贷款,按揭an interest rate利率to obtain获得obligated有义务的forfeiture没收租权(财产等的)没收avoid规避,消除avoid the contractexpected benefitsexactly精确,正确地deviation偏差,误差noticeably affect显著影响effect效果,影响Effort despite尽管defect缺陷,缺点,过失flaw瑕疵,缺点,裂纹trivial不重要的,琐碎的enforcement强制执行,实施fulfillment实行，履行extreme最大程度,极端的,极度的objective客观Subjective主观standard标准honor尊重for instance例如in good faithfoundhold认为regarded as认为count as视为treat as认为are construed as被认为是are looked on as被看作是non-occurrence of the condition默认条件includecontainsinvolves包含,包括consists ofindependent third party中立第三方Satisfaction of third person bilateral双边unilateral contract单边fairness公平scheduleexpensescharge费用consideration报酬to interpret解释,说明Periodic alternating周期性交替a series ofarises出现,发生a period of time一段时间Service服务,维修applies to适用于,提出申请otherwiseTender偿付,清偿lien留置权certified check 保付支票Deed契约come forward出面proper恰当的in his possession Dependent从属Independent独立mutually dependent 相互依存circumscribe限制circumscription限制,界限,定义statussituations情境,状况circumstances情形,情况in the case of在情况中in which case在这种情况下Real estate leases 房地产租赁typical典型的rent租金refuserejectedDivisible contracts 可分合同divisibleseparatedivided upremedied补救,赔偿compensation补偿,赔偿separate contracts单独合同Individual contracts 个别合同part payment预付部分renovate更新,修复deck平台lists a price of列出价格entire全部的,整个的Recover恢复,索回restitution归还,赔偿agreed equivalents合同等价物corresponding相当,相应apportioned分配,分摊Hire雇佣,租用Employment contract雇佣合同sub-contracts分包合同construction contract 建筑包工合同estimated 估算的,预计的represent代表intermediate term 中间条款classified分类concerning关于,涉及relates to涉及warranties特约条款injured party repudiated拒绝,否定refusedrejectSubject科目,项目,主题an important aspect root根源victim受害人engaged订婚undertook承担Dutyaccept接受，承认period期间In his defence答辩defendant辩护的,被告argue争论,辩论waive放弃as a ground for作为一个理由merchantable quality可销售品质in the course of在过程中as regards至于reveal揭露,透露examine检查,调查fitness健康，适当implication暗示,牵连supplied提供rely信赖principleAs a matter of principle 作为原则问题abnormal反常的feature特征idiosyncrasy特质Be aware知道的,意识到的model典例sample个例propertyis to proceed开始sail起航,航行proceed继续进行,行进,发生via取道,通过voyage航程,航行sink the ship vessel船舰charter-party租船合同Goods商品cargo货物seaworthiness seaworthy适于航海的in every way在各方面fitted for适合crew船员insufficient不充足的,不足的incompetent不胜任的,不合适的old fashioned machinery老式机器chief engineer 首席工程师drunk ard醉汉suffered遭受,经历undergo经历,忍受breakdowns故障off-hire停租,解租By this time remain保持,残存freight rates运价to fall下跌breachterminated终止,结束respond回应wrongfully不正当地arrivalfurther进一步的By this time此时Once一旦althoughAt first instance 一审,初审trial judge初审法官diligence注意的程度,勤奋Repiremaintain 维修,维持due到期的exercised执行Efficient有效率的,有能力的in an efficient and seaworthy stateentitle使有权利appeal上诉,求助innominate term无名条款as followedsynallagmatic对双方都有约束力的,双务的undertaking许诺,同意in it the seeds of根据,原由define定义,规定stated规定statute法规条例cancellation clause撤销条款limited有限,限制seldom很少,不常exhaustively用尽一切地marine insurance海上保险bills of lading提单bills of exchange汇票evidenceParliament议会,国会metaphors隐喻amount toa very broad meaninga missing life preserver 一个失踪的救生用品ranging from分类为typeahead of timeissueundoubtedly确实地,毋庸置疑地sufficientsufficientlyadequately充分地,足够地to the root充分地,完全地,认真地certainty is crucial确实重要alarm警报,警告Element成分,要素delay element延期原由factual事实的,真实的Actual真实的,实际的truly真实地afford to承担Soon after不久后load装载,装货anticipatory breach 先期违约,预期违约market fluctuation 市价涨落Consideration对价Introduction介绍,采用detriment损害,伤害to be bound受约束liberty自由,许可In response作为响应,作为回答incurring招致,遭受therebythereforethusimposing给人深刻印象的be present出现,出席imposes强加abstain抑制,放弃,避免refrain避免,制止retire退休lifetime一生的,终身的pension津贴,退休金,抚恤金Non-economic detriment 非经济损失suffice使满足abstaining from戒除alcohol酒精tobacco烟草serve as充当executor遗嘱执行人estate财产,房地产,不动产Repay偿还,回报complaindistribute分配,分开Entire完全的,全部的entirely完全地,彻底地intangible benefit无形利益obviousmaintenance保持,维修provided that倘若prove证明looked after In summary总之adequateAdequacy足够,适当irrelevant不相干的consistent with坚持indeed的确,确实slight轻微的negligible微不足道的disparity不等,不相称mispresentation虚报duress强迫,监禁fraud欺骗willingful actignorance无知,愚昧coercionPeppercorn consideration 象征性对价Creation产物,创造void无效的valid有效的binding有约束力的struggling company negative消极的liabilities债务,负债exceed超过assets资产take over接受接管assume its liabilities as well as its assetsestablish建立在conceal隐藏,隐瞒specificconcrete具体的,有形的referred to被提及sum金额nominal名义上的Insolvency破产Companies ActInsolvency Actillusory虚假的commit委托Discretionary任意的disretionary promise自由承诺debtpre-existing debtat one stage 在一个阶段reimburse偿还,赔偿compensation补偿,报酬plaintiffpurely仅仅,只不过moral道义上的Exceptions免责条款Moral obligations紧急代理 (agent of necessity) 海上救助 (salvage) Emergency紧急情况,突发事件Contrary相反的,对立的natural justice正常司法institute制定proceedings议程,行动is conscious意识到的compromise妥协,和解forbearance忍耐,自制,宽容unfounded没有事实根据的derived得到advantage利益,有利条件conduct行为fraudulentdeserted被遗弃的desertionwages工资properdepart离开,出发compel强迫Revocation取消,废除,撤回responsible可靠的,负责的,有责任的demurrageat port of discharge extent范围,程度as a result of violence 暴力threat恐吓pressure压迫unlawful非法的induce引起available有效的defense of duress强制防护modify修改overcomesoverborne压服shareholding股权removed远离的abusing certain privileges 滥用特权resign辞职signing签署due to the threats应付sought to试图set aside驳回,撤销innocent party无过失方realised实现truck交易under compulsion被迫地unwillingly不情愿地genuine真实的,真正的justified有正当理由的,合乎情理的demands要求,需求commit致力于,委托offence犯罪is excused获得同意submit服从identified识别,鉴定,辨认Illegitimacy of the pressure 不法压迫Compulsion of the will强迫意愿absence of choice无选择tortuous conduct扭曲的表现funds资金client客户cancelled取消,解约consequence结果disastrous损失惨重的reputation名誉,名声exposed暴露,揭露defaulted拖欠detain拘留arrest监禁,逮捕ignored不顾pleaded辩护established确定的demanded from向要求charter特许,许可illegitimatedeafeat挫败rescission of the contract取消illegalityMistakeassist帮助conduct实施affront有意冒犯conscience道德心plaintiffgrant同意,允许appear似乎formation形成regulation条例registered注册的,登记的brokers经纪人agentsconfirming确定a commission basiss基本委任any contravention of these terms违反governed管理supply contract供应合同commission contract 委托合同public policy国家政策renewal更新procuring取得exerting influence 施加影响commission委任状,佣金,委员会inter alia其中contended主张,争论consequently因此,结果militate against对产生不利影响Evasion of statute 规避法律Intentional tort故意侵权行为severance分离,区别false statement虚假声明inducing引起disclosuresilence Representation表现,陈述misrepresentation 失实陈述,虚报correctly claimantestimate估计,判断capacity容量transaction交易transfer of title 财产转移went bankrupt破产rescission取消,废除forecast预测预报prohibition禁令,禁止rescind解除,废除essential基本的,必要的false欺诈地deceit欺骗precautions预防措施Mutual mistake相互的Unilateral immediately Material effect method appropriate适当的imposed欺骗allocate分配unconscionable不合理的,不正当的faultpreserve维持binding有约束力的prevail获胜certainaccept Construction bids 建筑物投标errorforced强迫awardespecially reformation改善。
国际商务英语重点词汇
国际商务英语重点词汇国际商务英语重点词汇(默写)1、关税区,2、有,无,形贸易,3、国内生产总值,4、证券投资,5、股票,6、债券,7、大额存单,8、许可,特许,经营, 9、商标, 10、专利, 11、专利使用费,许可使用费, 12、版权, 13、给予/接受许可的人, 14、给予接受特许的人, 15、管理合同, 16、价值链, 17、承包生产, 18、“交钥匙”工程,19、建设、经营、移交, 20、知识产权,21、国民收入, 22、国民生产总值,23、人均收入, 24、购买力平价, 25、消费,消费主义, 26、收入分布, 27、经济合作与发展组织, 28、基础设施 29、独立国家联合体, 30、大路货, 31、债权国, 32、东南亚国家联盟, 33、生产要素, 34、经济一体化,35、设置障碍, 36、自由贸易区,37、关税税率, 38、配额限制,39、北美自由贸易协定,40、关税同盟, 41、共同市场,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the testand control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.42、主权国家, 43、政治实体, 44、签字国, 45、结算, 46、纸币, 47、货币流通, 48、行政机构, 49、委员,专员,50、欧洲委员会, 51、部长理事会, 52、多极化, 53、双部长会议, 54、分委员会, 55、卡特尔,联盟, 56、石油输出国组织, 57、以迂回的方式, 58、区域性经济体, 59、国际化, 60、国际经济环境, 61、两位数字的, 62、技术进步, 63、日常管理, 64、权利,管理范围, 65、分支机构,附属机构, 66、股东, 67、东道国,68、自然资源, 69、初级产品; 70、专业化, 71、规模经济, 72、自然的赋予, 73、资本、土地和劳动力, 74、绝对利益, 75、比较利益, 76、关税壁垒, 77、配额,78、关税同盟, 79、进,出,口关税, 80、从价税, 81、从量税,82、复税,混合税, 83、退税,84、最惠国待遇, 85、让步,86、税率表, 87、非关税壁垒, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger shouldbe installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of pipingsupport and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions,stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.88、运输工具, 89、内河船只,90、货仓, 91、古迹,92、膳宿供应, 93、移民;94、移民, 95、汇款, 96、贸易术语,交易条件, 97、贸易惯例, 98、修正案, 99、生产场所、经营厂址, 100、目的地,终点, 101、滚装滚卸式运输,102、结关, 103、商品交易会,104、长途电话, 105、询盘,询价, 106、报价, 107、有效期, 108、收盘人, 109、还盘, 110、销售合同, 111、售货,购货,确认书, 112、业务范围, 113、合同正文,114、寄售, 115、缔约方, 116、不可抗力, 117、仲裁, 118、棉布, 119、棉纱, 120、货号, 121、对销,反向,贸易, 122、术语, 123、实际头寸, 124、极度通货膨胀,125、欧洲支付联盟, 126、竞争性贬值,127、复印机, 128、清算系统,129、补偿贸易, 130、加工贸易,131、租赁, 132、代理, 133、政策目标, 134、贸易保护主义, 135、金融市场,136、中央计划经济国家, 137、债务人, 138、借方, 139、财务状况, 140、资信可靠状况, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled.Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.141、分阶段付款, 142、预付现金, 143、汇票, 144、汇票 145、出票人, 146、受票人, 147、受款人, 148、远期汇票, 149、跟单汇票, 150、光票, 151、提单, 152、货物所有权, 153、保险单, 154、跟单托收, 155、付款交单, 156、承兑交单, 157、破产,158、记账交易, 159、开证申请人, 160、开证银行, 161、受益人, 162、关系行, 163、通知行, 164、保兑行, 165、单价, 166、分批装运, 167、转船, 168、价格术语, 169、载货船只, 170、机制, 171、光票信用证, 172、非贸易结算, 173、,不,可撤销信用证, 174、保兑信用证, 175、主要银行, 176、双重保障, 177、即期信用证, 178、远期信用证, 179、资金周转, 180、面值, 181、,不,可转让信用证, 182、中间人, 183、无汇票信用证, 184、推迟付款, 185、循环信用证, 186、佣金/折扣, 187、运输标记, 188、签字, 189、用概括性的词语, 190、备忘录, 191、托运人, 192、运输, 193、收货人, 194、被通知人, 195、空运提单, 196、铁路运单, 197、被保险人, 198、货币, 199、商业发票, carried out;4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with thedrawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems;cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.200、起运港, 201、装船通知, 202、产品自然领域, 203、承运人, 204、公共/契约/自有承运人, 205、企业家, 206、中间产品, 207、制成品, 208、每一单位, 209、托运人, 210、库存, 211、零库存, 212、物流, 213、成本节约, 214、中间产品, 215、承保人, 216、企业, 217、共同款项, 218、保险费, 219、索赔, 220、顾客, 221、保证金, 222、起服务作用的事物, 223、已知的保险费, 224、腾出资金, 225、在时间上的间隔, 226、保险公司, 227、最大诚信, 228、货物原产地港口, 229、崭新的, 230、白金, 231、损失赔偿, 232、占用、冻结, 233、分摊, 234、按比例, 235、福特轿车, 236、百分比, 237、取代, 238、疏忽的, 239、交货费用, 240、导致损失的直接原因, 241、可保险权益, 242、占用的资金,243、汇率, 244、金本位制, 245、平价, 246、储备货币, 247、交互作用, 248、清洁浮动, 249、反之亦然, 250、特别提款权, 251、国际收支赤字, 252、贴现率, 253、游资, 254、直接标价, 255、买入价, 256、卖出价, 257、中间价, 258、多国参加的, 259、资金, 260、收益, 261、详细说明, 262、标准, 263、捐助, 264、补充或增加的资金, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limitrequirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.265、先决条件, 266、人口计划, 267、营养, 268、基石, 269、资本市场, 270、借款权, 271、黄金份额, 272、储备金, 273、宽限期, 274、私营经济, 275、股权投资, 276、超越部门界限, 277、备用,信贷,安排, 278、投资收益, 279、饮料, 280、金枪鱼, 281、罐头食品厂, 282、生物遗传学, 283、生物工艺学, 284、大众汽车, 285、客户流动, 286、存货, 287、免税期, 288、并购, 289、白手起家, 290、合资企业, 291、总公司, 292、绿地战略, 293、投资者, 294、有价证券, 295、法令, 296、普通股, 297、指数, 298、金边证券, 299、经纪人, 300、股票买卖经纪人, 301、二级资本市场, 302、交易场地, 303挂牌证券交易市场, 304、所得税, 305、资格, 306、常务委员会, 307、标准,复,,308、增值税, 309、亏空, 310、开业者, 311、长期资本, 312、对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动 313、期权, 314、追溯到, 315、争议, 316、框架,机构, 317、普惠制, 318、非歧视的, 319、前任, 320、充分就业, 321、最惠国条款, 322、与贸易有关的, 323、完全合格的, 324、裁决, 325、关税减让, 326、回合,327、制度力量, 328、门槛, 329、反补贴措施, 330、反倾销; carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want.7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangementof piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.331、国民待遇, 332、关税配额, 333、公平贸易,334、联合国经济及社会理事会, 335、论坛,336、贸易条件, 337、免责条款, 338、领土,339、行动纲领, 340、特惠税, 341、机关,342、正式会议, 343、优先权, 344、无差别待遇原则,345、国际经济新秩序, 346、技术转让,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as settingand locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.。
商事法律术语(英语)
四、商事法律会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law 产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right 非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology 劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements 注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding-up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’ meeti ng股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’ meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee 票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit 海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings 涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship 海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照(三)
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照（三）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas（欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理） European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律） Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations（国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定） IMF Conditionality (国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）。
国际商法知识点总结 英文
国际商法知识点总结英文Key Knowledge Points in International Commercial Law1. Principles of International Commercial ContractsInternational commercial contracts are the backbone of global trade. Understanding the principles of contract law is crucial for companies engaged in international business. The key elements of a valid contract include offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations, and certainty of terms. In the international context, parties may encounter issues such as choice of law, jurisdiction, and the enforceability of contracts across borders.2. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)The CISG is the most widely adopted international treaty for the sale of goods. It provides a uniform set of rules for contracts for the international sale of goods and governs the rights and obligations of both buyers and sellers. Understanding the provisions of the CISG, such as the obligations of the parties, the determination of the contract price, and the remedies for breach of contract, is essential for businesses engaged in international trade.3. International Trade LawInternational trade law encompasses the rules and regulations that govern the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It covers areas such as import and export regulations, tariffs, customs duties, and trade agreements. Businesses need to be aware of the legal framework governing international trade to ensure compliance and mitigate risks.4. IncotermsIncoterms are internationally recognized terms that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade transactions. They provide a set of standard rules for the interpretation of trade terms, such as delivery, transport, insurance, and risk allocation. Understanding the different Incoterms is essential for negotiating and drafting international commercial contracts.5. International Dispute ResolutionDisputes are inevitable in international commercial transactions. Understanding the various methods of international dispute resolution, such as litigation, arbitration, and mediation, is crucial for businesses engaged in cross-border trade. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of dispute resolution mechanism should be carefully considered based on the specific circumstances of the dispute.6. Intellectual Property Rights in International BusinessIntellectual property (IP) rights play a crucial role in international business, as they protect the creations of the mind, such as inventions, trademarks, and copyrights. Understandingthe principles of IP law and the international treaties and conventions that govern IP rights is essential for businesses engaged in cross-border trade, as it helps protect their intangible assets from infringement and unauthorized use.7. Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsInternational mergers and acquisitions involve complex legal issues related to corporate law, antitrust law, and regulatory compliance. Understanding the legal framework governing cross-border M&A transactions, including the due diligence process, merger control regulations, and the negotiation and drafting of acquisition agreements, is essential for companies seeking to expand their global footprint through M&A activities.8. Compliance with International Regulations and StandardsInternational businesses need to comply with a myriad of regulations and standards, including those related to product safety, environmental protection, anti-corruption, and data privacy. Understanding the legal requirements and best practices for compliance in different jurisdictions is essential for maintaining the reputation and sustainability of the business.9. International Commercial ArbitrationArbitration is a widely used method for the resolution of international commercial disputes. Understanding the principles of international arbitration, including the selection of arbitration rules, the appointment of arbitrators, the conduct of arbitral proceedings, and the enforcement of arbitral awards, is essential for businesses engaged in cross-border transactions.10. Legal and Ethical Issues in International BusinessOperating in the global marketplace raises various legal and ethical challenges for businesses, such as bribery and corruption, human rights violations, and supply chain management. Understanding the legal and ethical issues in international business is crucial for companies to navigate the complex landscape of global trade while upholding ethical standards and corporate social responsibility.In conclusion, international commercial law is a vast and complex field that requires a deep understanding of legal principles, regulations, and customs that govern cross-border transactions. Businesses operating in the global marketplace need to be aware of the key knowledge points in international commercial law to ensure compliance, mitigate risks, and seize opportunities in the global economy.。
国际商法术语
国际商法术语1. terms translation.Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围) Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications （外国投资申请的批准）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Custom（习惯）Debt Securities （债券）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则) Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Escape Clause（免责条款）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Franchising(国际特许经营权) International Model Law(国际示范法) International Organizations(国际组织) International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则) International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Misrepresentation（误解）Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）2. terms explanation.(1)Precedent(判例)A prior judicial decision relied on as authority or guide for resolving later, similar cases.(2)Limited liability company(有限责任公司)A limited liability company is a company formed for the purpose of conducting a business for profit by nature or legal persons who shall make a capital contribution and who shall be liable for the debts or obligations of the companyto the extent of their respective capital contributions.(3) General partnership(普通合伙)A general partnership enterprise may be formed by general partners. The partners shall bear unlimited joint and several liabilities for the debts of the partnership enterprise.(4)Limited partnership(有限合伙)A limited partnership is a form of partnership similar to a general partnership, except for one or more general partners, there are one or more limited partners. The general partners are, in all major respects, they have management control, share the right to use partnership property, share the profits of the firm in predefined proportions, and have joint several liabilities for the debts of the partnership. But the limited partner(s) cannot participate in the management and control of the partnership’s business.(5) Offer(要约)A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.(6) Acceptance(承诺)A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance.(7) Contract(合同)A contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of a civil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal person or other organization as subjects with equal status.(8)Agency(代理)A legal relationship whereby one person ( the agent) represents another ( the principal) and is authorized to act for him/her.(9)Principal(本人)The person for whom an agent acts and from whom the agent derives authority; the person who, by agreement or otherwise, authorizes an agent to act on his orher behalf in such a way that the acts of the agent become binding on the principal.(10)Product liability(产品责任)Product liability means that businesses making or selling products are responsible for ensuring that those products are safe and do not pose a hazard to the public.(11)Arbitration(仲裁)An out-of-court procedure in which a dispute is presented to one or more persons (arbitrators),whose decision is binding on the parties.(12)Arbitration Agreement(仲裁协议)A contract to refer a present or future legal dispute to arbitration. Such agreements are of two kinds: those referring an existing dispute to arbitration and those relating to disputes that may arise in the future.。
国际商务谈判 词汇整理
Chapter 1Bargaining讨价还价: competitive, win-lose situations;Negotiation谈判: win-win situations;Intangibles无形因素: intangible factors are the underlying psychological motivations that may directly or indirectly influence the parties during a negotiation;Interdependent相互依赖: when the parties depend on each other to achieve their own preferred outcome they are interdependent;Independent parties独立各方: Independent parties are able to meet their own needs without the help of others; they can be relatively detached, indifferent and uninvolved with others; Dependent parties完全依赖各方:Dependent parties must rely on others for what they need since they need the help, benevolence, or cooperation of the other, the dependent party must accept and accommodate to that provider’s whims and idiosyncrasies;Competitive situation竞争性情形: when the goals of two or more people are interconnected so that only one can achieve the goal, this is competitive situation, also known as a zero-sum or distributive situation，in which “individuals are so linked together that there is a negative correlation between their goal attainments”;Mutual-gains situation相互获益情形: When parties’ goals are linked so that one person’s goal achievement helps others to achieve their goals, it is a mutual-gains situation, also known as a non-sum or integrative situation;BATNA(达成谈判协议的最佳选择) an acronym for best alternative to a negotiated agreement; The dilemma of honesty诚实困境: it concerns how much of the truth to tell the other party; The dilemma of trust信任困境: it concerns how much should negotiators believe what the other party tells them;Distributive bargaining分配式谈判: accepts the fact that there can only be one winner given the situation and pursues a course of action to be that winner;Integrative bargaining共赢争价: attempts to find solutions so both parties can do well and achieve their goals;Claim value主张价值: to do whatever is necessary to claim the reward, gain the lion’s share, or gain the largest piece possible;Create value创造价值: to find a way for all parties to meet their objectives, either by identifying more resources or finding unique ways to share and coordinate the use of existing resources; Conflict冲突: a potential consequence of interdependent relationships is conflict. Conflict may be defined as a “sharp disagreement or opposition, as of interests, ideas, etc.”and includes “the perceived divergence of interest, or a belief that the parties’ current aspirations cannot be achieved simultaneously”.Contending争夺战略: actors pursuing the contending strategy pursue their own outcomes strongly and show little concern for whether the other party obtains his or her desired outcomes; Yielding屈服战略: actors pursuing the yielding strategy show little interest or concern in whether they attain their own outcomes, but they are quite interested in whether the other party attains his or her outcomes;Inaction不作为战略: actors pursuing the inaction strategy show little interest in whether they attain their own out-comes, as well as little concern about the other party obtains his or her outcomes;Problem solving解决问题战略: actors pursuing the problem solving strategy show high concern for attaining their own outcomes and high concern for whether the otherChapter 2target point(目标点): the point at which negotiator would like to conclude negotiations resistance point(拒绝点): a negotiator’s bottom line, the most the buyer will pay or the smallest amount the seller will settle forasking price(要价，索价):the initial price set by the sellerinitial offer(最初报价):the first number the buyer will quote to the sellerbargaining range/settlement range/zone of potential agreement(谈判空间):the spread between the resistance pointsa negative bargaining range(消极的谈判空间):the seller’s resistance point is above the buyer’s, and the buyer won’t pay more than the seller will minimally accepta positive bargaining range(积极的谈判空间):the buyer’s resistance is above the the seller’s, and the buyer minimally willing to pay more than the seller is minimally willing to sell forbargaining mix(谈判组合):the package of issues for negotiationindirect assessment(间接估计):determining what information an individual likely used to set target and resistance point and how he or she interpreted this informationselective presentation(选择性表述):negotiators reveal only the facts necessary to support their casecommitment(承诺):the taking of a bargaining position with some explicit of implicit pledge regarding the future course of actionChapter 3Pareto efficient frontier(帕累托有效边界):the claiming value line is pushed towards the upper right-hand side to the fullest extent possible by creating value, and the line is called the Pareto efficient frontiercommon goal(共同目标):the goal that all parties share equally, each one benefiting in a way that would not be possible if they did not work togethershared goal(共享目标):the goal that both parties work toward but that benefits each party differentlyjoint goal(联合目标):the goal that involves individuals with different personal goals agreeing to combine them in a collective effortChapter 4Strategy（策略）：the pattern of plan that integrates an organization’s major targets, policies, and action sequences into a cohesive whole.Preparation（准备工作）: deciding what is important, defining goals, thinking ahead how to worktogether with the other party.Relationship building（建立关系）: getting to know the other party, understanding how you and the other are similar and different, and building commitment toward achieving a mutually beneficial set of outcomes.Information suing(使用信息): learning what you need to know about the issues, about the other party and their needs, about the feasibility of possible settlements, and about what might happen if you fail to reach agreement with the other side.Bidding(竞标): the process of making moves from one’s initial, ideal position to the actual outcome.Closing the deal(结束谈判): the objective of this stage is to build commitment to the agreement achieved in the previous phase. Both the negotiator and the other party have to assure themselves that they reached a deal they can be happy with, or at least accept.Implementing the agreement(履行协议): determining who needs to do what once the agreement is reached.Negotiator’s dilemma(谈判者的困境): the choice of whether to pursue a claiming value strategy is described as the “negotiator’s dilemma”.Positions(): an opening bid or a target pointSubstantive interests(实质性的利益): directly related to the focal issues under negotiation Process-based interests(基于谈判过程的利益):related to how the negotiators behave as they negotiateRelationship-based interests(基于双方关系的利益):tied to the current or desired future relationship between the parties.Resistance point(拒绝点): a resistance point is the place where you decide that you should absolutely stop the negotiation rather than continue because any settlement beyond this point is not minimally acceptable.Alternatives(可替代的选择): other agreements negotiators could achieve and still meet their needs.Target point(目标点): one realistically expects to achieve a settlement and the asking price, representing the best deal one can hope to achieve.Chapter 5Perception(感知): The process by which individuals connect to their environment; the process of screening, selecting, and interpreting stimuli so that they have meaning to the individual. Stereotypes(心理定势): is a very common distortion of the perceptual process. It occurs when one individual assigns attributes to another solely on the basis of the other’s membership in a particular social or demographic category.Halo effects(晕轮效应): rather than using a person’s group membership as a basis for classification, however, halo effects occur when people generalize about a variety of attributes based on the knowledge of one attribute of an individual.Selective perception(选择性感知): When the perceiver singles out certain information that supports a prior belief and filters out information that does not confirm that belief.Projection(投射效应):When people assign to others the characteristics or feelings that they possess themselves.A frame(框架): The subjective mechanism through which people evaluate and make sense out ofsituations, leading them to pursue or avoid subsequent actions.Framing(制定框架):About focusing, shaping, and orgnizing the world around us -- making sense of a complex reality and defining it in terms that are meaningful to us.Substantive frame(实质型框架): What the conflict is about.Outcome frame(结果型框架): A party’s predisposition to achieving a specific result or outcome from the negotiation.Aspiration frame(抱负型框架): A predisposition toward satisfying a broader set of interests or needs in negotiation.Process frame(过程型框架): How the parties will go about resolving their disputes.Identity frame(识别型框架): How the parties define “who they are”.Characterization frame(描述型框架): how the parties define the other parties.Loss-gain frame(输-赢型框架): how the parties define the risk or reward associated with particular outcomes.Escalation of commitment(承诺的扩大): The tendency for an individual to make decisions that stick with a failing course of action.Mythical fixed-pie beliefs(固定蛋糕观念): those who believe in the mythical fixed-pie assume there is no possibility for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, and they suppress efforts to search for them.Anchoring and adjustment(基准调节): cognitive biases in anchoring and adjustment are related to the effect of the standard (or anchor) against which subsequent adjustments are made during negotiation.Issue framing and risk(谈判框架的制定方式与风险):the way a negotiation is framed can make negotiators more or less risk averse or risk seeking.Availability of information(信用的可用性): in negotiation, the availability bias operates when information that is presented in vivid, colorful, or attention-getting ways becomes easy to recall, and thus also becomes central and critical in evaluating events and options.The winner’s curse(赢家的诅咒): the tendency of negotiators, particularly in an auction setting, to settle quickly on an item and then subsequently feel discomfort about a negotiation win that comes too easily.Overconfidence(自负):the tendency of negotiators to believe that their ability to be correct or accurate is greater than is actually true.The law of small numbers(小数法则): in decision theory, the law of small numbers refers to the tendency of people to draw conclusions from sample sizes. In negotiation, the law of small numbers applies to the way negotiator learn and extrapolate from their own experience.Self-serving biases(感知错误): The tendency to overestimate the causal role of personal or internal factors and underestimate the causal role of situational or external factors, when explaining another person’s behavior.Endowment effect(捐赠效应): The tendency to overvalue something you own or believe you possess.Reactive devaluation(缺乏考虑): The process of devaluing the other party’s concessions simply because the other party made them.Encoding(编码)：is the process by which messages are put into symbolic form.Channels(渠道)：are the conduits by which messages are carried from one party to another. Decoding(解码)：is the process of translating messages from their symbolic form into a form that makes sense.Meanings(含义)：are the facts, ideas, feelings, reactions, or thoughts that exist within individuals and act as a set of filters for interpreting the decoded messages.Feedback(反馈)：is the process by which the receiver reacts to the sender’s message. Temporal synchrony bias(时间同步偏差):is the tendency for negotiators to behave as if they are in synchronous situation when they are not.Burned bridge bias(烧毁的桥梁偏差)：is the tendency for individuals to employ risky behavior during e-mail negotiations that they could not use during a face-to-face encounter. Squeaky wheel bias(吱吱响的车轮偏差)：is the tendency for e-mail negotiators to use a negative emotional style to achieve their goals.Sinister attribution bias(险恶的归因偏差)occurs when one mistakenly assumes that another’s behavior is caused by personality flaws, while overlooking the role of situational factors.Chapter 7Power（权力）：in negotiation, power means the capabilities negotiators can assemble to give themselves an advantage or increase the probability of achieving their objectives.Power in action(行动中的权力)：i s the actual messages and tactics an individual undertakes in order to change the attitudes and/or behaviors of others.Expert power(专家权力)：derived from having unique, in-depth information about a subject. Reward power(奖赏权力)：derived by being able to reward others for doing what needs to be done.Coercive power(强制权力)：derived by being able to punish others for not doing what needs to be done.Legitimate power(法律权力)：derived from holding an office or formal title in some organization and using the powers that are associated with that office(e.g. a vice president or director)Referent power(参照权力)：derived from the respect or admiration one command because of attributes like personality, integrity, interpersonal style, and the like.Information power(信息权力)：is derived from the negotiator’s ability to assemble and organize facts and data to support his or her position, arguments, or desired outcomes.Central route (中央路径)：occurs when motivation and ability to scrutinize issue-relevant arguments are relatively high.Peripheral rou te (边缘路径): is characterized by subtle cues and context with less cognitive processing of the messageMessage content(消息内容): when constructing arguments to persuade the other party ,negotiators need to decide what topics and facts they should includeMessage components(消息组成): negotiators help the other party understand and accept their big ideas by breaking them into smaller, more understandable piecesOne-sided message(单面消息): ignore arguments and opinions that might support the other party’s positionTwo-sided message(双面消息): ignore the competition , mention and describe the opposing point of view, and then show how and why it is less desirable than the presenter’s point of view Personal reputation for integrity(个人正直之荣誉): the quality that assures people you can be trusted, you will be honest, and you will do as you sayStatus differences(地位差异): occupation\age\education level\the neighborhood where a people lives, dress, type of automobile, and the likeIngratiation(逢迎): enhancing the other’s self-image or reputation through statements or actions, and thus enhancing one’s own image in the same wayReciprocity(互惠主义): when you receive sth from another person, you should respond in the future with a favor in returnSocial proof(社会认同) people look to determine the correct response in many situations Scarcity(缺乏): when things are less available, they will have more influenceChapter 9Ethics(道德标准): broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation, or a process for setting those standardsEthical(道德的): appropriate as determined by some standard of moral conductPrudent(审慎的); wise, based on trying to understand the efficacy of the tactic and the consequences it might have on the relationship with the otherPractical(实际的): what a negotiator can actually make happen in a given situationLegal(法定的); what the law defines as acceptable practiceEnd-result ethics(归宿伦理): rightness of an action is determined by considering consequence Duty ethics(责任伦理): rightness of an action is determined by considering obligations to apply universal standards and principlesSocial contraction(社会收缩); rightness of an action is determined by the customs and norms of a communityPersonalistic ethics(人格伦理观): rightness of an action is determined by one’s conscienceA Misrepresentation(误传); an affirmative misstatement of sthA knowing misrepresentation（知道误传）: you know that what you say is false when you say it A fact（事实）: an objective fact, to be legal, in theoryReliance\caution(警示): for a deceptive statement to be legally fraudulent , the receiver mustprove that he or she relied on the info and that doing so caused harmMachiavellianism(权术主义); a pragmatic and expedient view of human natureLocus of control(控制源); the degree to which they believe the outcomes they obtain are a result of their own ability and effort versus fate or chanceA preconventional leve l(前习俗水平): the individual is concerned with concrete outcomes that meet his or her own immediate needs, particularly external rewards and punishmentsA conventional level(习俗水平): the individual defines what is right on the basis of what his immediate social situation and peer group endorses or what society in general seems to wantA principled level(原则水平): the individual defines what is right on the basis of some broader set of universal values and principlesCall the tactic(调用策略): indicate to the other side that you know he is bluffing or lyingIgnore the tactic: if you are aware that the other party is bluffing or lying, simply ignore itChapter 10Environmental context（环境因素）：The environmental context includes environmental forces that neither negotiator controls that influence the negotiation.Immediate context（直接因素）：The immediate context includes factors over which negotiators appear to have some control.Uncertainty Avoidance（不确定性）：Uncertainty avoidance indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Negotiation metaphors（谈判隐喻）：Negotiation metaphors are coherent，holistic meaning systems，which have been developed and cultivated in particular socio-cultural environments，function to interpret，structure，and organize social action in negotiation.Chapter 11Impasse（僵局）：Impasse is a condition or state of conflict in which there is no apparent quick or easy resolution.Postdeal negotiations（事后交易谈判）：Postdeal negotiations are negotiation that occur as an existing agreement is expiring.Intradeal negotiations（事间交易谈判）：Intradeal negotiations occur when an agreement states that negotiations should be reopened at specific intervals.Extradeal negotiations（额外交易谈判) ：Extradeal negotiationsoccur when it appears that there is a violation of the contract，or in the absence of a contract reopening clause.Cognitive resolution（认知解决）：Cognitive resolution is needed to change how the parties view the situation.Emotional resolution（情感解决）：Emotional resolution involves changing how parties feel about the impasse and the other party，as well as reducing the amount of emotional energy they put into the negotiation.Behavioral resolution(行为解决）：Behavioral resolution explicitly addresses what people will do in the future and how agreements they make about the future will be realized.Active listening'（积极倾听）：One can let the other party know that both the content and emotional strength of his or her message have been heard and understood，but that does not mean that one agrees with it.Chapter 12The shadow negotiation影子谈判: The shadow negotiation occurs in parallel with the substantive negotiation and is connected with how the negotiation will proceed.Social contract实质性谈判：a Social contract regarding how the negotiation will proceed, who has influence and power, and what the boundaries of the negotiation are;Hard tactics恶劣战术：the distributive tactics that the other party uses in a negotiation to put pressure on negotiations to do something that is not in their best interest;Ultimatum最后通牒：an ultimatum is an attempt to induce compliance or force concessions from a presumably recalcitrant opponent;Clarity清晰：clarity means to use language that is as precise as possible when managing a difficult conversation;Tone 语调：tone is the nonverbal aspect of the conversation and it includes intonation, facial expressions, conscious and unconscious body language;Temperate phrasing适度的措辞：Temperate phrasing involves choosing language carefully to deliver a message that will not provoke the other side;Chapter 13ADR替代争议解决方案alternative dispute resolution;Mediation调解：Mediation is the most common third-party intervention and negotiators surrender control over the process while maintaining control over outcomes;Content mediation内容调解:helping the parties manage trade-offs;Issue identification问题识别：enabling the parties to prioritize the issues;Positive framing of the issues问题的积极建构：focusing on desired, positively stated outcomes; Moderate conflict中等水平的冲突：situations in which tension is apparent and tempers are beginning to fray, but negotiations have not deteriorated to the point of physical violence or irrevocably damaging threats and actions;Process consultation过程咨询：a set of activities on the part of the consultant that helps the client to perceive ,understand, and act upon the process events which occur in the client’s environment;Chapter 14无。
国际商法双语知识点总结
国际商法双语知识点总结Introduction国际商法是指规范国际贸易和商业活动的法律体系。
国际商法是国际私法的分支，其内容涵盖了国际合同、国际货物买卖、国际运输、国际支付结算、国际投资和国际仲裁等领域。
本文将重点介绍国际商法的相关知识点，并结合双语进行详细解析。
一、国际商法基本原则1. Autonomy of the will(意志自治)Autonomy of the will is the basic principle of international commercial law, which means that the parties to an international business transaction are free to determine the content and form of their transaction. This principle reflects the idea of freedom of contract and is essential for the development of international trade.意志自治是国际商法的基本原则，意思是国际商事交易的各方有权自由确定其交易的内容和形式。
这一原则体现了合同自由的理念，对国际贸易的发展至关重要。
2. Good faith(诚实信用)Good faith is another fundamental principle of international commercial law, which requires the parties to act honestly and fairly in their business dealings. This principle helps to ensure the smooth operation of international trade and promotes trust and cooperation among business partners.诚实信用是国际商法的另一个基本原则，要求各方在商业交易中诚实和公平地行事。
国际商务热点英文
国际商务热点英文
在全球化的背景下，国际商务已成为全球经济的重要组成部分。
以下是一些国际商务领域的热点英文词汇和表达：
1. Globalization 全球化
2. International trade 国际贸易
3. Free trade 自由贸易
4. Protectionism 保护主义
5. Tariffs 关税
6. Customs 关税
7. Import 进口
8. Export 出口
9. Foreign investment 外国投资
10. International business negotiation 国际商务谈判
11. International business etiquette 国际商务礼仪
12. Cultural diversity 文化多样性
13. Cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流
14. Intellectual property rights 知识产权
15. E-commerce 电子商务
16. Online marketing 在线营销
17. Social media marketing 社交媒体营销
18. Logistics 物流
19. Supply chain management 供应链管理
20. Outsourcing 外包
以上是国际商务领域的一些重要英文词汇和表达，掌握这些词汇将有助于你更好地理解和应对国际商务的挑战。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine（国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture（农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究) Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖范围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO内部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas（欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations（国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外) Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation（因无知的误解）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring （国际保理）International Franchising(国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards（国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement(国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements （国际许可证协定）International Model Law(国际示范法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则)International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Lack of Standing（身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maintaining Monetary Value（维护币值稳定）Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates （海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance（海运保险）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Memorandums of Understanding（谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes（混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation（误解）Mixed Sales（混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking(货币与金融)Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers（劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs（多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Courts（国内法院的实践）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies（内国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs（内国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law(国内法)National Monetary Systems（国内金融/货币体系）National Treatment （国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle（国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation（因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation (谈判，议付)Noncompetition Clauses（限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination（非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts（免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade(非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution （非不法原因散伙）Objections（异议）Obligations of the Parties （当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer （买卖双方的合同义务）Offer （要约／发盘）Operation of Law （法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews（营业审查）Opting In and Out（加入和退出）Organization of the IMF（国际货币基金组织的机构）Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations(联合国的相关组织) Overseas Private Investment Corporation（海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time（付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance（对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation（个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil（普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery（交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship（代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up （合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权/优先权）Preshipment Inspection（装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing（定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital（私人资金）Products Liability Laws（产品质量法）Promissory Notes（本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation（国际金融合作的促进者）Promoters（公司的发起人）Protection of Natural Resources（自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries（分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs（关税保护）Proving Foreign Law（外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls（质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions（对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards （仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments（外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction（拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies（区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration（区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor（区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services（关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems（区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers（外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution（防止污染规则）Relief（救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers（买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract（违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance（要求继续/特定履行）Residency Principle（居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development（对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights（知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement （知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation （主张赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries（收款人/收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party（付款人/信用证帐户申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin（原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law（国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures（卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整范围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications（对外国投资申请的筛选/审查）Sectoral Limitations（行业/部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission（证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations（证券规章）Seller's Obligations（卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States（国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals（在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（内国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy（通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts （通过内国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights（股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议/大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities （股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer（票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle（税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China （中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law(国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law（国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资范围）Sovereign or State Immunity（国家主权豁免）Specialization(国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility（国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的陈述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions （强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO（WTO的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment（外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision（最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）Takeover Regulations（接管/收购规则）Taking Delivery（接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction （约束进口关税）Tariffs(关税)Tax Avoidance（避税）Tax Evasion（逃税）Tax Incentives (税收激励)Tax Sparing（节税）Tax Treaties（税收条约）Taxation（税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade（贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer(技术转让)Termination of an Agency （代理的终止）Termination of Corporations （公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions（地区限制）Textiles and Clothing（纺织品和服装协定）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law （应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law（应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements（巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange（汇票）The Board of Directors （董事会）The Bretton Woods System（布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract（买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank（中央银行）The Choice of Money（货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading（内幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization （经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations（乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market（外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT（关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement（协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities（跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The Interbank Deposit Market（银行间的储蓄市场）The International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）The International Standard(国际待遇/标准)The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange （调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency （国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law （国际法的构成）The National Standard(国民待遇/标准)The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes（票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks（银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics（基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments（银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice （实践中国际法的范围）The Subordinate Structure（分支结构）The Transfer of Money（货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents（交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round（乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money（币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO) （世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement （WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent （与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries（第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)（第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties （定期租船合同）Time for Delivery （交付的时间）Time Limitations（时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods(货物贸易)Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation （通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review（贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures（与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities （证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG（CISG适用的交易范围）Transnational Organized Labor（有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度)Treaties and Conventions（条约和公约）Trial Court Decision（初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes（流转/交易税）Tying Clauses（搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay（无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws（不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC)United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers（让渡、放弃）Winding Up （合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution （不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement （世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）。
WTO法律词汇整理
WTO法律词汇整理1.WTO-World Trading Organization世界贸易组织2. Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税3. Appeal （争端解决）上诉4. ATC-Agreement on Textiles and Clothing 《纺织品与服装协议》5. Dumping 倾销6. Bound level 约束水平7. Compensation 补偿8. Consensus 协商一致9. Consultation 磋商10.Countervailing duty 反补贴税11. Customs valuation 海关估价12. DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构13. Export subsidy 出口补贴14. GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service 《服务贸易总协定》15. GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 《关税与贸易总协定》16. Government procurement 政府采购17. Import licensing 进口许可18. Import substitution 进口替代19. Import surcharge 进口附加税20. Market access 市场准入21. Market price support 市场价格支持22. Material injury 实质损害23. MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇24. National treatment 国民待遇25. Non-actionable subsidy（补贴协议）不可诉补贴26.NTMs--Non-tariff measur非关税措施27.Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议28. Prohibited subsidy（补贴协议）被禁止的补贴29.Protocols 议定书30.PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验31. Rules of origin 原产地规则32. Safeguard Measures 保障措施33. Schedule of concessions 承诺减让表34. Specific tariff 从量税35. SPS-Sanitary and phytosanitary measures 动植物卫生检疫措施36. Tariff binding 关税约束承诺37. Tariffication 关税化38. TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒39. TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制40. Transparency 透明度41. TRIMs--Trade related investment measures 与贸易有关的投资设施42. TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights 与贸易有关的知识产权43. TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas 关税配额44. Waiver （WTO义务的）豁免45. Ad valorem Tariff 从价税46. Arbitration 仲裁47.Balance-of-payments (BOP) Provisions 国际收支条款48. Ceiling Bindings （关税）上限约束49. Conciliation 调解50. de minimis 微量51. General Exceptions 一般例外52. Illustrative List 例示清单53. Import Surcharge 进口附加税54. Infant Industry 幼稚产业55. Intellectual Property Rights （IPRs）知识产权56. ASEAN Free Trade Are东盟自由贸易区57. “bottleneck” restrictions瓶颈制约59. Transit Duties 过境关税60. Par value of Exchange 汇兑平价61. Autonomous Tariff 自主关税62. Export Finance 出口信贷63. Customs Co-operation Council关税合作理事会64.Tariff Escalation 关税升级65.Margin of Preference 优惠差额66.Effective Vate of Protection有效保护率67.Retaliation and cross retaliation报复与交叉报复68.AMS-Aggregate Measure of Support综合支持量69.Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合70.DSU-Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Dispute《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》71.EST-Environmentally-soundtechnology 环保型技术72.grey area measures 灰色区域措施73.import penetration 进口渗透74.INRs-Initial Negotiating Rights最初谈判权（初谈权）75.local content 当地含量76.nullification and impairment（利益的）丧失和减损77.panel （争端解决）专家组78.peace clause （《农业协议》中关于反补贴的）和平条款79.reporting system 申报制度80.CTG-Council for Trade in Goods货币贸易理事会81.Currency retention scheme货币留成制度82. Ex ante/post 采取措施前/后83. Food security 粮食安全84. Geographical indications（知识产权）地理标识85. Green Box measures（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施86.LDCs-Least-developed countries最不发达国家87. Like product 同类产品88.Montreal Protocol《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)89.Notification obligation 通知义务90.Paris Convention 《巴黎公约》(关于保护工业知识产权的公约)plaint （解决争端)申诉方92.Defendant (解决争端)被诉方93.Counter-notification 反向通知94.free-rider 免费搭车者（享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家）95.HS-Harmonized Commodity and Coding System 协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）96.AAMA-Administrative Aspects of Market Access 市场准人的行政管理措施97.Import variable duties 进口差价税98.Import surcharge 进口附加税99.SSG-Special Safeguard (《农产品协议》)特殊保障100. MFA-Multifibre Agreement 《多种纤维协定》。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表.pptx
Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）
Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）
Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）
Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）
Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔) Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别） Charterparties （租船合同） Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）
Applicability of the CISG (CISG 的适用范围) Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用） Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请） Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）
序的不足）
Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）
Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货
Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）
币单位）
Compulsory Licenses（ 强 制 许 可 ）
China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励 外国投资的基本政策） Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择） CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付
国际商法英文笔记doc资料
国际商法英文笔记Lesson 1I.Obligation and contractA.DefinitionAn obligation is a legal link between two persons : according to one becomes the debtor and a creditor.There are two kinds of obligations:- A binding obligation: something you need to comply with- A non-binding obligation: you may finish the contract without any consequences.All contracts (legal relationship) are based on the free will.Obligation are an undertaking to give or to not give, to do or to do not do.Contract is a legal act, which materialised the exchange of two consents.The first thing you have to do is to check by the legal regime, which is applicable: is it the Chinese or the French law. You have to wonder what the date of effectiveness of the contract.A contract can be materialised by any means: oral, emails.Everything is a matter of evidence in a contractual relationship.The consent should be clear without any reserve or without any conditions.If you undertake to do something in a contract you are the debtor and the other party is a creditor.If you have several creditors it can become complicated: if they are three buyers for your house. Who is the real creditor? In this case the contractors can be jointly liable by obligation. For instance if three people buy a house and one of them is doing a renovation: the three contractors are jointly liable by obligation.B.Defining the right partyDefining the proper party is a big issue. For example when you are renting a house, you have to check who is the real landlord.Relative effect of the contract: contract only binds the people who have signed the contract: the other people are called third party.If you are signing a contract with a subsidiary of the holding, which has no money: the subsidiary may not be able to respect the contract. Indeed a contract with a subsidiary Creating a company in Hong Kong takes one week. You can thus create a small company (an investment vehicle) in Hong Kong to protect your interests with new contractors.Normally third parties have no right to claim the effect of the contract, except if you ask thethird party to be a co-contractor.An other person who may be concern by a contract is a decedent.C.Formalism of a contractMost of the time the formalisation of a contract are not compulsory.But more and more companies ask you to sign legal agreement.You must check if there is a formalism to the contract.Indeed the issue is to prove the content of the agreement.But writing a contract can be quite useful when you want to negotiate.For instance you can also write down the steps of the conversation, in order to formalize the consent of the two parties. Understanding the consent of the other party can be really difficult especially in an other country. You may have a system in oder to be sure that the other party understands what you want.Indeed you have to check that the consent of the other party has not been fooled.You have also to check the requirements. Trading gold is regularised by special laws.A contract can be not valid the required formalism.In some case your signature is not always enough, you need sometimes a third party. The tax regime can totally changes with a third party.Contract between two people have several requirements:-The capacity of the contractors-The consent must be free-In some countries there must be full awarenessA franchising contract: you can decide to create a shop of a big brand if the company agrees. You pay and in exchange the big company gives you some knowledge on how their shop work and so one.Disclosure: dollD.Conditions of the validity of a contract.There are several conditions of the validity of a contract.1) The legal capacity is a condition of the validity of a contract.The legal capacity may be a physical capacity, or mental capacity.You are legally empowered for a company if you are the position legal representative of a company. You have the capacity to sign the contract in the name of the company.The management by fact: in some cases even though you are not the legal representative, you may sign the contract and the company will be forced to fulfil the contract. For example, if the contractor could not know that you were the legal representative.When you are signing a contract with a company the companies needs to be established. For human the age of majority is a legal capacity.A contract can be nul and void.2) Define the object of the contractPricing: the price is not always fixed in a contract, you can ask a third party to determine the price. Sometimes it is hard to determine the price of an object, you need an expert.In English law you need a cause for the contract.You need to check how the consents can be expressed in a contract.3) The object has to be legal.4) The language of the contract is a condition of the validity of the contract.E.Contract’s principlesContract may not be cancelled by one party.You can terminate the contract in several cases:-open term contract can be finished at any time by one of the party because the length of the contract is not determinate. Since the abolition of slavery, you canfinish the relationship whenever you want.Contract for life are usually nul and void apart from certain case like VIGThere are several kind of termination of the contract:-Termination of the contract for the future-Termination of the contract for the past.F.The end of a contractTermination of the contract for the future.The retroactivity is the fact to put the two parties in the same position before the signature of the party. In the case of the breach of a contract you can ask the contractor to pay you back.G.Legal regimeLegal regime are really significant as it determinates the law of which country is applicable.H.The content of a contractContracts create rights and obligations for several parties.1) Sinegmalatic or reciprocal contract: the obligation to one party is linked to the obligation of the other party. For example party, one party has the obligation to pay and the other one to deliver a service.2) Unilateral contract: the obligation is only for one party.Contract may be for free or against payment.Payment can be provided by money, exchange, or services.Contract can be binding without condition or undercondition.You have two kinds of obligation.-The condition precedent : if the condition is fulfilled there is a new obligation: the trigger event that enable you to go forward. I agree to pay the rent of thehouse, until the death of the owner. The issuance of share is provided withcertain conditions.-The condition subsequent (condition résolutoire): when the condition is realized the contract is finished.There are two kind of contract-Contract with an open term (CDI)-Contract with a fix term (CDD)-Instance performance contract: some contracts are effective immediately. You buy a bike you are directly the owner of the bike-Successive performance contract. However some contracts needs several steps.You build a house, there are several steps. Successive performance contractenables you to negociate.Difference between civil contract/ administrative contract/ commercial -Administrative are subjective courses. In most countries laws protect consumers.-Commercial contract are subjective to commercial courts where there are no professional judges (you can be judge by your competitors for instance).-Civil contractSpecific contracts with specific rules depending on the countries.I.The different types of contractbour contractIn some countries the protection of the employees are really strict in terms of hours.It is important to know the tax regime.The labour contract has to be drafted in the country where the company is and they are submitted to public regulation.2.The wedding contractThe wedding contract organise the goods of the couple: the couple can decide to share or not their patrimony.There are several regimes:Separation regime3.The agency contractYou represent a party on its name and its behalf: you give obligation to a third party.The agency contract is usually used in distribution.There are specific contracts of termination depending on the country.4.Logistic contractLogistic contract: agreement according to which one person agrees to transport people or goods on your behalf.J.Lease agreementLease agreement: the owner of an asset is renting a good in exchange of a rental fee which is defined by the two parties.The renter has to give back the good to the landlord in the same state as the origin.K.Consulting/ service agreementA person is providing a service to the benefit of the principle. It is not the same as a labour contract: the employee needs to give protection to its employees. A service provider can organise his work as he wants, whereas a worker is under the subordination of its employee.Withholding tax system:Public order regulation has always to be checked.L.How to make a contract?You have to check what are the market practices of this contract: indeed sometimes you need to do preliminary negotiation.There are several steps:1) There are preliminary steps for the negotiation: you want first to determine the main principles.2) Assigning3) Closing: they check if all the elements have been realized or not1.The different steps of a contract1) Identifications of the parties,2) Definition of the termsIn the recitals we explain the elements of the contract: the object, the cause, the offer, the acceptance.Guarantees can take different forms:-third parties guaranty-bank guaranty: best guaranty-mortgage : you borrow money from someone and if you don’t pay you will have to give the mortgage back.-lean:The termination clause: modalities ways to end (préavis).The defaulting party has to pay the fix amount to repair the damages.Force majeure close: the agreement close in which there is a natural disaster all the parties will suspend their obligation.Arbitration: is an alternative mode of resolution of conflicts in some sensitive case.M.SignatureAppendice to give the parties the basis of their consencesN.Corporate companyA company is a legal person: it has the legal capacity to enter in a contract.Affectio societatis: the willingness to persue a common goal.A person is also a legal entity.A limited liability company: if a company goes bankruptcy, nobody can seize your goods. You are only force to pay at first the capital in order to create the company.1.To set up a company-Name of the company-Select the place of registration-Define the out cover needs of the company: The registered capital: the amount and the stock that the company needs to reach the break even, to be profitable, to be-You have to define how you are going to bring the capital: cash contribution, contribution in kind (to transfer the ownership of some equipment, andintangible assets (franchising)), industry contribution.-The schedule of the capital.-To choose the manager.-To prepare a contract between the shareholders.pany lawA.The different types of companies (the example of France)Some companies are intended to carry out a professional activity. The most used social forms in France are as follows:1.Limited Liability companies•SARL/EURL: limited liability companyWFOE: a company close to the EURL with only one member of the companyJoint venture: Chinese + Foreginer•SA: Corporation•SAS/ SASU: Simplified company by shares2.Unlimited liability companies•SNC : “société en collectif” (joint and several liability of the partners).B.How to chose the legal form of the company?1) Each legal form is subject to a different regime. We must take into account, for example :•The minimum amount of capital required for each type of company•The number of shareholders•Liability of the shareholders•Applicable tax rules2) Giving a legal framework consistent with the business constraints of the company. Certain types of companies have a better image among others : for the SA or SAS, for example, the number of partners and a larger registered capital will generate confidence.Nowadays crowd founding has become a fashionable way to invest money, however it raises also liability problems.An offshore status: you don’t need a company on site to open a bank account. It is a situation where your companies don’t do business where the ir bank account is located : this status gives you 0% tax regime. But you have to take care the taxation regime based on treaty. The registered capital is the protection of the creditor.C.How to choose the place of registration of the company1.The choice of location related to the activity of the company that willbe created•Need/ requirement to charge in the country where the activity is carried on •Hire staff on site•Access to finance / credit:•Access to government support for business creation2.Rules constraints different in each country•Time of incorporation: time to create a company and to open a bank account.•Minimum capital•Conditions relating to payment of capital•Cost of administration, through the services of a Company Secretary•Use the services of an outside accounting firm or accounting internally maintenance cost,•Legal fees, deposit accounts, any other formalities.D.How to finance the development of a company?•Personal funds•Bank loan•Debt•Fund raising / venture capital: shareholder loan: apport en compte courant. Financing by debt: provide a loan, pay interestFinancing by equity (capital): taking risks, a part of the capital, become an investorSeed financing: to launch the business (seed= graine).Loan taker ≠ risk takerE.Venture capital1.What is venture capital?•Venture capital is the term used when investors buy shares of a company. A venture capitalist invest money in a company with a high risk but which providesa potential high growth.•The venture capitalist is betting on people/ on a team.•The goal is to achieve high profitability and the investment is generally made fora limited period of time.•The financing can take the form of a participation in the capital or by convertible debts.2.To whom is it possible to raise funds ?There are three kinds of private investors:•Love Money: people close to you, that are ready to give money for you but they don’t expect anything in return.•Business Angels: they are professional investors who enter the capital at the really first stages of the company.•Private equity funds: different rounds of private equity funds through private meeting (that still not a public offer)F.Structuration of a fund raising in China.G.Fund raisingThe main stages of the fundraising :•Preparation of the business plan•Presentation to potential investors (road show)•Negotiation with the investor(s)•Finalization of the agreement/ signing/closing•Post-closing•Exit•First, second, third… round•Due diligence: audit by an investor (if the company is already in operation). He will check the accounting, the social, the corporate organisation, to check the risk.•Negotiation on the valuation of the company and the conditions for the dilution of the founder(s) and the existing shareholder(s)•Negotiation on the voting rights of the investors•Execution of the Term Sheet.1.Right negotiated by the investors•Difference between Ordinary Shares et Preferred Shares.•Liquidation Preference: a right given to a class of preferred shares allowing that share to received proceeds in a liquidation in advance of other classes of shares.•Dividends: most companies funded by a fundraising keep their capital for development and not for distribution to share holders. Investors usuallydiscourage the distribution of dividends.•Anti-dilution Rights: a price protection for investors. This is accomplished by effectively repricing an investor’s shares to a lower price per share in the eventthat the company completes a financing at a lower valuation than a previousfinancing round.They are two kinds of way for employees to be remunerated.-investment by equity can be dangerous because of the dilution-The bonus is calculated on the profit of the company.Right negotiated by the investor:•Representations by the company and sometimes the individual management members: authorization to hire a manager at this salary or not.•Seats on the board of directors: it is where the power of the company is located.•Redemption rights: an investor will ask the company to be paid back the amount of shares he invested and to leave the company.•Conversion rights: to convert one share into several shares•Right of first Refusal: pre-emption right.Right in commercial relationship: to give the right to someone to distribute yourproduct in China, and then the distributer will have the right to be the firstperson you talk to if you want to develop you business in Hong Kong for instance.Right in shares: To substitute yourself to a third party as long as you areproposing the same term than the other party.For instance, if a third party want to buy shares for that price, and you have the right of first refusal, if you want tobuy them for the same price than the third party, you will have the right to do itand not the third party anymore.•Drag along/ Tag along (Co sell right):•Drag along: if you don’t want to have a crazy minority shareholder and you want him to sell his share. By signing a drag along close you force a minorityshareholder (10%) to force him to sell his share who want to buy everything.•Tag along: the right if the main shareholders want to sell their shares, to also sell your minority shares at the same price and condition as the main shareholders.Type of security: type of shares.Pre money: the value of the company before the cash is invested.Post money: the value of the company after the cash is invested.ESOP: Employee Stock Option Plan: negociate the number of shares during the contract.The Cap table shows the share holding structure.GAAP: General Accounting PrinciplePost closing obligation: is a condition will allow one party to terminate the deal.There are several kinds of obligations:•Best effort obligation: an obligation to do your best but not an obligation to reach the goal.•Result obligationBridge Loan: a loan which is used to bridge one point to another (for instance it gives enough money for the company to survive during the negotiation). If the negotiation fail the company will have the debt, if the company succeed, the buyer will receive some companies’ shar es.A vesting: the period you have to wait to receive all your shares.Non-competition agreement: an agreement to avoid that an employee goes to the competitor. Non solicitation confidentiality: you cannot ask your colleagues or clients to leave the company with you.Information rights: the company will have to deliver several information to the investor.No shop clause: the period during which all the parties stop the negotiation with competitors.III.Intellectual propertyA.What elements can be protected?It is an intangible asset that protect:•Trademark: symbol or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product and allows to originate the source ofproducts or services.The trademark•Patents: a government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or sellingan invention against the disclosure of the invention•Designs•Copyrights: the exclusive and assignable legal right, given to the originator for a fixed number of years, to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material.B.What are the consequences of the protection?• A registered trademark provides prima evidence of ownership and exclusive rights•Right to defend its trademarks against infringements•The legitimacy to the use the trademark.漂泊的船，寻找一个温馨港口；孤寂的心，渴望一声温暖问候。
中美贸易争端常用英语词汇
中美贸易争端Trade disputes between China and the United States1.最惠国待遇 MFN / most-favored-nation-treatment2. 触发贸易战 Spark a Trade War3. 国际贸易条约 International Trade Treaty4. 国际经济关系 International Economic Relations5. 国际货币体系 International Currency System / International Monetary System6. 自由兑换 Convertibility7. 贸易协定 Trade Agreement8. 反倾销 Anti-Dumping9. 离岸价 FOB / Free on Board10. 到岸价 DES / Delivered Ex Ship9. 关税及贸易总协定 GATT / General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade10. 国际贸易组织 ITO / International Trade Organization11. 世界贸易组织 WTO / World Trade Organization12. 国际货币基金组织 IMF / International Monetary Fund13. 世界银行 /国际复兴开发银行World Bank / International Bank for Reconstruction and Development14. 国际商会 ICC / International Chamber of Commerce15. 中国国际贸易促进委员会CCPIT / China Council for the Promotion of International Trade16. 进口许可证 Import License17. 出口许可证 Export License18. 多边贸易谈判 MTN / Multilateral Trade Negotiations19. 多边贸易体制 Multilateral Trade System20. 自由贸易区 Free Trade Area21. 贸易壁垒 Trade barriers22. 贸易保护主义 Trade Protectionism23. 非关税措施 NTMs / Non-tariff Measures24. 外汇管制 Foreign Exchange Control25. 国际结算 International Settlements26. 外汇交易 Foreign Exchange Transactions27. 反补贴 Countervailing28. 国际收支 International Balance of Payment29. 汇率 Exchange Rate30. 外汇市场 Foreign Exchange Market。
外贸必备国际商务谈判词汇
外贸必备国际商务谈判词汇alternatives替代选择；备选方案nounother options 其他选择We can't offer you the raise you requested, but let's discuss some other alternatives.我们无法满足你的要求给你加薪，但我们可以讨论一些备选方案。
amplify详述；放大verbexpand; give more information 扩大; 提供更多信息Could you amplify on your proposal please.你能详细说明一下你的建议吗?arbitration 仲裁nounconflict that is addressed by using a neutral third party使用中立的第三方来解决冲突We're better to settle this between us, because a formal arbitration will cost both of us money.我们最好由双方来解决这件事，因为正式仲裁会花费我们双方的钱。
bargain 讨价还价；谈判verbtry to change a person's mind by using various tactics 尝试通过使用各种策略来改变一个人的想法。
We bargained on the last issue for over an hour before we agreed to take a break.我们就最后一个问题谈判了一个多小时才同意休息。
bottom-line底线nounI'll accept a raise of one dollar per hour, but that's my bottom-line.我可以接受每小时涨1美元，但这是我的底线。
仲裁法英语单词
仲裁法课程英文词汇1.Arbitration仲裁2.International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁3.Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁4.Ad hoc arbitration 临时仲裁5.Arbitration Tribunal仲裁庭6.Arbitration award仲裁裁决7.ADR : alternative dispute resolution 替代性纠纷解决机制8. Jurisdiction of the Arbitration Tribunal 仲裁庭的管辖权9. Challenges of Jurisdiction 管辖权异议10.Arbitration agreement 仲裁协议11.Arbitration clause 仲裁条款12.The validity of arbitration agreement 仲裁协议效力13.Doctrine of separability of the arbitration clause 仲裁条款独立原则14.Assignment of International Commercial Arbitration agreement 国际商事仲裁协议的转让15.Parties’autonomy 当事人意思自治16.Arbitrability 可仲裁性17.Arbitrable Subject-Matters 可仲裁事项18.Arbitration Tribunal’s composition 仲裁庭的组成19.Function of the Arbitration Tribunal 仲裁庭的职能20.powers and duties of the Arbitration Tribunal 仲裁庭的权利和义务21. Arbitrators 仲裁员22.panel of arbitrators仲裁员名册23.Qualification of Arbitrators 仲裁员的资格24.Replacement of arbitrators 更换仲裁员25.Sole Arbitration Tribunal 独任仲裁庭26.Parties to the Arbitration 仲裁当事人27.Parties to the Arbitration and their Capacity 仲裁当事人及其能力28.Claimant & Respondent 申请人和被申请人（仲裁）29.Plaintiff & defendant 原告和被告（诉讼）30. Arbitral Procedure 仲裁程序31. Arbitral Rules 仲裁规则32.Arbitral hearings 仲裁审理33.Place of Arbitration 仲裁地34.Applicable Law for the Merits of the Disputes 解决争议实体问题的适用法律35.The law of governing an Arbitration agreement 调整仲裁协议的法律36. Litigation 诉讼37. Applicable laws 适用的法律38. Burden of proof 举证责任39.Conservatory and the Interim Measures 保护性临时措施40.Interim measures for the preservation of evidence 保全证据的临时措施41.Additional award追加裁决42.Consent award 和解裁决43.Default awards缺席裁决44.Interlocutory award 中间裁决45.Injunctions 禁令46.Preliminary award 先决裁决47. Partial award 部分裁决48.Interim award 临时裁决; 中间裁决49. Correction and interpretation of awards 裁决的更正和解释50. Arbitration Costs 仲裁费用51.Revocation of The International Commercial Arbitral Award 撤销国际商事仲裁裁决52.Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 外国仲裁裁决的承认与执行53.Validity and its determination of the International Commercial Arbitration agreement 国际商事仲裁协议的效力及其认定54.CIETAC : China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会;55.CMAC : China Maritime Arbitration Commission 中国海事仲裁委员会56.International treaties and conventions 国际条约和公约57.ICSID 国际投资争端解决中心58.New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards纽约公约。
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国际商事争议解决研究术语摘录常设仲裁法院permanent court of arbitration 国际商会The International Chamber of Commerce，ICC 国际商会友好争议解决规则The ICC Amicable Dispute Resolution Rules 在线争议解决方法Online Dispute Resolution.，ODR 替代性争议解决Alternative Dispute Resolution，ADR 裁判adjudication 自然公正natural justice 正当程序due process 美国公众援救中心center of public sources，CPR 英国争议解决中心The Center for Effective Dispute Resolution，CEDR 管辖根据jurisdiction basis 直接国际裁判管辖权Direct international jurisdictional competence 间接国际裁判管辖权indirect international jurisdictional competence 欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Association，EFTA 取证嘱托书rogatory commission 审判前文件保留discovery of document 仲裁arbitration 实质性连结因素material connecting factors 联邦仲裁法federal arbitration act，FAA 产业化industry 国际的仲裁文化international arbitration culture程序公正procedural justice 实体公正substantive justice 显然漠视法律原则manifest disregard of law 仲裁协议arbitration agreement 往来函电in an exchange of letters or telegrams 临时仲裁ad hoc arbitration 自动移转规则automatic assignment rule 披露本人的代理agency of disclosed principal 未披露本人的代理agency of undisclosed principal 显名代理agency of named principal 隐名代理agency of unnamed principal 仲裁条款独立性理论doctrine of arbitration clause autonomy 又（称仲裁条款自治性理论reparability of arbitration clause 仲裁条款分离性理论severability of arbitration clause 仲裁条款分割性理论theory of autonomy of the arbitration clause）合同自始无效uoid ab initio 无中不能生有ex nitil nil fit 特殊类型sui genceris 管辖权自决学说compentence de la compentence（Kompetenz-kompetenz。
Jurisdiction concerning the jurisdiction 中文译法有管辖权原则权限仲裁条款原则）第一个发言make initial determinations 仲裁的质量取决于仲裁员arbitration is as good as arbitrators 美国仲裁协会AmericanArbitrationAssociation，AAA 国际律师协会international bar association，IBA国际仲裁员行为准则ethics for international arbitrators 美国律师协会American bar association，ABA 准司法的性质quasi-judicial 故意deliberate 恶意bad faith 短员仲裁庭truncated arbitral tribunal 国际大会及会议协会international council of chemical associations，ICCA 撤销仲裁裁决setting aside of award 地方标准local standard 国际流通性international currency 发回重审remission 英美普通法common law 双重许可制度double exequatur 从表面上看prima facie 依职权自行sua sponte 正当程序due process 双方当事人陈述audi alteram partem 有利害关系的案件nemo index in parte sua 仲裁庭审判不公miscarriage of justice 不具有可仲裁性non-habitability 剩余条款residual clause 非内国裁决non-domestic award无知觉的伤害经验unperceived injurious experiences 有知觉的阶段perceived injurious experiences 申诉grievance naming 请求claims 选择性争议解决方法法alternative dispute resolution act 1998 宪法权利novel constitutional claims 最终机构ultimate agency 私人审判private judging 中立专家事实认定neutral expert finding 微型审判mini-trial 监察专员ombudsman 简易陪审审判summary jury trial 近邻司法中心neighborhood justice centers 公共资源中心center for public resources 博弈论game theory 司法仲裁和调解服务机构Judicial arbitration and mediation services，JAMS 制度化的形式institutional forms 争议管理方式modes of dispute management 民事司法改革法civil justice reform act of 1990 ，CJRA 城市争议专家小组the city dispute panel ，CDP 专家研究所the academic of experts 创造和平的功能peace-making function共和国调解员mediateur de la republique 家庭关系调停法the law for adjustment of domestic relations 民事调停法the law for civil affairs 日本的海运中心会社Japan shipping exchange inc ，JSE 国际商会选择性调解规则optional conciliation rules，ICC 否认性言论negative commitment 预防性方法preventive means 调解mediation 学者risskin 特权法privilege law 取消传唤moves to quash the subpoena 调解协商mediation consultation 开示义务duty to disclosure 混合程序mixed process 法院附属仲裁court annexed arbitration 特别主事人special master 发现程序discovery 不适任disqualification 租借法官rent a judge 地理标准geographical criterion 法律标准juridical criterion 调解conciliation调停mediation 丝绒锤the velvet hammer 在线争议解决网络周online dispute resolution cyberweek 国际在线争议解决论坛international forum on online dispute resolution 离线争议解决offline dispute resolution 实际人身联系the personal contact 虚拟治安法官the virtual magistrate 世界知识产权组织World Intellectual Property Organization ，WIPO WIPO仲裁和调解中心the WIPO arbitration and mediation centre 互联网名称与数字地址分配机构the Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers WIPO的加速仲裁规则the WIPO expedited arbitration rules 非国内化denationalized 全球和国内商业电子签名法the electronic signatures in global and national commerce act 功能等价方法functional equivalent approach 电子签名digital signatures 在线监察Online ombuds 互联网中立者Internet neutral 实时讯instant messaging 贸易广场在线争议解决服务机构square trade online dispute resolution service 贸易广场标签square trade seal 直接磋商direct negotiation 模拟调解simulated mediation信用卡止付制度credit card chargebacks 网络和解cybersettle 点击和解clicknsettle 清新空气法clean air act 改良汽油reformulated gasoline 传统汽油conventional gasoline 汽油条例gasoline rules 美国环境保护署environment protection agency 法定基准statutory baseline 美国国家海洋渔业服务机构national marine fisheries service 除龟器turtle exclurd devices，TEDs 濒临野生动植物物种国际贸易公约Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora，CITES 海事争议maritime dispute（广义包括maritime matters 或maritime affairs）先例precedent 杰森条款Jason clause 小额标的的特别程序small claims special procedures 小额索赔程序small claims procedures 快速低廉仲裁规则fast and law cost arbitration rules 反托拉斯诉讼antitrust litigation 追索诉讼pursuit litigation 加纳1994年投资法Ghana investment promotion centre act政府机构state organs 解决国家与他国国民之间投资争议公约Convention on the settlement of investmentdispute between states and nationalsof other states 解决投资争端国际中心international centre for settlement of investment disputes ICSID ICSID附加功能规则the ICSID additional facility rules 结构测试和功能测试法structural and functional test 少数、非控制和间接股东minority non-controlling and indirect shareholders 出庭权jus standi 不履行non-performance 艰难条款hardship clause 最优惠投资者或东道国条款most favored investor/host state clause 特定事实与整体评估fact-specific and holistic assessment 必须与东道国法律保持一致in accordance with the laws of the host state 北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement，NAFTA 选定adoptees （法语）约定agree 既决事项或定案res judicata 否定或肯定的禁令negative or positive injunction 双边投资条约bilateral investment treaties 友好通商航海条约friendship，commerce and navigation treaties 投资保证协定investment guarantee agreement促进与保护投资协定agreement for promotion and protection of investment 避免无义请求的机制mechanism to avoid “frivolous claims”合并诉求consolidation of claims 改进岔路口条款improving the “fork in the road”不许掉头no-U-turn 审查机制screening mechanism 东南亚国家联盟促进与保护保护协定the agreement of the members of the associationof south east Asian nations for the promotionand protection of investments，ASEAN agreement 南椎体共同市场科洛尼亚投资议定书colonia investment of the common market ofthe southern cone，mercosur 布宜诺斯艾利斯投资议定书Buenos Aires investment protocol of mercosur 喀他赫纳自由贸易协定cartagena free trade agreement 能源宪章条约energy charter treaty 冷却期cooling off period 股权式合营合同Equity joint venture contract 契约式合营合同contractual joint venture contract 特许协议concession 国家契约state contract 稳定条款stabilization clause 调整条款adaptation clause 重新协商条款re-negotiation clause契约地法lex contractus 域名domain names 域名系统Domain Name System，DNS 最终仲裁条款terminal arbitration clause 世界自行车场地凯琳竞标赛world championship motor-paced track cycling 领骑员pacesettler 强制性仲裁条款mandatory arbitration clause 报名表entry form 跟单信用证争议解决规则rules for documentary credit dispute resolution expertiseDOCDEX Rules 跟单信用证银行偿付统一规则uniform rules for bank to bank reimbursement underdocumentary credits URR 排他性的exclusively 电子数据交换Electronic Data Interchange，EDI 欧洲信息技术观测组European information technology observatory 欧盟电子商务动议 A European initiative in electronic commerce法院外争议解决机制out-of-court dispute settlement system 双赢的解决方法win-win solution 和解conciliation 早期中立评议early neutral evaluation 专家裁断expert determination消费者投诉机制consumer complaint system 监察专员制度ombudsman 裁判型adjudicational type 契约型contractual type 微型审理mini trial 半约束性调解semi-binding mediation 事实认定fact finding 冲突管理或协商conflict management or negotiations 高额滴额仲裁high-low arbitration 最后要约仲裁final-offer arbitration 信誉标志机制trust mark scheme BBB在线信赖计划online reliability programme，BBB 保证机制guarantee scheme 索还机制chargeback system 行为守则codes of conduct 欧洲司法外争议解决机制网络the European extra-judicial network，EEJ-NET 联络中心the clearing house 控诉中心call centre 欧洲自由贸易区European Free Trade Association，EFTA 交互型网站interactive website 被动型网站passive site 进一步活动说additional activity按比例增减说sliding scale 北欧消费者专员监察机构the nordic consumer ombudsman 原告法院管辖Forum actoris 信息社会服务Information society services 对人管辖权personal Jurisdiction 与标的有关的管辖权Jurisdiction relating to subject-matter 欧洲直接销售者联合会federation of european direct marketing 统一计算机信息交易法the Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act 不正当契约理论the doctrine of unconscionability 直接适用的法direct applicable rules 警察法lois de police 场所化localization。